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2021届高三英语二轮(新高考)复习专项导练：阅读理解
在2020年山东省新高考中，英语阅读题的总分由40分提升至50分，得阅读者得天下的法则，在新高考中被再次证实。高考阅读理解的命题有一定的规律可循，主要呈现如下趋势：
1.阅读理解题材广泛，追溯近年来高考阅读理解试题来源，可以发现文本素材全部来源于国外网站和刊物，通常选材时间跨度近10年内的网站内容作为素材。选材围绕三大主题语境，包括人与自然、社会和自我。充满鲜明的时代特征，具有一定的知识性、创新性和教育性。
2.体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文。通常以说明文为主，总词数有增大的趋势。选材和试题设置难度适中，但阅读广泛对词汇量有所提升。在平时的复习中，应该学会利用派生法、转义法等方法拓展词汇，多熟悉新课标词汇变化。
3.常考试题类型有细节理解题、推理判断题、词义推断题、主旨大意题等。主要以细节理解和推理判断为主，考查学生的语篇理解能力、提取和处理信息能力、推断能力、分析能力，以及跨文化交际意识和恰当运用阅读策略的能力。
一、细节理解类
（一）明考查方式和考查角度
Ⅰ.把握细节理解题的常见设问方式：
(1)特殊疑问句形式：以when,
where,
what,
which,
who,
how
much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题。
(2)填空题形式：通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。
(3)就文中数字、排序等提问。
Ⅱ.明晰细节理解题的考查角度：
(1)高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。
(2)低频考点：数字计算题；正误判断题；细节排序题。
(二)
细节理解题正确选项特征
同义替换
指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose
one's
job换成了be
out
of
work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of
importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
信息归纳
用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
正话反说
把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
原文原词
利用原文原词作为正确选项。
(三)细节理解题干扰选项特征
张冠李戴
是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
无中生有
符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
曲解文意
与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
颠倒是非
在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
正误参半
部分正确，部分错误。
二、推理判断类
（一）明确考查特点
Ⅰ.把握推理判断题常见的命题方式
(1)We
can
infer
from
the
(first
.../last)
passage
that
________．
(2)The
passage/author
implies/suggests
that
______．
(3)It
can
be
concluded
from
the
passage
that
______．
(4)The
main
purpose
of
the
passage
is
________．
(5)Where
does
this
passage
probably
come
from?
(6)What's
the
author's
attitude
towards
…?
(7)The
writer
developed
the
passage/his
main
idea
by
________．
(8)The
first
.../last
paragraph
serves
as
a(n)
________．
Ⅱ.掌握推理判断题的考查角度
(1)高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。
(2)低频考点：推断下段内容、文章出处、读者对象。
(二)推理判断题正确选项特征
推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征：
1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only,
never,
all,
absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often,
usually,
sometimes,
some,
may,
might,
can,
could,
probably等。
(三)推理判断题干扰选项特征
1．曲解文意：即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。
2．张冠李戴：即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点。
3．偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
4．无中生有：这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
5．鱼目混珠：鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。
6．扩缩范围：为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost,
all,
nearly,
more
than,
normally,
usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。
三、词义猜测类
（一）明确考查特点
Ⅰ.把握词句猜测题常见的命题方式
(1)The
phrase
“...”
in
the
sentence
could
be
replaced
by
________．
(2)The
word
“...”
in
the
paragraph
refers
to
______．
(3)What
is
the
meaning
of
the
underlined
word
in
the
...
paragraph？/What
does
the
underlined
word
mean?
(4)Which
of
the
following
is
the
closest
in
meaning
to
the
phrase
“...”？
(5)The
word
“...”
most
nearly
means
________．
(6)The
underlined
sentence
in
the
second
paragraph
implies
that
________．
Ⅱ.掌握词句猜测题的考查角度
(1)猜测生词或熟词生义；(2)猜测短语的意义；(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如it,
one,
they,
this,
that,
these,
those等)；(4)猜测句意。
（二）明确方法技巧
（1）根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
（2）根据同位关系进行猜测
（3）根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生、合成等)进行猜测
（4）根据因果关系进行猜测
（5）根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
（6）根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
（7）根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
（8）意义吻合定句意
四、主旨大意类题型
（一）明确考查特点
Ⅰ.把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式
What
is
the
main
idea
of
the
text?
What
does
the
text
mainly
tell
us?
What
would
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
The
main
idea
of
the
first/second/third
paragraph
is
___________.
Paragraph
1/2/3
mainly
deals
with
___________.
Ⅱ.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。
（二）明确方法技巧
1.阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
2.寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.
相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.
主题句一般结构简单；3.
段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
七、理清文章结构
文章的逻辑结构是文章重要的内在特征，了解篇章段落的逻辑结构对提高阅读理解的准度和速度有着不可估量的作用。因此，在平时的阅读理解训练中要强化领悟段落、篇章结构及行文逻辑内在规律，长此以往，内化于心，潜移默化形成读文的内在“情思”，这个“情思”就是指与文章情感思路一致的、默契的思维流动。具备了这种“情思”，快读、精读文章就达到了一种至高境界。
(一)记叙文中的“具体事例型段落”——抓住此事例围绕的观点
这种类型的段落整段都在讲具体事例。往往这个事例本身并不重要，而作者是为了证明自己的某个观点才讲了这样一个事例。因此，考生要站在宏观的角度把握这个事例证明了什么观点，或者说明了哪一方面。它的特点就是会有特别具体的描述词，比如某个人名，多次被提到，而且用到的动词也都是一些表示具体动作的动词，而不是观点动词。
(二)说明文中的“对比型段落”——分清层次最重要
这种段落最常见的就是按时间分类说明或按某一特性分类说明。针对这种段落，要特别留意段落中的过渡词，比如，above
all,
in
addition,
finally等等。
(三)议论文中的“总分型段落”或“分总型段落”——一定要找到并读懂主旨句
“总分型段落”排列在一开始就给出了作者的观点或者要说明的主要内容。后面的大部分都在论证这个观点或者进行细节上的说明。针对这种类型的语篇，考生应该做到细读主旨段落，略读细节段落，以读懂主旨为要务。考生会发现文后的题目大都围绕主旨而命题，而偏离主旨的大都是干扰项，而不是正确答案。
“分总型段落”排列在开始和中间都是一些细节型的内容，有时是平行的细节，有时是层层递进，但一直到语篇的最后一段才点出最重要的观点或结论。显然读这种语篇的落脚点应该在结尾处。跟总分型的语篇相比，分总型的语篇有时更耗时间去发现主旨，因此考生们平时做题的时候要多去体会，争取在最短的时间找到主旨。
（一）
POETRY
CHALLENGE
Write
a
poem
about
how
courage,
determination,
and
strength
have
helped
you
face
challenges
in
your
life.
Prizes
3
Grand
Prizes:
Trip
to
Washington,
D.C.
for
each
of
three
winners,
a
parent
and
one
other
person
of
the
winner’s
choice.
Trip
includes
round-trip
air
tickets,
hotel
stay
for
two
nights,
and
tours
of
the
National
Air
and
Space
Museum
and
the
office
of
National
Geographic
World.
6
First
Prizes:
The
book
Sky
Pioneer:
A
Photobiography
of
Amelia
Earhart
signed
by
author
Corinne
Szabo
and
pilot
Linda
Finch.
50
Honorable
Mentions:
Judges
will
choose
up
to
50
honorable
mention
winners,
who
will
each
receive
a
T-shirt
in
memory
of
Earhart’s
final
flight.
Rules
Follow
all
rules
carefully
to
prevent
disqualification.
■
Write
a
poem
using
100
words
or
fewer.
Your
poem
can
be
any
format,
any
number
of
lines.
■
Write
by
hand
or
type
on
a
single
sheet
of
paper.
You
may
use
both
the
front
and
back
of
the
paper.
■
On
the
same
sheet
of
paper,
write
or
type
your
name,
address,
telephone
number,
and
birth
date.
■
Mail
your
entry
to
us
by
October
31
this
year.
1.
How
many
people
can
each
grand
prize
winner
take
on
the
free
trip?
A.
Two.
B.
Three.
C.
Four.
D.
Six.
2.
What
will
each
of
the
honorable
mention
winners
get?
A.
A
plane
ticket.
B.
A
book
by
Corinne
Szabo.
C.
A
special
T-shirt.
D.
A
photo
of
Amelia
Earhart.
3.
Which
of
the
following
will
result
in
disqualification?
A.
Typing
your
poem
out.
B.
Writing
a
poem
of
120
words.
C.
Using
both
sides
of
the
paper.
D.
Mailing
your
entry
on
October
30.
（二）
With
the
young
unable
to
afford
to
leave
home
and
the
old
at
risk
of
isolation(孤独),
more
families
are
choosing
to
live
together.
The
doorway
to
peace
and
quiet,
for
Nick
Bright
at
least,
leads
straight
to
his
mother-in-law,
she
lives
on
the
ground
floor,
while
he
lives
upstairs
with
his
wife
and
their
two
daughters.
Four
years
ago
they
all
moved
into
a
three-storey
Victorian
house
in
Bristol——one
of
a
growing
number
of
multigenerational
families
in
the
UK
living
together
under
the
same
roof.
They
share
a
front
door
and
a
washing
machine,
but
Rita
Whitehead
has
her
own
kitchen,
bathroom,
bedroom
and
living
room
on
the
ground
floor.
“We
floated
the
idea
to
my
mum
of
sharing
at
a
house,”
says
Kathryn
Whitehead.
Rita
cuts
in:
“We
spoke
more
with
Nick
because
I
think
it’s
a
big
thing
for
Nick
to
live
with
his
mother-in-law.”
And
what
does
Nick
think?
“From
my
standpoint,
it
all
seems
to
work
very
well.
Would
I
recommend
it?
Yes,
I
think
I
would.”
It’s
hard
to
tell
exactly
how
many
people
agree
with
him,
but
research
indicates
that
the
numbers
have
been
rising
for
some
time.
Official
reports
suggest
that
the
number
of
households
with
three
generations
living
together
had
risen
from
325,000
in
2002
to
419,000
in
2013.
Other
varieties
of
multigenerational
family
are
more
common.
Some
people
live
with
their
elderly
parents;
many
more
adult
children
are
returning
to
the
family
home,
if
they
ever
left.
It
is
said
that
about
20%
of
25-34-year-olds
live
with
their
parents,
compared
with
16%
in
1991.The
total
number
of
all
multigenerational
households
in
Britain
is
thought
to
be
about
1.8
million.
Stories
like
that
are
more
common
in
parts
of
the
world
where
multigenerational
living
is
more
firmly
rooted.
In
India,
particularly
outside
cities,
young
women
are
expected
to
move
in
with
their
husband’s
family
when
they
get
married.
4.
Who
mainly
uses
the
ground
floor
in
the
Victorian
house
in
Bristol?
A.
Nick.
B.
Rita.
C.
Kathryn
D.
The
daughters.
5.
What
is
Nick’s
attitude
towards
sharing
the
house
with
his
mother-in
-law?
A.
Positive.
B.
Carefree.
C.
Tolerant.
D.
Unwilling.
6.
What
is
the
author’s
statement
about
multigenerational
family
based
on?
A.
Family
traditions.
B.
Financial
reports.
C.
Published
statistics.
D.
Public
opinions.
7.
What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
A.
Lifestyles
in
different
countries.
B.
Conflicts
between
generations.
C.
A
housing
problem
in
Britain.
D.
A
rising
trend
of
living
in
the
UK.
（三）
In
my
everyday
life,
I
am
on
an
ongoing
journey
to
figure
out
different
ways
to
reduce
my
carbon
footprint
on
the
planet.
A
carbon
footprint
is
the
measure
of
influence
our
activities
have
on
the
environment,
in
particular
climate
change.
It
is
calculated
by
the
amount
of
greenhouse
gas
we
produce
in
our
daily
lives.
Fortunately,
nowadays
it
is
much
easier
to
make
eco-friendly
lifestyle
choices
than,
let's
say,
20
years
ago.
But
one
question
has
been
on
my
mind
a
lot
lately:
is
it
better
to
buy
new
eco-friendly
products
or
used
traditionally
produced
goods?
After
doing
some
research,
I
have
decided
that
some
things
are
better
new
and
others
are
better
used.
Let
me
try
to
explain.
A
carbon
footprint
is
made
up
of
two
parts,
the
primary
footprint
and
the
secondary
footprint.
The
primary
footprint
is
a
measure
of
our
direct
emissions(排放)
of
carbon
dioxide
(CO2)
from
the
burning
of
fuels,
including
household
energy
consumption
and
transportation.
The
secondary
footprint
is
a
measure
of
the
indirect
CO2
emissions
from
the
whole
lifecycle
of
products
we
use
—those
related
to
their
production
and
breakdown.
Based
on
this
understanding,
we
have
a
good
deal
of
control
and
responsibility
over
our
carbon
footprint.
Things
like
dishes,
clothes
and
furniture
fall
into
the
“secondary
footprint”
group,
so
less
is
more
and
we
can
focus
on
finding
used
goods
to
avoid
the
added
production.
However,
for
the
car
and
the
other
appliances(设备)
that
we
need
we
can
go
with
new,
energy-saving
models.
I
heard
somewhere
that
electronics
and
appliances
give
off
90%
of
their
carbon
footprint
after
they
leave
the
factory.
So
it
seems
most
reasonable
to
go
for
the
energy-saving
models.
The
main
concern
here
is
the
amount
of
energy
that
goes
into
the
making
of
new
products
and
whether
or
not
that
extra
carbon
is
worth
the
footprint
the
product
will
make
once
it
gets
to
you.
8.
What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
A.
What
appliances
to
buy
to
save
energy.
B.
What
a
carbon
footprint
means
in
our
life.
C.
How
to
identify
different
carbon
footprints.
D.
How
to
make
eco-friendly
lifestyle
choices.
9.
What
do
we
know
about
the
secondary
carbon
footprint?
A.
It
is
related
to
our
consumption
of
fuels.
B.
It
is
made
when
we
are
buying
the
products.
C.
It
is
less
harmful
than
the
primary
carbon
footprint.
D.
It
is
counted
as
ours
though
not
directly
made
by
us.
10.
Which
of
the
following
helps
reduce
our
carbon
footprint
according
to
the
author?
A.
Using
second-hand
textbooks.
B.
Using
old
and
expensive
cars.
C.
Buying
new
but
cheap
clothes.
D.
Buying
new
wooden
furniture.
11.
"The
footprint"
underlined
in
the
last
sentence
refers
to
the
CO2
produced
in_______.
A.
using
the
product
B.
recycling
the
product
C.
making
the
product
D.
transporting
the
product
（四）
When
you
were
trying
to
figure
out
what
to
buy
for
the
environmentalist
on
your
holiday
list,
fur
probably
didn't
cross
your
mind.
But
some
ecologists
and
fashion（时装）enthusiasts
are
trying
to
bring
back
the
market
for
fur
made
from
nutria（海狸鼠）.
Unusual
fashion
shows
in
New
Orleans
and
Brooklyn
have
showcased
nutria
fur
made
into
clothes
in
different
styles.
“It
sounds
crazy
to
talk
about
guilt-free
fur
unless
you
understand
that
the
nutria
are
destroying
vast
wetlands
every
year,”
says
Cree
MeCree,
project
director
of
Righteous
Fur.
Scientists
in
Louisiana
were
so
concerned
that
they
decided
to
pay
hunters
$
5
a
tail.
Some
of
the
fur
ends
up
in
the
fashion
shows
like
the
one
in
Brooklyn
last
month.
Nutria
were
brought
there
from
Argentina
by
fur
farmers
and
let
go
into
the
wild.
“The
ecosystem
down
there
can't
handle
this
non-native
species（物种）.
It's
destroying
the
environment.
It's
them
or
us,”
says
Michael
Massimi,
an
expert
in
this
field.
The
fur
trade
kept
nutria
in
check
for
decades,
but
when
the
market
for
nutria
collapsed
in
the
late
1980s,
the
cat-sized
animals
multiplied
like
crazy.
Biologist
Edmond
Mouton
runs
the
nutria
control
program
for
Louisiana.
He
says
it's
not
easy
to
convince
people
that
nutria
fur
is
green,
but
he
has
no
doubt
about
it.
Hunters
bring
in
more
than
300,
000
nutria
tails
a
year,
so
part
of
Mouton's
job
these
days
is
trying
to
promote
fur.
Then
there's
Righteous
Fur
and
its
unusual
fashions.
Model
Paige
Morgan
says,
“To
give
people
a
guilt-free
option
that
they
can
wear
without
someone
throwing
paint
on
them
—
I
think
that's
going
to
be
a
massive
thing,
at
least
here
in
New
York.”
Designer
Jennifer
Anderson
admits
it
took
her
a
while
to
come
around
to
the
opinion
that
using
nutria
fur
for
her
creations
is
morally
acceptable.
She's
trying
to
come
up
with
a
label
to
attach
to
nutria
fashions
to
show
it
is
eco-friendly.
12.
What
is
the
purpose
of
the
fashion
shows
in
New
Orleans
and
Brooklyn?
A.
To
promote
guilt-free
fur.
B.
To
expand
the
fashion
market.
C.
To
introduce
a
new
brand.
D.
To
celebrate
a
winter
holiday.
13.
Why
are
scientists
concerned
about
nutria?
A.
Nutria
damage
the
ecosystem
seriously.
B.
Nutria
are
an
endangered
species.
C.
Nutria
hurt
local
cat-sized
animals.
D.
Nutria
are
illegally
hunted.
14.
What
does
the
underlined
word
“collapsed”
in
paragraph
5
probably
mean?
A.
Boomed.
B.
Became
mature.
C.
Remained
stable.
D.
Crashed.
15.
What
can
we
infer
about
wearing
fur
in
New
York
according
to
Morgan?
A.
It's
formal.
B.
It's
risky.
C.
It's
harmful.
D.
It's
traditional.
（五）
Book
Recommendation
Second
Harvest
Author:
Don
Agey
Like
the
first
installment,
Eclectic
Harvest,
this
book
includes
rhymed
poems
which
employ
different
poetic
techniques.
If
you
are
interested
in
it,
buy
it
at
a
discount.
Of
Human
Nature
and
Good
Habits
Author:
Prabhash
Karan
Research
claims
that
maintaining
only
5
good
habits—eating
healthily,
exercising,
drinking
properly,
not
smoking
and
maintaining
a
healthy
body
weight—can
not
only
keep
the
life
in
golden
years
healthy
but
also
extend
the
lifetime
of
the
old
men
and
women
by
12
years
and
14
years
respectively.
The
book
illustrates
some
aspects
of
lifestyles.
As
you
can
see,
this
book
is
especially
suitable
for
people
after
retirement.
The
Dueling
Wizards
of
Simpletown
Author:
Whitney
Lee
Preston
The
Dueling
Wizards
of
Simpletown
is
a
tale
of
fantasy
involving
two
silly
magicians,
and
a
tricky
plan
by
their
two-faced
servant.
There
is
no
doubt
that
kids
will
like
it.
Marvlt
and
Goreg
Get
in
Big
Trouble
with
a
Dinosaur
Author:
Connor
Anstiss
Marvlt
and
Goreg
live
next
door
to
each
other,
and
are
best
friends.
These
two
naughty
8-year-olds
seem
to
get
into
all
sorts
of
troubles.
At
the
zoo,
they
have
a
much
different
encounter.
Will
they
be
okay?
Read
it
and
find
the
answer
yourself.
16．Which
book
will
interest
poetry
lovers
most?
A．Second
Harvest.
B．Of
Human
Nature
and
Good
Habits.
C．The
Dueling
Wizards
of
Simpletown.
D．Marvlt
and
Goreg
Get
in
Big
Trouble
with
a
Dinosaur.
17．What
does
Prabhash
Karan
think
enables
the
aged
to
live
longer?
A．Gaining
weight.
B．Keeping
a
healthy
diet.
C．Eating
more.
D．Drinking
much
wine.
18．What’s
Marvlt
and
Goreg
Get
in
Big
Trouble
with
a
Dinosaur
about?
A．A
story
of
zoo
keepers.
B．The
experience
of
two
magicians.
C．A
tale
of
the
animal
and
children.
D．The
way
to
deal
with
naughty
children.
（六）
Sacagawea
was
not
afraid.
Although
she
was
only
16
years
old
and
the
only
female
in
an
exploration
group
of
more
than
45
people,
she
was
ready
to
courageously
make
her
mark
in
American
history.
In
1803,
President
Thomas
Jefferson
bought
more
than
825,000
square
miles
of
land
from
France.
To
explore
this
new
part
of
the
country,
Jefferson
sent
Lewis
and
William
Clark
on
a
two-year
journey
to
report
on
what
they
found.
They
needed
local
guides
to
help
them
through
this
unknown
territory.
Born
to
a
Shoshone
chief
around
1788,
Sacagawea
had
been
kidnapped
(绑架)
by
an
enemy
tribe
when
she
was
about
12,
then
sold
to
a
French-Canadian
trapper.
When
the
trapper
was
hired
as
a
guide
for
Lewis
and
Clark's
expedition
in
1804,
Sacagawea
also
joined
as
an
interpreter
to
talk
to
Native-American
people
on
their
8,
000-mile
journey.
Sacagawea
soon
became
a
respected
member
of
the
group.
She
was
skilled
at
finding
plants
for
food
and
medicine
to
help
keep
the
explorers
alive.
When
a
boat
capsized
(翻)
on
the
Missouri
River
as
they
were
crossing
into
what
is
now
Montana,
Sacagawea
saved
important
books
and
much-needed
supplies.
When
they
needed
horses
to
cross
rough
area,
she
convinced
a
Shoshone
tribe—led
by
her
long-lost
brother—to
give
them
some.
She
was
so
esteemed
by
Lewis
and
Clark
that
when
they
reached
the
Pacific
Ocean
in
November
1805,
Sacagawea
was
asked
to
cast
her
vote
for
where
they
should
build
a
fort
(营地).
Sacagawea
proved
herself
again
after
the
group
took
a
different
route
home
through
what
is
now
Idaho.
As
they
passed
through
her
homeland,
Sacagawea
remembered
Shoshone
trails
from
her
childhood
and
helped
the
expedition
find
their
way
through.
Clark
even
praised
her
as
his
“pilot”.
She
received
no
pay
for
her
services
and
died
on
December
20,
1812.
But
Sacagawea's
bravery
and
skill
live
on
in
the
expedition's
journals,
which
are
full
of
praise
for
the
16-year-old
Shoshone
girl
who
guided
the
most
famous
American
expedition
of
all
time.
19．Why
did
the
explorers
hire
Sacagawea?
A．To
do
trade.
B．To
fight
the
enemy.
C．To
be
safer.
D．To
help
communicate.
20．What
does
the
underlined
word
“esteemed”
in
Paragraph
4
mean?
A．Respected.
B．Suspected.
C．Influenced.
D．Promoted.
21．What
do
you
think
of
Sacagawea's
role
in
the
expedition?
A．Active.
B．Irreplaceable.
C．Tricky.
D．Unreliable.
22．What
is
the
passage
mainly
about?
A．A
special
honor.
B．A
great
expedition.
C．An
outstanding
girl.
D．An
unknown
territory.
（七）
Scientists
have
developed
a
new
type
of
smart
bandage
(绷带)
that
can
signal
the
type
of
bacterial
(细菌的)
infection
it’s
protecting,
just
like
a
traffic
light,
as
well
as
release
the
right
type
of
drugs
on
demand.
The
traffic
light
system
works
just
like
this:
Green
means
no
bacteria
or
a
low
concentration
of
bacteria,
yellow
means
drug-sensitive
(DS)
bacteria
responsive
to
standard
antibiotics
(抗生素)
and
causes
antibiotic
release,
and
red
means
drug-resistant
(DR)
bacteria
that
need
extra
help
to
be
wiped
out.
In
testing
the
bandage
on
mice,
the
research
team
was
able
to
successfully
treat
both
DS
and
DR
infections
using
the
new
method.
However,
the
common
methods
of
sensing
resistance
are
limited
by
time,
the
requirement
for
professional
personnel,
and
expensive
instruments.
Moreover,
the
abuse
of
antibiotics
causes
the
accelerated
process
of
bacterial
resistance.
It’s
easy
to
see
how
a
simple
bandage
and
light
could
overcome
some
of
these
limitations.
Treatment
doesn’t
have
to
wait
for
a
doctor
to
make
a
diagnosis,
and
the
bandage
can
get
the
right
sort
of
drugs
applied
at
the
earliest
opportunity.
What’s
more,
the
person
wearing
the
bandage
gets
real-time
feedback
on
what’s
happening
with
the
infection,
if
there’s
an
infection
at
all.
The
researchers
say
it
offers
numerous
benefits
over
existing
treatments
that
make
use
of
light,
including
photodynamic
therapy
or
PDT.
We’ve
been
seeing
quite
a
few
upgrades
to
the
traditional
bandage
in
recent
years,
thanks
to
advances
in
science
—
like
the
nanofiber
mesh
that
attracts
bacteria
and
draws
some
of
it
out,
speeding
up
the
healing
process.
Then
there’s
the
novel
bandage
for
treating
burns,
which
stops
bacteria
from
multiplying
and
lowers
the
risk
of
infection.
The
more
work
that
a
bandage
can
do
while
it’s
protecting
a
wound,
the
better.
Efforts
to
improve
bandages
continue
and
now
we've
got
a
bandage
that
not
only
releases
antibiotics,
but
also
tells
the
patient
exactly
what’s
going
on
too.
23．What
is
the
smart
bandage
mainly
designed
to
do?
A．Avoid
the
use
of
antibiotics.
B．Clear
out
harmful
bacteria.
C．Detect
bacterial
infections.
D．Increase
treatment
options.
24．What
is
the
advantage
of
the
smart
bandage?
A．It
saves
much
time
and
cost.
B．It
removes
the
risk
of
infection.
C．It
prevents
the
bacterial
resistance.
D．It
improves
doctor-patient
relationship.
25．What
can
be
inferred
from
the
last
two
paragraphs?
A．Traditional
bandages
are
out
of
use
now.
B．More
smart
bandages
will
be
developed.
C．Progress
in
science
calls
for
more
research.
D．People
are
urged
to
study
medical
science.
26．What
does
the
text
focus
on?
A．A
successful
test
on
mice.
B．A
colour-changing
bandage.
C．Sensing
drug-resistant
bacteria.
D．Preventing
abuse
of
antibiotics.
（八）
New
research
has
found
that
grey
seals
can
simulate(模仿）human
speech
and
songs.
The
study
carried
out
by
Dr
Amanda
Stansbury
and
Professor
Vincent
Janik,
at
the
University
of
St
Andrews,
found
that
grey
seals
use
the
same
sound
production
system
as
humans
due
to
having
similar
vocal
tracts(声道）。
Three
young
grey
seals-Zola,
Gandalf
and
Janice
were
monitored
from
birth
by
Stansbury
and
Janik
to
determine
their
natural
talents.
Once
this
process
was
complete,
the
researchers
began
teaching
the
seals
to
simulate
common
seal
sounds
or
noises
a
seal
might
normally
hear
from
a
herd
mate
in
the
wild.
Fish
was
used
to
encourage
the
seals
to
come
out
of
the
water
and
sing
a
series
of
notes.
Stansbury
would
record
the
seals'
own
sounds
and
play
them
back.
The
seals
quickly
learnt
that
if
they
sang
back
the
same
notes,
they
would
be
rewarded
with
fish.
Once
the
seals
were
familiar
with
this
process
and
could
easily
copy
these
basic
sounds,
Stansbury
and
Janik
used
higher
and
longer
tones
and
unfamiliar
vowels
from
human
speech.
The
seals
were
then
rewarded
for
matching
these
new
sounds.
Stansbury
even
used
some
combinations
to
simulate
songs
that
no
seal
would
be
expected
to
produce
under
natural
circumstances.
Zola
had
a
gift
for
copying
up
to
ten
notes
of
songs
such
as
Twinkle,
Twinkle,
Little
Star
and
the
theme
song
of
Star
Wars.
Gandalf
and
Janice
were
better
at
accurately
reproducing
combinations
of
human
vowel
sounds.
Stansbury
said,
“I
was
amazed
how
well
the
seals
copied
the
model
sounds
we
played
to
them.
Copies
were
not
perfect,
but
given
that
these
are
not
typical
seal
sounds,
it
is
pretty
impressive.
Our
study
really
shows
how
flexible
seal
voices
are."
After
one
year
of
working
with
the
researchers,
the
seal
pups
were
released
back
into
the
wild.
“This
study
gives
us
a
better
understanding
of
the
development
of
vocal
learning,
a
skill
that
is
important
for
human
language
development.”
Janik
believes
this
knowledge
can
help
to
develop
new
methods
to
study
speech
problems.
27．What
is
the
first
paragraph
mainly
about?
A．Grey
seals’
learning
environments.
B．A
research
finding
on
grey
seals.
C．Humans’
sound
production
system.
D．A
comparison
of
humans
and
grey
seals.
28．In
the
study,
fish
would
be
given
when
the
seals
.
A．made
funny
noises
B．came
out
of
the
water
C．repeated
the
same
notes
D．copied
typical
fish
sounds
29．What
can
we
find
about
Zola
based
on
the
research?
A．It
can
copy
some
musical
sounds
played
to
her.
B．It
is
good
at
copying
human
vowel
sounds.
C．It
is
smarter
than
Gandalf
and
Janice.
D．It
likes
singing
children's
songs.
30．What
does
Janik
think
of
the
research
result?
A．It
shows
the
living
environments
of
grey
seals.
B．It
leads
to
a
better
understanding
of
human
vocal
system.
C．It
raises
an
awareness
of
the
need
to
protect
grey
seals.
D．It
brings
inspirations
for
research
on
speech
problems.
参考答案
【答案】1-3
ACB
【解析】本文为应用文，内容为诗歌竞赛的规则和奖项。
1.细节理解题。根据3
Grand
Prizes中第一句
“Trip
to
Washington,
D.C.
for
each
of
three
winners,
a
parent
and
one
other
person
of
the
winner's
choice.
”可知，旅行可以携带两个人，故选A。
2.
C
细节理解题。根据50
Honorable
Mentions这一段“Judges
will
choose
up
to
50
honorable
mention
winners,
who
will
each
receive
a
T-shirt
in
memory
of
Earhart's
final
flight”，由此可知，纪念奖是送的T恤，故选C。
3.
B
细节理解题。由Rules中“Follow
all
rules
carefully
to
prevent
disqualification.
Write
a
poem
using
100
words
or
fewer.
”，写诗用词不能超过100词，故选B。
【答案】4-7
BACD
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了在英国，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起，出现了多世同堂的现象。
4.细节理解题。根据第三段“
but
Rita
Whitehead
has
her
own
kitchen,
bathroom,
bedroom
and
living
room
on
the
ground
floor.”可知，但Rita在一楼有自己的厨房、浴室、卧室和客厅。由此可知，Rita
在布里斯托尔的维多利亚式住宅中使用一楼。故选B项。
5.推理判断题。根据第五段“And
what
does
Nick
think?
“From
my
standpoint,
it
all
seems
to
work
very
well.
Would
I
recommend
it?
Yes,
I
think
I
would.”可知，尼克是怎么想的?“从我的角度来看，一切都很顺利。我推荐它吗?是的，我想我会推荐在一起居住的。”由此判断出，尼克对和和岳母合住房子的态度是积极的。故选A项。
6.细节理解题。根据第六段“
Official
reports
suggest
that
the
number
of
households
with
three
generations
living
together
had
risen
from
325,000
in
2002
to
419,000
in
2013.”官方报告显示，三代同堂的家庭数量从2002年的32.5万户增加到2013年的41.9万户。根据第七段“It
is
said
that
about
20%
of
25-34-year-olds
live
with
their
parents,
compared
with
16%
in
1991.The
total
number
of
all
multigenerational
households
in
Britain
is
thought
to
be
about
1.8
million.”可知，据说，25-34岁的年轻人中有20%和父母住在一起，而1991年这一比例为16%。据估计，英国多代同堂的家庭总数约为180万。由此可知，作者关于多世同堂家庭的论述基于发布的统计数据。故选C项。
7.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“With
the
young
unable
to
afford
to
leave
home
and
the
old
at
risk
of
isolation(孤独),
more
families
are
choosing
to
live
together.”可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。故选D项。
【答案】8-11
DDAC
【解析】这是一篇说明文，介绍了作者在面对环保时的选择：买新的环保产品还是旧的传统产品？针对这个问题，作者提出了碳足迹的概念并具体提出正确做法。
8.主旨大意题。由文章第一段最后和第二段可知，作者最近有一个问题：是买新的环保产品还是用传统生产的产品更好？在做了一些研究之后，作者进行理论解释和提出相应建议，文章更重选择那一类产品，而非什么样的电器，故选D。
9.细节理解题。由文章第三段可知，二次足迹是我们使用的与产品生产和分解相关的产品的整个生命周期的间接二氧化碳排放量的度量，由间接可排除A，B不是购买而是且使用中的，C于文无据，D项最符合使用过程中间接产生二氧化碳的要求。
10.
推理判断题。由文章第四段可知，像盘子、衣服和家具之类的东西属于“二次足迹”组，很少会产生二次足迹，所以可以集中精力寻找二手货，以避免增加生产，教科书就是属于这种类型。故选A。
11.词义猜测题。选择节能车型似乎最为合理，这里主要关心的是用于制造新产品的能源量，以及这些额外的碳是否值得产品在到达你面前时所产生的足迹，即是产品被创造出来而产生的碳足迹，与前面making
of
new
products对应。故选C。
【答案】12-15
AADB
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了海狸鼠毛皮市场的发展及人们对穿着海狸鼠毛皮制成的不同风格的时装的各种观点。
12.考查推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到第二段“Unusual
fashion
shows
in
New
Orleans
and
Brooklyn
have
showcased
nutria
fur
made
into
clothes
in
different
styles.”
“It
sounds
crazy
to
talk
about
guilt-free
fur-unless
you
understand
that
the
nutria
are
destroying
vast
wetlands
every
year…”，故选A。
13.考查细节理解题。根据题干信息定位到第三段“Scientists
in
Louisiana
were
so
concerned
that
they
decided
to
pay
hunters
$
5
a
tail.”和第四段“Nutria
were
brought
there
from
Argentina
by
fur
farmers
and
let
go
into
the
wild
‘The
ecosystem
down
there
can't
handle
this
non-native
species.
It's
destroying
the
environment…’”，故选A。
14.考查词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句的后半部分“the
cat-sized
animals
multiplied
like
crazy…”（猫那么大小的动物疯狂地繁殖），与之相反，海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代末崩溃了，故选D。
15.考查推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到最后一段“To
give
people
a
guilt-free
option
that
they
can
wear
without
someone
throwing
paint
on
them
—
I
think
that's
going
to
be
a
massive
thing,
at
least
here
in
New
York”，故选B。
【答案】16-18ABC
【解析】这是一篇应用文。短文向读者推荐了四本书。
16.细节理解题。根据关键词“poetry”定位到Second
Harvest，结合本段中“Like
the
first
installment,
Eclectic
Harvest,
this
book
includes
rhymed
poems
which
em-ploy
different
poetic
techniques.”和第一部《收获折衷主义》一样，这本书收录了押韵的诗歌，运用了不同的诗歌技巧。所以Second
Harvest这本书最能吸引诗歌爱好者。故选A。
17.细节理解题。结合关键词“Prabhash
Karan”可以定位到“Of
Human
Nature
and
Good
Habits”，结合“Research
claims
that
maintaining
only
5
good
habits—eating
healthily,
exercising,
drinking
properly,
not
smoking
and
maintaining
a
healthy
body
weight—can
not
only
keep
the
life
in
golden
years
healthy
but
also
extend
the
lifetime
of
the
old
men
and
women
by
12
years
and
14
years
respectively.
”研究表明，只保持健康饮食、锻炼、适量饮酒、不吸烟、保持健康体重等5个良好习惯，不仅可以使老年人的晚年生活保持健康，而且可以使老年人的寿命分别延长12年和14年。可知，保持五个良好的习惯（健康饮食、运动、适量饮酒、不吸烟、保持健康体重）可以让男性老人和女性老人的预期寿命分别延长12年和14年。故选B。
18.细节理解题。结合关键词“Marvlt
and
Goreg
Get
in
Big
Trouble
with
a
Dinosaur”，定位到文章最后一个黑体字部分。根据“Marvlt
and
Goreg
live
next
door
to
each
other,
and
are
best
friends.
These
two
naughty
8-year-olds
seem
to
get
into
all
sorts
of
troubles.
At
the
zoo,
they
have
a
much
different
encounter”
Marvlt
和
Goreg
是邻居，他们是最好的朋友。这两个淘气的八岁小孩，好像惹了很多麻烦。在动物园里，他们有着截然不同的遭遇。可知，这本书讲述了关于动物和孩子的故事。故选C。
【答案】19-22
DABC
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述女孩Sacagawea帮助探险队成功探险的故事。
19．细节理解题。根据第三段Sacagawea
also
joined
as
an
interpreter
to
talk
to
Native-American
people
on
their
8,
000-mile
journey.可知，探险家雇佣Sacagawea目的是帮助他们和当地印第安人交流。故选D。
20．词义猜测题。根据划线单词后半句when
they
reached
the
Pacific
Ocean
in
November
1805,
Sacagawea
was
asked
to
cast
her
vote
for
where
they
should
build
a
fort.当他们在1805年11月到达太平洋时，Sacagawea被要求投票决定他们应该在哪里建造营地。可推知，Sacagawea受到Lewis
和Clark?的尊敬，他们才会要求Sacagawea决定在哪里露营；由此可知，划线单词“esteemed”的意思是repected
“尊敬”之意，故选A。
21．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段描述Sacagawea
proved
herself
again
after
the
group
took
a
different
route
home
through
what
is
now
Idaho.
…and
helped
the
expedition
find
their
way
through.
Clark
even
praised
her
as
his
“pilot”.
Sacagawea再次证明了自己的能力，她的团队选择了一条不同的路线，穿过现在的爱达荷州回家。当他们经过她的家乡时，Sacagawea想起了她童年时在Shoshone部落留下的的足迹，并帮助探险队找到了道路。Clark甚至称赞她是他的“领航员”。可知，Sacagawea在探险活动的地位是无可替代的。故选B。
22．主旨大意题。本文讲述女孩Sacagawea帮助探险队成功探险的故事，由此可知，An
outstanding
girl.
一个杰出的女孩。切题。故选C。
【答案】23-26
CABB
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家们已经开发出一种新型的智能绷带，它可以像交通灯一样显示出它所保护的细菌感染类型，并根据需要释放出正确的药物类型。文章说明了这种绷带的优势以及预测未来的发展。
23．细节理解题。根据第一段中Scientists
have
developed
a
new
type
of
smart
bandage
(绷带)
that
can
signal
the
type
of
bacterial
(细菌的)
infection
it’s
protecting,
just
like
a
traffic
light,
as
well
as
release
the
right
type
of
drugs
on
demand.可知，科学家们已经开发出一种新型的智能绷带，它可以像交通灯一样显示出它所识别的细菌感染类型，并根据需要释放出正确的药物类型。由此可知，智能绷带的主要功能是检测细菌感染。故选C。
24．细节理解题。根据第二段中However,
the
common
methods
of
sensing
resistance
are
limited
by
time,
the
requirement
for
professional
personnel,
and
expensive
instruments.可知，常用的检测抵抗力的方法受到时间、专业人员的要求和昂贵仪器的限制。以及第三段第一句It’s
easy
to
see
how
a
simple
bandage
and
light
could
overcome
some
of
these
limitations.可知，很容易看出一个简单的绷带和光可以克服这些限制。由此可知，智能绷带的优点是节省了很多时间和成本。故选A。
25．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Efforts
to
improve
bandages
continue
and
now
we’ve
got
a
bandage
that
not
only
releases
antibiotics,
but
also
tells
the
patient
exactly
what’s
going
on
too.可知，努力改进绷带仍在继续，现在我们有了一种绷带，不仅能释放抗生素，还能告诉病人到底发生了什么。由此可推知，更多的智能绷带将被开发。故选B。
26．推理判断题。根据第一段中Scientists
have
developed
a
new
type
of
smart
bandage
(绷带)
that
can
signal
the
type
of
bacterial
(细菌的)
infection
it’s
protecting,
just
like
a
traffic
light,
as
well
as
release
the
right
type
of
drugs
on
demand.可知，科学家们已经开发出一种新型的智能绷带，它可以像交通灯一样显示出它所保护的细菌感染类型，并根据需要释放出正确的药物类型。结合文章还说明了这种绷带的优势和未来的发展趋势。由此可推知，文章的重点是变色绷带。故选B。
【答案】27-30
BCAD
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了科学家对灰海豹的研究新发现---海豹可以模拟人类语言和歌曲。最后提到这个研究的结果对现实意义的指导作用。
27．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的New
research
has
found
that
grey
seals
can
simulate
human
speech
and
songs.新研究发现,灰海豹可以模拟人类语言和歌曲。和found
that
grey
seals
use
the
same
sound
production
system
as
humans
due
to
having
similar
vocal
tracts发现灰海豹由于有相似的声带而使用与人类相同的发声系统。可知，第一段整段在讲述了是科学家对灰海豹的研究新发现。故选B项。
28．细节理解题。根据文章第2段Fish
was
used
to
encourage
the
seals
to
come
out
of
the
water
and
sing
a
series
of
notes.
Stansbury
would
record
the
seals
‘own
sounds
and
play
them
back.
The
seals
quickly
learnt
that
if
they
sang
back
the
same
notes,
they
would
be
rewarded
with
fish.鱼被用来鼓励海豹从水里出来唱一系列的歌注；Stansbury会录下海豹的声音然后播放回来。海豹很快就学会了。如果它们唱回同样的音符，就会得到鱼的奖赏。可知，在这项研究中，当海豹重复同样的音符时，会喂它们鱼。故选C项。
29．推理判断题。根据第3段Zola
had
a
gift
for
copying
up
to
ten
notes
of
songs
such
as
Twinkle,
Twinkle,
Little
Star
and
the
theme
song
of
Star
Wars（Zola有可以模仿多达十个音符的歌曲的天赋。如Twinkle,
Twinkle,
Little
Star和Star
Wars的主题曲）由此判断Zola能很好地模仿播放给它们听的声音。故选A项。
30．推理判断题。根据最后一段This
study
gives
us
a
better
understanding
of
the
development
of
vocal
learning,
a
skill
that
is
important
for
human
language
development.
Janik
believes
this
knowledge
can
help
to
develop
new
methods
to
study
speech
problems这项研究让我们对声乐学习的发展有了更好的了解，声乐学习是人类语言发展的一项重要技能。Janik认为，这些知识有助于开发研究语音问题的新方法。由此判断出研究结果为语音问题的研究带来启示。故选D项。
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