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Period Three　Learning About Language (Grammar)
语言精讲
1.①with　②conclusion　③concluding　④draw the conclusion that　⑤In conclusion/To conclude
2.①will flee　②fled　③fled in all directions　④Having fled from the danger
3.①In/Under　②circumstances　③in/under no circumstances
④Considering/Given the special circumstances
语法探究
限制性定语;关系代词;关系副词;非限制性定语;代词
语法归纳
Ⅰ 1.who　2.which 　3.that/which　4.as　5.where
6.which　7.which/that　8.whose　9.that　10.which
Ⅱ 1.which is a good way to promote the relationship among us students
2.among which jazz is my favourite
3.some of which can date back to ancient China
4.which is beneficial to growth
5.As (it is) scheduled
Ⅲ 1.which 　2.which 　3.where 　4.when 　5.who 　6.whose 　7.whom/who 　8.who 　9.which 　10.thatPeriod Three　Learning About Language (Grammar)
语言精讲
1.conclusion　n. 结论;推论
(1)come to/draw/arrive at/reach a conclusion　　　得出结论
in conclusion (=to conclude) 最后,总之
(2)conclude v. 推断出;结束
conclude sth (from…) (从……中)推断出某事
conclude (from sth) that… (从某事中)推断出……
conclude with…/by doing… 以……结束[温馨提示]
in conclusion常作为总结语使用,有此用法的其他表达还有:in short, in brief, in a word, all in all, to sum up, briefly (speaking), on the whole等。
佳句背诵
(1)After extensive research and analysis, they have drawn a conclusion that perseverance and hard work are the keys to success.
经过广泛的研究和分析,他们得出结论:坚持不懈和努力工作是成功的关键。
(2)The concert began with the national anthem and concluded with a piece of soft music.
音乐会以国歌开始,并在一首柔和的乐曲中结束。
活学活用
单句填空
①Each chapter concludes 　　　　a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.
②When we come across such factual differences, we should not rush to the 　　　　(conclude) that one of the news reports gives false information.
③The report, 　　　　　　　　(conclude) with a series of recommendations, was presented to the board.
完成句子
④Based on the analysis, we can reasonably 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　it is necessary for us to consider how to make the fullest use of our spare time to study English.
基于此项分析,我们可以合理地得出这样的结论:我们有必要考虑如何最充分地利用业余时间来学习英语。
⑤　 ,
these innovations not only enhance our daily lives but also contribute to a greener and more efficient future.总之,这些新事物不仅提升了我们的日常生活,还为更绿色、更高效的未来做出了贡献。
2.flee　vi. & vt. (fled, fled) 迅速离开;逃跑
flee the country/city　 逃出国家/城市
flee to/into 逃往;逃至
flee from 从……逃出来
flee away 逃离
佳句背诵
The customers fled (from) the bank in panic when the alarm sounded.
警报响起时,顾客们惊慌失措地逃离了银行。
活学活用
单句填空
①Usually when a forest fire occurs, the animals in the area 　　　　　　(flee) as fast as they can so as not to get hurt by the flames.
②Two years before Dickens’ birth, his mother’s father was caught stealing and 　　　　(flee) to Europe, never to return.
完成句子
③As the wildfire came closer and closer, the villagers 　,
their faces filled with panic and desperation.(读后续写之场景描写)
随着野火越来越近,村民们向四面八方逃窜,脸上充满了惊恐与绝望。
④　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, they packed together in a corner, their eyes still wide with fear and their bodies trembling uncontrollably.(读后续写之动作与神态描写)
逃离危险后,他们挤在一个角落里,眼睛仍然因恐惧而睁得大大的,身体不由自主地颤抖着。
3.circumstance　n. 条件;环境;状况(常用复数circumstances)
in/under the circumstances　在这种情况下
in/under any circumstances 在任何情况下
in/under no circumstances 绝不,无论如何都不(置于句首时,句子用部分倒装)
温馨提示：以下短语均表示“绝不”, 置于句首时,句子用部分倒装:in no case; on no account; in no way; at no time; by no means; on no condition等。
佳句背诵
Under no circumstances should we ignore the importance of environmental protection.
在任何情况下我们都不应忽视环境保护的重要性。
活学活用
单句填空
① 　　　　the circumstances, it seemed better not to tell him about the accident.
②There is nothing we can do to help Linda. Her 　　　　　　　　　　(circumstance)are beyond our control.
完成句子
③Feeling embarrassed, I reminded myself that 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　would I make such a mistake again.
我觉得尴尬极了,我提醒自己绝不会再犯这样的错误了。
④　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 caused by the approaching typhoon, all outdoor sports competitions scheduled for this weekend will be postponed. (应用文写作之通知)
考虑到即将来临的台风所造成的特殊情况,原定于本周末举行的所有户外运动比赛将推迟举行。
语法探究
　　阅读以下有关“有成就的人物”的短文,感知加黑部分,并回答其后的问题。
　　Sima Qian, ①who was born into a family of historians, is a towering figure in Chinese historiography. His masterpiece, Records of the Grand Historian, ②which took him years to complete, not only records events ③that happened a thousand years ago but also reveals the wisdom and lessons of the past. Sima Qian, ④whose dedication to historical truth was unwavering, endured great hardships. Though the prison ⑤where he was held was dark and despairing, he continued his writing work because he knew all the sufferings ⑥he had endured were worth it.
以上语段中,句③、⑤、⑥为 　　　　　　　　从句,其中that为 　　　　　　　,where为 　　　　,句⑥省略关系代词that或which;句①、②、④为　　　　　　　　从句,其中who、which和whose均为关系 　　　　。
语法归纳
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
一、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式 　与主句之间不用逗号隔开 　与主句之间一般用逗号隔开
功能 　对先行词进行限定、修饰。如果去掉,剩余部分的意义便不完整、不明确 　对先行词做附加说明,去掉后,句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整、明确
先行词 　名词或名词性词组 　名词、名词性词组或整个主句
引导词 　所有的关系代词/副词 　除that和why以外的关系代词/副词
翻译 常译成前置定语 　常译成并列分句
如:
I like the book which/that he bought yesterday.
我喜欢他昨天买的那本书。(限制性定语从句, 先行词是the book)
He has just come back from New York, which is a very big city in the United States.
他刚从纽约回来, 那是美国的一座大城市。(非限制性定语从句, 先行词是New York)
He changed his mind, which made me very angry.
他改变了主意, 这使我很生气。(非限制性定语从句, 先行词是前面整句话)
温馨提示：使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,可用who, whom或whose来引导;先行词指物,可用which, whose来引导;先行词表示时间或地点,可用when, where来引导(它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语)。
二、非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法
1.who, whom, whose引导的非限制性定语从句
关系代词 在非限制性 定语从句 所作成分 先行词
who 主语、宾语 或表语 人
whom 　宾语;介词后用whom 人
whose 　定语 人: whose+n.=the+n.+of whom 物:whose+n.=the+n.+of which
如:
Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook. 我们的向导, 一个法裔加拿大人, 是一个优秀的厨师。
Mr Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist. 史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家, 我从他那里学了很多东西。
The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
桌子上的书是给我们的奖品, 书的封皮很亮。
2.which,as引导的非限制性定语从句
区别 which as
指代 　引导的从句既可指代整个主句的内容, 又可指代主句的一部分 　引导的从句只能指代整个主句的内容
位置 　引导的从句不能位于主句之前 　可位于主句之前、之中或之后
意义 　这, 那 　正如
如:
Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.
水是一种清澈的液体, 有许多用途。
Our country has sent up another man-made earth satellite, as is reported in the news.
正如新闻上报道的那样, 我们国家又发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
3.when, where引导的非限制性定语从句
关系副词 在非限制性定语 从句所作成分 指代
when 时间状语 主句中表示时间的词语
where 地点状语 主句中表示地点的词语
when/where有时可以换成“介词+which” 。
如:
It was on Mid-Autumn Festival, when all family members reunite, that I left my hometown for a strange city alone.
正是在中秋节这个阖家团圆的日子,我独自离开家乡去了一个陌生的城市。
In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a life-saving role.
在农村地区, 救护车要花相对长的时间到达, 电话亭就承担了挽救生命的角色。
I left on Sunday, when/on which everyone was at home. 我星期日离开了, 当时每个人都在家。
4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中, 关系代词用whom指人, 用which指物。如:
They were badly hurt in the earthquake, as a result of which they didn’t go to school.
他们在地震中受了重伤, 因此他们没有去上学。
We are short of two people, without whom we will need three more days to finish the work.
我们缺少两个人, 没有他们, 我们还需要三天的时间来完成这项工作。
Ⅰ 单句填空
1.Chinese cultural elements commemorating(纪念) Tang Xianzu, 　　　　is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia”, add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown.
2.Yellowstone was the largest United States national park—2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, 　　　　became a national monument in 1978, took the honours as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
3.Of course, shops are not charities—they price goods in the way 　　　　will make them the most money.
4.Yet, the form of the fable still has values today 　　　　Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”.
5.“There was once a town in the heart of America 　　　　all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables.
6.Many lessons are now available online, from 　　　　students can choose for free.
7.But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place 　　　　welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
8.The colour she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman 　　　　hair colour looked just perfect.
9.The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species 　　　　live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
10.Just see how cars have taken over our cities. They often run at high speeds, 　　　　may put our lives in danger.
Ⅱ 语法与写作(定语从句)
1.We will hold a dragon boat race on the river near our school, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. 我们将在我们学校附近的河上举行龙舟比赛,这是促进我们学生之间关系的一个好方法。
2.I am interested in all kinds of music, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
我对各种各样的音乐都感兴趣,其中爵士乐是我的最爱。
3.There are a variety of traditional crafts on show, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
有各种各样的传统工艺品展出,其中一些可以追溯到古代中国。
4.By attending the courses, some basic and practical skills will be mastered, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
通过参加这些课程,我们掌握了一些基本的实用技能,这对于成长有益。
5. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, the activity will take place at 8:00 am on Saturday at the gate of our school.
按照规划,这个活动将于周六早上八点在学校门口举办。
Ⅲ 语篇填空(定语从句关系词专练)
Derwent Hotel
Keswick, 1. 　　　　lies at the heart of the Lake District, is the best place for a holiday. And the Derwent Hotel, 2. 　　　　overlooks the town, is the place to stay at.
The street, 3. 　　　　the hotel lies, is quiet and clean. Most people get up late in the morning on weekends, 4. 　　　　the cleaners still have much work to do. The cleaners keep the street clean and beautiful.
Peter and Debbie Jackson, 5. 　　　　bought this small hotel three years ago, have already won a lot of praise for excellence. Peter, 6. 　　　　cooking interests people from far and wide, was once “Young Chef of the Year”.
The guests, 7. 　　　　the owners treat almost as members of the family, always come first. Omar and Sharif, 8. 　　　　once stayed at the hotel, said it was “great”. And the Lake District, 9. 　　　　has so much wonderful scenery, will not disappoint you. Derwent Hotel is one of the best hotels 10. 　　　　you will not forget.

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