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书面表达之议论文
一、专题精讲
1、中考作文评分标准：
第五档：（15--13分) ①完全完成试题规定的任务，信息全。
②语言可读性强，语言结构基本正确，有少量错误。
第四档：（12--10分）①完全完成试题规定的任务,有主要信息。
②语言基本正确，有一些错误。
第三档：（9--7分）①基本完成试题规定的任务,有主要信息。
②语言尚可读，有一些错误，但尚能达意。
第二档：（6--4 分）①未能恰当完成试题规定的任务,信息不全。
②只有个别句子可读，语言错误较多，且不能达意。
第一档:（3--1分) ①未能完成试题规定的任务。不能表达有关信息。
②只有几个有关单词，语言错误很多，不能达意。
注意:凡不写任何内容、抄袭其他内容、所写内容无法看清者一律给0分。
2、议论文题型分析：
议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看
法和主张的一种文体。常考的题型有：观点对比题型，问题解决题型，利弊分析等，通常先针对要谈论的内容确定题目、论点；简述某种行为或现象的发生，并分析原因；通过例证或对比，提出自己的看法、意见；给出结论或建议。
3、写作思路与技巧： “三段四步法”　　
（1） “三段”（三个段落）：针对的阅卷老师先看文章结构和内容要点，让阅卷老师不得不给你定位一类文。
　　中考作文，无论是那种文体，都可以用三段法来表示。顾名思义，就是无论是记叙文、还是议论文、或者夹叙夹议文章，都可以通用。简单解释如下：
第一段：开篇背景介绍（时间、地点、人物、事件），发表观点，提出要讨论的问题，现象等。
第二段：故事发展论据、论点支撑
第三段：结局总结观点
（2）“四步”有了框架就相当于有了骨骼，而真正的血肉要靠四个步骤来实现。
步骤一：审题
　　审题的训练对于每个学生都不陌生，审题一定要做到五个方面：一审主题（写什么），二审体裁，三审时态，四审人称，五审内容要点
步骤二：打草稿
中考一定要打草稿，两大优势
①中考不准在试卷更改，而中考时落笔错误是难免的，涂改就会后卷面分，打草稿就可以避免这个情况了。
②正式写作是对草稿的在梳理，语言的再锤炼。
步骤三：正文写作
　做到两点，一要凝练，二要变化。文章80—100字为宜，注意使用过渡词、从句、句型和词组搭配。
步骤四：检查：
　　很多学生考试都会检查，但总是不能找到自己的错误。原因很简单，方法不对：
英语写作检查的原则：
（1）内容要点：缺少一个内容要点，文章直接降到第三档
（2）语法错误：动词三单形式，时态，语态，单复数，主谓一致，冠词等
（3）变换句式：过于简单的结构要试着变化，从句，固定句型的正确使用。
(4) 拼写：单词的拼写、大小写和标点符号，卷面的整洁。
批注:在议论文的具体写作中要注意下列几点：
（1）议题的提出要开门见山，不要拖泥带水。
（2）议论时可以采用不同的方法。如：可以摆出正反两方面观点，进行对比；也可引经据典论证作者自己观点的正确性，从而使读者接受自己的观点；亦可提出一种错误的观点然后论证其错误，最终提出正确的观点。正文部分是写作的重点，论证方法可用归纳法、推理法、比较法等。
（3）在结论部分必须表明作者的观点，对讨论的问题做出总结。
（4）注意连接词和过渡词等词语的使用，以增强文章的条理性和逻辑性。
4、书面表达常用的过渡语，句型和结构：
常用过渡语
1. 表起始的过渡语:first of all, to begin with, in my opinion, according to, so far, as far as等。
2. 表时间的过渡语:first, at first, then, later, in the end, finally, afterwards, after that, since then,
for the first time, at last, as soon as, the next moment, later on, soon, finally等。
3. 表空间的过渡语:on the right/left, to the right/left of, on one side of… on the other side of…,
at the foot/top/end of, in the middle/centre of, next to, far from, in front of等。
4. 表因果的过渡语:for, because of, one reason is that… another reason is that…, thus, so, as a result (of)等。
5. 表转折的过渡语:but, yet, however, after all, in fact, while, on the contrary, instead of, although, otherwise, after all等。
6. 表列举的过渡语:for example, such as, that is, like, as follows, in other words, and so on等。
7. 表推进的过渡语:what’s more, on one hand… on the other hand…, in other words, not only…but also…, besides等。
8. 表总结的过渡语:in short, in a word, in general, in brief, in all, on the whole等。
常用句型
1. 重点句型
1). It’s adj for sb to do 做…对某人来说…
2). … so … that … 如此… 以至于…
　… too … to do 太… 而不能…
such … that … 如此… 以至于…
3). not…until… 直到…才…
　　例: I didn’t go to bed until my mother came back.
4).The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子 … 的原因是…
　　The reason why he got angry was that she told him a lie. ( 他生气的原因是她对他说了谎。)
5). That is why + 句子??? 那是…的原因
6). That is because + 句子?? 那是因为…
7). It is said that + 句子??? 据说…
　It is reported that + 句子? 据报道…
8). There is no doubt that + 句子??? 毫无疑问…
9). It goes without saying that + 句子??? 不言而喻，毫无疑问
10). There is no need to do没必要做…
11). There is no point in doing 做某事毫无意义
2. 提建议
　　had better (not) do 最好(不)做
　　how about / what about doing? …怎么样?
　　I think you should do 我认为你应该…
　　I suggest that you should do? 我建议你做…
　　If I were you, I would do…我要是你的话，我会做…
　　It’s best to do? 最好做…
Why not do / why don’t you do…? 为什么不…\
3. 表示喜欢和感兴趣
　　like / love doing
　　enjoy doing
　　be fond of doing 喜欢做…
　　be keen on n/doing 喜欢做…
　　prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B
　　be interested in doing = show/ take great interest in n / doing??? 感兴趣
4. 努力做…
　　try to do努力做…
　　strive to do 努力做…
　　try one’s best to do= do one’s best to do 竭尽全力做…
　　make efforts to do = make every effort to do 尽力做…
　　do what sb can (do ) to do 尽力做…
　　spare no effort to do 不遗余力的做…
　　do what / everything sb. can to do 尽某人全力做…
5. 打算做… / 计划做…
　　intend / plan to do 打算做…
　　be going to do 打算/计划做…
　　decide to do 决定做…
　　determine to do决定做…
　　be determined to do决定做…
　　make up one’s mind to do下定决心做…
6. 表示想/希望
　want to do = would like to do 想做… hope to do? 希望做… expect to do 期待着做…
wish to do? 希望做… consider doing 考虑做…
7. 只加doing 作宾语的动词
　　finish 完成/ practice 练习 / suggest建议 / consider 考虑 / mind 介意 / enjoy 喜欢doing
8. 固定搭配
　　look forward to doing 盼望做… keep on doing 坚持做… dream of doing 梦想做…
　　can’t help doing 情不自禁地做… keep / stop / prevent sb. from doing 阻止某人做…
　　be busy (in ) doing??? be busy with + 名词??? 忙于做…
　　spend time / money (in )doing?? spend time / money on + 名词??? 花费时间做…
　　have fun / have a good time / enjoy oneself doing 玩得开心
have trouble / have problem / have difficulty (in) doing?? 或 with + 名词?? 做…有困难
常见题型结构：
1、对比观点题型
　　(1) 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
　　1. 有一些人认为…
　　2. 另一些人认为…
　　3. 我的看法…
　　The topic of ①__________(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②_________(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③_____________理由二). Moreover, ④______________(理由三).
　　While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,⑤_________(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥________(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦_________(理由三).
　　From my point of view, I think ⑧__________(我的观点). The reason is that ⑨__________(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .

　　(2) 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点
　　Some people believe that ①_________(观点一). For example, they think ②_______(举例说明).And it will bring them ③________(为他们带来的好处).
　　In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④_______(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤________(反对的理由之二).
　　Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥__________(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).
　　

2、问题解决题型
　　1. 问题现状
　　2. 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)
　　In recent days, we have to face the problem________（问题A）, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ________ (说明A的现状).Second, ________ (举例进一步说明现状)
　　Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ________ (解决方法一). For another ________ (解决方法二). Finally, ________ (解决方法三).
　　Personally, I believe that ________ (我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because________ (带来的好处).

3、说明利弊题型
　　这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)
　　1. 说明事物现状　　2. 事物本身的优缺点(或一方面)　　3. 你对现状(或前景)的看法
　　Nowadays many people prefer ___A_____. Because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First ________ (A的优点之一). Besides________ (A的优点之二).
　　But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that ________ (A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse, ________ (A的第二个缺点).
　　Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to ________ (我的看法).
　　From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, ________ (对前景的预测).)

二、典例分析
对于“碰到作业困难时是否向老师请教”，同学们持有不同的观点，请你根据下表内容的提示，用英语写一篇
文，陈述同学们的观点及理由，并谈谈你的观点及理由，发表在校园网的论坛上。
观点 理由
向老师请教 ◆老师讲解得清楚，易于理解◆增加与老师交流的机会
不向老师请教 ◆性格内向，羞于开口◆怕被同学嘲笑
你的观点及理由：……（理由至少2条，不能重复已给的理由）
注意：①短文必须包括表中的所有信息，可适当发挥；
②开头已给出，不计入总词数，你只需接着写；
③词数80~100个。
参考词汇：explain clearly，communicate with，be laughed at
The students of our class have different ideas about whether we ask teachers for help with homework problems.
________________________________________________________________________________________________







【答案】One possible version:
1
The students of our class have different ideas about whether we ask teachers for help with homework problems. Those who prefer to ask teachers for help think that teachers can explain clearly, and it will be a good chance to communicate with teachers. However, some disagree. On one hand, they are too shy to ask teachers for help. On other hand, they are afraid of be laughed at by others.
As for me, I would like to ask teachers for help. I can get more ways for my study. It is easier to solve the problems with their help, and I can save more time in homework. Teachers can help me a lot.
2
The students of our class have different ideas about whether we ask teachers for help with homework problems Those who prefer to ask teachers for help think that teachers can explain clearly, and it will be a good chance to communicate with teachers. However, some disagree. On one hand, they are too shy to ask teachers for help. On other hand, they are afraid of be laughed at by others.
As for me, I wouldn’t like to ask teachers for help, for they are too busy, so I don’t want to bother them. And I think searching online for the answers is a good way as well. It’s easy and saves time.
目前，学生考试作弊现象严重，请围绕以下要点谈谈其中原因以及个人建议.80词左右。
一、原因:I.考试太多: 2.白身勤奋不够; 3.把大量时间用在上网和玩游戏上:4.为了骗取家长和老师高兴.
二、你的看法与建议。
At present, a number of middle school students have picked up a bad habit—cheating in examinations.






【答案】One possible version:
At present, a number of middle school students have picked up a bad habit — cheating in examinations.
There are four main reasons. First, schools have given students too many exams, some of which are too difficult. Second, some students are not hard—working and they don’t work hard at their lessons. Third, they waste a lot of time playing games or surfing the Internet. So they haven’t enough time to prepare for the exams. Finally, students have to do so to make their teachers and parents happy.
In my opinion, cheating in exams does great harm to our study. We students should be honest and diligent, and only in this way can we improve our study and make progress. Besides, our teachers should offer us fewer exams and more time to study for ourselves.

当前我国政府正致力于建设“节约型”社会，倡导节约，抵制浪费。作为学生我们也能做些力所能及的事情，如步行或骑自行车上学;随手关水、断电;减少物品的使用和废旧物品的回收、再利用等。请根据要求和提示完成主题为How to Save的海报，号召更多的人，加人到“节约”的行动中来。开头、结尾已给出，不什人总词数。
要求:1.50词左右2.文中不要出现作者本人的真实信息。
提示:tap(水龙头), uneaten food/leftovers(剩余饭菜)
How to Save
Our government is aiming to build an “economized society”. I think it is every citizen's duty to work hard to achieve this goal.








One possible version:
Our government is aiming to build an “economized society”. I think it is every citizen’s duty to work hard to achieve the goal. As students, we still can do something to help.
First, don’t waste things. We’d better go to school on food or ride a bike instead of taking a car or a bus. Turn off the lights as soon as we leave the classroom. Remember to turn off the tap at once after washing our hands. When we go out to eat in an restaurant, ask for smaller dishes and take leftover home. Before we buy something new, think whether it is necessary.
Next, use things as long as possible. When we buy things, make sure they last a long time. Don’t use a paper cup or a paper bag. It’s better to use a china cup or a lunch box. Because you can use them again.
Finally, collect what can be recycled in your classroom or in your neighbourhood and sell them. You should also buy things from recycled material.
In a word, I think, one thing we should keep in mind no matter what a small effort we can make, it do make a difference.

三、专题过关
书面表达
假如你叫刘明(Liu Ming)，你班上进行了“Is daily homework necessary？”的分组讨论，你代表第五小组，向全班用英语汇报讨论结果。请你根据提示和要求，完成汇报稿。
提示：
Is daily homework necessary?Different students have different ideas.
三分之二的学生同意 有助于理解，熟能生巧。
三分之一的学生不同意 业余爱好时间少，疲劳，学习兴趣降低。
你的看法(至少两点)
要求：
1. 汇报内容包含三大要点：
①自我介绍：姓名、小组；
②讨论情况：不同学生有不同看法；
③你自己的看法：……
2. 以第一人称写；
3. 90词左右(已给出部分不计入总词数)。
注意：文中不得出现真实姓名和校名。
Dear Class，
It is our turn to report.







That's all. Thanks.
【答案】Dear Class
It is our turn to report.
I’m Liu Ming. I’m in Team Five. I’ll give a report about different ideas on daily homework. Two thirds of students think homework is necessary. They say practice makes perfect. While one third of students disagree. They think homework took them too much time. They have little time for their hobbies. They often feel tired and less interested on study.
In my opinion, daily homework is necessary for students. But they shouldn’t be too much. They can improve our skills. It might be some extensive reading, a paper or even just a game. It should leave enough freedom to us so we could do things we really like to do.
That’s all. Thanks

书面表达
近来，“光盘行动(Clean Plate Campaign)”悄然流行，提倡“节约型社会（economized society）”已成共识。请你根据下列表格中的信息，用英语为某英语报社写一篇短文，谈谈作为一名中学生，在日常生活中应该如何勤俭节约、反对浪费，并作简要评论。
What to do What not to do
◆turn off the light◆save as much paper as possible◆… ◆not use one-off chopsticks(一次性筷子)◆not spend money buying unnecessary things◆…
注意：（1）短文须包括上述要点，应适当增加细节，以使行为连贯。
（2）词数：80词左右，短文的标题和开头已给出（不计入总词数）。
Let’s start with the things around us!
Recently, the “Clean Plate Campaign” has been very popular with many people. Our government is doing its best to build an economized society.
As a middle school student, I think








【答案】
One Possible Version
Let’s start with the things around us!
Recently, the “Clean Plate Campaign” has been very popular with many people. Our government is doing its best to build an economized society.
As a middle school student, I think we should join in the campaign. We can start the things around us. Firstly, make sure that the lights are turned off when we finish our work and leave the room. Secondly, we can save as much paper as possible. Thirdly, it is important for us to form the habit of turning off the tap after it is used. What’s more, we must not spend money buying unnecessary things. When we eat, we’d better not use one—off chopsticks and we mustn’t waste food.
In a word, saving energy is very important. Let’s work together from now on!
三、学法提炼
1、专题特点：
议论文一般按照“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”的模式展开。 写作的重点和难点是要求将双方的观点及支持理由陈述完整、清楚。 文章最后也一定要陈述自己的观点，且言之有理，以理服人。
2、解题方法:
英语议论文的结构一般较为固定，通常包括以下三部分：
(1)在导语部分提出需要议论的议题；
(2)在正文部分对所提出的问题进行议论；
(3)在结论部分对以上的讨论进行总结和归纳。
3、注意事项
（1）议题的提出要开门见山，不要拖泥带水。
（2）议论时可以采用不同的方法。
（3）在结论部分必须表明作者的观点，对讨论的问题做出总结。
（4）注意连接词和过渡词等词语的使用，以增强文章的条理性和逻辑性。
课后作业
你校组织的英语夏令营像学生提供了两种住宿方式，有的学生喜欢单住，有的学生喜欢合住，请根据提示，用英语写一篇短文，向夏令营简报English Camp 投稿，选择你喜欢的一种住宿方式，并阐述理由。
Living along Living with roommates
▲ quiet▲ feel free▲ live comfortably▲… ▲cheap▲feel happy▲help each other▲…
注意：（1）依据你选择的住宿方式，将标题补充完整。
（2）理由必须包括表中你所选择的住宿方式的相应内容，可适当发挥。
（3）文中不得出现与你身份相关的信息。
（4）词数：80---100， 短文开头已给出，不计入总词数。
Living_________
Some students prefer to live alone, while others may want to share their rooms with their roommates. The way I like is




One possible version:
Some students prefer to live alone, while others may want to share their rooms with their roommates. The way I like is living alone. First, living alone is quiet I can study and read books in a quiet environment. It can make me sleep well at night. Second. I feel free when I am alone. I need not worry to trouble my roommates even when I want to study late into the night. Also, I can enjoy a comfortable life and there is no need to share the bathroom with other students. Besides, it is easier to keep the room tidy if I live alone because less rubbish is left.
Given the reasons above, I choose to live alone.
（二）
Some students prefer to live alone, while others may want to share their rooms with their roommates. The way I like is living with roommates. First, living with roommates is cheaper. I can share the cost of living with other students. It saves money for my parents. Second, living with roommates makes me happy. We can study and play games together. I will have more chances to communicate with others so that I can make friends easily. Besides, when I am in difficulty, my roommates will help me, so I will feel safer when living with others. There is no need to be afraid of living in a new environment any more.
Given the reasons above, I choose to live with roommates.

你班上周举行了关于是否缩短寒暑假并增加春秋的讨论，同学们各抒已见。请你根据下表中的讨论记录，结合你自己对此事的看法，用英语给校报写一篇短文。
赞成 1、目前学期长而枯燥，学生无法充分休息；2、春秋两季风景优美，学生可以感受自然。
反对 1、一年分成四个学期，影响学习效果；2、作业可能因此变多，加重学习压力。
你的观点 ……（至少一点）
注意：1.文中不得出现你的真实姓名和学校名称。
2. 结构完整，语言通顺，意思清楚、连贯，书写规范。
3.词数不少于90.文章的开头已为你写好，不计入总词数。
We held a discussion about whether to shorten (缩短) the summer and winter holidays and add the spring and autumn holidays last week. Opinions are different.
Some students think



One possible version
We held a discussion about whether to shorten (缩短) the summer and winter holidays and add the spring and autumn holidays last week. Opinions are different.
Some students think that the terms are long and boring at present and students can’t get enough rest. Spring and autumn have beautiful views. If the spring and autumn holidays are added, students will have more chances to feel the beauty of the nature. Some students think if we add the spring and autumn holidays, a year will be divided into four terms and it will have bad effect on teaching and learning. If so, students may have more homework to do and get more pressure to face.
I don’t think we need to add the spring and autumn holidays, but we need more holidays without too much homework. It will be better for students to have more time for their hobbies.

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