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专题8：助动词和情态动词
助动词
助动词本身无意义，不能单独做谓语，必须和其他动词连用，帮助构成疑问句、否定句以及各种时态、语态、加强语气等。常见的助动词有：be (am/is/are/was/were), do (does/did), have(has/had), will, would, shall 等。其中 do, have 也可做实义动词。
其用法主要有：
类别 要点 练习
1.be(am/is/are/was/were) (1)构成进行时态 我现在正在加拿大学习。I?am studying?in?Canada?now.
(2)构成被动语态 玻璃是被安妮打碎的。The?glass?was broken?by?Annie.
(3)构成系表结构 她很漂亮。She?is?beautiful.
2.?have/has/had 构成完成时态 我们相互认识多年了。We?have known each?other?for?years.
类别 要点 练习
3.?do/does/did (1)构成疑问句、否定句 ①你喜欢音乐吗？Do you?love?music？②我不知道你要来。I?didn’t know you?were?coming.
(2)加强语气 她的确喜欢流行音乐。She does?love?pop?music.
(3)代替主要动词 她跳舞和我一样好。She?dances?as?well?as?I?do.


类别 要点 练习
4.?shall/will?(shall用于第一人称，will用于各种人称) 构成一般将来时态 ①我们明天去公园好吗？Shall?we?go?to?the?park?tomorrow?②他们下星期天去野餐。They will go?on?picnic?next?Sunday.
当堂巩固：
(　　)1. —What is your mother doing, Linda?
—She ____ dinner in the kitchen now.
A. is cooking B. was cooking C. cook D. cooking
(　　)2. —Where is Catherine? I haven't seen her for days.
—She ____ Wuhan. She'll be back next week.
A. has gone to B. has been to C. have gone to D. have been to
(　　)3. —Your father has gone to Shenzhen on business，hasn't he？
—Yes. And he ____ in two weeks．
A. will return B. has returned C. returned D. returns
(　　)4. —The passenger refused to move after taking another one's seat.
—What a shame! He ____ according to the newly credit system (诚信体系).
A. punish B. punished C. will punish D. will be punished
(　　)5. —Oh, your room is too dirty, Mike!
—Sorry, Mum. It ____ yesterday. I forgot to do it.
A. didn't clean B. isn't cleaned C. was cleaned D. wasn't cleaned
Keys：AAADD
情态动词
情态动词本身具有一定的意义，本身并不表示动作或状态，不能单独做谓语，必须与后面的动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气、态度以及请求、愿望等。它没有人称和数的变化(have to, be able to 除外)。常见的情态动词有：can, could, may,might, must, should, would, need 等。
1.can的用法
用法 例句
表示能力，意为“能，会”，否定式为?can't?(cannot)，过去式为?could和?couldn't —Can?you?dance？你会跳舞吗？—Yes,?I?can./No,?I?can't.是的，我会。/不，我不会。
表示请求、许可，意为“可以”，此时与?may?同义 Can/Could?I?borrow?your?umbrella？我能借用你的雨伞吗？
表示客观可能性或推测，意为“可能”，常用于否定句和疑问句中 It?can't?be?Mary.She?has?gone?to?thelibrary.那不可能是玛丽，她已经去了图书馆。
注意：(1)can 与 be able to 的区别
情态动词 用法 例句
can 意为“能，会；可以；可能”，只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时(could)，没有人称和数的变化 He?can?finish?the?task?by himself.他可以独自完成这项任务。
be?able?to 意为“能，能够”，可用于各种时态，有人称和数的变化 They?will?be?able?to?tell you?the?result?soon.他们很快就能告诉你结果了。
2.在口语中，常用could代替can，表示比较委婉客气地向对方提出请求或表示看法, 此时could不表示过去时。 may/might, can/could表示许可时可互换，只是might, could语气比较委婉
如：你能告诉我香港发生了什么事情吗？
Could (Can/Could ) you please tell me what happened in Hong Kong?
3.may 与 might 的用法
情态动词 用法 例句
may 表示请求、许可，意为“可以，允许”，比?can?正式，常用于肯定句、一般疑问句中 May?I?take?a?seat?here？我可以坐在这里吗？
表示可能性较小或把握性不大的推测，意为“可能，也许”，常用于肯定句，有时也用于否定句 He?may?help?you.他也许会帮你。
might 表示请求、允许时，语气比?may较委婉；表示推测时，把握性不大，可能性比?may?小，用于肯定句中 He?might?be?at?home.他可能在家。
注意：以 May I 开头的一般疑问句，其肯定回答可用“Yes,you may.”“Yes, please.”或“Certainly./OK./Sure.”等；否定回答可用“No, you can't.”“No, you mustn't (不可以).”或“Please don't.”等。
4.must的用法
用法 例句
表示“必须，应该”，在陈述句中带有有义务、有必要的主观意愿或命令、要求的语气，在疑问句中则表示询问对方的意见。否定式?mustn't?表示“禁止，不准，不允许” I?must?study?hard.我必须努力学习。Must?I?hand?in?my?composition today？ 我今天必须交作文吗？You?mustn't?smoke?here. 你不准在这儿吸烟。
表示非常肯定的猜测，意为“一定，准是”，只用于肯定句 The?book?has?John's?name?on?it.Itmust?be?his.这本书有约翰的名字在上面。它肯定是他的。
以Must?sb.开头的一般疑问句的肯定回答用“Yes,?sb.must.”；否定回答视情况可用“No,?sb.needn't.”，?“No,?sb.don't/doesn't?have?to.”或“No,?sb.can't/mustn't.” —Must?I?cross?the?road?now？ 我必须现在过马路吗？—No,?you?needn't./No,?you?don'thave?to./?No,?you?mustn't./?No,?you can't.不，你不必。/不，你没必要/不，你一定不要/不，你不能。
must 与have to的区别
must表示说话人的主观意志，意为“必须；应该”, 无时态变化。
have to意为“不得不；必须”，强调受到外界客观因素的迫使。它可用于多种时态，且有人称和数的变化。
练：(1)所有的学生必须知道考试中作弊是不被允许的。毕竟，诚实是最好的品质。
All the students must know cheating in the exam is not allowed. After all, honesty is the best quality.
(2)我们不得不共用这些书，因为不够每个人一本。
We have to share the books because there aren't enough for everyone.
5.need的用法
need 意为“需要”，既可做情态动词，也可做实义动词。做情态动词时多用于疑问句和否定句中，否定式为 needn't，表示“不必”。做实义动词时，主语是人时，后接动词不定式或名词，即：sb.need/don't need to do sth.sb.或 need sth.；当主语是物时，用 sb.need doing sth.表示被动的含义，相当于 sth.need to bedone。 如：
Need I go there？我需要去那里吗？(做情态动词)
I don't need to buy a new schoolbag.我不需要买新书包。(做实义动词)
＝I needn't buy a new schoolbag.我不必买新书包。(做情态动词)
The trees need watering.＝The trees need to be watered. 这些树需要浇水了。(主动形式表示被动)
5.should的用法
should是shall的过去式，没有缩写形式。它作为情态动词时，可用于所有人称，表示劝告、建议或有责任、义务去做某事，通常译为“必须，应该”。
You should put the rubbish in the bin.（你应该把垃圾扔进垃圾箱里。）
You should wash the dress by hand in cool water.（你应该用凉水手洗这条裙子。）
We shouldn’t keep all the lights in our house on all right.
（我们不应该让房子里所有的灯整晚都亮着。）
当堂练习：
(　　)1. David, ____you please sweep the floor and take out the trash?
A. could B. may C. might D. must
(　　)2. —I won the first prize in the speech competition.
—Congratulations! You ____ be excited about it.
A. can B. must C. had to D. need
(　　)3. —____I return the books this week?
—No, you ____. You can do that next week.
A. Must; can't B. May; needn't C. Need; mustn't D. Must; needn't
(　　)4. —The beautiful lady with glasses over there looks like our English teacher.
—It ____ be her. She has gone abroad.
A. can't B. may not C. mustn't D. needn't
(　　)5. —____ you leave now? You only arrived here an hour ago.
—Sorry, but so much homework is waiting for me.
A. May B. Must C. Can D. Might
Keys：ABDAB
用适当的动词和情态动词填空
1.A:Must I wait till he comes back? B:No,you __________.
2.You __________ not make so much noise in the hospital.
3.A:Can you ride a bike? B:No,I __________.
4.A:Do you speak English? B:Yes,I __________.
5.A:Need I go home now? B:No.You __________ stay here.
6.__________ you like to help me?
7.My mother is ill.I __________ stay at home and look after her.
8.A:__________ I use your car? B:Yes,you __________.
9.__________ we begin our class now?
10.A:Need I hand in my homework? B:Yes,you __________.
Keys:
1.needn’t 2.must 3.can’t 4.do 5.can
6.Would 7.have to 8.May/Can;may/can 9.Shall 10.must




































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