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概要写作之四步提炼主旨要义
概要写作精准提炼主旨四步走
第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构
写概要之前，一定要先通读原文，
确定文章的体裁和主题。在正确把握文章主旨和段落大意后，明确原文的篇章结构。
根据意义划分文中的自然段，意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。
[提醒]　一个自然段不一定是一个要点，有时几个自然段说明一个要点，有时一个自然段包含数个要点。
第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息
·明确全文的篇章结构后，
就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。
·先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。
·原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息如列举数字和列举的事例等无须在概要中一一列出。
例如：—or
the
radio.
People
who
tend
to
about
70
(卡路里)
per
meal
than
those
who
rush
through
their
meals.
，
and
try
to
.
And
while
you're
at
it,
actually
sit
down
to
eat.
If
you
need
some
help
slowing
down,
turn
relaxing
music.
It
makes
you
less
likely
to
rush
through
a
meal.(画线部分为主题句)本段落主要内容为吃饭慢减少对热量的摄入，因此要将用餐时间延长至至少三十分钟。用自己的语言将画线部分重组后，关键信息如下：Record
the
time
and
set
dinner
time
for
half
an
hour
as
eating
slowly
helps
take
in
less
calories.
第三步：归纳要点
合理转换表达
明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。
为避免和原文的句子重复，
可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种形式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清主次。
转换表达注意遵循2个原则
①不增不减不曲：客观精准地表述原文要点，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。
②不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。
例如：Your
house
may
have
an
on
your
.
Experts
say
the
way
you
your
could
whether
you
pack
on
the
pounds
or
keep
them
off.
You
can
make
your
environment
work
for
you
instead
of
against
you.
Here
are
some
to
turn
your
into
part
of
your
plan.(画线句为主题句)主题句关键词如画线所示：The_way
you
design
your
home
may
have
an
effect
on
your
figure.
Here
are
some
ways
to
turn
your
home
into
part
of
your
diet
plan.转换表达时可利用同义替换将ways改为tips;
The
way
you
design
your
home改为How
to
have
your
home
designed。主题句转换为How
to
have
your
home
designed
affects
your
figure.
Below
are
tips
to
design
your
home
to
help
diet.
第四步：句式多样
注意过渡衔接
在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词衔接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。
【策略演示】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
(2018年11月，浙江卷)It's
a
really
to
before
you
apply
because
their
websites
can
all
start
to
look
and
sound
the
same.
Nothing
will
give
you
the
sense
of
what
it
will
actually
be
like
to
live
on
a
college
campus
(校园)
like
visiting_and_seeing_for_yourself_the_dorms,_classrooms_and_athletic_equipment_and,_of_course,_the_students.
It
seems
a
little
crazy
once
senior
year
hits
to
find
the
time
to
visit
college
campuses,
and
it
can
also
be
pricey
if
.
But
keep
in
mind
that
you
are
making
a
decision
about
the
next
four
years
of
your
life,
and
do
all
the
research
you
can
to
make
sure
you
are
making
the
right
one.
There's
not
to
the
in
your
local
area.
In
fact,
a
lot
of
college
applications
even
ask
if
you
have
visited
campus,
and
obviously,
if
you
live
across
the
country
that
won't
be
as
much
of
a
possibility,
but
if
you
live
nearby,
！
If
campus
visits
aren't
going
to
happen
before
you
apply,
at
the
very
least
you
should
between
applying
and
getting
your
acceptance
letters
to
the
you'd
like
to
attend.
It_can_save_you_a_lot_of_heartache
if
you
rule
out
now
the
things
that
you
don't
like
about
certain
campuses,
things
that
you
wouldn't
know
unless
you
actually
visit.
Now,
if
time
and
money
are
making
it
impossible,
then
the
at
CollegeWeekLive.
It's
a
chance
to
chat
online
with
admissions
officers,
students,
and
college
counselors
(顾问),
and
it
won't
cost
you
a
penny!
You
can
register
for
its
online
college
fair
at
.
While
visiting
an
online
college
fair
can't
take
the
place
of
an
actual
campus
visit,
it
can
be
a
very
useful
tool
that
along
with
all
your
other
research
will
help
you
make
an
informed
decision
about
which
colleges
or
universities
you'd
like
to
attend.
________________________________________________________
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【思路点拨】
第1步　读懂原文，明确篇章结构
原文是说明文，为确保精彩的大学生活，在申请大学前应抽时间提前了解大学。
第1段：提出观点——在你上大学之前，要亲眼看看想申请的大学。
第2段：一定要去看看当地的大学。
第3段：如在申请之前没去过，在申请之后或得到录取通知书之前，一定要去大学看看。
第4段：如果无法亲自参观，登录网站了解相关信息。
分析各段主旨可判断，文章第1～2段是一个意义段，3～4段分别是2个意义段，故原文3个意义段可归纳为3个要点。
第2步　去次留精，提炼关键信息
本文关键信息已在文中用画线和阴影形式体现，
其中画线词为与主题句相关的关键信息，其他则为次要信息。
第3步　归纳要点，合理转换表达
采用同义转述、句式转换等方法灵活准确归纳要点，如：
①第一段主题句和第二段主题句可概括为要点1：该要点中的“good
idea”可用wise
choice转述；“in
your
local
area”可转换为
where
you
live。
②第三段主题句可概括为要点2:
该要点中的“visiting
and
seeing
for
yourself”可转换为pay
a
personal
visit。
③第四段主题句可概括为要点3：该要点中的“time
and
money
are
making
it
impossible”可转换为all
the
above
is
not
affordable。
第4步　句式多样，注意过渡衔接
句式要多样，可利用非谓语动词和状语从句，丰富概要部分的句式。
【参考范文】
As
a
senior
year
student,
it's
a
wise
choice
to
visit
would?be
colleges
near
where
you
live
before
attending
them
for
seeing
is
believing.
(要点1)
You
should
find
a
chance
to
pay
a
personal
visit
even
at
your
waiting
in
case
you
feel
disappointed
afterwards.
(要点2)If
all
the
above
is
not
affordable,
you
are
advised
to
search
the
online
college
fair
at
CollegeWeekLive
where
you
can
get
the
necessary
information.
(要点3)
【检测训练】
1.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Choosing
the
right
college
can
be
a
difficult
task.
There
are
thousands
of
colleges
and
universities
for
you
to
choose
from
and
many
are
worthy
of
being
considered.
For
each
potential
college,
find
out
the
success
rate
of
students'
getting
their
jobs,
especially
those
related
to
your
majors.
Here
are
some
strategies（策略）for
you
to
make
the
right
choice.
Colleges
which
offer
practice
in
some
of
the
fields
are
worthy
of
your
attention.
It
can
provide
you
with
a
large
amount
of
information
on
job
hunting.
Companies
often
prefer
employees
that
perform
well.
Practice
gives
you
the
valuable
experience
and
necessary
opportunities.
Some
practical
skills
that
you
learn
will
really
prepare
yourself
for
the
certain
jobs.
Besides,
choosing
a
college
that
has
teacher
members
with
good
reputations
in
their
fields
can
also
be
very
useful
since
these
teacher
members
can
provide
you
with
steps
into
the
working
world
by
practice.
School
rankings
and
a
national
reputation
of
academic
success
are
often
the
important
factors（因素）for
your
potential
employers.
This
type
of
information
can
be
found
easily
on
the
Internet
and
in
magazines.
To
the
employers,
graduates
from
high
ranking
colleges
are
often
considered
more
reliable.
They
have
a
stronger
ability
to
learn
and
are
more
likely
to
create
wealth
for
the
company.
Sometimes
it
can
even
be
a
more
important
factor
in
looking
for
a
job
than
the
actual
quality
of
education
the
college
provides.
After
narrowing
down
your
choices
to
a
few
colleges,
it's
time
to
visit
them.
Taking
a
look
at
the
campus（校园）can
change
your
attitude
to
a
particular
school.
Plan
your
tour
and
then
do
some
research
on
your
own.
It
is
also
important
to
talk
to
as
many
students
as
you
can
and
find
out
if
earning
a
degree
from
the
school
is
helpful
in
getting
a
job.
Meanwhile,
you
can
speak
to
the
students
in
the
majors
you're
considering
to
know
what
the
courses
are
like,
what
you'll
learn,
and
what
your
expected
outcome
will
be.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
High
school
exit
tests
are
tests
that
students
must
pass
to
graduate
from
high
school.
In
the
last
few
years,
however,
a
number
of
states
in
America
have
dropped
them.
Although
some
states
still
use
them
for
diplomas,
the
number
is
down
from
a
high
of
27
states
during
the
testing
craze
promoted
by
No
Child
Left
Behind
(NCLB).
The
appearance
of
this
phenomenon
is
small
wonder.
Researches
clearly
show
that
exit
tests
have
little
positive
effects
on
students.
A
2014
report
found
exit
testing
was
associated
with
lower
graduation
rates,
negatively
affected
labor
market
outcomes,
and,
most
alarmingly,
produced
a
12.5
percent
increase
in
incarceration(监禁)
rates.
Exit
exams,
the
study
concluded,
had
tended
to
add
little
value
for
most
students.
Exit
testing
relies
on
the
following
assumptions.
One
is
that
standardized
testing
can
serve
as
a
kind
of
“quality
control”
for
high
school
graduates,
guaranteeing
that
graduates
are
college
ready.
The
other
is
that
they
have
predicting
value
for
future
success
in
academic
situations.
But
there
is
little
evidence.
The
tests
don’t
exactly
measure
what
they
pretend
to
measure.
For
example,
qualities
such
as
intelligence,
academic
ability,
college
readiness
are
not
determined.
Those
that
should
be
developed
in
all
young
people,
like
responsibility,
critical
thinking,
and
empathy(移植),
are
not
measured,
either.
Even
supporters
of
exit
tests
have
acknowledged
that
they
don’t
offer
reliable
data.
Thus,
more
and
more
people
are
suggesting
that
exit
test
scores
ought
to
be
just
one
component
of
the
high
school
diploma.
Schools
should
consider
many
other
records
including
credits
earned,
courses
taken,
activities,
service,
projects
and
other
elements
of
academic
accomplishment
so
that
students
can
be
evaluated
flexibly.
In
other
words,
exit
test
scores
should
never
be
the
only
criterion
for
high
school
diplomas.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We
already
know
that
the
underwater
world
is
anything
but
silent.
It
is
full
of
natural
sounds
produced
by
animals
and
by
the
motion
of
the
atmosphere
and
water.
But
today’s
researchers
are
increasingly
concerned
about
the
man-made
noises
under
the
water.
They
are
confusing
whales
and
other
marine
animals
Although
hearing
is
important
to
all
animals,
the
special
qualities
of
the
undersea
world
emphasize
the
use
of
sound.
Underwater
sound
allows
marine
animals
to
gather
information
and
communicate
at
great
distances
and
from
all
directions.
Loud
underwater
noises
can
cause
damage
to
their
hearing.
And
nowadays
it's
becoming
too
much
for
marine
wildlife.
Evidence
shows
that
whales
will
swim
hundreds
of
miles,
rapidly
change
their
depth,
and
even
beach
themselves
to
get
away
from
the
sounds
of
sonar.
You
might
think
lower
noises,
typically
caused
by
shipping
or
construction,
do
not
pose
a
threat
to
marine
animals.
In
fact,
while
they
may
not
kill
the
animals
directly,
they
can
disturb
their
ability
to
locate
food,
find
mates
and
avoid
predators
(掠食动物)).Scientists
looked
at
the
effects
of
noise
from
small
motorboats
on
coral-reef
fish
at
the
Great
Barrier
Reef
in
Australia.
In
the
lab,
the
fish
had
been
trained
to
recognize
the
smell
of
three
common
predators
as
a
threat.
Some
fish
were
trained
in
the
presence
of
boat
noise,
while
the
others
had
training
with
the
natural
sounds
of
the
ocean.
It
turned
out
that
the
first
group
showed
no
fright
reactions
when
exposed
to
the
predator.
However,
the
other
group
was
scared.
And
under
the
influence
of
underwater
noise
on
this
group,
only
20
percent
of
fish
survived,
compared
to
almost
70
percent
of
unexposed
fish.
Humans
rely
on
the
ocean
for
its
natural
resources
and
biodiversity.
The
ocean
also
plays
an
important
role
in
regulating(
调节)temperatures,
As
Cousteau
said,
"For
most
of
history,
man
has
had
to
fight
nature
to
survive;
in
this
century
he
is
beginning
to
realize
that,
in
order
to
survive,
he
must
protect
it.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
There
are
some
important
regulations
parents
can
take
to
make
sure
their
kids
use
cell
phones
in
a
safe
and
responsible
way.
When
kids
know
what
the
consequences
are
when
rules
aren’t
followed,
that
makes
life
more
predictable
for
them.
Most
kids
are
not
paying
for
their
cell
phones
or
their
cell
phone
plans,
so
if
you
pay
for
it,
you
own
it,
which
means
you
have
the
right
to
take
it
away
anytime
if
they
disobey
the
rules
you
set
up
earlier.
After
a
kid
has
a
cell
phone,
suddenly
parents
discover
data
runs
out
half
way
through
the
month.
This
can
get
expensive
and
your
kids
need
to
know
how
to
monitor
their
use.
Also,
teen
cell
phone
addiction
should
be
limited.
Generally,
it’s
a
good
idea
to
have
no
cell
phone
policy
while
they
are
doing
homework
and
at
bedtime.
Come
to
agreement
in
advance
about
what
they
are
and
aren’t
allowed
to
download
on
their
cell
phone.
There
are
some
really
bad
apps
for
kids
that
you
don’t
want
on
their
phones.
Make
sure
your
kids
understand
how
to
set
up
their
privacy.
Talk
with
them
about
why
guarding
their
privacy
is
so
important.
Many
teens
truly
have
no
concept
about
everything
that
a
cell
phone
can
share
about
them
including
personal
information
and
their
location.
You
want
to
cover
what
is
and
isn’t
appropriate
to
share
via
a
cell
phone.
This
definitely
means
photos
and
language
used
in
emails
and
on
social
media.
But
don’t
forget
simpler
things
like
providing
their
address,
their
age
or
what
school
they
go
to
online.
Lastly,
there
are
times
and
places
when
using
one’s
cell
phone
is
not
appropriate.
In
movie
theaters
or
during
class
time
at
school
the
phone
should
be
on
silent
and
put
away.
Additionally,
when
someone
is
having
a
face
to
face
conversation
with
them,
they
need
to
be
looking
at
the
person,
not
their
phone.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5.
阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Until
2017,
the
Emperor
penguin
was
listed
as
Least
Concern
by
the
International
Union
for
Conservation
of
Nature,
but
as
of
2018,
they
are
listed
as
Near-Threatened
because
they
are
predicted
to
suffer
a
moderately
rapid
population
decline
over
the
next
three
generations
owing
to
the
effects
of
climate
change.
The
number
one
threat
to
their
survival
is
global
warming.
Here’s
how
it
has
affected
Emperor
penguins
and
what
we
should
do.
A
decrease
in
the
amount
of
sea
ice
formation,
which
is
caused
by
climate
change,
impacts
the
future
of
the
Emperor
penguin.
Many
Emperor
penguins
breed
on
ice
shelves
that
only
form
during
the
Antarctic
winter.
There
have
been
times
in
recent
years
when
the
ice
shelves
have
melted
back
faster
or
sooner
than
usual.
Many
of
the
chicks
haven’t
completely
fledged
(长出飞羽)
into
their
waterproof
feathers
by
the
time
the
ice
melts
back
to
their
habitats,
and
they
are
forced
into
the
cold
ocean
waters,
where
they
die
of
cold
exposure
or
drowning.
One
thing
that
less
sea
ice
definitely
affects
is
food
for
the
penguins.
One
of
their
food
sources
is
krill
(磷虾),
and
the
sea-ice
shelves
serve
as
a
nursery
for
the
krill.
The
newly-born
krill
feed
on
the
algae
(水藻)
that
grow
on
the
underside
of
the
sea
ice.
When
there
is
less
sea
ice,
there
is
less
algae
for
the
krill
to
feed
on,
and
consequently
less
krill
is
produced.
Measures
should
be
taken
to
protect
these
animals.
People
can
donate
to
organizations
that
are
working
to
protect
Emperor
penguins
and
other
penguin
species,
and
our
oceans
in
general.
Reducing
your
impact
on
the
environment,
in
particular,
is
something
you
can
do—you
can
make
these
tiny
changes
to
lower
your
carbon
footprint
every
day.
You
can
also
be
mindful
about
reducing
seafood
consumption
and
eating
sustainably
caught
seafood,
as
overfishing
is
the
second
greatest
threat
to
nearly
every
penguin
species
today.
Also,
avoid
using
supplements
and
other
products
that
contain
krill
or
krill
oil.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6.
阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Australia’s
greatest
engineering
accomplishment
to
date
is
the
Snowy
Mountains
Hydro-Electric
Scheme.
It
took
25
years
to
build
and
was
completed
in
1974
at
a
cost
of
$820
million.
The
aims
of
the
scheme
were
to
produce
lots
of
electricity,
and
to
supply
water
to
households
and
for
farming
irrigation.
The
scheme
works
by
collecting
rain
and
melting
snow
from
the
Snowy
Mountains
and
storing
it
in
dams.
This
is
then
diverted
(转移)
through
tunnels
(隧道)
and
pipelines
to
power
stations
that
produce
electricity.
The
water
used
to
produce
the
electricity
then
flows
into
the
Murray
and
Murrumbidgee
Rivers.
The
Snowy
Mountains
Hydro-Electric
Scheme
is
made
up
of
sixteen
large
dams;
seven
major
power
stations;
a
pumping
station;
and
225
kilometres
of
tunnels
and
pipelines.
It
covers
over
5,000
square
kilometres
of
southern
New
South
Wales
(NSW).
Seven
regional
townships
and
more
than
100
temporary
camps
were
established
for
the
people
who
worked
on
the
scheme.
When
the
scheme
began
in
1949,
Australia
did
not
yet
have
a
workforce
with
the
required
scientific
and
engineering
skills
needed
to
complete
the
project.
Many
migrants
with
experience
in
skills
like
surveying,
tunnelling
and
geology
were
employed
from
overseas.
Homeless
persons
from
Europe
also
worked
on
the
scheme
on
two-year
contracts
as
part
of
their
required
work
assignments.
The
largest
group
of
workers
were
unassisted
migrants
who
were
drawn
to
the
project
by
the
high
wages.
More
than
100,000
people
worked
on
the
project
in
total.
Seventy
percent
of
those
were
migrants.
Workers
came
from
more
than
30
countries,
including
Germany,
Italy,
Austria
and
Poland.
Most
migrants
were
from
Europe
because
the
White
Australia
Policy
discouraged
the
immigration
of
people
of
non-white
or
non-European
origin.
Tunnelling
in
the
Snowy
Mountains
was
dangerous
and
dirty
work.
Even
though
the
workers
came
from
very
different
ethnic
(种族的)
backgrounds
that
may
have
fought
against
each
other
in
World
War
I
and
World
War
II,
living
and
working
in
these
difficult
conditions
brought
them
together.
This
was
considered
the
beginning
of
Australia’s
multiculturalism.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________44
概要写作之四步提炼主旨要义
概要写作精准提炼主旨四步走
第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构
写概要之前，一定要先通读原文，
确定文章的体裁和主题。在正确把握文章主旨和段落大意后，明确原文的篇章结构。
根据意义划分文中的自然段，意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。
[提醒]　一个自然段不一定是一个要点，有时几个自然段说明一个要点，有时一个自然段包含数个要点。
第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息
·明确全文的篇章结构后，
就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。
·先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。
·原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息如列举数字和列举的事例等无须在概要中一一列出。
例如：—or
the
radio.
People
who
tend
to
about
70
(卡路里)
per
meal
than
those
who
rush
through
their
meals.
，
and
try
to
.
And
while
you're
at
it,
actually
sit
down
to
eat.
If
you
need
some
help
slowing
down,
turn
relaxing
music.
It
makes
you
less
likely
to
rush
through
a
meal.(画线部分为主题句)本段落主要内容为吃饭慢减少对热量的摄入，因此要将用餐时间延长至至少三十分钟。用自己的语言将画线部分重组后，关键信息如下：Record
the
time
and
set
dinner
time
for
half
an
hour
as
eating
slowly
helps
take
in
less
calories.
第三步：归纳要点
合理转换表达
明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。
为避免和原文的句子重复，
可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种形式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清主次。
转换表达注意遵循2个原则
①不增不减不曲：客观精准地表述原文要点，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。
②不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。
例如：Your
house
may
have
an
on
your
.
Experts
say
the
way
you
your
could
whether
you
pack
on
the
pounds
or
keep
them
off.
You
can
make
your
environment
work
for
you
instead
of
against
you.
Here
are
some
to
turn
your
into
part
of
your
plan.(画线句为主题句)主题句关键词如画线所示：The_way
you
design
your
home
may
have
an
effect
on
your
figure.
Here
are
some
ways
to
turn
your
home
into
part
of
your
diet
plan.转换表达时可利用同义替换将ways改为tips;
The
way
you
design
your
home改为How
to
have
your
home
designed。主题句转换为How
to
have
your
home
designed
affects
your
figure.
Below
are
tips
to
design
your
home
to
help
diet.
第四步：句式多样
注意过渡衔接
在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词衔接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。
【策略演示】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
(2018年11月，浙江卷)It's
a
really
to
before
you
apply
because
their
websites
can
all
start
to
look
and
sound
the
same.
Nothing
will
give
you
the
sense
of
what
it
will
actually
be
like
to
live
on
a
college
campus
(校园)
like
visiting_and_seeing_for_yourself_the_dorms,_classrooms_and_athletic_equipment_and,_of_course,_the_students.
It
seems
a
little
crazy
once
senior
year
hits
to
find
the
time
to
visit
college
campuses,
and
it
can
also
be
pricey
if
.
But
keep
in
mind
that
you
are
making
a
decision
about
the
next
four
years
of
your
life,
and
do
all
the
research
you
can
to
make
sure
you
are
making
the
right
one.
There's
not
to
the
in
your
local
area.
In
fact,
a
lot
of
college
applications
even
ask
if
you
have
visited
campus,
and
obviously,
if
you
live
across
the
country
that
won't
be
as
much
of
a
possibility,
but
if
you
live
nearby,
！
If
campus
visits
aren't
going
to
happen
before
you
apply,
at
the
very
least
you
should
between
applying
and
getting
your
acceptance
letters
to
the
you'd
like
to
attend.
It_can_save_you_a_lot_of_heartache
if
you
rule
out
now
the
things
that
you
don't
like
about
certain
campuses,
things
that
you
wouldn't
know
unless
you
actually
visit.
Now,
if
time
and
money
are
making
it
impossible,
then
the
at
CollegeWeekLive.
It's
a
chance
to
chat
online
with
admissions
officers,
students,
and
college
counselors
(顾问),
and
it
won't
cost
you
a
penny!
You
can
register
for
its
online
college
fair
at
.
While
visiting
an
online
college
fair
can't
take
the
place
of
an
actual
campus
visit,
it
can
be
a
very
useful
tool
that
along
with
all
your
other
research
will
help
you
make
an
informed
decision
about
which
colleges
or
universities
you'd
like
to
attend.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
【思路点拨】
第1步　读懂原文，明确篇章结构
原文是说明文，为确保精彩的大学生活，在申请大学前应抽时间提前了解大学。
第1段：提出观点——在你上大学之前，要亲眼看看想申请的大学。
第2段：一定要去看看当地的大学。
第3段：如在申请之前没去过，在申请之后或得到录取通知书之前，一定要去大学看看。
第4段：如果无法亲自参观，登录网站了解相关信息。
分析各段主旨可判断，文章第1～2段是一个意义段，3～4段分别是2个意义段，故原文3个意义段可归纳为3个要点。
第2步　去次留精，提炼关键信息
本文关键信息已在文中用画线和阴影形式体现，
其中画线词为与主题句相关的关键信息，其他则为次要信息。
第3步　归纳要点，合理转换表达
采用同义转述、句式转换等方法灵活准确归纳要点，如：
①第一段主题句和第二段主题句可概括为要点1：该要点中的“good
idea”可用wise
choice转述；“in
your
local
area”可转换为
where
you
live。
②第三段主题句可概括为要点2:
该要点中的“visiting
and
seeing
for
yourself”可转换为pay
a
personal
visit。
③第四段主题句可概括为要点3：该要点中的“time
and
money
are
making
it
impossible”可转换为all
the
above
is
not
affordable。
第4步　句式多样，注意过渡衔接
句式要多样，可利用非谓语动词和状语从句，丰富概要部分的句式。
【参考范文】
As
a
senior
year
student,
it's
a
wise
choice
to
visit
would?be
colleges
near
where
you
live
before
attending
them
for
seeing
is
believing.
(要点1)
You
should
find
a
chance
to
pay
a
personal
visit
even
at
your
waiting
in
case
you
feel
disappointed
afterwards.
(要点2)If
all
the
above
is
not
affordable,
you
are
advised
to
search
the
online
college
fair
at
CollegeWeekLive
where
you
can
get
the
necessary
information.
(要点3)
【检测训练】
1.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Choosing
the
right
college
can
be
a
difficult
task.
There
are
thousands
of
colleges
and
universities
for
you
to
choose
from
and
many
are
worthy
of
being
considered.
For
each
potential
college,
find
out
the
success
rate
of
students'
getting
their
jobs,
especially
those
related
to
your
majors.
Here
are
some
strategies（策略）for
you
to
make
the
right
choice.
Colleges
which
offer
practice
in
some
of
the
fields
are
worthy
of
your
attention.
It
can
provide
you
with
a
large
amount
of
information
on
job
hunting.
Companies
often
prefer
employees
that
perform
well.
Practice
gives
you
the
valuable
experience
and
necessary
opportunities.
Some
practical
skills
that
you
learn
will
really
prepare
yourself
for
the
certain
jobs.
Besides,
choosing
a
college
that
has
teacher
members
with
good
reputations
in
their
fields
can
also
be
very
useful
since
these
teacher
members
can
provide
you
with
steps
into
the
working
world
by
practice.
School
rankings
and
a
national
reputation
of
academic
success
are
often
the
important
factors（因素）for
your
potential
employers.
This
type
of
information
can
be
found
easily
on
the
Internet
and
in
magazines.
To
the
employers,
graduates
from
high
ranking
colleges
are
often
considered
more
reliable.
They
have
a
stronger
ability
to
learn
and
are
more
likely
to
create
wealth
for
the
company.
Sometimes
it
can
even
be
a
more
important
factor
in
looking
for
a
job
than
the
actual
quality
of
education
the
college
provides.
After
narrowing
down
your
choices
to
a
few
colleges,
it's
time
to
visit
them.
Taking
a
look
at
the
campus（校园）can
change
your
attitude
to
a
particular
school.
Plan
your
tour
and
then
do
some
research
on
your
own.
It
is
also
important
to
talk
to
as
many
students
as
you
can
and
find
out
if
earning
a
degree
from
the
school
is
helpful
in
getting
a
job.
Meanwhile,
you
can
speak
to
the
students
in
the
majors
you're
considering
to
know
what
the
courses
are
like,
what
you'll
learn,
and
what
your
expected
outcome
will
be.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Challenging
as
it
is
to
choose
an
ideal
college,
there’re
some
tips
that
may
help.
(要点1)
First,
colleges
that
provide
practice
and
have
distinguished
teachers
in
certain
fields
are
worth
considering.
(要点2)
Second,
it’s
advisable
to
search
for
academic
rankings
and
reputation,
which
your
future
employers
may
care
about.
(要点3)
After
you
have
candidates,
visit
them
and
enquire
more
of
related
students.
(要点4)
【写作分析】这是一篇议论文，文章就如何选择一个好的大学给出几点建议。
【写作步骤】
第一步：概括每个段落的大意
第一段主要说明了选择一个理想的大学是一个挑战，会影响到未来的工作，所以作者给出几点选择大学的建议。可以用Challenging
as
it
is
to
choose
an
ideal
college,
there’re
some
tips
that
may
help.表示。
第二段给出第一个建议，第一句就给出了主旨句子Colleges
which
offer
practice
in
some
of
the
fields
are
worthy
of
your
attention提供实践经验的大学值得考虑，后文又说到choosing
a
college
that
has
teacher
members
with
good
reputations
in
their
fields
can
also
be
very
useful，选择一个有好的老师，老师的名声不错的学校也是有用的。即colleges
that
provide
practice
and
have
distinguished
teachers
in
certain
fields
are
worth
considering.。
第三段给出第二个建议：School
rankings
and
a
national
reputation
of
academic
success
are
often
the
important
factors（因素）for
your
potential
employers.
学校的等级和学术成功通常也是潜在雇主考虑的重要因素。即Second,
it’s
advisable
to
search
for
academic
rankings
and
reputation,
which
your
future
employers
may
care
about.
第四段给出第三个建议：After
narrowing
down
your
choices
to
a
few
colleges,
it's
time
to
visit
them.
在缩小大学的选择时，是时候去参观大学了，后文接着说It
is
also
important
to
talk
to
as
many
students
as
you
can
and
find
out
if
earning
a
degree
from
the
school
is
helpful
in
getting
a
job.
和尽可能多的学生交流，弄清楚在学校获得学位是否有助于找工作，这也是很重要的。
即After
you
have
candidates,
visit
them
and
enquire
more
of
related
students.
第二步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：First
of
all,
Firstly/First,
Secondly/Second…
And
then,
Finally,
In
the
end,
At
last
2.表并列补充关系：What
is
more,
Besides,
Moreover,
Furthermore,
In
addition
As
well
as,
not
only…but
(also),
including,
3.表转折对比关系：However,
On
the
contrary,
but,
Although+clause(从句),
In
spite
of+n/doing,On
the
one
hand…,On
the
other
hand…
Some…,while
others…,as
for,
so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because,
As,
So,
Thus,
Therefore,
As
a
result
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰
2.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
High
school
exit
tests
are
tests
that
students
must
pass
to
graduate
from
high
school.
In
the
last
few
years,
however,
a
number
of
states
in
America
have
dropped
them.
Although
some
states
still
use
them
for
diplomas,
the
number
is
down
from
a
high
of
27
states
during
the
testing
craze
promoted
by
No
Child
Left
Behind
(NCLB).
The
appearance
of
this
phenomenon
is
small
wonder.
Researches
clearly
show
that
exit
tests
have
little
positive
effects
on
students.
A
2014
report
found
exit
testing
was
associated
with
lower
graduation
rates,
negatively
affected
labor
market
outcomes,
and,
most
alarmingly,
produced
a
12.5
percent
increase
in
incarceration(监禁)
rates.
Exit
exams,
the
study
concluded,
had
tended
to
add
little
value
for
most
students.
Exit
testing
relies
on
the
following
assumptions.
One
is
that
standardized
testing
can
serve
as
a
kind
of
“quality
control”
for
high
school
graduates,
guaranteeing
that
graduates
are
college
ready.
The
other
is
that
they
have
predicting
value
for
future
success
in
academic
situations.
But
there
is
little
evidence.
The
tests
don’t
exactly
measure
what
they
pretend
to
measure.
For
example,
qualities
such
as
intelligence,
academic
ability,
college
readiness
are
not
determined.
Those
that
should
be
developed
in
all
young
people,
like
responsibility,
critical
thinking,
and
empathy(移植),
are
not
measured,
either.
Even
supporters
of
exit
tests
have
acknowledged
that
they
don’t
offer
reliable
data.
Thus,
more
and
more
people
are
suggesting
that
exit
test
scores
ought
to
be
just
one
component
of
the
high
school
diploma.
Schools
should
consider
many
other
records
including
credits
earned,
courses
taken,
activities,
service,
projects
and
other
elements
of
academic
accomplishment
so
that
students
can
be
evaluated
flexibly.
In
other
words,
exit
test
scores
should
never
be
the
only
criterion
for
high
school
diplomas.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
High
school
exit
tests
have
been
cancelled
in
some
states
in
America
in
recent
years(要点1).
This
is
not
surprising
because
studies
show
they
do
little
good
to
students(要点2).
Instead
of
ensuring
college
readiness
and
academic
success,
they
actually
don’t
measure
what
should
be
measured(要点3).
Therefore,
exit
test
scores
should
only
be
one
part
of
the
standards
of
high
school
diplomas(要点4).
【写作分析】文章的主要结构为总-分-总。文章介绍了在美国，越来越多的州放弃高中学业测试。文章分析了导致这种现象出现的原因以及解决办法。符合概要写作常规出题思路。
【写作步骤】
第一段提出一个现象：在美国，越多的州放弃高中结业测试。可以用到的词汇或句型有：High
school
exit
tests，cancelled。第二、三、和第四段分析了产生这种现象的原因：高中结业测试对学生没有起到什么积极的作用。它的测试结果没有什么意义。可以用到的词汇或句型有：do
little
good
to，what
should
be
measured。第五段提出结论：学校应该考虑用其他记录来评判学生，结业测试不能成为唯一的标准。可以用到的词汇或句型有：only
be
one
part
of，high
school
diploma。
【写作亮点】
【高分句型1】Fewer
states
use
the
high
school
exit
tests
for
diplomas.
采用高中毕业考试用于文凭考试的州少了。Fewer比较级。
【高分句型2】The
students
should
be
judged
not
only
by
grades
but
by
their
activity
and
personality
as
well.
对学生的评判不仅要看成绩，还要看他们的活动和个性。not
only…but…不仅……而且……，be
judged
by根据……判断。
3.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We
already
know
that
the
underwater
world
is
anything
but
silent.
It
is
full
of
natural
sounds
produced
by
animals
and
by
the
motion
of
the
atmosphere
and
water.
But
today’s
researchers
are
increasingly
concerned
about
the
man-made
noises
under
the
water.
They
are
confusing
whales
and
other
marine
animals
Although
hearing
is
important
to
all
animals,
the
special
qualities
of
the
undersea
world
emphasize
the
use
of
sound.
Underwater
sound
allows
marine
animals
to
gather
information
and
communicate
at
great
distances
and
from
all
directions.
Loud
underwater
noises
can
cause
damage
to
their
hearing.
And
nowadays
it's
becoming
too
much
for
marine
wildlife.
Evidence
shows
that
whales
will
swim
hundreds
of
miles,
rapidly
change
their
depth,
and
even
beach
themselves
to
get
away
from
the
sounds
of
sonar.
You
might
think
lower
noises,
typically
caused
by
shipping
or
construction,
do
not
pose
a
threat
to
marine
animals.
In
fact,
while
they
may
not
kill
the
animals
directly,
they
can
disturb
their
ability
to
locate
food,
find
mates
and
avoid
predators
(掠食动物)).Scientists
looked
at
the
effects
of
noise
from
small
motorboats
on
coral-reef
fish
at
the
Great
Barrier
Reef
in
Australia.
In
the
lab,
the
fish
had
been
trained
to
recognize
the
smell
of
three
common
predators
as
a
threat.
Some
fish
were
trained
in
the
presence
of
boat
noise,
while
the
others
had
training
with
the
natural
sounds
of
the
ocean.
It
turned
out
that
the
first
group
showed
no
fright
reactions
when
exposed
to
the
predator.
However,
the
other
group
was
scared.
And
under
the
influence
of
underwater
noise
on
this
group,
only
20
percent
of
fish
survived,
compared
to
almost
70
percent
of
unexposed
fish.
Humans
rely
on
the
ocean
for
its
natural
resources
and
biodiversity.
The
ocean
also
plays
an
important
role
in
regulating(
调节)temperatures,
As
Cousteau
said,
"For
most
of
history,
man
has
had
to
fight
nature
to
survive;
in
this
century
he
is
beginning
to
realize
that,
in
order
to
survive,
he
must
protect
it.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Although
underwater
world
is
not
silent,
man-made
sound
is
doing
great
harm
to
marine
animal.
(要点1)
Important
as
underwater
sound
is
to
animals
there,
loud
noises
in
the
sea
threatens
their
normal
life.
(要点2)
According
to
scientists’
research,
the
survival
rate
of
fish
drops
sharply
under
the
influence
of
noise,
whether
loud
or
not.
(要点3)
Thus,
with
the
benefits
of
ocean
to
the
environment
and
temperature,
people
must
protect
it
rather
than
fight
it.(要点4)
【写作步骤】
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了虽然水下世界不是无声的，但人为的声音对海洋动物造成了极大的危害。尽管水下声音对那里的动物很重要，但海洋中的巨大噪音威胁着它们的正常生活。根据科学家的研究，在噪音的影响下，鱼的存活率急剧下降，不管噪音是大还是小。因此，随着海洋对环境和温度的好处，人们必须保护它而不是对抗它。
2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。本文中要点有三：第一，介绍福建木偶戏；第二，木偶戏目前面临的问题；第三，对此人们采取的措施。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
4.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
There
are
some
important
regulations
parents
can
take
to
make
sure
their
kids
use
cell
phones
in
a
safe
and
responsible
way.
When
kids
know
what
the
consequences
are
when
rules
aren’t
followed,
that
makes
life
more
predictable
for
them.
Most
kids
are
not
paying
for
their
cell
phones
or
their
cell
phone
plans,
so
if
you
pay
for
it,
you
own
it,
which
means
you
have
the
right
to
take
it
away
anytime
if
they
disobey
the
rules
you
set
up
earlier.
After
a
kid
has
a
cell
phone,
suddenly
parents
discover
data
runs
out
half
way
through
the
month.
This
can
get
expensive
and
your
kids
need
to
know
how
to
monitor
their
use.
Also,
teen
cell
phone
addiction
should
be
limited.
Generally,
it’s
a
good
idea
to
have
no
cell
phone
policy
while
they
are
doing
homework
and
at
bedtime.
Come
to
agreement
in
advance
about
what
they
are
and
aren’t
allowed
to
download
on
their
cell
phone.
There
are
some
really
bad
apps
for
kids
that
you
don’t
want
on
their
phones.
Make
sure
your
kids
understand
how
to
set
up
their
privacy.
Talk
with
them
about
why
guarding
their
privacy
is
so
important.
Many
teens
truly
have
no
concept
about
everything
that
a
cell
phone
can
share
about
them
including
personal
information
and
their
location.
You
want
to
cover
what
is
and
isn’t
appropriate
to
share
via
a
cell
phone.
This
definitely
means
photos
and
language
used
in
emails
and
on
social
media.
But
don’t
forget
simpler
things
like
providing
their
address,
their
age
or
what
school
they
go
to
online.
Lastly,
there
are
times
and
places
when
using
one’s
cell
phone
is
not
appropriate.
In
movie
theaters
or
during
class
time
at
school
the
phone
should
be
on
silent
and
put
away.
Additionally,
when
someone
is
having
a
face
to
face
conversation
with
them,
they
need
to
be
looking
at
the
person,
not
their
phone.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Parents
can
make
rules
to
guide
their
kids
to
use
cell
phones
safely
and
responsibly.
(要点1)
First,
parents
have
the
right
to
determine
how
to
use
cellphones
because
they
own
them.
(要点2)
Besides,
parents
should
teach
kids
to
use
cell
phones
wisely.
(要点3)
Lastly,
it
is
important
to
make
sure
they
know
how
to
protect
their
privacy.
Meanwhile,
when
and
where
to
use
cell
phones
should
also
be
told.
(要点4)
【写作分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了父母可以采取一些重要的规定确保孩子安全、负责地使用手机。
【写作步骤】
1
要点摘录
①There
are
some
important
regulations
parents
can
take
to
make
sure
their
kids
use
cell
phones
in
a
safe
and
responsible
way.
②
so
if
you
pay
for
it,
you
own
it,
which
means
you
have
the
right
to
take
it
away
anytime
if
they
disobey
the
rules
you
set
up
earlier.
③
This
can
get
expensive
and
your
kids
need
to
know
how
to
monitor
their
use.
Generally,
it’s
a
good
idea
to
have
no
cell
phone
policy
while
they
are
doing
homework
and
at
bedtime.
Come
to
agreement
in
advance
about
what
they
are
and
aren’t
allowed
to
download
on
their
cell
phone.
④
Make
sure
your
kids
understand
how
to
set
up
their
privacy.
⑤You
want
to
cover
what
is
and
isn’t
appropriate
to
share
via
a
cell
phone.
⑥
Lastly,
there
are
times
and
places
when
using
one’s
cell
phone
is
not
appropriate.
2.缜密构思
将第3点进行整理概括，将第4、5两个要点进行重组
3.遣词造句
①Parents
can
make
rules
to
guide
their
kids
to
use
cell
phones
safely
and
responsibly.
②Parents
have
the
right
to
determine
how
to
use
cellphones
because
they
own
them.
③Parents
should
teach
kids
to
use
cell
phones
wisely.
④It
is
important
to
make
sure
they
know
how
to
protect
their
privacy.
⑤When
and
where
to
use
cell
phones
should
also
be
told.
【写作亮点】
[高分句型1]
It
is
important
to
make
sure
they
know
how
to
protect
their
privacy.（使用了it作形式主语，概括第四段的内容，表达非常高级。）
[高分句型2]
When
and
where
to
use
cell
phones
should
also
be
told.（疑问词+不定式做主语，概括了最后一段的内容，用法比较高级）
5.
阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Until
2017,
the
Emperor
penguin
was
listed
as
Least
Concern
by
the
International
Union
for
Conservation
of
Nature,
but
as
of
2018,
they
are
listed
as
Near-Threatened
because
they
are
predicted
to
suffer
a
moderately
rapid
population
decline
over
the
next
three
generations
owing
to
the
effects
of
climate
change.
The
number
one
threat
to
their
survival
is
global
warming.
Here’s
how
it
has
affected
Emperor
penguins
and
what
we
should
do.
A
decrease
in
the
amount
of
sea
ice
formation,
which
is
caused
by
climate
change,
impacts
the
future
of
the
Emperor
penguin.
Many
Emperor
penguins
breed
on
ice
shelves
that
only
form
during
the
Antarctic
winter.
There
have
been
times
in
recent
years
when
the
ice
shelves
have
melted
back
faster
or
sooner
than
usual.
Many
of
the
chicks
haven’t
completely
fledged
(长出飞羽)
into
their
waterproof
feathers
by
the
time
the
ice
melts
back
to
their
habitats,
and
they
are
forced
into
the
cold
ocean
waters,
where
they
die
of
cold
exposure
or
drowning.
One
thing
that
less
sea
ice
definitely
affects
is
food
for
the
penguins.
One
of
their
food
sources
is
krill
(磷虾),
and
the
sea-ice
shelves
serve
as
a
nursery
for
the
krill.
The
newly-born
krill
feed
on
the
algae
(水藻)
that
grow
on
the
underside
of
the
sea
ice.
When
there
is
less
sea
ice,
there
is
less
algae
for
the
krill
to
feed
on,
and
consequently
less
krill
is
produced.
Measures
should
be
taken
to
protect
these
animals.
People
can
donate
to
organizations
that
are
working
to
protect
Emperor
penguins
and
other
penguin
species,
and
our
oceans
in
general.
Reducing
your
impact
on
the
environment,
in
particular,
is
something
you
can
do—you
can
make
these
tiny
changes
to
lower
your
carbon
footprint
every
day.
You
can
also
be
mindful
about
reducing
seafood
consumption
and
eating
sustainably
caught
seafood,
as
overfishing
is
the
second
greatest
threat
to
nearly
every
penguin
species
today.
Also,
avoid
using
supplements
and
other
products
that
contain
krill
or
krill
oil.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Since
2018,
Emperor
penguins
have
been
listed
as
Near-Threatened
because
their
population
tends
to
decline
due
to
the
effects
of
global
warming.
(要点1)
Global
warming
decreases
the
amount
of
the
ice
formation
in
their
habitats.
As
a
result,
the
chicks
are
forced
into
the
cold
ocean
before
they
grow
strong
enough
(要点2),
and
their
food
source
is
also
influenced
(要点3).
So
people
should
take
action
to
protect
them
(要点4).
【写作分析】本文是说明文，主要讲述由于全球变暖导致皇帝企鹅面临生存危机，人们应该采取措施保护他们，保护大自然。
【写作步骤】
1.要点摘录
①Until
2017,
the
Emperor
penguin
was
listed
as
Least
Concern
by
the
International
Union
for
Conservation
of
Nature,
but
as
of
2018,
they
are
listed
as
Near-Threatened
because
they
are
predicted
to
suffer
a
moderately
rapid
population
decline
over
the
next
three
generations
owing
to
the
effects
of
climate
change.
②A
decrease
in
the
amount
of
sea
ice
formation,
which
is
caused
by
climate
change,
impacts
the
future
of
the
Emperor
penguin.
Many
of
the
chicks
haven’t
completely
fledged
(长出飞羽)
into
their
waterproof
feathers
by
the
time
the
ice
melts
back
to
their
habitats,
and
they
are
forced
into
the
cold
ocean
waters,
where
they
die
of
cold
exposure
or
drowning.
③One
thing
that
less
sea
ice
definitely
affects
is
food
for
the
penguins.
④Measures
should
be
taken
to
protect
these
animals.
2.缜密构思
将第1要点自2018年以来，皇帝企鹅被列为近危物种，原因是全球气候变暖进行压缩，将第2、3两个要点全球气候变暖，其对皇帝企鹅的影响体现在两方面进行整合，应在这两点之间增加表并列的关联词and,
合并这两个要点。要点4和前面的内容有因果关系，故用so或者therefore连接，使得上下文连贯、紧凑。
3.遣词造句
Since
2018,
Emperor
penguins
have
been
listed
as
Near-Threatened
because
their
population
tends
to
decline
due
to
the
effects
of
global
warming.
Global
warming
decreases
the
amount
of
the
ice
formation
in
their
habitats.
As
a
result,
the
chicks
are
forced
into
the
cold
ocean
before
they
grow
strong
enough
and
their
food
source
is
also
influenced.
So
people
should
take
action
to
protect
them.
【写作亮点】
[高分句型1]
Since
2018,
Emperor
penguins
have
been
listed
as
Near-Threatened
because
their
population
tends
to
decline
due
to
the
effects
of
global
warming.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段进行了概括。其中because引导的原因状语从句、due
to短语的使用表达高级。
[高分句型2]：As
a
result,
the
chicks
are
forced
into
the
cold
ocean
before
they
grow
strong
enough
and
their
food
source
is
also
influenced.
用before引导时间状语从句对第二段进行了概括，还用了as
a
result短语表达非常高级。
[高分句型3]：So
people
should
take
action
to
protect
them.
用so引导句子对上文进行衔接同时概括了第四段内容。同时还用了比较高级短语take
action
to
do
sth.（采取措施做某事）。
6.
阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Australia’s
greatest
engineering
accomplishment
to
date
is
the
Snowy
Mountains
Hydro-Electric
Scheme.
It
took
25
years
to
build
and
was
completed
in
1974
at
a
cost
of
$820
million.
The
aims
of
the
scheme
were
to
produce
lots
of
electricity,
and
to
supply
water
to
households
and
for
farming
irrigation.
The
scheme
works
by
collecting
rain
and
melting
snow
from
the
Snowy
Mountains
and
storing
it
in
dams.
This
is
then
diverted
(转移)
through
tunnels
(隧道)
and
pipelines
to
power
stations
that
produce
electricity.
The
water
used
to
produce
the
electricity
then
flows
into
the
Murray
and
Murrumbidgee
Rivers.
The
Snowy
Mountains
Hydro-Electric
Scheme
is
made
up
of
sixteen
large
dams;
seven
major
power
stations;
a
pumping
station;
and
225
kilometres
of
tunnels
and
pipelines.
It
covers
over
5,000
square
kilometres
of
southern
New
South
Wales
(NSW).
Seven
regional
townships
and
more
than
100
temporary
camps
were
established
for
the
people
who
worked
on
the
scheme.
When
the
scheme
began
in
1949,
Australia
did
not
yet
have
a
workforce
with
the
required
scientific
and
engineering
skills
needed
to
complete
the
project.
Many
migrants
with
experience
in
skills
like
surveying,
tunnelling
and
geology
were
employed
from
overseas.
Homeless
persons
from
Europe
also
worked
on
the
scheme
on
two-year
contracts
as
part
of
their
required
work
assignments.
The
largest
group
of
workers
were
unassisted
migrants
who
were
drawn
to
the
project
by
the
high
wages.
More
than
100,000
people
worked
on
the
project
in
total.
Seventy
percent
of
those
were
migrants.
Workers
came
from
more
than
30
countries,
including
Germany,
Italy,
Austria
and
Poland.
Most
migrants
were
from
Europe
because
the
White
Australia
Policy
discouraged
the
immigration
of
people
of
non-white
or
non-European
origin.
Tunnelling
in
the
Snowy
Mountains
was
dangerous
and
dirty
work.
Even
though
the
workers
came
from
very
different
ethnic
(种族的)
backgrounds
that
may
have
fought
against
each
other
in
World
War
I
and
World
War
II,
living
and
working
in
these
difficult
conditions
brought
them
together.
This
was
considered
the
beginning
of
Australia’s
multiculturalism.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
The
Snowy
Mountains
Hydro-Electric
Scheme
has
been
the
greatest
engineering
project
in
Australia
so
far.
(要点1)
It
consists
of
dams,
power
stations,
tunnels
and
pipelines.
(要点2)
Due
to
lack
of
workforce,
Australia
had
to
seek
skilled
laborers
from
overseas
to
work
on
it.
(要点3)
Those
workers
largely
from
European
backgrounds
stuck
together
to
accomplish
this
significant
project
despite
the
fact
that
they
were
enemies
during
World
War
I
and
World
War
II.
(要点4)
【写作分析】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍澳大利亚最大型水利工程项目——雪山调水工程。
文章介绍说，雪山水利发电计划是迄今为止澳大利亚最大的工程项目。它由大坝、发电站、隧道和管道组成。由于缺乏劳动力，澳大利亚不得不从海外寻找技术工人来从事这项工作。这些工人大多来自欧洲背景，尽管他们在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战期间是敌人，他们还是团结一致完成了这个重要的项目。本文的篇章结构为“总——分”。第一段总体介绍雪山调水工程；第二段介绍雪山调水工程的主要结构；第三段介绍雪山调水工程工人招募情况；第四段介绍不同种族人群齐心协力完成这一艰巨的水利工程项目。
【写作步骤】
1
要点摘录
①Australia’s
greatest
engineering
accomplishment
to
date
is
the
Snowy
Mountains
Hydro-Electric
Scheme.
②The
Snowy
Mountains
Hydro-Electric
Scheme
is
made
up
of
sixteen
large
dams;
seven
major
power
stations;
a
pumping
station;
and
225
kilometres
of
tunnels
and
pipelines.
③When
the
scheme
began
in
1949,
Australia
did
not
yet
have
a
workforce
with
the
required
scientific
and
engineering
skills
needed
to
complete
the
project.
④Many
migrants
with
experience
in
skills
like
surveying,
tunnelling
and
geology
were
employed
from
overseas.
⑤
Homeless
persons
from
Europe
also
worked
on
the
scheme
on
two-year
contracts
as
part
of
their
required
work
assignments.
⑥Most
migrants
were
from
Europe
because
the
White
Australia
Policy
discouraged
the
immigration
of
people
of
non-white
or
non-European
origin.
⑦Even
though
the
workers
came
from
very
different
ethnic
(种族的)
backgrounds
that
may
have
fought
against
each
other
in
World
War
I
and
World
War
II,
living
and
working
in
these
difficult
conditions
brought
them
together.
2.缜密构思
将第③④⑤三个要点进行重组，将第⑥⑦两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
It
consists
of
dams,
power
stations,
tunnels
and
pipelines.
Due
to
lack
of
workforce,
Australia
had
to
seek
skilled
laborers
from
overseas
to
work
on
it.
Those
workers
largely
from
European
backgrounds
stuck
together
to
accomplish
this
significant
project
despite
the
fact
that
they
were
enemies
during
World
War
I
and
World
War
II.
【写作亮点】
[高分句型1]
It
consists
of
dams,
power
stations,
tunnels
and
pipelines.运用一个简单句对原文第二段第一句进行了概括。删除了冗余的细节，使语言言简意赅。
[高分句型2]
Due
to
lack
of
workforce,
Australia
had
to
seek
skilled
laborers
from
overseas
to
work
on
it.用due
to介词短语作状语对第三段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
[高分句型3]Those
workers
largely
from
European
backgrounds
stuck
together
to
accomplish
this
significant
project
despite
the
fact
that
they
were
enemies
during
World
War
I
and
World
War
II.
用一个复杂的主从复合句概括了第四段内容。其中用despite
the
fact
that…作让步状语，用that引导同位语从句的用法比较高级。

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