资源简介

高中英语外刊阅读语法填空September
22
1
人类是如何知道接种疫苗的？
How
Was
Vaccination
Discovered?
Back
in
the
late
1700s,
long
before
people
understood
the
reason
behind
immunity(免疫),
farmers
and
doctors
in
rural
areas
of
Britain
noticed
that
dairymaids
（牛奶工）and
other
people
1_____
got
a
mild
disease
called
cowpox（牛痘）
seldom
caught
its
fearsome
cousin,
smallpox（天花）.
Was
there
a
connection?
Some
decided
there
was
and
inserted(植入)
material
from
the
cowpox
into
an
incision
（切口）they
cut
on
the
arm
of
healthy
people,
thus
somehow
2_____(protect)
them
from
smallpox.
In
1798,
a
doctor
named
Edward
Jenner
published
the
results
of
his
experiments
using
this
procedure,
earning
3_____(he)
fame
as
the
“Father
of
Smallpox
Vaccination.”
Scientists
later
figured
out
why
Jenner
was
right
that
cowpox
somehow
protected
one
from
smallpox.
You
see,
when
people
caught
cowpox,
their
bodies
made
special
cells
4_____(call)
antibodies.
They
fought
the
disease.
That’s
not
all.
They
lingered(存续)
in
the
blood
5_____
case
the
disease
ever
returned.
Because
cowpox
and
smallpox
are
fairly
similar,
if
a
person
was
later
exposed
to
the
more
serious
disease,
anti-bodies
were
ready
6_____(
fight)
it
too.
That
knowledge
helped
scientists
develop
vaccines.
The
term
vaccination
was
coined
from
the
Latin
for
cow
(vacca)(母牛).
They
contain
small
doses
of
weakened（致弱）,
dead（灭活）
or
modified
（改良的）
viruses.
Injected
into
the
blood,
they
trick
the
immune
system
into
making
antibodies.
7_____
the
body
ever
encounters
those
same
viruses,
even
at
full
8_____(strong)(全力以赴),
the
antibodies
make
short
work
of
them(很快完事).
Vaccination
prior
to
9______(expose)
to
the
virus
is
ideal.
But
a
vaccination
given
within
three
days
of
exposure
will
10______(complete)
prevent
or
significantly
modify
smallpox
in
the
majority
of
people
and
given
within
the
first
four
to
seven
days
will
likely
offer
some
protection
or
alter(减轻)
the
severity（严重性）
of
the
disease.
2研究：2040年全球塑料垃圾至少将达到7亿吨
World
will
have
710M
tons
of
plastic
pollution
by
2040
despite
efforts
to
cut
waste,
study
says
?
If
the
world
embarked(着手，从事)
on
an
immediate
and
globally-coordinated
（联合）effort
to
reduce
our
plastic
1_____(consume),
there
would
still
be
2_____
estimated
710
million
metric
tons
of
plastic
that
will
pollute
the
environment
by
2040,
new
research
has
found.
The
study,
from
a
group
of
international
researchers
and
published
in
the
journal?Science?on
Thursday,
found
that
even
in
a
"best-case
scenario(预测)"
3_____
the
amount
of
plastic
pollution
was
reduced
by
80%
by
2040,
there
would
still
be
a
massive
build-up
of
accumulated
plastic.
Millions
of
tons
of
plastic
enter
the
oceans
every
year,
4______(pollute)
the
seas,
littering
beaches
and
endangering
wildlife.
Plastic
particles
5______(find)
in
soils,
in
the
atmosphere
and
even
in
the
most
remote
regions
of
Earth,
such
as
Antarctica.
Microplastics
are
also
eaten
by
fish
and
other
sea
creatures,
where
they
enter
the
food
chain.
A
rapid
growth
in
plastic
production,
spurred（刺激）
by
a
rise
in
single-use
plastics
and
a
"throw-away"
culture
has
exacerbated
(加剧)the
problem,
the
report
said.
Meanwhile,
waste
management
systems
in
countries
around
the
world
don't
have
the
capacity
to
6_____(safe)
dispose
of
or
recycle
plastic
waste.
The
team
found
that
there
is
no
silver
bullet
solution
to
7______(reduce)
global
plastic
pollution.
Instead,
change
8_____(
need)
across
the
whole
supply
chain,
they
said,
from
the
manufacturing
of
plastics,
to
pre-consumption
(known
as
upstream)
and
after
use
(recycling
and
reusing)
to
stop
the
spread
of
plastic
pollution
into
the
environment.
One
key
finding
the
study
identified
is
9_____
waste
mismanagement
wasn't
necessarily
a
problem
of
having
the
recycling
capacity,
landfill
space(垃圾填埋)
or
incinerators（焚化炉）,
but
the
bottle
neck
came
from
the
collection
gap（收集差距）.
"There
are
billions
of
people
without
collection
services
right
now.
When
certain
groups
say
we
can
recycle
our
way
out
of
it,
you
can't
recycle
something
you
haven't
collected.
You
can't
dispose
of
something
you
haven't
collected,"
said
Dr.
Winnie
Lau,
co-author
of
the
study.
The
team
noted
that
in
many
middle-income
countries,
such
as
India,
10_____(formal)
workers
and
waste
pickers
made
a
living
from
collecting
plastics
and
that
their
work
was
a
key
component
of
being
able
to
solve
this
collection
gap.
Often
these
workers
have
no
legal
or
formal
recognition
and
no
protection.
By
highlighting
how
vital
they
are
to
this
sector,
the
authors
said
it
will
hopefully
bring
them
into
the
part
of
the
economy
where
their
contribution
is
recognized.
?
3研究：气候变化将使北极熊在本世纪末灭绝
Climate
change
on
track
to
wipe
out
polar
bears
by
end
of
century,
study
warns
Climate
change
is
starving
polar
bears
into
1_____(extinct),
according
to
research
published
Monday
that
predicts
the
apex
carnivores(食物链顶端的食肉动物)
could
all
but
disappear
within
the
span
of
a
human
lifetime.
In
some
regions
they
are
already
caught
in
a
vicious（恶性的）
downward
spiral（螺旋形的）,
with
shrinking
sea
ice
2_____(cut)
short
the
time
bears
have
for
hunting
seals,
scientists
reported
in
Nature
Climate
Change.
Their
dwindling(下降的)
body
weight
undermines（降低）
3_____(they)
chances
of
surviving
Arctic
winters
without
food,
the
scientists
added.
"The
bears
face
an
ever
longer
fasting
period（禁食期）
before
the
ice
refreezes（冻结）
and
they
can
head
back
out
to
feed,"
Steven
Amstrup,
who
conceived
the
study
and
is
chief
scientist
of
Polar
Bears
International,
told
AFP.
On
current
trends,
the
study
concluded,
polar
bears
in
12
of
13
subpopulations(亚种群)
4_____(analyze)
will
have
been
decimated
（灭绝）within
80
years
by
the
galloping
pace
of
change
in
the
Arctic,
5_____
is
warming
three
times
as
fast
as
the
planet
as
a
whole.
"By
2100,
recruitment"
—
new
births
—
"will
be
6_____(severe)
compromised(陷入危险)
or
impossible
everywhere
except
perhaps
in
the
Queen
Elizabeth
Island
subpopulation,"
in
Canada's
Arctic
Archipelago,
said
Amstrup.
That
scenario
foresees
Earth's
average
surface
temperature
rising
3.3
degrees
Celsius
above
the
preindustrial
benchmark(工业化前基准水平).
One
degree
of
warming
so
far
7_____(trigger)（引起）
a
crescendo（顶点）
of
heat
waves,
droughts
and
super
storms
made
more
destructive
by
rising
seas.
The
threat
is
not
rising
temperatures
per
se(本身，自身)
but
the
top-of-the-food-chain
predators'
inability
to
adapt
8_____a
rapidly
shifting
environment.
Half
of
Earth's
land-based
megafauna(巨型动物)
are
classified
as
9_____(threaten)
with
extinction,
but
only
polar
bears
are
endangered
primarily
by
climate
change.
But
that
status
may
not
be
unique
for
long,
and
should
10_____(see)
as
a
harbinger(预告者)
of
how
climate
will
impact
other
animals
in
the
coming
decades,
the
authors
warned.
"But
we
cannot
build
a
fence
to
protect
sea
ice
from
rising
temperatures,"
said
Amstrup.
高中英语外刊阅读语法填空September
22
答案版
1
人类是如何知道接种疫苗的？
How
Was
Vaccination
Discovered?
Back
in
the
late
1700s,
long
before
people
understood
the
reason
behind
immunity(免疫),
farmers
and
doctors
in
rural
areas
of
Britain
noticed
that
dairymaids
（牛奶工）and
other
people
1_____
got
a
mild
disease
called
cowpox（牛痘）
seldom
caught
its
fearsome
cousin,
smallpox（天花）.
Was
there
a
connection?
Some
decided
there
was
and
inserted(植入)
material
from
the
cowpox
into
an
incision
（切口）they
cut
on
the
arm
of
healthy
people,
thus
somehow
2_____(protect)
them
from
smallpox.
In
1798,
a
doctor
named
Edward
Jenner
published
the
results
of
his
experiments
using
this
procedure,
earning
3_____(he)
fame
as
the
“Father
of
Smallpox
Vaccination.”
Scientists
later
figured
out
why
Jenner
was
right
that
cowpox
somehow
protected
one
from
smallpox.
You
see,
when
people
caught
cowpox,
their
bodies
made
special
cells
4_____(call)
antibodies.
They
fought
the
disease.
That’s
not
all.
They
lingered(存续)
in
the
blood
5_____
case
the
disease
ever
returned.
Because
cowpox
and
smallpox
are
fairly
similar,
if
a
person
was
later
exposed
to
the
more
serious
disease,
anti-bodies
were
ready
6_____(
fight)
it
too.
That
knowledge
helped
scientists
develop
vaccines.
The
term
vaccination
was
coined
from
the
Latin
for
cow
(vacca)(母牛).
They
contain
small
doses
of
weakened（致弱）,
dead（灭活）
or
modified
（改良的）
viruses.
Injected
into
the
blood,
they
trick
the
immune
system
into
making
antibodies.
7_____
the
body
ever
encounters
those
same
viruses,
even
at
full
8_____(strong)(全力以赴),
the
antibodies
make
short
work
of
them(很快完事).
Vaccination
prior
to
9______(expose)
to
the
virus
is
ideal.
But
a
vaccination
given
within
three
days
of
exposure
will
10______(complete)
prevent
or
significantly
modify
smallpox
in
the
majority
of
people
and
given
within
the
first
four
to
seven
days
will
likely
offer
some
protection
or
alter(减轻)
the
severity（严重性）
of
the
disease.
keys:
1
who
2
protecting
3
himself
4
called
5
in
6
to
fight
7
If
8
strength
9
exposure
10
completely
2研究：2040年全球塑料垃圾至少将达到7亿吨
World
will
have
710M
tons
of
plastic
pollution
by
2040
despite
efforts
to
cut
waste,
study
says
?
If
the
world
embarked(着手，从事)
on
an
immediate
and
globally-coordinated
（联合）effort
to
reduce
our
plastic
1_____(consume),
there
would
still
be
2_____
estimated
710
million
metric
tons
of
plastic
that
will
pollute
the
environment
by
2040,
new
research
has
found.
The
study,
from
a
group
of
international
researchers
and
published
in
the
journal?Science?on
Thursday,
found
that
even
in
a
"best-case
scenario(预测)"
3_____
the
amount
of
plastic
pollution
was
reduced
by
80%
by
2040,
there
would
still
be
a
massive
build-up
of
accumulated
plastic.
Millions
of
tons
of
plastic
enter
the
oceans
every
year,
4______(pollute)
the
seas,
littering
beaches
and
endangering
wildlife.
Plastic
particles
5______(find)
in
soils,
in
the
atmosphere
and
even
in
the
most
remote
regions
of
Earth,
such
as
Antarctica.
Microplastics
are
also
eaten
by
fish
and
other
sea
creatures,
where
they
enter
the
food
chain.
A
rapid
growth
in
plastic
production,
spurred（刺激）
by
a
rise
in
single-use
plastics
and
a
"throw-away"
culture
has
exacerbated
(加剧)the
problem,
the
report
said.
Meanwhile,
waste
management
systems
in
countries
around
the
world
don't
have
the
capacity
to
6_____(safe)
dispose
of
or
recycle
plastic
waste.
The
team
found
that
there
is
no
silver
bullet
solution
to
7______(reduce)
global
plastic
pollution.
Instead,
change
8_____(
need)
across
the
whole
supply
chain,
they
said,
from
the
manufacturing
of
plastics,
to
pre-consumption
(known
as
upstream)
and
after
use
(recycling
and
reusing)
to
stop
the
spread
of
plastic
pollution
into
the
environment.
One
key
finding
the
study
identified
is
9_____
waste
mismanagement
wasn't
necessarily
a
problem
of
having
the
recycling
capacity,
landfill
space(垃圾填埋)
or
incinerators（焚化炉）,
but
the
bottle
neck
came
from
the
collection
gap（收集差距）.
"There
are
billions
of
people
without
collection
services
right
now.
When
certain
groups
say
we
can
recycle
our
way
out
of
it,
you
can't
recycle
something
you
haven't
collected.
You
can't
dispose
of
something
you
haven't
collected,"
said
Dr.
Winnie
Lau,
co-author
of
the
study.
The
team
noted
that
in
many
middle-income
countries,
such
as
India,
10_____(formal)
workers
and
waste
pickers
made
a
living
from
collecting
plastics
and
that
their
work
was
a
key
component
of
being
able
to
solve
this
collection
gap.
Often
these
workers
have
no
legal
or
formal
recognition
and
no
protection.
By
highlighting
how
vital
they
are
to
this
sector,
the
authors
said
it
will
hopefully
bring
them
into
the
part
of
the
economy
where
their
contribution
is
recognized.
Keys:
1
consumption
2
an
3
where
4
polluting
5
have
been
found
6
safely
7
reducing
8
is
needed
9
that
10
informal
?
3研究：气候变化将使北极熊在本世纪末灭绝
Climate
change
on
track
to
wipe
out
polar
bears
by
end
of
century,
study
warns
Climate
change
is
starving
polar
bears
into
1_____(extinct),
according
to
research
published
Monday
that
predicts
the
apex
carnivores(食物链顶端的食肉动物)
could
all
but
disappear
within
the
span
of
a
human
lifetime.
In
some
regions
they
are
already
caught
in
a
vicious（恶性的）
downward
spiral（螺旋形的）,
with
shrinking
sea
ice
2_____(cut)
short
the
time
bears
have
for
hunting
seals,
scientists
reported
in
Nature
Climate
Change.
Their
dwindling(下降的)
body
weight
undermines（降低）
3_____(they)
chances
of
surviving
Arctic
winters
without
food,
the
scientists
added.
"The
bears
face
an
ever
longer
fasting
period（禁食期）
before
the
ice
refreezes（冻结）
and
they
can
head
back
out
to
feed,"
Steven
Amstrup,
who
conceived
the
study
and
is
chief
scientist
of
Polar
Bears
International,
told
AFP.
On
current
trends,
the
study
concluded,
polar
bears
in
12
of
13
subpopulations(亚种群)
4_____(analyze)
will
have
been
decimated
（灭绝）within
80
years
by
the
galloping
pace
of
change
in
the
Arctic,
5_____
is
warming
three
times
as
fast
as
the
planet
as
a
whole.
"By
2100,
recruitment"
—
new
births
—
"will
be
6_____(severe)
compromised(陷入危险)
or
impossible
everywhere
except
perhaps
in
the
Queen
Elizabeth
Island
subpopulation,"
in
Canada's
Arctic
Archipelago,
said
Amstrup.
That
scenario
foresees
Earth's
average
surface
temperature
rising
3.3
degrees
Celsius
above
the
preindustrial
benchmark(工业化前基准水平).
One
degree
of
warming
so
far
7_____(trigger)（引起）
a
crescendo（顶点）
of
heat
waves,
droughts
and
super
storms
made
more
destructive
by
rising
seas.
The
threat
is
not
rising
temperatures
per
se(本身，自身)
but
the
top-of-the-food-chain
predators'
inability
to
adapt
8_____a
rapidly
shifting
environment.
Half
of
Earth's
land-based
megafauna(巨型动物)
are
classified
as
9_____(threaten)
with
extinction,
but
only
polar
bears
are
endangered
primarily
by
climate
change.
But
that
status
may
not
be
unique
for
long,
and
should
10_____(see)
as
a
harbinger(预告者)
of
how
climate
will
impact
other
animals
in
the
coming
decades,
the
authors
warned.
"But
we
cannot
build
a
fence
to
protect
sea
ice
from
rising
temperatures,"
said
Amstrup.
Keys:
1
extinction
2
cutting
3
their
4
analyzed
5
which
6
severely
7
has
triggered
8
to
9
threatened
10
be
seen

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