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2019人教版选择性必修三单词表
Unit 1 ART 默写
precise /pr sa s/ adj. 准确的；精确的
precisely /pr sa sli/ adv. 准确地；精确地；的确如此
Christianity / kr sti n ti/ n. 基督教
realistic / ri l st k/ adj. 现实的；逼真的
realism / ri l z m/ n. 逼真；现实主义；务实作风
realist / ri l st/ n. 现实主义画家(或作家等)；现实主义者
primitive / pr m t v/ adj. 发展水平低的；原始的；远古的. n. 文艺复兴前的艺术家(或作品)
two-dimensional / tu da men nl/ adj. 二维的
dimension /d men n/ n. 维；规模；范围
in particular 尤其；特别
set apart from 使与众不同；使突出；使优于······
humanistic / hju m n st k/ adj. 人文主义的
humanity /hju m n ti/ n. 人性；人道；(统称)人类
breakthrough / bre kθru / n. 重大进展；突破
influential / nflu en l/ adj. 有很大影响力的；有支配力的
reputation / repju te n/ n. 名誉；名声
noble / n bl/ n. 贵族成员；出身高贵的人. adj. 崇高的；宏伟的；高贵的
rank /r k/ n. 地位；级别；行列. vt. & vi. 把······分等级；使排成行
purchase / p t s/ vt. 购买；采购. n. 购买；购买的东西
mythology /m θ l d i/ n. 神话；虚幻的想法
client / kla nt/ n. 委托人；当事人；客户
photography /f t ɡr fi/ n. 照相术；摄影
emerge /i m d / vi. & vt. 出现；浮现；暴露
sunrise / s nra z/ n. 日出
convey /k n ve / vt. 表达；传递(思想、感情等)；传送
subjective /s b d ekt v/ adj. 主观的
outer / a t (r)/ adj. 外表的；外边的；外围的
subsequent / s bs kw nt/ adj. 随后的；后来的；之后的
fond /f nd/ adj. 喜爱
be fond of 喜爱；喜欢
fine art (also fine arts) 美术(尤其绘画和雕塑)
sculpture / sk lpt (r)/ n. 雕像；雕刻品；雕刻术
sculptor / sk lpt (r)/ n. 雕刻家；雕塑家
visual / v u l/ adj. 视觉的；视力的
water lily / l li/ n. 睡莲
pond /p nd/ n. 池塘；水池
arched /ɑ t t/ adj. 拱形的；弓形的
arch /ɑ t / vt. & vi. 星弧形横跨；(使)成弓形. n. 拱；拱形结构；拱门
investment / n vestm nt/ n. 投资额; 投资；(时间、精力的)投入
bride /bra d/ n. 新娘
permanent / p m n nt/ adj. 永久的；永恒的；长久的
memorial /m m ri l/ n. 纪念碑(或像等)；纪念物；纪念品. adj. 纪念的；悼念的
humble / h mbl/ adj. 谦逊的；虚心的；卑微的
criticise / kr t sa z/ vi. & vt. NAmE -ize/ 批评；指责；评价
criticism / kr t s z m/ n. 批评；指责；评论
representative / repr zent t v/ adj. 典型的；有代表性的. n. 代表
ink / k/ n. 墨水；墨汁；油墨
animation / n me n/ n. (电脑、录像)动画制作；动画片
frame /fre m/ n. 画面；框架. vt. 给……镶框；陷害
symphony / s mf ni/ n. 交响乐；交响曲
decline /d kla n/ n. (数量、价格、质量等的)减少；下降；衰落. vi. & vt. 减少；下降；衰落；谢绝
exhibition / eks b n/ n. 展览；(技能、感情或行为的)表演
bronze /br nz/ n. 青铜；深红褐色. adj. 青铜色的；深红褐色的
ceramic /s r m k/ n. 陶瓷制品；制陶艺术
vase /vɑ z/ n. NAmE /ve s; ve z/花瓶；装饰瓶
artistic /ɑ t st k/ adj. 艺术的；艺术家的
entry / entri/ n. 加入；进入；参与
civil / s vl/ adj. 国民的；民用的；民事的
recognition / rek ɡ n n/ n. 承认；认出；赞誉
Buddhist / b d st/ adj. 佛教的. n. 佛教徒
Buddhism / b d z m/ n. 佛教
expansion / k sp n n/ n. 扩张；扩展；扩大
bring… to life 赋子……生命；使……鲜活起来
guarantee / ɡ r n ti / vt. 保证；确保；肯定……必然发生. n. 保证；保修单；担保物
contemporary /k n tempr ri/ adj. 当代的；现代的；属同时期的. n. 同代人；同辈人
worthy / w i/ adj. 值得……的；有价值的
be worthy of 值得
The Middle Ages中世纪
Giotto di Bondone /d t d b n' ne/ 乔托·迪·邦多纳(意大利画家、雕刻家、建筑师)
the Renaissance /r ne sns/ NAmE / ren sɑ ns/ 文艺复兴(时期)
Masaccio /m sa: t / 马萨乔(意大利现实主义画家)
Leonardo da Vinci /li nɑ d d v nt / 莱昂纳多·达·芬奇(意大利艺术家、学者、发明家)
Michelangelo / ma k l nd l / 米开朗基罗(意大利雕塑家、画家、建筑师、诗人)
Raphael / r fe l/ 拉斐尔(意大利画家)
Rembrandt / rembr nt/ 伦勃朗(荷兰画家)
Impressionism / m pre n z m/ 印象主义；印象派(绘画风格)
Claude Monet / kl d m ne / 克劳德·莫奈(法国印象派画家)
Renoir / ri nwɑ / 雷诺阿(法国印象派画家)
Picasso /p k s / 毕加索(西班牙画家、雕塑家)
Cubism / kju b z m/ 立体主义；立体派
Giverny /dg 'veni/ 吉维尼(法国小镇)
Tadpoles / t dp ls/ Searching for Mother《小蝌蚪找妈妈》
The Cowboy’s Flute /flu t/《牧笛》
Feeling from Mountain and Water《山水情》
Clearing After Snow on a Mountain Pass《函关雪霁图》(明代画家唐寅画作)
Unit 2 HEALTHY LIFESTYLE 默写
tobacco /t b k / n. 烟草；烟叶
alcohol / lk h l/ n. 酒；酒精
abuse / bju s/ n. 滥用；虐待；辱骂.
/ bju z/ vt. 滥用；虐待；辱骂
physical / f z kl/ adj. 身体的；客观存在的；物理学的
dominate / d m ne t/ vt. & vi. 支配；控制；占有优势
repeatedly /r pi t dli/ adv. 重复地
psychology /sa k l d i/ n. 心理学；心理；心理影响
cue /kju / n. 提示；暗示；信号. vt. 给(某人)暗示(或提示)
in response to 回答；答复
reward /r w d/ n. 回报；奖励；报酬. vt. 奖励；奖赏；给以报酬
rely /r la / vi. 依赖；依靠；信赖
rely on 依赖；依靠；信赖
facilitate /f s l te t/ vt. 促进；促使；使便利
examine / ɡ z m n/ vt. (仔细)检查；审查；测验
negative / neɡ t v/ adj. 消极的；有害的；否定的
escalator / esk le t (r)/ n. 自动扶梯；滚梯
straight away 立即；马上
pessimistic / pes m st k/ adj. 悲观的；悲观主义的
discipline / d s pl n/ n. 自制力；纪律；学科. vt. 自我控制；管教；处罚
pill /p l/ n. 药丸；药片
delete /d li t/ v. 删去；删除
decide on 决定；选定
make up one’s mind 下定决心
compose /k m p z/ vt. & vi. 组成；作曲；撰写
be composed of 由 ······ 组成(或构成)的
surgeon / s d n/ n. 外科医生
surgery / s d ri/ n. 外科手术；外科学
liberation / l b 're ( )n/ n. 解放；摆脱
shave / e v/ vi., vt. & n. 剃(须发)；刮脸
shave off 剃掉；刮去
beard /b d/ n. 胡须；络腮胡子
disturb /d st b/ vt. 打扰；搅乱；使烦恼
cigarette / s ɡ ret/ n. 香烟；卷烟
specialist / spe l st/ n. 专科医生；专家
consultant /k n s lt nt/ n. 顾问；高级顾问医师
drug /dr ɡ/ n. 毒品；药物
skip /sk p/ vt. 跳过；不参加；悄悄溜走. vi. 蹦蹦跳跳地走；跳纯. n. 蹦跳
dizzy / d zi/ adj. 头晕目眩的
flu /flu / n. 流感
stimulate / st mjule t/ vt. 激发；促进；刺激
dentist / dent st/ n. 牙科医生
sugary / ɡ ri/ adj. 含糖的；甜的
nut /n t/ n. 坚果
skateboard / ske tb d/ n. 滑板. vi. 滑滑板
dynamic /da n m k/ adj. 充满活力的；精力充沛的；动态的
stressed out 焦虑不安；心力交瘁
worn out 筋疲力尽的；疲惫的
bowling / b l / n. 保龄球运动
comedy / k m di/ n. 喜剧；喜剧片；滑稽节目
monthly / m nθli/ adv. & adj. 每月；每月一次的. n. 月刊
enhance / n hɑ ns/ vt. NAmE - h ns/提高；增强；增进
refresh /r fre / vt. 使恢复精力；使凉爽；刷新
absorb / b z b/ vt. 吸引全部注意力；吸收
Aristotle / rist tl/ 亚里士多德(古希腊哲学家)
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 中国人民解放军
Lao Zi 老子(中国古代哲学家)
Unit 3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 默写
graph /ɡr f/ n. 图；图表；曲线图
emission /i m n/ n. 排放物；散发物；排放
melt /melt/ vi. & vt. (使)融化；熔化；软化
starve /stɑ v/ vi. & vt. (使)挨饿；饿死
seal /si l/ n. 海豹
ecology /i k l d i/ n. 生态；生态学
release /r li s/ vt. & n. 排放；释放；发布
methane / mi θe n/ n. 甲烷；沼气
carbon / kɑ b n/ n. 碳
dioxide /da ksa d/ n. 二氧化物
carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
habitable / h b t bl/ adj. 适合居住的
sustain /s ste n/ vt. 维持；遭受；承受住
sustainable /s ste n bl/ adj. 可持续的；合理利用的
fossil / f sl/ n. 化石
fuel / fju l/ n. 燃料；刺激性言行
fossil fuel 化石燃料(如煤或石油)
comprehensive / k mpr hens v/ adj. 全部的；所有的；详尽的
worldwide / w ld wa d/ adv. 遍及全球地. adj. 世界各地的；影响全世界的
trend /trend/ n. 趋势；趋向；动向
frequently / fri kw ntli/ adv. 频繁地；经常
broadcast / br dkɑ st/ vt. & vi. ( broadcast, broadcast )播送；广播；传播. n. 广播节目；电视节目
policy / p l si/ n. 政策；方针；原则
footprint / f tpr nt/ n. 足迹；(某物所占的)空间量；面积
restrict /r str kt/ vt. 限制；限定；束缚
restriction /r str k n/ n. 限制规定；限制法规；约束
seize /si z/ vt. 抓住；夺取；控制
basin / be sn/ n. 流域；盆地；盆
penguin / pe ɡw n/ n. 企鹅
reform /r f m/ vi. & vt. 改革；(使)改正；改造. n. 改革；变革；改良
undergo / nd ɡ / vt. (underwent, undergone) 经历；经受(变化、不快等)
implement / mpl m nt/ vt. 使生效；贯彻；执行
harmonious /hɑ m ni s/ adj. 和谐的
moderate / m d r t/ adj. 适度的；中等的；温和的. vi. & vt. 缓和；使适中
submit /s b m t/ vt. & vi. 提交；呈递；屈服
annual / nju l/ adj. 每年的；一年的. n. 年刊；年鉴
tropical / tr p kl/ adj. 热带的；来自热带的
chaos / ke s/ n. 混乱；杂乱；紊乱
on behalf /b hɑ f/ of 代表(代替)某人
nuclear / nju kli (r)/ adj. 原子能的；核能的；原子核的
sensitive / sens t v/ adj. 敏感的；善解人意的；灵敏的
jungle / d ɡl/ n. (热带)丛林；密林
smog /sm ɡ/ n. 烟雾(烟与雾混合的空气污染物)
originate / r d ne t/ vi. & vt. 起源；发源；创立
volume / v lju m/ n. 量；体积；(成套书籍中的)一卷
garbage / ɡɑ b d / n. 垃圾；废物
enterprise / ent pra z/ n. 公司；企业；事业
restore /r st (r)/ vt. 恢复；使复原；修复
conservation / k ns ve n/ n. 对(环境、文物等)保护；保持
dozen / d zn/ n. (一)打；十二个
dozens of许多；很多
regulation / reɡju le n/ n. 章程；规章制度
disposal /d sp zl/ n. 去掉；清除；处理
inspection / n spek n/ n. 检查；查看；视察
fine /fa n/ vt. 对……处以罚款
campaign /k m pe n/ n. 运动；战役. vi. & vt. 参加运动；领导运动
waterway / w t we / n. 水道；航道
tolerate / t l re t/ vt. 忍受；包容；容许
agenda / d end / n. 议程表；议事日程
Norway / n we / 挪威(北欧国家)
Svalbard / svɑ:lbɑ:rd/ 斯瓦尔巴群岛(挪威)
Hurricane Katrina /k trin / 飓风卡特里娜
Unit 4 ADVERSITY AND COURAGE 默写
adversity / d v s ti/ n. 困境；逆境
wage /we d / n. 工资
bitter / b t (r)/ adj. 严寒的；激烈而不愉快的；味苦的
expedition / eksp d n/ n. 探险；远征；探险队
endurance / n dj r ns/ n. 忍耐力；耐久力
vigour / v ɡ (r)/ n. (NAmE vigor)精力；力量；活力
turn down 拒绝(某人)
qualified / kw l fa d/ adj. 符合资格；具备……的知识(或技能、学历等)
enthusiastic / n θju zi st k/ adj. 热情的；热心的
aboard / b d/ adv. & prep. 上(船、飞机、公共汽车等)
cupboard / k b d/ n. 橱柜；壁橱；衣柜
assign / sa n/ vt. 分派；布置；分配
steward / stju d/ n. (轮船、飞机或火车上的)乘务员；服务员
envy / envi/ n. & vt. 羡慕；妒忌
crush /kr / vt. 毁坏；压坏；压碎. n. 拥挤的人群
sink /s k/ vi. (sank/s k/ or sunk/s k/, sunk) 沉没；下沉；下降. vt. 使下沉；使沉没
abandon / b nd n/ vt. 舍弃；抛弃；放弃
stove /st v/ n. 炉具；厨房灶具
blanket / bl k t/ n. 毯子
belongings /b l z/ n. [pl.] 财物；动产
banjo / b nd / n. 班卓琴(乐器)
miserable / m zr bl/ adj. 痛苦的；令人难受的
voyage / v d / n. & vi. 航海；航行
navy / ne vi/ n. 海军；海军部队
decent / di snt/ adj. 相当不错的；正派的；得体的
cosy / k zi/ adj. 温馨的；舒适的
selfish / self / adj. 自私的
good/bad-tempered adj. 脾气好的/坏的
genuine / d enju n/ adj. 真正的；真诚的；可信赖的
perseverance / p s v r ns/ n. 毅力；韧性；不屈不挠的精神
persevere / p s v (r)/ vi. 坚持；孜孜以求
resolve /r z lv/ vi. & vt. 决定；决心；解决(问题或困难). n. 决心；坚定的信念
resolution / rez lu n/ n. 决议；解决；坚定
crew /kru / n. (轮船、飞机等上面的)全体工作人员；专业团队；一群人
cruel / kru l/ adj. 残酷的；残忍的；冷酷的
thorough / θ r / adj. 深入的；彻底的；细致的
furniture / f n t (r)/ n. 家具
unfortunately / n f t n tli/ adv. 不幸地；遗憾地
fortunately / f t n tli/ adv. 幸运地
bark /bɑ k/ vi. & n. (狗)吠叫；吠叫声
rugby / r ɡbi/ n. 橄榄球运动
bat /b t/ n. 球拍；蝙蝠. vi. & vt. 用球板击球；挥打；拍打
damp /d mp/ adj. 潮湿的；湿气重的
recreation / ri kri e n/ n. 娱乐；消遣；游戏
guidance / ɡa dns/ n. 指导；引导；导航
nephew / nefju / n. 侄子；外甥
advertising / dv ta z / n. 广告活动；广告业
advertise / dv ta z/ vt. & vi. 公布；宣传；做广告
corporate / k p r t/ adj. 公司的；法人的；社团的
rough /r f/ adj. 汹涌的；粗糙的；粗略的
navigator / n v ɡe t (r)/ n. 领航员；(飞机、船舶等上的)航行者
loyal / l l/ adj. 忠诚的；忠实的
motor / m t (r)/ n. 发动机；马达. adj. 有引擎的；机动车的
candidate / k nd d t/ n. 候选人；应试者
make fire 生火
give off 放出(热、光、气味或气体)
episode / ep s d/ n. (人生的)一段经历；(小说的)片段；插曲
commitment /k m tm nt/ n. 承诺；保证；奉献
motive / m t v/ n. 动机；原因；目的
Confucianism /k n fju: nizm/ n. 孔子学说；儒家(学说)
Ernest Shackleton / :n st klt n/ 欧内斯特 沙克尔顿(英国探险家)
Perce Blackborow /p :s bl k b r / 珀西 布莱克博罗(“坚忍”号服务员)
Antarctica / n'tɑ:kt k / 南极洲
the Antarctic / n tɑ kt k/ 南极地区
the South Pole 南极
South Georgia / d d / Island 南乔治亚岛(南极洲)
Frank Wild 弗兰克 怀尔德
Thomas Orde-Lees / t m s d li z/ 托马斯 奥德利斯
Frank Worsley /w :sli/ 弗兰克 沃斯利
Tom Crean /kri:n/ 汤姆 克林
Hubert Hudson / hju:b t 'h dsn/ 休伯特·赫德森
Lionel Greenstreet /'lai nl 'gri:n stri:t/ 莱昂内尔 格林斯特里特
Unit 5 POEMS 默写
drama / drɑ m / n. 戏；刷；戏剧艺术
sorrow / s r / n. 悲伤；悲痛；伤心事. vi. 感到悲伤
imagery / m d ri/ n. 形象的描述；意象；像
literary / l t r ri/ adj. 文学的；爱好文学的；有文学作品特征的
rhyme /ra m/ n. 押韵词；押韵的短诗. vi. & vt. (使)押韵
rhythm / r m/ n. 节奏；韵律；规律
nursery / n s ri/ adj. 幼儿教育的. n. 托儿所；保育室
nursery rhyme 童谣；儿歌
folk /f k/ adj. 民间的；民俗的；普通百姓的
mockingbird / m k b d/ n. 嘲鸫(美洲鸣禽，能模仿别种鸟的鸣叫)
diamond / da m nd/ n. 钻石；金刚石；菱形
brass /brɑ s/ n. 黄铜；黄铜制品；铜管乐器
billy goat / b li ɡ t/ n. 公山羊
bull /b l/ n. 公牛
recite /r sa t/ vt. 背诵；吟诵；列举
bee /bi / n. 蜜蜂
dewdrop / dju dr p/ n. 露珠；水珠
dawn /d n/ n. 黎明；开端；萌芽
clover / kl v (r)/ n. 三叶草
butterfly / b t fla / n. 蝴蝶
lawn /l n/ n. 草坪，草地
amateur / m t (r)/ n. 业余爱好者. adj. 业余的；业余爱好的
cinquain /s 'ke n/ n. 五行诗
be made up of 由······组成(构成)
mood /mu d/ n. 情绪；心情；语气
tease /ti z/ vi.& vt. 取笑(某人)；揶揄；逗弄
haiku / ha ku / n. 俳句
syllable / s l bl/ n. 音节
format / f m t/ n. 格式；总体安排；(出版物的)版式. vt. 格式化
respectively /r spekt vli/ adv. 分别；各自；依次为
respective /r spekt v/ adj. 分别的；各自的
blossom / bl s m/ n. 花朵；花簇
delicate / del k t/ adj. 精美的；精致的；脆弱的
await / we t/ vt. 等候；期待；将发生在
revolve /r v lv/ vi. 旋转；环绕；转动
utter / t (r)/ vt. 出声；说；讲. adj. 完全的；十足的；彻底的
comprehension / k mpr hen n/ n. 理解力；领悟力；理解练习
shelf / elf/ n. (pl. shelves/ elvz/) 架子；搁板
core /k (r)/ n. 核心；精髓；(水果的)核儿
cherry / t eri/ n. 樱桃；樱桃树；樱桃色. adj. 樱桃色的；鲜红色的
cherry blossom 樱花
blank /bl k/ adj. 空白的；无图画(或韵律、装饰)的；没表情的. n. 空白；空格
verse /v s/ n. 诗；韵文；诗节
civilian /s v li n/ n. 平民；老百姓
prose /pr z/ n. 散文
sympathetic / s mp θet k/ adj. 同情的；有同情心的；赞同的
sympathy / s mp θi/ n. 同情；赞同
version / v n/ n. 版本；(从不同角度的)说法
innocence / n sns/ n. 天真；单纯；无罪
innocent / n snt/ adj. 天真无邪的；无辜的；无恶意的
era / r / n. 时代；年代；纪元
correspondence / k r sp nd ns/ n. 来往信件；通信联系
correspond / k r sp nd/ vi. 相一致；符合；相当于；通信
sow /s / vt. & vi. ( sowed, sown /s n/ or sowed) 播种；种
seed /si d/ n. 种子；起源；萌芽
dominant / d m n nt/ adj. 首要的；占支配地位的；显著的
sonnet / s n t/ n. 十四行诗
deadline / dedla n/ n. 最后期限；截止日期
contest / k ntest/ n. 比赛；竞赛；竞争.
/k n test/ vt. 争取赢得(比赛、选举等)；争辩
polish / p l / vt. 修改；润色；抛光. n. 上光剂；抛光；擦亮
string /str / n. 细绳；线；一串. vt. (strung /str /, strung)悬挂；系. adj. 弦乐器的；线织的
wherever /we r ev (r)/ conj. 在任何地方；在所有······的情况下. adv. (用于问句)究竟在(到)哪里
barren / b r n/ adj. 贫瘠的；不结果实的
grief /ɡri f/ n. 悲伤；悲痛；伤心事
complicated / k mpl ke t d/ adj. 复杂的；难懂的
variation / ve ri e n/ n. 变化；变体；变奏曲
racial / re l/ adj. 种族的；人种的
prejudice / pred ud s/ n. 偏见；成见. vt. 使怀有(或形成)偏见
Shakespeare / e ksp r/ 莎士比亚(英国剧作家、诗人)
The Crescent / kresnt/ Moon《新月集》
Tagore /t 'g :/ 泰戈尔(印度诗人、文学家)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning / l z b θ b r t bra n / 伊丽莎白·巴雷特·布朗宁(英国诗人)
Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁(英国诗人)
the Victorian /v k t ri n/ era 维多利亚时代
Sonnets from the Portuguese / p t u ɡi z/《葡萄牙人的十四行诗集》
Langston Hughes / l st n hju z/ 兰斯顿·休斯新人教版高中英语选择性必修三课文及翻译
Unit1 Reading and Thinking
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
西方绘画艺术简史
What is Western art It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
什么是西方艺术 很难给出一个精确的定义。由于西方的艺术风格多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。也许了解西方艺术的最好方法就是看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。
The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)
中世纪(5世纪到15世纪)
During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.
在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教因此，艺术家对写实场景不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且二维化，主体人物通常比其他人物大得多，以显示他们的重要性。这种情况在13世纪时因乔托·迪·邦多纳(1267-1337)而开始改变。尽管他的画仍然带有宗教主题，但它们展示的是真实的环境中的真实人物。尤其是他的画作，因其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而从其他画作中脱颖而出。
The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)
文艺复兴时期(14世纪到17世纪)
New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result, painters concentrated less on religious themes. They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401-1428). Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519, Michelangelo(1475-1564), and Raphael (1483-1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccio's innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.
新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。因此，画家较少关注宗教主题。他们开始采取一种更人性化的生活态度。这一时期的一个重要突破是马萨乔(1401-1428)对透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多达芬·奇、米开朗琪罗和拉斐尔，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创造出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品
Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With their deep colours and realism, some of the best oil paintings look like photographs. While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, this technique reached its height with Rembrandt(1606-1669), who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and
light.
另一个创新是油画颜料的使用。由于其深沉的色彩和现实主义风格，一些最好的油画看上去就像是照片。尽管早在达芬奇时代一些画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。
In subject matter, the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us. Kings, nobles, and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved. Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology. Finally, most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.
在题材上，重点逐渐从宗教主题转移到人和我们周围的世界。国王、贵族和上流社会人士都想购买自己和所爱之人的准确照片。其他人则想要展示重要历史事件或神话故事的画作。最后，大多数客户都想要看起来美丽有趣的画作。
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
印象派时期(19世纪后期到20世纪初期)
The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century. After that, paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like Hence, painters had to find a new way of looking at their art. From this, Impressionis emerged in France. The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840-1926) called Impression, Sunrise. In this work, Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement in the scenethe subjective impression the scene gave him-but not a detailed record of the scene itself.
直到19世纪中叶摄影术发明之前，西方艺术的发展缓慢。在那之后，不再需要绘画来保存人和世界的面貌了。因此，画家们不得不寻找一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。由此，印象派在法国应运而生。这个新运动的名字来源于克劳德·莫奈(1840-196)的一幅名为《印象日出》的画作。在这幅作品中，莫奈想传达场景中的光线和运动一场景给他的主观印象一一而不是场景本身的详细记录。
While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life, others, such as Renoir (1841-1919), focused on people. Unlike the cold, black-and-white photographs of that time period, Renoir's paintings are full of light, shadow, colour, and life. He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects, but their inner warmth and humanity as well.
虽然许多印象派画家描绘了自然或日常生活场景，但其他画家，如雷诺阿(1841-1919年)则以人物为关注对象。雷诺阿的画作与那个时代冷淡的黑白照片不同，充满了光、影、色彩和生命。他不仅试图展示他笔下人物的外在形象，而且还展示他们内心的温暖和人性。
Modern Art (from the 20th century to today)
现代艺术(20世纪至今)
After Impressionism, subsequent artists began to ask, "What do we do next " Painters such as Picasso (1881-1973tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way, with Cubism. Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality Still others turned to abstract art. What they attempted to do was no longer show reality,but instead to ask the question, "What is art
在印象派之后，后来的艺术家开始问不一步我们该做什么 ”像毕加索(1881-1973)这样的画家试图用一种新的方法立体主义来分析自然界中存在的形状。其他人则赋予他们的画中一种写实但又像梦一样的品质特征。还有一些人转向抽象艺术。他们试图做的不再是展示现实，而是提出一个问题“什么是艺术 ”
Unit1 using language
ANCIENT CHINESE ART ON SHOW
中国古代艺术展览
The Richfield Museum of Fine Art is proud to present our new exhibition, "from Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages." Join us as we explore more than 3,000 years of wonderful art from the Middle Kingdom. From bronze bowls to ceramic vases, and jade sculptures to ink wash paintings, our goal is to display the Chinese artistic genius from ancient times.
里奇菲尔德美术博物馆很荣幸为您介绍我们的新展览—— “从商朝到清朝：历代中国艺术” 。加入我们一起来探索来自中央王国（即中国，译者注）具有 3,000 多年历史的美妙艺术。 从青铜碗到陶瓷花瓶，从玉雕到水墨画，我们的目标是展示中国古 代的艺术天分。
The highlight of this exhibition is the painting Clearing After Snow on a Mountain Pass, one of the great works of Tang Yin (1470-1524). Born during the Ming Dynasty, Tang sought and failed to gain entry into the civil service, so he turned to painting instead. In time, he gained recognition as one of the greatest artists China has ever known. This painting, showing high mountains, trees, and houses covered in snow, was made with extraordinary skill. Though it is over 500 years old, it looks as fresh and full of life as the day it was created.
本次展览的亮点是唐寅 (1470— 1524) 的杰作之一—《函关雪霁图》。 唐寅出生在明朝，他曾试图考取文官，但失败了，所以他转而从事绘画。 最终，他被公认为中国有史以来最伟大的艺术家之一。 这幅画运用了非凡的技巧，展现了高山、树木和被雪覆盖的房屋。 虽然它已经有500多年的历史了，但看起来清新且充满生机，就像刚被创作出来一样。
Also of primary note is a collection of nearly 100 bronze objects from the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE). While the artists who made these great works are not known, they showed great skill in creating these beautiful pieces. Some of the items on display are thought to have come from the collection of Emperor Qianlong (1711- 1799), a great admirer of Shang Dynasty bronze.
同样十分重要的（看点）是来自商代（公元前 1600一公元前 1046) 的近百件青铜器藏品。 虽然不清楚创作这些伟大作品的艺术家是谁，但他们在创作这些美丽的作品时表现出了高超的技艺。 其中一些展品袚认为是乾隆皇帝(1711一1799) 的收藏品，乾隆皇帝十分赞赏商朝的青铜器。
Finally, we have many fine examples of Tang Dynasty (618-907) sculptures. Most of these are of Buddhist origin. Even though Buddhism entered China much earlier, it did not really begin to show expansion until the seventh century. During this same period, trade along the Silk Road also boomed. Chinese sculpture thus found itself highly influenced by Buddhist art brought from India and Central Asia through the Silk Road. These works were intended to spread Buddhism and they are of exceptional beauty and quality. Looking at the faces of the figures in these sculptures, one sees the faces of the past. History is brought to life.
最后，我们还有许多唐代(618—907) 的雕塑精品。这些雕塑中大多数与佛教有关。虽然很早之前佛教便传入了中国，但直到公元7世纪它才真正开始传播开来。与此同时，丝绸之路沿线的贸易也蓬勃发展。因此，中国雕塑深受由印度和中亚经丝绸之路传来的佛教艺术的影响。这些作品是为了传播佛教，而且它们外观精美、品质上乘。 看着这些雕塑中人物的脸，你会看到过去的面孔。历史被赋予了生命。
This is just a small taste of what is in store for you in this exhibition. We guarantee that"From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages"will transport you to another time with its amazing collection of works.
这只是本次展览供您参观的展品中的一小部分。我们保证“从商朝到清朝：历代中国艺术”展将凭借其令人惊叹的藏品让你穿越至另一个时代。
"From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages"will run until November 25.
“从商朝到清朝：历代中国艺术” 展将持续到11月25日。
Opening hours are from 9: 00 a. m. to 5: 00 p.m., from Tuesday to Sunday(the
museum is closed on Mondays). No one will be admitted into the exhibition after 4: 30 p.m..
开放时间为星期二到星期日的上午9点到下午5点（博物馆星期一闭馆）。下午四点半以后不准任何人进入展馆。
Admission: $10 for adults; S8 for students $5 for children under 12; free for children under 5.
门票：成人10美元；学生8美元；12岁以下儿童5美元；5岁以下儿童免费。
No photos or food and drink are allowed in the museum
博物馆内禁止拍照和饮食。
Unit2 Reading and Thinking
HABITS FOR A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
健康的生活习惯
As teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However, during this period, it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits. These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults. For example some of them may become involved in tobacco or alcohol abuse, which can lead to physical and mental health problems. To prevent harmful habits like these from dominating a teenager's life is essential. They must learn to recognise bad habits early and make appropriate changes.
随着青少年的成长，他们变得更加独立开始自己做决定。然而，在这个时期，有些青少年很容易养成不良习惯。如果不加以控制，这些不良习惯长大后可能会导致更严重的问题。例如，有些青少年会沉溺于烟酒不能自拔，造成生理和心理健康问题。防止这些不良习惯支配青少年的生活是至关重要的。他们必须学会及早发现不良习惯并做出适当的改变。
To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts. There is a famous saying based on the philosophy of Aristotle: "We are what we repeatedly do." In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of choices we have made. We make a choice to do something, and then we repeat it over and over again. Soon that choice becomes automatic and forms a habit that is much harder to change. The good news is that we can change, if we understand how habits work.
改变不良习惯绝非易事，即使多次尝试也是如此。有一条基于亚里士多德哲学思想的著名谚语说道:“重复的行为造就了我们”。在许多方面，我们的生活方式是我们所做选择的总和。我们选择做某事，然后一遍又一遍地重复。很快，这种选择就变成自动形成了一个更难改变的习惯。好消息是，如果我们了解习惯如何形成的，我们就可以改变。
According to modern psychology, we must first learn about the"habit cycle", which works like this:
根据现代心理学，我们必须首先了解“习惯周期”，其工作原理如下:
Firstly, there is "cue", an action, event, or situation that acts as a signal to do something.
首先，有一个“提示”，即可以作为做某事信号的动作、事件或情况。
Secondly, there is a "routine", the regular action you take in response to the cue.
其次，有一个“惯例”，即你对“暗示”做出的常规反应。
Thirdly, there is a "reward", the good thing or feeling we get from the routine.
第三有“奖励”，我们从“惯例”中获得的好处或感觉。
For example, when we feel unhappy (cue), we eat lots of unhealthy snacks (routine), which makes us feel happy (reward) The reward makes us much more likely to continue the cycle, and the bad habit of relying on unhealthy snacks is formed.
例如，当我们感到不快乐时(提示)，我们会吃很多不健康的零食(惯例)，这会让我们感到快乐(奖励)。奖励使我们更有可能继续这个循环，继而养成了依赖不健康零食的不良习惯。
To facilitate a positive change in our bad habits, we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then try to adapt them. We can do this by combining the information from our habit cycles with our own positive ideas. For example, we could try to replace a negative routine with something more positive. So, when we feel unhappy again (cue), rather than eat snacks, we could listen to some of
our favourite music instead (routine), which will make us feel relaxed (reward). Aside from changing bad habits, we can also use the habit cycle to create good habits. For example, when we come toan escalator(cue), our normal routine is to ride it, but we could change this routine into something more positive by taking the stairs instead.
想要促使不良习惯朝着积极的方向转化，我们必须首先审视自己的坏习惯循环，然后尽力去调整。我们可以通过将我们习惯周期中的信息与我们自己的积极想法相结合来做到这一点。例如，我们可以尝试用更积极的事情来代替消极的习惯。因此，当我们再次感到不开心时(提示)，与其吃零食，不如听些我们喜欢的音乐(惯例)，这会让我们感到放松(奖励)除了改变坏习惯，我们还可以利用习惯循环来创造好习惯。例如，当我们走到自动扶梯时(提示)，我们通常的习惯是乘坐自动扶梯，但我们可以通过走楼梯来改变这种习惯，使之变为更积极的事情。
Many of us try to change bad habits quickly and if we are not successful straight away, we often become pessimistic and give up. In fact, the most successful way to change is not suddenly, but over a period of time. As the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. "One step seems small, but it is essential. To reach the goal of change, a person must show some discipline and repeatedly take many small steps. After all, it is not easy to break bad habits.
我们许多人都试图迅速改变不良习惯，如果我们不能马上成功，我们往往会变得悲观而放弃。实际上，最成功的改变方法不是一蹴而就的，而是要经过一段时间的改变。正如中国哲学家老子所言:“千里之行始于足下。”第一步看似渺小，却是必不可少的。为了达到改变的目标，人必须表现出一定的纪律性，并不断地迈出许多小步毕竟，改掉不良习惯并不容易。
For young people, there is plenty of time to change bad habits. However, there is no"magic pill" or delete button that will help you; you have to think about your bad habits and decide on some changes. You have the power to build a happy and healthy life full of good habits!
对于年轻人来说，有足够的时间来改变不良习惯。然而，没有可以帮助你的“神奇药丸”或删除按钮;你必须考虑自己的不良习惯并做出一些改变。你有能力建立充满良好习惯的幸福健康的生活.
Unit2 Using language
Dear Editor亲爱的编辑:
After I attended your summer camp about health and lifestyle choices, I realised I hardly ever felt well, either physically or mentally. I often felt sleepy and dizzy, and lacked passion. Most worrying, though, I got the flu easily and experienced many toothaches, too
在我参加了你们关于健康和生活方式选择的夏令营之后，我意识到无论是身体上还是精神上，我几乎都感觉不好。我经常感到困倦和头，缺乏激情。不过，最让我担心的是，我很容易得流感，还经历了多次牙痛。
At the end of the camp I heard, Change the world by changing yourself. " This stimulated my motivation. A dentist once examined me and told me that too much sugar in my meals had damaged my teeth and health. I made up my mind to change two things in my life: to eat nothing with sugar and to exercise regular
在夏念营结束时，我听到“通过改变自己来改变世界”，这激发了我的动力有一次，一位牙医给我做了检査，他告诉我，我用餐中的糖分太多，损害了我的牙齿和健康。我下定决心要改变我生活中的两件事:不吃含糖的东西和定期锻炼。
After that I stopped buying all the sweets， biscuits， and sugary drinks that I used to have every day. Whenever I went out with friends， I brought snacks from home， things that didn， t have any added sugar: fruit， nuts， dried meat， etc.
从那以后，我再也不买以前每天都吃的糖果、饼干和含糖饮料。每当我和朋友出去玩时，我都会从家里带些零食，这些零食没有添加任何糖分:水果、坚果、肉干等.
My exercise was very simple: I went outside every day for at least 30 minutes and did something active. Sometimes I played table tennis or badminton with my cousins. Other times I jumped on my skateboard and rode around my neighbourhood, or just took a long walk.
我的锻炼非常简单:我每天至少出去30分钟，做一些积极的运动。有时我和表兄弟姐妹打乒球或羽毛球。其他时间，我跳上滑板，骑着车在附近转悠，或者只是散个长步。
The results have been fantastic. I feel more dynamic and stronger than ever, in both body and mind. I sleep soundly at night now. I no longer suffer from a flu virus or toothaches either. Best of all, in my opinion, is how I feel about myself. I feel like Im in control of my own life. To make choices about myself is within my own power. I CAN change myself. I just need to try
结果非常棒。我感到身体和精神都比以前更富活力，更加强健。我现在晚上睡得很香。我也不再受流感病毒或牙痛的折磨了。在我看来，最重要的是我对自己的感觉。我觉得我可以掌控自己的生活。在自己的能力范围内做出自己的选择。我可以改变自己。我只需要去尝试。
Yours truly，
敬启
Wang Lu
王露
Dear Editor亲爱的编辑:
As I took part in the summer camp about personal life choices, I started to analyse my choices, especially what I did to relax and how it was affecting my whole life
当我参加关于个人生活选择的夏令营时，我开始分析自己的选择，尤其是我做些什么来放松自己，以及它是如何影响我的整个生活的。
After starting high school, I felt stressed out and always relaxed by playing computer games. I got so absorbed that I played the games day and night. Playing was fun, but I felt even more worn out afterwards! So after the camp, I realised that it was very, very important to adjust my lifestyle. I decided to take control of my life and find other ways to relax.
高中毕业后，我感到焦虑不安，总是通过玩电脑游戏来放松自己。我太投入了，没日没夜地玩游戏。玩游戏很开心，但是后来我甚至感觉更累了!所以在夏令营结束后，我意识到调整自己的生活方式非常非常重要。我决定掌控自己的生活，找到其他放松的方法。
It was a big struggle not to Join my friends in playing online games as I'm mad for them. However, I realised that to succeed in quitting, I had to replace it with something else. So I thought about what to try. Rock climbing, bowling. watching comedies, and playing basketball were the things I thought of doing instead.
不和我的朋友们一起玩络游戏真是太难了，因为我非常喜欢网络游戏。然而，我意识到，要想成功戒掉(网络游戏)，我必须做些其他事情来代替它。所以我想尝试做些事情。攀岩、保龄球、看喜剧和打篮球都是我想代替游戏的事情。
Now my dad and I go rock climbing together monthly! It has enhanced the quality my life, improving my health and increasing my happiness. I get refreshed through climbing, spend more time with my dad, and get to meet news friends
现在我和爸爸每个月都一块去攀岩!它提高了我的生活质量，改善了我的健康，增加了我的幸福感。爬山让我精神焕发，与爸爸在一起的时间更多了，并结识了新的朋友。
After six months of trying out new ways of relaxing, I feel much more energetic I feel that I can change myself for the better. And if thats true for me, then it might truly be possible to change the world for the better. As Gandhi said, ' Be the change you want to see in the world
用了六个月尝试新的放松方式后，我感到精力充沛多了。我觉得我可以变得更好。如果这对我来说是对的，那么也许真的有可能把世界变得更加美好。正如甘地所说:“欲变世界，先变其身。”
Sincerely,
真诚地，
George Fielding
乔治 菲尔丁
unit3 Environmental Protection
Reading and thinking
CLIMATE CHANGE REQUIRES THE WORLD'S ATTENTION
气候变化需要全世界的关注
We have known about climate change for decades. There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer (see the graph). A warming ocean and atmosphere along with melting ice and rising sea levels provide evidence of a dramatic change in the global climate.
我们对气候变化已经知道几十年了。毫无疑问，地球正在变得越来越暖和（见图表）。海洋和大气的变暖，冰的融化和海平面的上升提供了全球气候急剧变化的证据。
In 2013, a lot of people were shocked by a news photo of a dead polar bear that was found on Norway's Arctic island of Svalbard. According to the scientists who found its dead body, all that remained of the polar bear was “skin and bones". An expert who has studied polar bears for many years said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died. Experts claimed that low sea-ice levels caused by climate change meant the bear could not hunt seals as before, so it had to travel greater distances in order to find food. This alarming case showed how the increase in temperature had an impact on Earth's ecology.
2013年，在挪威北极斯瓦尔巴特岛发现的一张北极熊死亡的新闻照片让很多人震惊。根据发现北极熊尸体的科学家们的说法，北极熊仅存的只是“皮肤和骨头”。一位研究北极熊多年的专家说，从其尸体的位置来看，北极熊似乎是饿死了。专家称，气候变化导致的低海冰水平意味着这只熊不能像以前那样捕猎海豹，因此它必须走更远的距离才能找到食物。这一令人震惊的案例显示了温度的上升对地球生态的影响。
Then what is causing the increase in the global average surface temperature Climate scientists often mention a key climate process called the *greenhouse effect", which has two common meanings: the "natural" greenhouse effect and the "man-made" greenhouse effect. greenhouse effect refers to the fact that heat from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earth's surface as short-wave radiation. The heat is released back into space at longer wave lengths. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, trap some of the heat, keeping Earth's climate warm and habitable. Without this process, Earth could not sustain life. However, the "man-made" greenhouse effect has now become a big problem. When people produce huge amounts of extra greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels, more heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere and causes Earth's surface temperature to rise quickly.
那么是什么导致了全球平均地表温度的升高呢？气候科学家经常提到一个叫做“温室效应”的关键气候过程，它有两个共同的含义：“自然”温室效应和“人为”温室效应。温室效应是指太阳的热量进入大气层，以短波辐射的形式使地球表面变暖。热量以较长的波长释放回太空。大气中的温室气体，如甲烷和二氧化碳，捕获了部分热量，使地球气候保持温暖和适宜居住。没有这个过程，地球就无法维持生命。然而，“人为”的温室效应现在已经成为一个大问题。当人们通过燃烧化石燃料产生大量额外的温室气体时，更多的热能被困在大气中，导致地球表面温度迅速上升。
There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions, this warming trend will probably continue and there will be a higher price to pay. In fact, news reports are frequently broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heat waves causing deaths and economic losses.
有强有力和全面的证据表明，气温上升导致世界范围内极端天气和自然灾害增加，不仅造成严重破坏，而且夺去了人的生命。气候科学家警告说，如果我们不采取适当的行动，这一变暖趋势可能会继续下去，将付出更高的代价。事实上，有关极端暴雨和热浪造成死亡和经济损失的新闻报道经常播出。
Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. This requires the attention of people all over the world. Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint" by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet. So what will you do to help
持续的温室气体排放将导致全球气候进一步变暖和长期变化。这需要全世界人民的关注。政府需要考虑制定政策并采取适当的行动和措施来减少温室气体的排放。我们个人也可以通过限制我们的生活方式产生的二氧化碳量来减少我们的“碳足迹”。我们有责任抓住每一个机会，教育每个人了解全球变暖及其原因和影响，因为这是影响我们地球上所有人的最严重问题。那么你会怎么做？
人教版选择性必修第三册 unit3 Environmental Protection
using language
teaching target：write a report on an environmental issue
REDUCING WATER POLLUTION IN THE LI RIVER
减少漓江水污染
The beautiful Li River and its amazing surrounding scenery is one of the most well-known tourist destinations in China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It attracts millions of domestic and foreign visitors each year. However, its reputation as a top destination has had negative effects on the river's water quality. This report looks at the problem of water pollution and some actions that have been taken to deal with it.
美丽的漓江及其令人惊叹的周边风光是中国广西壮族自治区最著名的旅游目的地之一。它每年吸引数以百万计的国内外游客。然而，它作为顶级目的地的声誉对河流的水质产生了负面影响。这份报告着眼于水污染问题以及为解决这个问题而采取的一些行动。
Previously, water quality in the Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume of tourists, many of whom frequently threw garbage into the river. Many tour boats contributed to the problem too. Kitchens on board were using lots of oil, which was often thrown into the water. The growth in tourism also meant the local population rose rapidly, as well as the number of commercial and industrial enterprises. Water pollution levels increased, with more household and commercial waste ending up in the river.
此前，漓江的水质因游客数量的增加而受到严重影响，许多游客经常向漓江扔垃圾。旅游船太多导致了这个问题。船上的厨房用了很多油，这些油经常被扔进水里。旅游业的增长也意味着当地人口的迅速增加，以及商业和工业企业的数量。水污染水平上升，更多的家庭和商业垃圾最终流入河流。
In order to feed more people, more chemicals were used to increase crop production. These chemicals led to severe water quality issues, causing a decrease in the number of fish species. Local officials were concerned that the pollution was damaging the natural environment and felt that urgent steps should be taken to restore the river's original beauty.
为了养活更多的人，更多的化学物质被用来增加农作物产量。这些化学物质导致严重的水质问题，导致鱼类数量减少。当地官员担心污染正在破坏自然环境，并认为应该采取紧急措施恢复河流的原貌。
A comprehensive initiative was started, with a number of measures that addressed the issues. The construction of waste water treatment facilities improved the water quality and water conservation. The collection and transport of household waste was also improved. Dozens of polluting enterprises were closed or moved. The local government set up strict regulations regarding further industrial development. New rules were also introduced regarding tour boat routes and garbage disposal methods. Furthermore, the local authorities began to use the media to spread environmental awareness and encourage greater use of clean energy. At the same time, they started to carry out inspections regularly and fine tourist organizations for abuses. With these measures, it is believed that the beauty of the Li River will be preserved for generations to come.
启动了一项全面的倡议，采取了一些措施来解决这些问题。污水处理设施的建设，改善了水质，节约了用水。生活垃圾的收集和运输也得到了改善。数十家污染企业被关闭或转移。地方政府对进一步发展工业制定了严格的规定。此外，有关旅游船路线和垃圾处理方法的新规定也已出台。此外，地方当局开始利用媒体传播环境意识，鼓励更多地使用清洁能源。同时，他们开始定期进行检查，对旅游组织的滥用职权进行罚款。有了这些措施，相信漓江的美丽将世代保存。
In addition, the ambitious "Water Ten Plan" is also now tackling water pollution across the country. Other initiatives, such as the "River Chief System", hold senior officials responsible for reducing water pollution. With such campaigns in effect, China's waterways are heading towards a clean and sustainable future.
此外，雄心勃勃的“水十大计划”目前还在全国范围内解决水污染问题。其他举措，如“河长制”，要求高级官员负责减少水污染。随着这些活动的实施，中国的水道正朝着清洁和可持续的未来迈进。
Unit4 Reading and Thinking
A SUCCESSFUL FAILURE
次成功的失败经历
Perce Blackborow joined an expedition with Sir Ernest Shackleton to Antarctica on the ship Endurance in 1914. Shackleton was one of the most amous explorers of his day and it was considered a great honour to be part of his expeditions. Below are some of Blackborow' s diary entries.
珀西·布克博罗于1914年加入欧内斯特沙克尔顿爵士的“坚忍”号轮船南极探险之旅。沙克尔顿是他那个时代最负盛名的探险家，加入他的探险活动被认为是一种巨大的荣耀。下面是布菜克博罗的一些日记.
31 October 1914
1914年10月31日
Well, it so happened that one morning I bought a newspaper and read the advertisement about the Antarctic expedition.
好吧，碰巧有一天早上我了份报纸，看了一则关于南极探险队的广告。
An expedition to the South Pole with the great Sir Emest Shackleton ——this is the adventure that I have been dreaming of. And I was ready for it. At the age of 19, I am fit and full of vigour. However, when I applied to join the expedition, Shackleton turned me down because he thought I was too young and wasnt qualified. But I was so enthusiastic about the idea of going along with them that I secretly went aboard his ship, the Endurance, and hid in a small cupboard. Unfortunately， three days after we set off I was discovered. Shackleton did not want to turn back so he offered me a job， but only after he promised me， If anyone has to be eaten， then you will be the first! ＂He assigned me to be a steward， and I now serve meals for twenty-eight men， three times a day.
同伟大的欧内斯特沙克尔顿爵士去南极探险一一这是我梦寐以求的冒险。我已经准备好了。19岁的时候，我身体健康而且精力充沛。然而，当我申请加入探险队时，沙克尔顿拒绝了我，因为他认为我太年轻，不合格。但我对与他们同行的想法非常感兴趣，于是我偷偷地上了“坚忍”号轮船，藏在一个小橱里。不幸的是，我们出发三天后，我被发现了。沙克尔顿不想回头，所以他给我提供了一份工作，但他保证，“如果有人要被吃掉，那你就是第一个!”他让我当一名伙计，我现在做28个人一天三顿的饭菜。
How everyone will envy me when I come back and tell them about the amazing laces I have been to!
当我回来告诉他们我去过的神奇的地方时，每个人都会羡慕我!
21 Nov,1915
1915年11月21日
The journey has not been easy. Endurance became stuck in the ice as we approached Antarctica. The ice froze around us and we were well and trul stuck! We saw the ship get crushed by the ice. And when the ship sank, our hearts sank with it.
这段路程并不轻松。正当我们接近南极时，“坚忍”号被海土的浮冰卡住了。周围的冰都冻结了，我们千真万确地被困住了!我们看到船被冰挤坏了。当船沉没时，我们的心也随之沉没。
Before we abandoned the ship. Shackleton calmly called us together and told us to rescue our most essential suppliesthe small boats, our food, the cook stove, candles, clothes, and blankets. This was no time to panic. We were not allowed to take most of our personal belongings, and Shackleton himself threw away all his gold. But to our surprise, he allowed Hussey to keep his banjo. Hussey often plays it to keep our spirits up.
在我们弃船之前，沙克尔顿镇静地把我们召集在一起，告诉我们要抢出我们最基本的给养一小船、食物、炉子、蜡烛、衣服和毯子。现在不是恐慌的时。我们不准带走大部分私人物品，沙克尔顿自己也扔掉了所有的金子。但令我们感到惊讶的是，他让赫西留着他的班卓琴。赫西经常弹班卓琴来保持我们的精神振奋。
We are now camped on the ice and we have been managing to survive, but spring is coming, and the ice will soon begin to melt.
我们现在在冰上扎营，我们一直在设法生存，但春天来了，冰很快就会开始融化。
20May;1916
1916年5月20日
We have been struggling for days, but things on Elephant Island are going from bad to worse. We are now crowded together under one of our boats on the rock shore of this miserable place. Soon after we arrived, Shackleton left us to find help on South Georgia Island, 1, 320 kilometres away-the voyage was too dangerous and difficult for all of us to make it in our small boats. If Shackleton fails, will we have any hope of rescue No. No navy in the world ever stops at Elephant Island, and no one else knows that we are here.
我们已经苦苦挣扎了好几天，但是大象岛上的情况越来越糟。我们现在挤在一条船上，在这个悲惨的地方的岩石海岸上。我们到达后不久，沙克尔顿就离开我们，去1320公里外的南乔治亚求援，这趟航程太危险和困难了我们所有人都无法乘小船上路。如果沙克尔顿失败了，我们是否有营救的希望吗 不，世界上没有任何海军在大象岛停留过，也没有人知道我们在这里。
I feel low. It's cold and windy. The island has no plants. Sometimes we are able to catch a seal or a penguin to eat. Otherwise, there is no food. I try to think of happier things: decent food, warm and dry clothes, a cosy bedroom, sunny da avs and my mothers face . However, these happy memories are soon interrupted by a sudden cold rush of air.
我感到情绪低落寒冷多风，岛上没有植物。有时我们能抓住海豹或企鹅来吃。否则，就没有食物了。我尝试着想一些更快乐的事情:体面的食物暖和的衣服、舒适的卧室、阳光明媚的日子以及妈妈的脸…然而，这些美好的回忆很快就被突如其来的冷风打断了。
I shouted. Shut the door
我大喊:“关上门!”
Hold on now, Perce. Don't you go turning into another Tom, came the reply. We’ve caught another penguin， so it＇s penguin soup tonight!
“要坚持住啊，珀西。你可不要变成另一个汤姆。”传来一声回答，“我们又抓了一只企鹅，所以今晚是企鹅汤!。＂
Bless Frank Wild. the kindest man there is after our leader Ernest Shackleton. How could I become as selfish and bad-tempered as Thomas Orde-lees!
保佑弗兰克 怀尔德，我们的领袖欧内斯特 沙克尔顿之后最善良的人。我怎么能变得像托马斯 奥德 里斯一样自私又脾气暴躁!
Without Frank and Ernest, we’d all be dead by now. Their genuine concern for others, their perseverance, and their resolve fill me with hope.
如果没有弗兰克和欧内斯特，我们现在都已经死了。他们对他人的真诚关心，他们的毅力和决心使我充满希望。
Perhaps there is a chance we will return home， after all.
毕竟，我们还是有机会回家的。
Unit 4 using language
THE REWARD FOR PERSEVERANCE
锲而不舍的回报
We watched as Shackleton and the boat sailed away from Elephant Island. It was easy to imagine the danger ahead of them. Would they ever return to find us What might happen to them What if they were delayed We fell so alone and desperate. But it was not for long. There was nothing like a good dinner and some music to cheer us up.
我们看着沙克尔顿和小船驶离大象岛。很容易想象他们将面临的危险。他们会回来找我们吗 他们可能会发生什么 如果他们被耽搁了怎么办 我们感到如此孤独和绝望。不过，这并没有持续很长时间。没有么比得上一顿好饭和一点儿音乐能让我们振作起来了.
Life fell into a regular pattern. Staying alive took all our time and energy. For example, we needed water, and Elephant Island had none. We found that we could melt ice from the ocean and drink the water from it. But how could we make fire There were no trees growing on Antarctica and no oil, so the only fuel we could use was animal fat. This gave off oily, black smoke, but it stayed burning even in strong winds.
生活转入了常。活下去耗费了我们所有的时间和精力。例如:我们需要水，而大象岛没有水。我们发现我们可以融化海洋中的冰块并饮用其中的水。但我们怎么生火呢 南极地区不长树，也没有油料，所以唯一可供我们用作燃料的便是动物脂肪。燃烧脂肪会产生油膩的黑烟，但它即使在强风中也能燃烧。
Food was also a problem, as we did not find any vegetables or fruit on the island. One of our group members, Lionel Greenstreet, noted in his diary about how bored he was with the meals: "The food now is pretty well all meat of sea creatures. If it werent for sea animals, we would all starve. As a chef, it was my duty to cook, so I tried to vary the meals in whatever way I could. But it was difficult.
食物也是个问题，因为我们在岛上没有找到蔬菜和水果。我们小组的一员，莱昂内尔 格林斯特里特在日记中提到他对饭菜是何其厌烦:“现在食物全是海洋生物的肉。”如果不是海洋动物，我们都会挨饿。作为厨师，做饭是我的职责，所以我想方设法去变化伙食的花样。但这可真不容易。
We had to be careful not to go go outside too often， as the changing temperatures could make us ill. It was almost as dangerous to become too hot from wearing too many clothes as to become too cold from wearing too few. The sweat could freeze very quickly. Many of us also became ill from the black smoke of the animal fat we burnt for our fires. It damaged our eyes and burnt our lungs.
我们必须小心，不要经常出门，因为变幻的温度可能会使我们生病。穿衣服太多而太热同穿得太少而变冷差不多一样危险。汗水可能很快就会结成冰。我们中的许多人还因为燃烧动物脂肪产生的黑烟而生病。它伤了我们的眼睛，烧伤了我们的肺。
The twenty-two of us lived like this in the cold for four months. Our discipline and team spirit kept us optimistic and helped us deal with our fears in a positive and successful way. We also celebrated our birthdays, festivals, and even the times when we caught a sea animal. This was an episode in my life that I would never forget.
我们22个人就这样在寒冷中生活四个月我们的纪律和队合作精神使我们保持乐观，并帮助我们以积极的态度成功地克服了恐惧。我们还庆祝生日、庆祝节日，甚至捕获到ン只海洋动物也庆祝一番。这是我一生中永远不会忘记的一段插曲.
When we were finally rescued, we felt such relief and joy that many of us could not hide our tears. We were at last free to go home to warm beds, good food and the care of our family and friends. Our optimism and faith in Shackleton had helped us persevere in staying alive. And he paid us back by his commitment to save us from a slow but painful death.
当我们最终获救时，我们长长得松了口气，欣喜不已，许多人忍不住流下了眼泪。我们终于可以自由地回家，躺在温暖的床上，品尝可口的食物，享受家庭和朋友的关爱了。乐观和对沙克尔顿的信任帮助我们坚持顽强地活了下来。他给我们的回报则是承诺返回岛上，并且把我们从缓慢而又痛苦的死亡中解救出来。
Unit5 Reading and Thinking
A FEW SIMIPLE FORMS OF ENGLSH POEMS
简体英文诗
There are various reasons why people compose poetry. Some poems tell a story or describe a certain image in the readers mind. Others try to convey certain feelings such as joy and sorrow. The distinctive characteristics of poetry often include economical use of words, descriptive and vivid language, integrated imagery, literary devices such as similes and metaphors, and arrangement of words, lines, rhymes, and rhythm. Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves. Now we will look at a few of the simpler forms.
人们写诗有着各种各样的理由。有些诗是为了叙事，或者说是描述读者心目中的某个形象。而有些诗则是为了传达某种感情，比如喜悦和悲伤。诗歌的显著特点通常包括:用词简洁:语言描述生动、形象:具备整合的意象:使用明喻和隐喻等文学手法:词、句的、节奏等编排有序。诗人用许多不同格式的诗来表达自己的情感。现在我们来看看几种格式比较简单的诗。
Some of the first poems a young child learns in English are nursery rhymes. They are usually the traditional poems or folk songs. The language of these rhymes, like Poem A, is to the point but has a storyline. Many children enjoy nursery rhymes because they rhyme, have a strong rhythm, and often repeat the same words. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes children learn about language.
孩子们最早学习的英文诗是童谣。它们通常是传统的诗歌或民歌。这些童谣(如诗歌A)的语言简单明了，但带有故事情节。许多孩子喜欢童谣，因为它们押韵，节奏感强，并较多单词重复。童谣不一定有什么意义，甚至(有的)看来自相矛盾，但是它们容易学，也容易背通。通过童谣中的文字游戏，孩子们学习了语言。
One of the simplest kinds of poem is the"list poem", which contains a list of things, people, ideas, or descriptions that develop a particular theme. List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem. Some rhyme(like B and C), while others do not.
清单诗是诗歌中最简单的一种，它包含一系列发展特定主题的事物、人物想法或描述。清单诗可长可短，可以重复一些短语，较为灵活，形成固定句型和诗的节奏。有些清单诗有韵脚(如B和C)，但有一些没有。
A
Hush, little baby, don't say a word
Papas gonna buy you a mockingbird
If that mockingbird wont sing,
Papas gonna buy you a diamond ring
If that diamond ring turns to brass
Papa,s gonna buy you a looking glass
If that looking-glass gets broke,
Papa, s gonna buy you a billy goat
If that billy goat won't pull
Papa's gonna buy you a cart and bull
小宝宝，别说话
爸爸给你买个小嘲鸟
小嘲鸟，不会唱，
爸爸给你买个钻石戒
钻石戒，变成铜，爸爸给你买个小镜子。
小镜子，打破了，
爸爸给你买个小山羊。
如果小山羊变老了，
爸爸给你买驾牛车。
B
Mother
Hundreds of stars in the deep blue sky,
Hundreds of shells on the shore together
Hundreds of birds that go singing by
Hundreds of bees in the sunny weather,
Hundreds of dewdrops to greet the dawn
Hundreds of bees in the purple clover,
Hundreds of butterflies on the lawn
But only one mother the world over
Gorge Cooper
母亲
乔治·库柏
天空夜星如织
海滨贝壳满地
鸟儿鸣唱飞过
蜜蜂沐浴阳光
黎明四野朝露
苜蓿蜜蜂成群
草从蝴蝶争艳
但世界浩瀚，
我唯有一母。
C
LIFE
Life can be good
Life can be bad
Life is mostly cheerful but sometimes sad
Life can be dreams
Life can be great thoughts
Life can mean a person
Sitting in court.
(C)
生活生活可能美满，
生活可能悲伤，
生活常常充满欢乐，
但有时令人沮丧。
生活可能是梦一场，
生活可能是智慧结晶。
生活可能将一个人送上被告法庭。
Another simple form of poem that amateurs can easily write is the cinquain, which is made up of five lines. With these, you can convey a strong picture or a certain mood in just a few words. Look at the example( D)
另外一种业余爱好者容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的，叫做五行诗。用五行诗，你可以用少量的词语传递一幅动人的画面或某一特定的心情。请看
例子D。
Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that consists of 17 syllables. It has a format of three lines, containing 5, 7, and 5 syllables respectively. It is not a traditional form of English poetry, but is very popular with English writers. It is easy to write and, like the cinquain, can give a clear picture and create a special feeling using very few words. The haiku poem(E)on the right is a translation from Japanese, which shows a moment in the life of a delicate butterfly
俳句诗( Haiku)是一种日本诗，由17个音节组成。它是三行格式，分别包含5、7和5个音节。它不属英诗的传统形式，但是在用英语写作的人们中间这种诗也是很流行的。它容易写，而且像五行詩一样，它可以用最少的词语呈现出幅清晰的画面，表达出一种特殊的感情。右边的徘句诗(E)就是从日文翻译出来的，展示了一蝴蝶生命中的一个瞬间。
English speakers also enjoy poems from China, those from the Tang Dynasty in particular. A lot of Tang poetry has been translated into English, such as this one
说英语的人也喜欢中国的诗，尤其是唐诗。有许多唐诗被翻译成英文，比
如这一首诗(F)。
D
Brother
Beautiful. athletic
Teasing, shouting, laughing
Friend and enemy too
Mine
兄弟
爱美，又爱运动
爱闹，爱叫，又爱笑
是我的朋友
也是我的敌人
E
A fallen blossom
Is coming back to the branch
Look. a butterfly
落下的花朵回到了树枝上。
瞧啊，
是个蝴蝶!
F
Where she awaits her husband
On and on the river flows.
Never looking back,
Transformed into stone
Day by day upon the mountain top
Wind and rain revolve
Should the traveller return
this stone would utter speech
Wang Jian
望夫石
王健
望夫处，江悠悠，
化为石，不回头
山头日日风复雨，
行人归来石应语。
With so many different forms of poetry to choose from, you may eventually want to write poems of your own. Give it a try!
有了这么多可供选择的诗歌类型，你最终也许想自己作诗了。试一试吧!
Unit5 Using language
WIND ON THE HILL
No one can tell me
Nobody knows
Where the wind comes from
Where the wind goes
It's flying from somewhere
As fast as it can I couldn't keep up with it,
Not if I ran
But if I stopped holding he string of my kite.
It would blow with the wind
For a day and a night.
And then when I found it
Wherever it blew I should know that the wind
Had been going there too.
So then I could tell them
Where the wind goes
Abut where the wind comes from
Nobody knows
A.A. Milne
山上的风没有人能够告诉我，
也没有人会知道，
风来自哪里，
又将去往哪里。
它从一个地方吹来，
尽它所能，
飞快地吹来我不能赶上它，
即使我奔跑。
但如果我停下来不再紧握我手中的风筝线，
它将被风吹跑，
一天一夜
后来当我发现它
它吹向任何地方，
我会知道风
也曾经去过那里。
所以当我能告诉他们
风去了哪里…
但是风从哪里来
没有人知道。
(AA米尔恩)
DREAM
Hold fast to dreams,
For if dreams die
Life is a broken-winged bird
That cannot fy
Hold fast to dreams,
For when dreams go
Life is a barren field
Frozen with snow
Langston Hughes
梦想
紧紧抓住梦想，
梦想若是消亡
生命就象鸟儿折了翅膀
再也不能飞翔
紧紧抓住梦想
梦想若是消丧
生命就像贫瘠的荒野
雪覆冰封
万物不再生长
(兰斯顿 休斯)
A MATCH
f love were what the rose is
And I were the leaf.
Our lives would grow together
In sad or singing weather,
Brown fields or flowerful closes
Green pleasure or grey grief;
If love were what the rose is
And I were like the leaf.
A.C. Swinburne
配偶
爱情若是红玫瑰，
我是绿叶永相随
花叶同枝共生长
任凭日晒与风吹，
田园小径均开遍，
共担忧伤共喜悦，
爱情若是红玫瑰，
我是绿叶永相随。
(AC 斯温伯恩）

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