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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
编者小注：
本专辑专为2022年上海新高考英语二轮总复习及1月春考准备。
说说编写思路：
版块一：冲刺讲义10讲，注重方法性学习 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，对于知识的拆解全面到位，选题主要根据上海官方公布的近五年级春秋考真题试题为主，近两年一二模测试及今年最新期中试题为辅。
版块二：专练8讲，注重常考题型，高频考点的训练，数十篇选材均选于近两年上海高三四校、八金刚及十三名校之真题
版块三：模拟满分卷4套，供大家在完成以上讲练后进行整体测试，满分140分。
希望助上海的莘莘学子在求学路上一臂之力。
专练5：六选四特训30篇（学生版）
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、六选四
（2021·上海徐汇·二模）The Rise of Microchipping
On August 1, 2017, w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )orkers at Three Square Market, a company specializing in vending machines, lined up in the office cafeteria to be implanted with microchips. One after another, they held out a hand to a tattooist who pushed a rice-grain sized implant into the flesh between their thumb and forefinger. The group implant event, organized by company management, fitted into Three Square Market’s longer-term vision of a cashless payment system for their vending machines — workplace snacks purchased with a flick of the wrist. The televised “chipping party” was picked up by media outlets from Moscow to Sydney. 1． After the event, Three Square Market’s Google reviews page was flooded with one-star ratings.
For Jowan sterlund ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), whose company Biohax provided the service, microchip implants were not radical or even novel. He has lived with one for years and has implanted hundreds of other young, tech-savvy (技术大咖) Swedes. 2． They have used their implants to gain access to their co-working spaces, pay for gym membership, and even to ride the train. But are the people of the world ready for technology to start getting under their skin
Microchip implants ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) are essentially cylindrical (长圆形的) bar codes that, when scanned, transmit a unique signal through a layer of skin. 3． Today, Biohax is aiming to simplify identity and access in the digital world, offering a replacement to the seemingly endless collection of passwords, keys, tickets and cards that clutter our lives. Jowan’s friend Hannes Sj blad has his own microchip-focused business. He believes that by placing a device under the skin, instead of wearing it like a Fitbit, data collection will be greatly improved.
But Urs Gasser ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) at Harvard University believes that extending beyond the Swedish tech-hub environment to a broader market will be legally and morally difficult. In his view, Three Square Market’s chipping event actually symbolizes the imbalances of power in the workplace. Are you a person being paid for your work, or are you the property of the company you work for
Ifeoma Ajunwa at ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Cornell University adds that it is crucial to consider the implications of this technology in the context of increasing worker surveillance (管制). 4． This seems to blur the line between work and family life,” she said.
A．Microchips wi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ll deepen this dynamic, as they “literally go with the worker whenever they go”.
B．Chipping, ther ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eby, has swept across the globe with its magnetic appeal.
C．Not all of the attention was positive, however.
D．Mostly, the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y have been used to organize warehouses or identify lost pets.21cnjy.com
E.Conquered b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y the “almighty” microchips, workers may no longer be their own masters.
F.For this community, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the chip signifies an all-in-one combination of biology and technology.
（2021·上海市进才中学高三月考） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Chinese paleontologists have identified at least two new species of massive dinosaurs that once wandered the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in northwestern China some 130 million years ago.
The newly-revealed ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bones belonged to a group of long-necked plant-eating dinosaurs that include titanosaurs, according to the study published Thursday in the peer-reviewed journal Scientific Reports. 5．. And the notable species like the Patagotitan mayorum estimated to be as long as 37 meters long.
The two dinosaurs r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )evealed in Thursday’s study are the first of their kind of be found in the Turpan-Hami Basin in Xinjiang. Their discovered adds to the evidence that the region hosted rich biodiversity during the Cretaceous period that ended some 66 million years ago, according to the researchers.
Wang Xiaolin, th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e study’s lead author, told Sixth Tone that they unearthed the fossils between 2008 and 2016 in the vast areas of the Gobi Desert in the Turpan-Hami Basin. 6．.
“There are just so ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ny pterosaur fossils in the region, even their eggs and embryos,” said Wang, a paleontologist at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleo-anthropology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. “7．. So we didn’t have the time to deal with the dinosaur bones discovered at the same time.”
Although a large ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) desert now, Wang assumed that the basin was once home to a huge lake and rich vegetation, supporting billions of prehistoric animals.
One of the dinosaurs m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )entioned in the study, although incomplete, is thought to be of a large animal stretching over 20 meters. Researchers have named it Silutitan sinensis, after the ancient Silk Road trade route that crossed Xinjiang.
8．. The Hamitit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an is estimated to be at least 17 meters long, researchers said.
“It’s very diffic ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ult to find complete fossils of large dinosaurs,” Wang said, explaining that the Gobi Desert’s environment weathers fossils quickly.
Researchers also ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )found several other dinosaur bones in the region, but the specimens offered scant information by which to be identified, according to die study.
A．In some areas, you can find at least one sample per square meter.
B．However, it was p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )reviously believed that that species had not spread to East Asia.
C．Titanosaurs were am ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ong the largest dinosaurs known to have ever existed on Earth.
D．Meanwhile, the secon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d species has been named Hamititan xinjiangensis, after the city where the dinosaur was discovered.21教育名师原创作品
E.They were then dig ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ging fossils of pterosaurs, an extinct winged reptile that coexisted with dinosaurs millions of years ago.
F.I’m convinced ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that more dinosaur fossils, including footprints, bones or eggs, could be discovered in the province in the future.
（2021·上海市实验学 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )校高三月考） After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
9． Galileo was not m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why Why Why ”
Fortunately, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) curiosity and discontent don't have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man.” said Mencius, “is he who does not lose his child's heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. 10． We jus follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark. to be satisfied.
Most of us m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eet new people, and new ideas,with hesitation. 11． We will probably have to force ourselves to awaken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tart Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn't arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts. writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuse. You haven't any special ability Most people don't: there are only a few geniuses. You haven't any time 12． Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom's Cabin while cooking. You' re too old Remember Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78
However you sta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rt, remember there is no better time to start then right now. for you'll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
A．We stop challenging custom.
B．That's good, bec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ause it's always the people with no time who get things done.
C．Either curiosity or discontent makes human being move forward.
D．These deep human urges count for much more than ambition.
E.But once having ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance.
F.Discontent made the great names unsatisfied.
（2021·上海·模拟预测）First Impressions Count
Traditionally u ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )niforms were — and for some industries still are — manufactured to protect the worker. When they were first designed, it is also likely that all uniforms made symbolic sense — those for the military, for example, were originally intended to impress and even terrify the enemy; other uniforms denoted a hierarchy.
13．. Particularly in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) “customer facing” industries, and especially in financial services and retailing. From uniforms and workwear has emerged “corporate clothing”. “The people you employ are your ambassadors,” says Peter Griffin, managing director of a major retailer in the UK. “What they say, how they look, and how they behave is terribly important.” The result is a new way of looking at corporate workwear. From being a simple means of identifying who is a member of the staff, the uniform is emerging as a new channel of marketing communication.21*cnjy*com
Truly effectiv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e marketing through visual cues such as uniforms is a subtle art, however. Wittingly or unwittingly, how we look sends all sorts of powerful subliminal messages to other people. Dark colors give an aura of authority while lighter pastel shades suggest approachability. Certain dress style creates a sense of conservatism, others a sense of openness to new ideas. 14．.
A successful ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) uniform needs to balance two key sets of needs. On the one hand, no uniform will work if the staff feel uncomfortable or ugly. Giving the wearers a choice has become a key element in the way corporate clothing is introduced and managed. On the other, it is pointless if the look doesn’t express the business’s marketing strategy. 15．.When it comes to human perceptions, first impressions count. Customers will size up the way the staff look in just a few seconds, and that few seconds will color their attitudes from then on. Those few seconds can be so important that big companies are prepared to invest years, and millions of pounds, getting them right.
16．. Some banks ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )have yet to introduce a full corporate look; police forces are researching a completely new look for the 21st century. And many employees now welcome a company wardrobe. A recent survey of the staff found that 90 percent welcomed having clothing which reflected the corporate identity.
A．Chefs wore whi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )te because they work with flour, but the main chef wore a black hat to show he supervised
B．Huge investments h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ave been made in new systems, information technology and amassing quality assurance accreditations
C．The greatest challenge in this respect is time
D．Neatness can ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) suggest efficiency but, if it is overdone, it can spill over and indicate an obsession with power
E.Corporate clothing does have potential for further growth
F.The last 30 year ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s, however, have seen an increasing emphasis on their role in protecting the image of an organization and in uniting the workforce into a homogeneous unit
（2021·上海市晋元高级中学高三月考）AI In the Future Workplace
Artificial Intelligen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ce is making its way into business. As our special report this week explains, firms of all types are exploiting AI to forecast demand, hire workers and deal with customers. In 2017 companies spent around $22 billion on AI-related mergers and acquisitions, about 26 times more than in 2015. The McKinsey Global Institute, a think-tank within a consultancy, claims that just applying AI to marketing, sales and supply chains could create economic value, including profits and efficiencies, of $2.7 billion over the next 20 years. 17．.
Such forecasts fuel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) anxiety as well as hope. Start with the benefits. AI ought to improve productivity. Humanyze collects data from employees' calendars and e-mails to work out, say, whether office layouts favor teamwork. 18． Employees will gain, too. Thanks to the progress in computer vision. AI can check that workers are wearing safety equipment and that no one has been harmed on the factory floor. Some will appreciate more feedback on their work and welcome a sense of how to do better.
Yet AI's benef ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )its will come with many potential drawbacks. Algorithms (计算程序) may not be free of the prejudices of their programmers. 19． The length of a commute (通勤) may predict whether an employee will quit a job, but this focus may harm poorer applicants. Older staff might work more slowly than younger ones and could risk losing their positions if all AI looks for is efficiency.
20． If your skills ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e in demand, you are more likely to be able to resist than if you are easy to replace. Paid-by-the-hour workers in low-wage industries such as retailing will be especially subject to harm. That could fuel protest of labor unions seeking to represent employees' interests and to set regulations. Even then, the choice in some jobs will be between being replaced by a robot or being treated like one.
A．They can also have unintended consequences.
B．Some people ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e better placed than others to stop employers going too far.
C．These numb ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ers are so impressive that we can't help feeling afraid of the power of AI.
D．However, s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ome small companies may not have enough money to be equipped with AI technology.
E.Slack, a wor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )kplace messaging app, helps managers assess how quickly employees accomplish tasks.
F.Google's boss h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as gone so far as to declare that AI will do more for humanity than fire or electricity.
（2021·上海黄浦·二模）AI could help us deconstruct the magic of music
We all know that mu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sic is a powerful influencer. 21． Fitness without a warm-blooded song would be boring. But is there a way to quantify these reactions And if so, could they be reverse-engineered and put to use
In a new paper, r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )esearchers at the University of Southern California mapped out how things like tone, rhythm, and harmony cause different types of brain activity, physiological reactions (heat, sweat, and changes in electrical response), and emotions(happiness or sadness), and how machine learning could use those relationships to predict how people might respond to a new piece of music. The results, presented at a conference on the intersections of computer science and art, show how we may one day be able to engineer targeted musical experiences for purposes ranging from therapy to movies.
22． “Once we under ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )stand how media can affect our various emotions, then we can try to productively use it for actually supporting or enhancing human experiences,” says Shrikanth Narayanan, a professor at USC and the principal investigator in the lab.
The researchers first ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )searched music streaming sites for songs with very few plays, tagged either “happy” or “sad.” 23． Two reliably caused sadness and one reliably caused happiness. One hundred participants who hadn’t heard the songs before split into two groups, listened to all three pieces, and either took a special scan or wore pulse, heat, and electricity sensors on their skin and rated the intensity of their emotions on a scale of 0 to 10. The researchers then fed the data, along with 74 features for each song, into several machine-learning mathematical steps and examined which features were the strongest predictors of responses. They found, for example, that the brightness of a song (the level of its medium and high frequencies) and the strength of its beat were both among the best predictors of how a song would affect a listener’s heart rate and brain activity.
The research is s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )till in very early stages, and it will be a while before more powerful machine-learning models will be able to predict your mental and physical reactions to a song with any precision. But the researchers are excited about how such models could be applied: to design music for specific individuals, to create movie soundtracks easily arousing sympathy, or to help patients with mental health problems stimulate specific parts of their brain. 24． They want to start trying music-based therapies as well.
A．The research f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ocuses on whether machine can learn to predict people’s preference of music.
B．The lab is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )already working with addiction treatment clinics to see how other forms of media could help patients.
C．A movie wit ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hout a soundtrack doesn’t stimulate the same emotional journey.21世纪教育网版权所有
D．Through a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )series of human testers, 60 pieces for each emotion were narrowed down to a final list of three.
E.The research is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )part of the lab’s broader goal to understand how different forms of media affect people’s bodies and brains.
F.The researcher ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s are excited about how AI could be used to enhance the function of music in more fields.
（2021·上海·华师大 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )二附中高三开学考试） Although many companies offer tuition reimbursement(偿付) , most companies reimburse employees only for classes that are relevant to their positions. 25． A company that reimburses employees for all college credit courses — whether job related or not —offers a service not only to the employees, but to the entire company.
One good reason for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) giving employees unconditional tuition reimbursement is that it shows the company's dedication to its employees and it is important for a company to demonstrate to its employees that it cares. The best way to do this is to make investments in them.
26． A compa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ny that puts out funds to pay for the education of its employees will get its money back by having employees stay with the company longer. It will reduce employ turnover, because even employees who don't take advantage of tuition reimbursement programs will be more devoted to their company, just knowing that their company cares enough to pay for their education.
Although companies d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o indeed run the risk of losing money on employees, who go on to another job in a different company as soon as they get their degree, more often than not, the employees will stay with the company. 27． Thus, throughout those years. the employer will have a more sophisticated, more intelligent, and therefore more valuable and productive employee. And, if the employee stays, that education will doubly benefit the company: Not only is the employee more educated, but now that employee can be promoted so the company doesn't have to full a high—level vacancy from the outside. 28．
Though unconditional t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uition reimbursement requires a significant investment on the employer's part, it is perhaps one of the wisest investments a company can make.
A．In this way, companies will have more productive employees.
B．In today's economy ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), job security is a thing of the past and employees feel more and more expendable.
C．In return, th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is dedication to the betterment of employees will create greater loyalty.
D．This is indeed a very limiting policy.
E.Even if empl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oyees do leave, it generally takes several years to complete any degree program.
F.Open positions can ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) be assigned to people who already know the company well.
（2021·上海市大同中学高三月考） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) When we talk about healthy brain ageing we are really discussing one of two things: how to minimize ongoing damage to the hardware of the brain, mostly by keeping its blood supply as good as possible; or how to improve the operation of the brain's software. 29．
There is currently no ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) magic bullet to protect the brain, but one area that has been best researched, and about which we can say with reasonable confidence, “this will help”, is mental activity.
There is plenty of e ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )vidence that older people who stay mentally active, by learning a new language, doing crosswords or taking part in other intellectually challenging activities, preserve full cognitive function for longer. They have spent more time doing cognitively demanding activities over a lifetime, and they are, to some extent, buffered from the physical effects of brain ageing and degenerative diseases. We cal this buffer “cognitive reserve” - a back-up reservoir of brain function that can protect from the consequences of brain damage, allowing us to continue to perform well. For example, people with a higher IQ, longer education or cognitively challenging employment have been found to have a lower risk of developing dementia. 30． In fact, studies have found that people with higher cognitive, reserve who do get dementia exhibit less severe symptoms even when they have more brain damage than those with lower cognitive reserve.
31． The more we ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) understand about its role in protecting our brain and how to boost our reserve, the more effective we will be3 in designing interventions to keep the human brain healthier for longer.
32． We think it can ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) be built up throughout life for everyone. Therefore, taking part in cognitively challenging activities, learning new skills and continuing to “use it or lose it” probably applies no matter how old you are. Crucially, it's never to late to start.2-1-c-n-j-y
A．Many ways of doing t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )his have been suggested, but few have scientific weight behind them.
B．Though ther ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e is not enough scientific research about it, many suggestions have been put forward.
C．Cognitive re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )serve isn't exclusive to those who have the IQ of a genius or who've devoted their life to theoretical physics.
D．Yet there's ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )still much to discover about the potential of cognitive reserve for optimizing the brain's resilience.
E.This is despite ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the fact that their brains actually show normal amounts of age- and disease-related damage.
F.However, studie ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s about the potential of cognitive reserve for optimizing the brain's resilience leave much to be desired.
（2021·上海市行知中学高三月考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )） Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit; we cannot flower and grow without it. And yet, while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.
Why-when one word c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an bring such pleasure A friend of mine who travels widely always tries to learn a little of the language of any place she visits. She's not much of a linguist, but she does know how to say one word-"beautiful"-in several languages. 33． . The ability has earned her friends all over the world.
It's strange how char ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y we are about praising. 34． . Instead, we are embarrassed and shrug off the words we are really so glad to hear. Because of this defensive reaction, direct compliments are surprisingly difficult to give. That's why some of the most valued pats on the back are those which come to us indirectly, in a letter or passed on by a friend. When one thinks of the speed with which spiteful remarks are conveyed, it seems a pity that there isn’t more effort to relay pleasing and flattering comments.
35． . An artis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t gets compliment for a glorious picture, a cook for a perfect meal. But do you ever tell your laundry manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right Do you ever praise your paper boy for getting the paper to you on time 365 days a year
To give praise costs ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the giver nothing but a moment`s thought and a moment's effort- 36． . It is such a small investment-and yet consider the results it may produce. “I can live for two months on a good compliment," said Mark Twain.
So, let's be ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )alert to the small excellences around us-and comment on them. We will not only bring joy into other people's lives, but also, very often, add happiness into our own.
A．Praise is particularly appreciated by those doing routine jobs.
B．Comment is of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ten made about activities which are relatively easy and satisfying, like arranging flowers; but not about jobs which are hard and dirty, like scrubbing floors.
C．It's espec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned.
D．Perhaps a qui ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ck phone call to pass on a compliment, or five minutes spent writing an appreciative letter.
E.She can use it to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a mother holding her baby, or to a lonely salesman fishing out pictures of his family.
F.Perhaps it's beca ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )use few of us know how to accept compliments gracefully.【出处：21教育名师】
（2021·上海市建平中学高三月考）Cool Colour
The “blackest black” ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )paint, famed for its thermal disguise potential, has long absorbed 99.9 percent of public attention. 37． Research shows that surfaces coated with a newly formulated white coloring reflect 98.1 percent of sunlight, creating a powerful cooling effect.
This coating absorb ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s just 1.9 percent of sunlight compared with 10 to 20 percent for conventional white or “heat-reflective” paints, says Xiulin Ruan, a Purdue University mechanical engineer. By reflecting so efficiently, the novel paint can actually help a coated building release the heat inside.38．“Our model shows if you’re in, you can save up to 70 to 80 percent on air-conditioning in the summer,” Ruan says.
Scientists hav ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e been developing reflective paints for decades, but commercial products still remain at or above the surrounding temperature. In the past 10 years researchers have found greater success with multilayered coating to reflect many wave-lengths of light.
39．
Thus, Ruan decided ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to take a hybrid approach and create an ordinary paint that could easily be brushed or sprayed onto a surface. After testing particles of several different compounds, he and his colleagues ultimately selected a relatively inexpensive one called barium sulfate.
Actually, there is pl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )enty of competition from other researchers.40． The manufacturers have to struggle with “how to make sure that the paint stays white after 30 years of use.” However, Ruan says he and his colleagues do have the confidence to remove this fear. He hopes to bring a version of his paint to market in a year or two.
A．Besides, s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ome scientists note that any new product like this will need to stand up to the real world, where dirt coats surfaces over time.
B．It is calculated th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at covering a 1, 000-square-foot roof with this new paint could cool a building by about 10 kilowatts.
C．The price ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of barium sulfate is comparable to, or even slightly more expensive than, titanium dioxide that is used in some other commercial paints.
D．Now it’s time t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o shed some light on the other end of the practical paint spectrum: the “whitest white.”
E.That is to say, this ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) new paint can be a tool to fight the climate emergency by cutting carbon emissions.
F.Unfortunately, ma ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nufacturing precise layers of multiple substances and applying them to a surface in a set order costs more than simply slapping on some paint.
（2021·上海市建平中学高三月考）Age Is No Barrier to Sporting Passion
One of the most touch ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing moments of the Tokyo Games this summer was entirely spontaneous. During the qualifying round of the women's gymnastics, 46-year-old Oksana Chusovitina took to the podium in her 8th Olympics as she attempted to qualify for the vault finals one last time. Chusovitina, who won her finals world championship golds in 1991 and took an Olympic team gold in 1992, had previously announced that Tokyo would mark the end of her illustrious career.
Chusovitina finished 1 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )4th in the vault competition that day, missing the final after two fine but flawed vaults. 41． Across the floor, all the other gymnasts gave Chusovitina a standing ovation, a gesture that moved her to tears.
Even as she convincing ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly explained her intention to move on from the sport and to devote more time to her son, Alisher, she has always been terrible at retiring. She had indicated that she would retire after the 2009 World Championships, aged 34. 42． Each time Chusovitina has considered retirement, her sheer passion for the sport and tireless motivation has won out.
43． When she posted a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )video of herself working through an uneven bars routine with no grips, the jokes about “unretirement” began. 44． Chusovitina explained that she left Tokyo unsatisfied by her result and determined to finish her career on a high: “I really want to end my career with a medal for Uzbekistan,” she said to Sputnik. “It will not be the Olympic Games, but the Asian ones, but I really want it. When my heart asks, I have to do it.”
A．It has done so again.
B．Luck, however, has not been on her side so far.
C．Three years later, she set London 2012 as the end point.
D．The turbul ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ent past few years could have shattered Chusovitina's confidence but her commitment is admirable.
E.Instead of an a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )udience at the empty Ariake Gymnastics Centre to send her off, her fellow competitors unexpectedly took charge.
F.Last Thursday, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) within eight weeks of the Olympics ending, Chusovitina announced that she would continue to train with her eyes set on the 2022 Asian Games next September.
（2021·上海宝山·二模）The robotic doctor will see you now
In the age of soc ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ial distancing, using robots for some health care interactions is a promising way to reduce in-person contact between health care workers and sick patients. However, a key question that needs to be answered is how patients will react to a robot entering the exam room.
45．. In a study p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erformed in the emergency department at Brigham and Women's, the team found that a large majority of patients reported that interacting with a health care provider via a video screen fixed on a robot was similar to an in-person interaction with a health care worker.
“We're activ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ely working on robots that can help provide care to maximize the safety of both the patient and the health care workforce. 46．. In a larger online survey conducted nationwide, we also found that a majority of respondents were open to having robots perform minor procedures such as taking a nose swab.” says Giovanni Traverso, an MIT assistant professor of mechanical engineering, and the senior author of the study.
After the Covid-19 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )pandemic began early last year, Traverso and his colleagues turned their attention toward new strategies to minimize interactions between potentially sick patients and health care workers. To that end, they worked with Boston Dynamics to create a mobile robot that could interact with patients as they waited in the emergency department. The robots were equipped with sensors that allow them to measure vital signs, including skin temperature, breathing rate, and pulse rate. 47．.
The study suggests th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at it could be worthwhile to try to develop robots that can perform procedures that currently require a lot of human effort, such as turning a patient over in bed, the researchers say. Turning Covid-19 patients onto their stomachs has been shown to improve their blood oxygen levels and make breathing easier. 48．. Administering Covid-19 tests is another task that requires a lot of time and effort from health care workers, who could be arranged for other tasks if robots could help perform swabs.
A．The robots also carr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ied an iPad that allowed for remote video communication with a health care provider.
B．Up to 30 percent of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the participants reported that they were concerned with the robotic system.
C．Researchers ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )from MIT and Brigham and Women’s Hospital recently set out to answer that question.
D．Currently the process requires several people to perform.
E.However, the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) question still remained whether patients would be receptive to this type of interaction.
F.The results of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )his study give us some confidence that people are ready and willing to engage with us on those fronts.
（2021·上海市敬业中学高三月考） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) It's the best kept secret of modern science: 16 years of the Human Genome Project suggest that genes play little or no role in explaining differences in intelligence. While genes have been found for physical features, such as height or eye colour, they are not the reason you are smarter (or not) than your sisters and brothers. 49．.
Very likely, you w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ill simply not believe this and are sure from your own experience that it's "a bit of both" nature and nurture. But those genes that have been found only explain 1%-5% of any psychological characters.50．. It's something scientists call “missing heritability”. Robert Plomin, one of the world's leading geneticists, told the Guardian last year. "I have been looking for these genes for 15 years and I don't have any."
Of course, babies ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e born different and biological transmission of traits (特征传送) does occur - it's just not genetic. For instance, there is abundant evidence that autism (自闭症) may be due to what happens during pregnancy, prematurity or difficulties during the birth itself.51．. But it has been proven many times over that the right kind of nurture can correct it.
52．. It means that mos ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t babies have the potential to succeed in conventional terms in exams and careers. There is no inherent (先天的) reason why children from low-income families cannot succeed as much as those from affluent homes.
A．Neither are they why ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) you are less smarter than your brothers and sisters
B．Nor are they why you are like your high-achieving or dull parents
C．Your genes decide your achievement
D．This is not just my opinion
E.About a third of babies are born "difficult" for these reasonswww.21-cn-jy.com
F.That it's not genes is extremely good news
（2021·上海市吴淞中学高三期中） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Do Wild Animals Get PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Every few years, snows ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hoe hare numbers in northwestern Canada climb to a peak. As hare populations increase, so do those of their predators. Then the hare population falls suddenly and predators start to die off. The cycle is a famous phenomenon among ecologists.
53． Hare numbers dec ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rease not just because predators eat too many of them. There's another factor: The long-term stress of living while being surrounded by killers. The trauma（创伤）of living through repeated predator chases triggers lasting changes in brain chemistry. Those changes keep the hares from reproducing at normal levels, even after their predators have died off.
And it's not just ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )snowshoe hares, as ecologists Liana Zanette and Michael Clinchy have shown. Zanette and Clinchy, both at the university of Western Ontario, study the ecology of fear. It combines the psychology of trauma with the behavioral ecology of fear in wild animals. 54． The off-springs of frightened song sparrows like those of stressed snowshoe hare, are less likely to survive to adulthood and succeed in reproducing.
These findings add ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to a growing body of evidence which shows that fearful experiences can have long-lasting effects on wildlife. The work is also part of wider debate over whether PTSD is unique to humans.
Studies of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he ecology of fear started in the 1990s. Before then, scientists believed that the impact of a predator on an individual animal was either deadly or fleeting.
55． But resear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ch shows that fear can change the long-term behaviour and psychology of wild animals.
The reasons to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) fear are clear. Recent studies have found that up to 25% of harbor porpoises in the southern North Sea have claw and bite marks from gray seals. Almost 100% of manta rays in some African waters bear multiple bite wounds from sharks.
56．
Some of the most ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dramatic impacts of trauma have been observed in African elephants. Their populations have declined sharply due to poaching and habitat loss. Today, many surviving elephants have witnessed the cruel killing of their mothers and aunts. This has resulted in orphaned elephants running amok as they grow into adolescence.
A．This fear is benefi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cial, because it keeps you alive to bred another day.
B．In recent years, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) however, researchers have come to an unusual conclusion.
C．These surviv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ors may carry memories of terror along with their physical scars.
D．If a zebra ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) escaped the claws of a lion, it would move on and live its life as before.【版权所有：21教育】
E.The same pa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ttern has been shown in wild mice and in fish living with high levels of predator threat.
F.They've found that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fear of predators can cause other wild animals to bear and raise fewer young, too.
（2021·上海·华东师范大学第一附 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )属中学高三期中）How to improve efficiency when working at home？
Distinguish between work and home mode
One of the biggest me ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rits about working from home-slowly moving from bed to the sofa five minutes before you start-can also be your biggest challenge, says Eyre-White.
Don't forget tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t you are there to work--57． .“Switch from home to work mode，she says, by having something you physically do to“flip the switch".Maybe it's walking round the block, making a special kind of tea, or lighting a candle at your desk. It doesn't matter what it is but do it without fail to create a strong association in your mind，”she says.
Be realistic about what you can achieve
“A wide, ope ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n day working from home can feel full of possibilities. l45 things on the to do list？No problem！Don't fall into the trap of being over-ambitious，”says Eyre-White. Instead, she recommends being realistic and then possibly achieving more than you set out to；and feeling satisfied, rather than feeling disappointed you didn't do everything.21教育网
She suggests choos ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing three to five things to do and aim to get the majority done before lunch.“58． .”she recommends.
Work in short bursts
In the office your ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )day is broken up by everything from meetings to water-cooler chats, lunch breaks and even toilet breaks, but when you are sat at home on your own with no face-to-face interaction planned it can be easy to just work for long, unbroken periods.
“59． . Although this ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) can be frustrating，they divide the day up and create natural chunks of time，explains Eyre-White. “In contrast, a day at home can be very unstructured.” In order to be productive, she recommends imposing stricture on yourself. For example, working in 45-60 minute chunks of focused work followed by a short break.“This can be an effective way to break the day up and maintain your concentration levels，”she says.
Manage distractions
Being in an o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ffice gives us a limited number of ways to get distracted but when you start working in a new environment（especially a very familiar one）it can be easy to let yourself get distracted.
“60． .” says Byre-W ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hite. “So proactively manage things which might interrupt your focus.” She explains：“Keep them limited to short breaks in between chunks of focused work.A change of scene is all we need to give our brain a break, and it’s the perfect time to put a load of washing on or empty the dishwasher.”
A．Unless you're se ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lf-isolating，working from home shouldn't mean that you don't leave the house at all or don't see anyone for two weeks.
B．Leave your ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )desk for lunch and take advantage of being at home to walk the dog and blow the cobwebs away for half an hour in the afternoon.
C．There are a lot of potential distractions when we work from home.
D．We all slow down ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) in the mid-afternoon and having a lot of your list under your belt will give you the motivation to power through.
E.When we're in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the office our day is normally broken up with meetings.
F.So set yours ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elf up the right way，get dressed and brush your teeth at the start of the day rather than sitting in your pajamas for eight hours.
（2021·上海市晋元高级中学高三期中）Kindness: Nature or Nurture
It is a typi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cal scene in a preschool classroom: Daniel and Helen are each happily playing with their own toys when Helen suddenly eyes Daniel's toy and wants it, and she wants it NOW. Daniel sees Helen's desire for his toy and kindly extends it to her. Helen snatches the toy, declaring “Mine！"and runs off across the classroom to show off her new toy to her other friends. Daniel does not mind.
In this scene, Da ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )niel displays prosocial behavior, which is characterized by concern for others and an intention to help them. Helen, on the other hand, demonstrated selfish behavior. 61．. Alternatively, was there some kind of genetic factor that made Daniel inherently generous and Helen naturally greedy As it turns out, the development of prosocial behavior is a matter of both nature and nurture.
Nature and nurture ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) work together constantly. One of the ways nature and nurture are linked is through oxytocin, a hormone with a wide array of targets throughout the human body. 62．. In humans, natural oxytocin levels are related to feelings of love and trust in intimate relationships both between parent and child and between romantic partners. They are also associated with empathy and subsequent generosity toward strangers. When oxytocin is administered intra-nasally in human subjects, researchers usually observe an increase in generosity, trust, eye gaze, and the ability to infer the emotions of others.
63． . While both H ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )elen and Daniel have oxytocin circulating in their bodies, they may have different forms of the receptor specific to this hormone. Researchers studying the gene for the oxytocin receptor have identified three different forms, called polymorphisms: AA, AG and GG. People with the GG polymorphism tend to be empathetic compared to those with the AA or AG polymorphism.
However, gene ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tic difference is better described as a tendency toward a particular type of behavior. 64． . This is where the influence of parenting comes in. But what does this have to do with oxytocin When parents are given oxytocin, it leads to the release of natural oxytocin in their infants. Affectionate touch of and play with their children trigger oxytocin release in parents, activating brain circuits devoted to care giving.
A．Was/it because of the way the two were raised
B．It is the environment that shapes how genes are expressed.【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
C．The intimate bonds ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )and activities of parental care increase oxytocin.
D．The reason why ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Helen and Daniel responded differently to the situation above can be explained in part by genetics.
E.If scientific ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) research has identified a gene that can influence our empathy, does that mean Helen was driven by greed 21·世纪*教育网
F.It is best kn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )own for its role in childbirth, but recent studies have revealed its importance in the regulation of social behavior.
（2021·上海奉贤区致远高级中学高三期中）Virtual (虚拟) Teams
Virtual team ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s are a great way to enable teamwork in situations where people are not sitting in the same office at the same time. 65． This is particularly so for businesses that use virtual teams to build global presence, or need less common skills or knowledge from people who are unwilling to travel.
Virtual team ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s are governed by the same basic principles as traditional teams. 72 It is the way the team members communicate. They rely on special communication channels enabled by modern technologies, such as emails, faxes, and teleconferences, and alike. Due to more limited communication channels, the success of virtual teams is much more sensitive to the type of project the group works on, what people are selected, and how the team is managed.
66． One challenging ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) case is the projects that rely heavily on integrated work. That is to say, when each person’s work depends significantly on what someone else is doing at the same moment, like in a sports team, there is an ongoing heavy exchange of information in real time, and the tasks have to go through a strict order within a short time.
Not everyone can perf ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )orm well in a virtual team environment. 67．Another important quality is communication skills. The team members must be able to communicate clearly and positively. Managers of virtual teams need to pay much more attention to having clear goals, performance standards, and communication rules. People have various assumptions on what to expect from each other. 68．
One of the big ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gest challenges of virtual teams is building trust between the team members. Trust is important for unblocking communication between members and increasing motivation of each person in the team. The issue of trust needs special attention at any stage of team existence.
A．To avoid m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )isunderstanding, clear rules that everyone understands and agrees on are necessary.
B．Not every type of project is suitable for a virtual team.
C．A virtual team can choose whatever project they like to work on.
D．The members must be self-motivated and able to work independently.www-2-1-cnjy-com
E.Such teams are now ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )widely used by companies and organizations to cut business costs.
F.Members of virtua ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l teams communicate quite well although they never meet face-to-face.
（2021·上海·复旦附中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )高三月考） The factors that cause youth unemployment often differ among regions and labor systems. In much of Western Europe overemphasized labor protection makes it more difficult for youths to land good jobs. Since firing full-time workers is so complicated and expensive, employers are unwilling to take on new staff, while people who are already employed, mainly older workers, often keep their jobs for life. In developing countries with high birthrates and very young populations, like the Philippines, growth isn't strong enough to absorb the wave of youngsters entering the workforce each year. 69．Young people entering the workforce are often the most vulnerable in economic downturns - new employees are often the first to get sacked(被解雇) , while college graduates find few employers willing to hire.
70．In Spain, I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )taly and Japan, for instance, companies looking to gain flexibility in regulated labor markets often offer new, young staffers only short-term contracts. These contracts, which sometimes last for only a few days, usually come with low salaries and few benefits. Since such staff is temporary, employers have little intention to invest in training.
Facing such obstacles, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) young people everywhere are finding that traditional route to success -education - isn't paying off as much as in the past. 71．They will often be offered low-skilled jobs from waiters to supermarket clerks. A March report from the UK's Office for National Statistics showed that the share of recent college graduates in Britain working in lower-skilled jobs rose to nearly 36% in 2011 from less then 27% a decade earlier. 72．Typical is Cairo's Ahmed Said. He graduated from college with a business degree, and after performing the obligatory year of military service, he applied for jobs in accounting and data entry. But Said, 24, had no luck, and today he works as a waiter at a cafe near Tahrir Square. “This was my last choice” he says, “and this is the job that I get.”
A．Young graduates ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )often find themselves competing with more-experienced workers.
B．More and more coll ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ege graduates are forced to take jobs below their skill level.
C．They started appl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ying for any positions they could find in other countries.
D．In some parts of t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he world, such jobs are all that is available to college graduates.
E.Yet youth unemployment also has common roots throughout the world.
F.Those youn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )g workers who do find employment are often trapped in awful contracts.
（2021·上海·曹杨二中模拟预测）Elephants On The Move
Over the past couple ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )weeks, like many, I have been keeping close tabs on the wandering Asian elephants in southwest Yunnan Province.
73． A total of 14 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )4 emergency personnel and police have been deployed, as well as 139 dump trucks, 22 bulldozers, 70 emergency vehicles and 13 drones capable of real-time surveillance. More than 3,400 people from 1,329 households have been relocated, and 1 ton of food has been handed out.
To divert the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) elephants from densely populated towns and cities, local people have erected barriers in some places and installed electronic fences in others. To ensure the fences are safe, workers initially tested them on themselves. Most of the time people resort to more subtle tactics, such as leaving trucks of maize and pineapples in select locations to lead the animals to less- inhabited areas.
74．
Promoting an ecol ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ogical civilization has always been high on the government’s agenda. Since 1958 when the country set up one of its earliest national nature reserves in Xishuangbanna to protect elephants, more than 10 new reserves have been created, covering 4,253 square kilometers.
75． The elephant ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s used to feed on sugar cane and maize, which are being replaced by pineapples and dragon fruits planted by local farmers. The change suggests the elephant-human relationship may be positive.
Thanks to pro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tective measures, over the past three decades the number of wild Asian elephants in Yunnan has doubled from 150 to 300. During the 1990s, they were primarily found in 14 towns, but this number has grown to 55.
The gradual expansion ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of the species over a larger area, while a sign of improving ecology, also fuels the need for more food, which increases instances of encroachment (蚕食) on farmers’ plants. Local governments are studying how to compensate farmers who have suffered losses as a result of the migrating pachyderms.
76．
A．For one thing, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the information is a testament to the meticulous (小心翼翼的) efforts local governments have made to ensure safe passage for the migrating mammals.
B．In a certain sen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )se, all these facts and figures speak volumes for the heightened ecological awareness and capacities of local governments and people.
C．The effectivenes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s of these efforts can be seen in their dietary changes.
D．In a dramatic way, t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he elephants’ tour is educational, offering researchers and residents alike an intimate glimpse of their behavioral patterns.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
E.As the gia ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nts continue their tour, they would be noted by more people, with a strong ecological message about people and elephants living in harmony.
F.Thanks to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )coordinated efforts between local governments, a lot of timely measures have been taken.
（2021·上海·复旦附中高三月考） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )The majority of the nearly 2 billion pounds of pumpkins cultivated in the US each year are carved up instead of being eaten, making the pumpkins a unique part of the agriculture industry. For people who prefer seasonal recipes to decorations, that may raise a few questions: Are the pumpkins sold for jack-o'-lantens different from punpkins sold as food 77．
The pumpkins availa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ble at farms and outside supermarkets during October are what most people know, but that's just one type of pumpkin. Howden pumpkins are the most common decorative pumpkin variety. They've been bred specifically for carving into jack-o'-lanterns, with a symmetrical (对称的) round shape and tough stem that acts as a handle.
78． They have wa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lls that are thin enough to poke a cheap knife through and a texture that's unappealing compared to the pumpkins consumers are used to eating. “Uncut carving pumpkins are safe to eat; however, it's not the best type to use for cooking,” Daria McKelvey, a supervisor for the Kemper Center for Home Gardening at the Missouri Botanical Garden, tells Mental Floss.
To get the best ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )-tasting pumpkins possible this autumn, you're better off avoiding the seasonal supermarket displays. Many pumpkins varieties are bred especially for cooking and eating. These include Sugar pie, Kabocha, and Cinderella pumpkins. You can shop for those varieties by name at local farms or in the produce section of your grocery store. They should be easy to tell apart from the carving pumpkins available for Halloween: 79． This is part of the reason why they taste better.
If you do want to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )get some cooking use out of your carving pumpkins this Halloween, set aside the seeds when picking out the guts. Roasted with flavors and olive oil, seeds from different pumpkin varieties become a tasty and nutritious snack. 80． There are many ways to recycle your jack-o'-lanterns, but turning them into a pie isn't one of them. “If one does plan on cooking with a carving pumpkin, it should be intact,” McKelvey says. “Never use one that's been carved into a jack-o'-lantern, otherwise you could be dealing with bacteria, dirt and dust.”
A．Whatever y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ou do, make sure your pumpkin isn't carved up already when you decide to cook with it.
B．Do Hallowee ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n pumpkins have the tendency to replace those used for eating in the long run
C．Because they're b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )red to be decoration first, carving pumpkins don't taste very good.
D．A pumpkin used ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) for cooking and eating is grown for the flavor, featuring a texture popular among consumers.
E.Unlike decorative pumpkins, cooking pumpkins are small and dense.
F.And are Halloween pumpkins any good to eat
（2021·上海市七宝中学高三月考） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Some people actually read to get sleepy. But in general, we do not want to fall asleep while reading a book or studying. Reading books was taught to us as an activity that should be done in our spare time. 81．. We recommend you read a book for at least half an hour a day. Remember, the most important and healthy food that can improve your brain is the book.
Many people, even ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )if they are enthusiastic about reading, start to fall asleep after reading for a while. 82．. However, the books we read in our childhood to put us to sleep created a wrong perception. Ever since we were little, we read books to sleep and we were told stories. An application such as falling asleep by reading a book is among the main reasons for this situation. The question of why we feel sleepy while reading a book is confusing for many people. Let’s consider the answer to this question together.
83．. If you try t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o read a book at an hour when you are tired both physically and mentally, you will cause your body to spend more energy. Inevitably, people get sleepy when reading a book at night.
According to expert ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s, the act of reading a book causes the brain and eyes to work hard, causing sleepiness after a while. While following the words on the pages and transforming them into meaningful sentences by interpreting the letters, both the brain and the eyes exert effort. 84．.
A．This action, w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hich requires intense work of the brain and eyes, causes sleep after a while.
B．However, it is one of our most important needs, as human beings.
C．Therefore, the reading environment should be chosen correctly.
D．It is necessary to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) accept that reading a book is a job that requires energy
E.There are many different factors that can cause this situation.
F.There are peop ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )le among us who are eager to read books and have made it a habit.
（2021·上海奉贤区致远高级中学高三月 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )考） Adolescents refer to boys and girls at high-school level—more specifically the second, third and forth years of high schools. In dealing with students at this level, we must bear in mind that to some degree they are at the difficult stage, generally called adolescence.
Students at thi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s level are likely to be confused mentally. They usually find it hard to concentrate on what they intend to do and often have romantic dreams. 85． They lack frankness and are usually very easily affected by their own emotions but hate to admit it. They are driven either by greater ambition, probably beyond their capability, or by extreme laziness caused by the fear of not succeeding or achieving objectives. 86．. They are willing to work, but they hate to work without obtaining the result they think they should obtain.
Regarding school i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ssues, although they seldom say so, they really want to be consulted and given an opportunity to direct their own affairs, but they need a good amount of guidance. They seldom admit that they need this guidance and they frequently rebel against it. But if it’s intelligently offered they accept it with enthusiasm. As to personal beliefs, most of adolescents are trying to form political ideals and they have a tendency to be sometimes extremely idealistic, and at other times conventional, blindly accepting what their fathers and grandfathers believed in. 87．. On the one hand they are too modest and on the other hand unreasonably boastful. They tend to be influenced more by a strong character than by great intelligence.
88．. Having a better ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )understanding of the characteristics and needs of young people at this age is a task that falls both on educators and other people involved. It may also help the young go through this difficult and critical stage of life in a more constructive manner.
A．The critical abilities are beginning to develop in adolescence.
B．Their view on life usually falls on two extremes.
C．Of all periods of l ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ife, this is what may best be called the “plastic age”.
D．They are basically timid or self-conscious.
E.Despite that, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) it is also in this period that strong ties between teachers and students develop.
F.Fundamenta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lly they want to be kept busy but they refuse to admit it.
（2021·上海市南洋模范中学高三期中） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years.The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul（全面修订）of immigration rules for farm workers.
Congress has obstru ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cted（阻挠）efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S.and change jobs within the industry.89． .
Perhaps half of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants.As fewer such workers enter the country，the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today's farm laborers.while still predominantly born in Mexico，are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single.They're also aging. At the start of this century，about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35.Now more than half are.And picking crops is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it's been all along：Native U.S.workers won't be returning to the farm.
Mechanizatio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n isn't the answer，either--not yet，at least. Production of corn，cotton，rice，soybeans，and wheat has been largely mechanized，but many high-value，labor-intensive crops，such as strawberries，need labor.90． .
As a result，farms ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce.Starting around 20l2，requests for the visas rose sharply；from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.
91． . Even so，empl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oyers complain they aren't given all the workers they need.The process is cumbersome，expensive，and unreliable.One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late.The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids，which remove some workers and drive others underground.
In a 2012 surv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ey，71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor.Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico.92． . Little more than a 中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
编者小注：
本专辑专为2022年上海新高考英语二轮总复习及1月春考准备。
说说编写思路：
版块一：冲刺讲义10讲，注重方法性学习 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，对于知识的拆解全面到位，选题主要根据上海官方公布的近五年级春秋考真题试题为主，近两年一二模测试及今年最新期中试题为辅。
版块二：专练8讲，注重常考题型，高频考点的训练，数十篇选材均选于近两年上海高三四校、八金刚及十三名校之真题21cnjy.com
版块三：模拟满分卷4套，供大家在完成以上讲练后进行整体测试，满分140分。
希望助上海的莘莘学子在求学路上一臂之力。
专练5：六选四特训30篇（详解版）
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、六选四
（2021·上海徐汇·二模）The Rise of Microchipping
On August 1, 2017, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) workers at Three Square Market, a company specializing in vending machines, lined up in the office cafeteria to be implanted with microchips. One after another, they held out a hand to a tattooist who pushed a rice-grain sized implant into the flesh between their thumb and forefinger. The group implant event, organized by company management, fitted into Three Square Market’s longer-term vision of a cashless payment system for their vending machines — workplace snacks purchased with a flick of the wrist. The televised “chipping party” was picked up by media outlets from Moscow to Sydney. 1． After the event, Three Square Market’s Google reviews page was flooded with one-star ratings.www-2-1-cnjy-com
For Jowan sterlund, w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hose company Biohax provided the service, microchip implants were not radical or even novel. He has lived with one for years and has implanted hundreds of other young, tech-savvy (技术大咖) Swedes. 2． They have used their implants to gain access to their co-working spaces, pay for gym membership, and even to ride the train. But are the people of the world ready for technology to start getting under their skin
Microchip implants ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )are essentially cylindrical (长圆形的) bar codes that, when scanned, transmit a unique signal through a layer of skin. 3． Today, Biohax is aiming to simplify identity and access in the digital world, offering a replacement to the seemingly endless collection of passwords, keys, tickets and cards that clutter our lives. Jowan’s friend Hannes Sj blad has his own microchip-focused business. He believes that by placing a device under the skin, instead of wearing it like a Fitbit, data collection will be greatly improved.
But Urs Gass ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er at Harvard University believes that extending beyond the Swedish tech-hub environment to a broader market will be legally and morally difficult. In his view, Three Square Market’s chipping event actually symbolizes the imbalances of power in the workplace. Are you a person being paid for your work, or are you the property of the company you work for
Ifeoma Ajunwa at Corn ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ell University adds that it is crucial to consider the implications of this technology in the context of increasing worker surveillance (管制). 4． This seems to blur the line between work and family life,” she said.
A．Microchips will ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )deepen this dynamic, as they “literally go with the worker whenever they go”.
B．Chipping, t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hereby, has swept across the globe with its magnetic appeal.
C．Not all of the attention was positive, however.
D．Mostly, th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ey have been used to organize warehouses or identify lost pets.
E.Conquered by the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) “almighty” microchips, workers may no longer be their own masters.
F.For this commun ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ity, the chip signifies an all-in-one combination of biology and technology.
【标准答案】
1．C
2．F
3．D
4．A
【思路点拨】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了微芯片的兴起标志着生物学和技术的一体化的结合，对于人们未来的生活影响深远。
1．
根据上文“The televis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed “chipping party” was picked up by media outlets from Moscow to Sydney. (从莫斯科到悉尼，各大媒体都报道了这场“芯片派对”)”可知，媒体对这场芯片派对进行了报道。根据下文“ After the event, Three Square Market’s Google reviews page was flooded with one-star ratings. (活动结束后，Three Square Market的谷歌评论页面充斥着一星评级)”可知，这场活动的效果不好。由此可知，C. Not all of the attention was positive, however.(然而，并非所有的关注都是正面的)承上启下，符合语境。故选C。
2．
根据上文“He has lived wi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )th one for years and has implanted hundreds of other young, tech-savvy (技术大咖) Swedes.(他植入一个芯片多年了，数百名年轻的、精通科技的瑞典人也植入了芯片)”和下文“They have used their implants to gain access to their co-working spaces, pay for gym membership, and even to ride the train. (他们用植入物来获得共享办公空间，支付健身房会员费，甚至坐火车)”可知，Jowan sterlund对于芯片植入很有经验，这里谈的是对于植入芯片的人群来说，把生物学和科技联系在了一起。由此可知，F. For this community, the chip signifies an all-in-one combination of biology and technology.(对这个社区来说，芯片意味着生物和技术的一体化)承上启下，符合语境，选项中this community承接上文，an all-in-one combination of biology and technology引起下文。故选F。
3．
根据上文“Microchip implan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts are essentially cylindrical (长圆形的) bar codes that, when scanned, transmit a unique signal through a layer of skin. (芯片植入物本质上是圆柱形条形码，当扫描时，通过一层皮肤传输独特的信号)”和下文“Today, Biohax is aiming to simplify identity and access in the digital world, offering a replacement to the seemingly endless collection of passwords, keys, tickets and cards that clutter our lives. (今天，Biohax的目标是简化数字世界的身份和访问，提供一种替代似乎无穷无尽的密码、钥匙、票和卡的收集，使我们的生活凌乱不堪)”可知，这里谈的是微芯片的用途。由此可知，D. Mostly, they have been used to organize warehouses or identify lost pets.(大多数情况下，它们被用来管理仓库或识别丢失的宠物)也是讲微芯片的用途，符合本段语境。故选D。
4．
根据上文“Ifeoma A ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )junwa at Cornell University adds that it is crucial to consider the implications of this technology in the context of increasing worker surveillance(管制).(康奈尔大学(Cornell University)的Ifeoma Ajunwa补充说，在加强工人监控的背景下考虑这项技术的影响至关重要) ”可知，下文谈的应该是这项技术对管理工人的意义。由此可知，A. Microchips will deepen this dynamic, as they “literally go with the worker whenever they go”.(微芯片将深化这种动态，因为它们“实际上是随员工走的”)符合语境，其中出现的worker属于原词复现。故选A。
（2021·上海市进才中学高三月考） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) Chinese paleontologists have identified at least two new species of massive dinosaurs that once wandered the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in northwestern China some 130 million years ago.
The newly-revealed bon ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )es belonged to a group of long-necked plant-eating dinosaurs that include titanosaurs, according to the study published Thursday in the peer-reviewed journal Scientific Reports. 5．. And the notable species like the Patagotitan mayorum estimated to be as long as 37 meters long.
The two dinosaurs rev ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ealed in Thursday’s study are the first of their kind of be found in the Turpan-Hami Basin in Xinjiang. Their discovered adds to the evidence that the region hosted rich biodiversity during the Cretaceous period that ended some 66 million years ago, according to the researchers.
Wang Xiaolin, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the study’s lead author, told Sixth Tone that they unearthed the fossils between 2008 and 2016 in the vast areas of the Gobi Desert in the Turpan-Hami Basin. 6．.
“There are just so ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )many pterosaur fossils in the region, even their eggs and embryos,” said Wang, a paleontologist at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleo-anthropology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. “7．. So we didn’t have the time to deal with the dinosaur bones discovered at the same time.”
Although a lar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ge desert now, Wang assumed that the basin was once home to a huge lake and rich vegetation, supporting billions of prehistoric animals.
One of the dinosaurs ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mentioned in the study, although incomplete, is thought to be of a large animal stretching over 20 meters. Researchers have named it Silutitan sinensis, after the ancient Silk Road trade route that crossed Xinjiang.
8．. The Hamititan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is estimated to be at least 17 meters long, researchers said.
“It’s very difficu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lt to find complete fossils of large dinosaurs,” Wang said, explaining that the Gobi Desert’s environment weathers fossils quickly.
Researchers also ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) found several other dinosaur bones in the region, but the specimens offered scant information by which to be identified, according to die study.
A．In some areas, you can find at least one sample per square meter.
B．However, i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t was previously believed that that species had not spread to East Asia.
C．Titanosaurs w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ere among the largest dinosaurs known to have ever existed on Earth.
D．Meanwhile, t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he second species has been named Hamititan xinjiangensis, after the city where the dinosaur was discovered.
E.They were then dig ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ging fossils of pterosaurs, an extinct winged reptile that coexisted with dinosaurs millions of years ago.
F.I’m convinced t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hat more dinosaur fossils, including footprints, bones or eggs, could be discovered in the province in the future.
【标准答案】
5．C
6．E
7．A
8．D
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。介绍了中 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )国古生物学家在新疆境内新发现两种大型恐龙骨骼，他们的发现进一步证明，该地区在大约6600万年前结束的白垩纪时期拥有丰富的生物多样性。
5．
该空上一句“The newl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y-revealed bones belonged to a group of long-necked plant-eating dinosaurs that include titanosaurs, according to the study published Thursday in the peer-reviewed journal Scientific Reports.( 根据周四发表在同行评审期刊《科学报告》上的研究，新发现的骨骼属于一组长颈食草恐龙，其中包括泰坦龙)”提到新发现骨骼其中之一是泰坦龙，C项内容表示泰坦龙是是地球上已知的体型最大的恐龙之一，下一句“And the notable species like the Patagotitan mayorum estimated to be as long as 37 meters long.(而像Patagotitan mayorum这样著名的物种估计长达37米)，继续例举大型恐龙的体长数据，所以C项内容契合上下文。故选C项。
6．
根据上文“Wang Xiaolin, t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he study’s lead author, told Sixth Tone that they unearthed the fossils between 2008 and 2016 in the vast areas of the Gobi Desert in the Turpan-Hami Basin.( 该研究的主要作者王晓林告诉《Six Stone》，他们在2008年至2016年期间在吐鲁番-哈密盆地戈壁沙漠的广大地区发掘了这些化石)”，考古人员在隔壁发现恐龙化石，E项中then承接上文表示他们之后继续发掘pterosaurs翼龙，而下文“There are just so many pterosaur fossils in the region, even their eggs and embryos(该地区有很多翼龙化石，甚至包括它们的卵和胚胎)”继续提到该地区有翼龙化石，所以E项内容承上启下，符合语境。故选E项。
7．
根据上一句“There are just ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )so many pterosaur fossils in the region, even their eggs and embryos(该地区有很多翼龙化石，甚至包括它们的卵和胚胎)”提到该地区有那么多so many翼龙化石，A项内容表示几乎每个平方米范围内就能发现一个样本，对应上文中的so many。故选A项。
8．
上文“One of the din ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )osaurs mentioned in the study, although incomplete, is thought to be of a large animal stretching over 20 meters. Researchers have named it Silutitan sinensis, after the ancient Silk Road trade route that crossed Xinjiang.(研究中提到的一种恐龙，虽然不完整，但被认为是一种伸展超过20米的大型动物。研究人员将其命名为Silutitan sinensis，以穿越新疆的古代丝绸之路贸易路线命名)”D项中the second species 呼应上文中的one of…，Hamititan xinjiangensis与下一句对Hamititan的继续描写“The Hamititan is estimated to be at least 17 meters long, researchers said”呼应。故选D项。
（2021·上海市实验学校高三月考） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
9． Galileo w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )as not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why Why Why ”
Fortunately, curio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sity and discontent don't have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man.” said Mencius, “is he who does not lose his child's heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. 10． We jus follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark. to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )people, and new ideas,with hesitation. 11． We will probably have to force ourselves to awaken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )start Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn't arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts. writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuse. You haven't any special ability Most people don't: there are only a few geniuses. You haven't any time 12． Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom's Cabin while cooking. You' re too old Remember Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78
However you start, rem ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ember there is no better time to start then right now. for you'll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
A．We stop challenging custom.
B．That's goo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d, because it's always the people with no time who get things done.
C．Either curiosity or discontent makes human being move forward.
D．These deep human urges count for much more than ambition.
E.But once havi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance.
F.Discontent made the great names unsatisfied.
【标准答案】
9．D
10．A
11．E
12．B
【思路点拨】
这是一篇议论文。短文论述了获得成就的两个因素——好奇心和不满足。
9．
根据下文“Galileo was not ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why Why Why ””（伽利略不仅雄心勃勃，他把不同重量的物体从比萨斜塔上扔下，并计时让它们落地。像伽利略一样，历史上所有伟大的人物都感到好奇，并不满地问:“为什么 为什么 为什么 ”）由此可知,下文在解释上文的选项，说明说人类内心深处的驱策力比野心重要得多。deep human urges呼应curious。D选项“人类内心深处的驱策力比野心重要得多”切题。故选D项。
10．
根据上文“Yet most ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) of us do lose it. We stop asking questions”（然而，我们大多数人确实失去了“童心”。我们不再问问题）根据下文“We just follow the crowd.”（我们只是随波逐流）由此可知，选项与上下文为并列关系，一同说明人们失去“童心”的表现。A选项“我们不再挑战习俗”切题。故选A项。
11．
根据上文“Most of us mee ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t new people, and new ideas,with hesitation”（我们大多数人遇到新朋友、产生想法时都会犹豫）根据下文“We will probably have to force ourselves to awaken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.”（我们可能不得不强迫自己唤醒我们的好奇心和不满足，并让它们保持清醒。）由此可知，选项与上文为转折关系，说明遇到新朋友、产生想法时的想法。且承接下文。having met and liked them呼应meet new people, and new ideas。E选项“但一旦遇见并喜欢上他们，我们就会想，如果我们错过了这个机会，那该有多糟糕”切题。故选E项。
12．
根据上文“One way to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) begin is to answer your own excuse. You haven't any special ability Most people don't: there are only a few geniuses. You haven't any time ”（一个开始的方法就是回答你自己的借口。你没有什么特殊能力吗？大多数人没有，只有少数的天才才有。你没有时间吗？）可知，选项要回答前文的问题。no time呼应haven't any time。B选项“这很好，因为总是那些没有时间的人把事情做完。”切题。故选B项。
（2021·上海·模拟预测）First Impressions Count
Traditionally ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) uniforms were — and for some industries still are — manufactured to protect the worker. When they were first designed, it is also likely that all uniforms made symbolic sense — those for the military, for example, were originally intended to impress and even terrify the enemy; other uniforms denoted a hierarchy.
13．. Particularly in ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“customer facing” industries, and especially in financial services and retailing. From uniforms and workwear has emerged “corporate clothing”. “The people you employ are your ambassadors,” says Peter Griffin, managing director of a major retailer in the UK. “What they say, how they look, and how they behave is terribly important.” The result is a new way of looking at corporate workwear. From being a simple means of identifying who is a member of the staff, the uniform is emerging as a new channel of marketing communication.
Truly effective marke ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ting through visual cues such as uniforms is a subtle art, however. Wittingly or unwittingly, how we look sends all sorts of powerful subliminal messages to other people. Dark colors give an aura of authority while lighter pastel shades suggest approachability. Certain dress style creates a sense of conservatism, others a sense of openness to new ideas. 14．.
A successful unifo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rm needs to balance two key sets of needs. On the one hand, no uniform will work if the staff feel uncomfortable or ugly. Giving the wearers a choice has become a key element in the way corporate clothing is introduced and managed. On the other, it is pointless if the look doesn’t express the business’s marketing strategy. 15．.When it comes to human perceptions, first impressions count. Customers will size up the way the staff look in just a few seconds, and that few seconds will color their attitudes from then on. Those few seconds can be so important that big companies are prepared to invest years, and millions of pounds, getting them right.
16．. Some banks have y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )et to introduce a full corporate look; police forces are researching a completely new look for the 21st century. And many employees now welcome a company wardrobe. A recent survey of the staff found that 90 percent welcomed having clothing which reflected the corporate identity.
A．Chefs wore white ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) because they work with flour, but the main chef wore a black hat to show he supervised
B．Huge invest ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ments have been made in new systems, information technology and amassing quality assurance accreditations
C．The greatest challenge in this respect is time
D．Neatness can suggest ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) efficiency but, if it is overdone, it can spill over and indicate an obsession with power
E.Corporate clothing does have potential for further growth
F.The last 30 year ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s, however, have seen an increasing emphasis on their role in protecting the image of an organization and in uniting the workforce into a homogeneous unit
【标准答案】
13．F
14．D
15．C
16．E
【思路点拨】
这是一篇说明文。本文介绍的是制服的由来和在当代的发展，以及制服的作用。
13．
根据上文“When th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ey were first designed, it is also likely that all uniforms made symbolic sense — those for the military, for example, were originally intended to impress and even terrify the enemy; other uniforms denoted a hierarchy.(当它们最初被设计出来的时候，也很可能所有的制服都具有象征意义——例如那些为军队设计的制服，最初是为了给敌人留下深刻印象，甚至是恐吓他们；其他制服表示等级制度)”可知，制服最初因为其具有象征意义，并不被人重视。根据下文“From being a simple means of identifying who is a member of the staff, the uniform is emerging as a new channel of marketing communication.(制服从一种简单的识别员工身份的方法，逐渐成为一种新的营销传播渠道)”可知，人们对待制服的态度有了转变，制服开始象征一个组织的形象并发挥了将工作人员团结成一个同质单位方面的作用。故F选项“然而，在过去的30年里，人们越来越重视他们在保护组织形象和将员工团结成一个同质单位方面的作用”符合语境。故选F项。
14．
根据上文“Truly effectiv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e marketing through visual cues such as uniforms is a subtle art, however. Wittingly or unwittingly, how we look sends all sorts of powerful subliminal messages to other people. Dark colors give an aura of authority while lighter pastel shades suggest approachability. Certain dress style creates a sense of conservatism, others a sense of openness to new ideas.(然而，通过制服等视觉线索进行真正有效的营销是一门微妙的艺术。 无论有意还是无意，我们的外表都会向他人传递各种强大的潜意识信息。深色给人一种权威的感觉，而较浅的柔和色调则表明平易近人。某些服装风格会给人一种保守的感觉，另一些则会给人一种接受新思想的开放感)”可知，上文提到了制服的颜色和风格带给人的感受，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明制服带给人的感受。故选项“整洁可以暗示效率，但如果过分整洁，就会溢出来，表明对权力的痴迷”符合语境，故选D。
15．
根据后文“When it ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )comes to human perceptions, first impressions count. Customers will size up the way the staff look in just a few seconds, and that few seconds will color their attitudes from then on. Those few seconds can be so important that big companies are prepared to invest years, and millions of pounds, getting them right.(说到人类的感知，第一印象很重要。顾客只需几秒钟就能判断出员工的长相，而这几秒钟将影响他们今后的态度。这几秒钟的时间是如此重要，以至于大公司准备投入数年乃至数百万英镑的时间来正确把握这几秒钟)”可知，后文提到了几秒钟给人带来的第一印象的重要性，可推测是在说明时间的重要性。故选项“在这方面最大的挑战是时间”符合语境，故选C。
16．
根据下文“Some banks ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) have yet to introduce a full corporate look; police forces are researching a complete new look for the 21st century.(一些银行尚未推出完整的企业形象;警察部队正在研究面向21世纪的全新面貌)”可推知，企业服装有进一步增长的潜力。故E选项“企业服装有进一步增长的潜力”符合语境。故选E。
（2021·上海市晋元高级中学高三月考）AI In the Future Workplace
Artificial Intellig ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ence is making its way into business. As our special report this week explains, firms of all types are exploiting AI to forecast demand, hire workers and deal with customers. In 2017 companies spent around $22 billion on AI-related mergers and acquisitions, about 26 times more than in 2015. The McKinsey Global Institute, a think-tank within a consultancy, claims that just applying AI to marketing, sales and supply chains could create economic value, including profits and efficiencies, of $2.7 billion over the next 20 years. 17．.
Such forecasts fuel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )anxiety as well as hope. Start with the benefits. AI ought to improve productivity. Humanyze collects data from employees' calendars and e-mails to work out, say, whether office layouts favor teamwork. 18． Employees will gain, too. Thanks to the progress in computer vision. AI can check that workers are wearing safety equipment and that no one has been harmed on the factory floor. Some will appreciate more feedback on their work and welcome a sense of how to do better.
Yet AI's benefits w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ill come with many potential drawbacks. Algorithms (计算程序) may not be free of the prejudices of their programmers. 19． The length of a commute (通勤) may predict whether an employee will quit a job, but this focus may harm poorer applicants. Older staff might work more slowly than younger ones and could risk losing their positions if all AI looks for is efficiency.
20． If your s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )kills are in demand, you are more likely to be able to resist than if you are easy to replace. Paid-by-the-hour workers in low-wage industries such as retailing will be especially subject to harm. That could fuel protest of labor unions seeking to represent employees' interests and to set regulations. Even then, the choice in some jobs will be between being replaced by a robot or being treated like one.
A．They can also have unintended consequences.
B．Some peopl ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e are better placed than others to stop employers going too far.
C．These numbers are so ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) impressive that we can't help feeling afraid of the power of AI.
D．However, some ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )small companies may not have enough money to be equipped with AI technology.
E.Slack, a workplace ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) messaging app, helps managers assess how quickly employees accomplish tasks.
F.Google's bo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ss has gone so far as to declare that AI will do more for humanity than fire or electricity.
【标准答案】
17．F
18．E
19．A
20．B
【思路点拨】
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了人工智能在未来工作中的应用的优点和缺点。
17．
根据上文“The McKin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sey Global Institute, a think-tank within a consultancy, claims that just applying AI to marketing, sales and supply chains could create economic value, including profits and efficiencies, of $2.7 billion over the next 20 years. (麦肯锡全球研究所，一家咨询公司的智囊团，声称仅仅将人工智能应用于营销、销售和供应链就可以在未来20年创造27亿美元的经济价值，包括利润和效率)”可知，选项与上文为并列关系，继续引用他人的观点说明人工智能的益处。故F选项“谷歌的老板甚至宣称，人工智能将为人类带来比火和电更多的好处”切题。故选F项。
18．
根据上文“Humanyze colle ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cts data from employees' calendars and e-mails to work out, say, whether office layouts favor teamwork. (Humanyze从员工的日历和电子邮件中收集数据，以确定办公室布局是否有利于团队合作)”可知，不同的人工智能起着不同的作用，提高了生产力。所以选项会继续介绍不同的人工智能。故E选项“Slack是一款工作场所信息应用程序，帮助管理者评估员工完成任务的速度”切题。故选E项。
19．
根据上文“Algorithms(计算程 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )序)may not be free of the prejudices of their programmers. (计算程序可能无法摆脱程序员的偏见)”可知，选项承接上文，说明会带来不好的后果。故A选项“它们也可能产生意料之外的后果”切题，the prejudices呼应unintended consequences。故选A项。
20．
根据下文“If your ski ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lls are in demand, you are more likely to be able to resist than if you are easy to replace. (如果市场需要你的技能，那么你就比那些可被轻易取代的人更可能抵挡住这种趋势)”可知，选项承接下文，stop employers going too far呼应you are more likely to be able to resist than if you are easy to replace。故B选项“一些人会比其他人更有底气让雇主不要做得太过头”切题。故选B项。
（2021·上海黄浦·二模）AI could help us deconstruct the magic of music
We all know ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that music is a powerful influencer. 21． Fitness without a warm-blooded song would be boring. But is there a way to quantify these reactions And if so, could they be reverse-engineered and put to use
In a new paper, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )researchers at the University of Southern California mapped out how things like tone, rhythm, and harmony cause different types of brain activity, physiological reactions (heat, sweat, and changes in electrical response), and emotions(happiness or sadness), and how machine learning could use those relationships to predict how people might respond to a new piece of music. The results, presented at a conference on the intersections of computer science and art, show how we may one day be able to engineer targeted musical experiences for purposes ranging from therapy to movies.
22． “Once we understa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd how media can affect our various emotions, then we can try to productively use it for actually supporting or enhancing human experiences,” says Shrikanth Narayanan, a professor at USC and the principal investigator in the lab.
The researcher ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s first searched music streaming sites for songs with very few plays, tagged either “happy” or “sad.” 23． Two reliably caused sadness and one reliably caused happiness. One hundred participants who hadn’t heard the songs before split into two groups, listened to all three pieces, and either took a special scan or wore pulse, heat, and electricity sensors on their skin and rated the intensity of their emotions on a scale of 0 to 10. The researchers then fed the data, along with 74 features for each song, into several machine-learning mathematical steps and examined which features were the strongest predictors of responses. They found, for example, that the brightness of a song (the level of its medium and high frequencies) and the strength of its beat were both among the best predictors of how a song would affect a listener’s heart rate and brain activity.21*cnjy*com
The research is s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )till in very early stages, and it will be a while before more powerful machine-learning models will be able to predict your mental and physical reactions to a song with any precision. But the researchers are excited about how such models could be applied: to design music for specific individuals, to create movie soundtracks easily arousing sympathy, or to help patients with mental health problems stimulate specific parts of their brain. 24． They want to start trying music-based therapies as well.
A．The research focuses ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) on whether machine can learn to predict people’s preference of music.
B．The lab is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )already working with addiction treatment clinics to see how other forms of media could help patients.
C．A movie without ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a soundtrack doesn’t stimulate the same emotional journey.
D．Through a serie ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s of human testers, 60 pieces for each emotion were narrowed down to a final list of three.
E.The research is par ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t of the lab’s broader goal to understand how different forms of media affect people’s bodies and brains.
F.The researchers are ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) excited about how AI could be used to enhance the function of music in more fields.
【标准答案】
21．C
22．E
23．D
24．B
【思路点拨】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一个研究表明音 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )调、节奏等可以引起不同类型的大脑活动、生理反应和情绪变化，未来可以利用人工智能产生特定的音乐体验用来进行治疗和电影配乐制作。
21．
根据下一句“Fitnes ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s without a warm-blooded song would be boring. ”（没有热血歌曲的健身会很无聊）可知此处说的是没有音乐的坏处。所以C项“A movie without a soundtrack doesn't stimulate the same emotional journey.”（一部没有配乐的电影不会刺激同样的情感旅程）符合语境，上下文话题一致，其中stimulate the same emotional journey与后句warm-blooded相呼应。故选C项。
22．
根据下一句“Once we understa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nd how media can affect our various emotions, then we can try to productively use it for actually supporting or enhancing human experiences”（一旦我们了解了媒体是如何影响我们的各种情绪的，那么我们就可以尝试有效地利用它来支持或增强人类的体验）可知此处说的是媒体是如何影响我们的各种情绪的。所以E项“The research is part of the lab's broader goal to understand how different forms of media affect people's bodies and brains.”（这项研究是该实验室更广泛目标的一部分，目的是了解不同形式的媒体如何影响人们的身体和大脑）符合语境，其中how different forms of media affect people's bodies and brains与后句how media can affect our various emotions形成呼应。故选E项。
23．
根据下一句“Two reliably ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )caused sadness and one reliably caused happiness.”（其中两个确实引起了悲伤，一个确实引起了快乐）可知此处说的是三首歌曲的结果。所以D项 “Through a series of human testers, 60 pieces for each emotion were narrowed down to a final list of three.”（通过一系列的人体测试，每种情绪的60个片段被缩小到最后的3个）符合语境，其中a final list of three与后句Two......and one相呼应。故选D项。
24．
根据上一句“But the rese ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )archers are excited about how such models could be applied: to design music for specific individuals, to create movie soundtracks easily arousing sympathy, or to help patients with mental health problems stimulate specific parts of their brain.”（但研究人员对这些模型的应用感到兴奋：为特定个体设计音乐，制作容易引起共情的电影配乐，或者帮助有心理健康问题的患者刺激他们大脑的特定部位）可知此处说的是为特定的人设计特定的音乐来治疗他们。所以B项“The lab is already working with addiction treatment clinics to see how other forms of media could help patients.”（实验室已经在与戒毒诊所合作，研究其他形式的媒体如何帮助患者）符合语境，其中other forms of media与前句design music、create movie soundtracks形成呼应。故选B项。
（2021·上海·华师大 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )二附中高三开学考试） Although many companies offer tuition reimbursement(偿付) , most companies reimburse employees only for classes that are relevant to their positions. 25． A company that reimburses employees for all college credit courses — whether job related or not —offers a service not only to the employees, but to the entire company.
One good reason ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )for giving employees unconditional tuition reimbursement is that it shows the company's dedication to its employees and it is important for a company to demonstrate to its employees that it cares. The best way to do this is to make investments in them.
26． A compa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ny that puts out funds to pay for the education of its employees will get its money back by having employees stay with the company longer. It will reduce employ turnover, because even employees who don't take advantage of tuition reimbursement programs will be more devoted to their company, just knowing that their company cares enough to pay for their education.
Although companies ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) do indeed run the risk of losing money on employees, who go on to another job in a different company as soon as they get their degree, more often than not, the employees will stay with the company. 27． Thus, throughout those years. the employer will have a more sophisticated, more intelligent, and therefore more valuable and productive employee. And, if the employee stays, that education will doubly benefit the company: Not only is the employee more educated, but now that employee can be promoted so the company doesn't have to full a high—level vacancy from the outside. 28．
Though uncond ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )itional tuition reimbursement requires a significant investment on the employer's part, it is perhaps one of the wisest investments a company can make.
A．In this way, companies will have more productive employees.
B．In today's econo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )my, job security is a thing of the past and employees feel more and more expendable.
C．In return, thi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s dedication to the betterment of employees will create greater loyalty.
D．This is indeed a very limiting policy.
E.Even if employee ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s do leave, it generally takes several years to complete any degree program.
F.Open positio ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ns can be assigned to people who already know the company well.21世纪教育网版权所有
【标准答案】
25．D
26．C
27．E
28．F
【思路点拨】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了企业为员工支付学费的好处。
25．
根据上文“Although many ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) companies offer tuition reimbursement(偿付) , most companies reimburse employees only for classes that are relevant to their positions.（虽然许多公司提供学费报销，但大多数公司只报销与员工职位相关的课程。）”可知，本段说的是公司只报销与岗位相关的学费的政策；D.This is indeed a very limiting policy.这确实是一项非常有限的政策。D选项承接上文，提及政策，故选D。
26．
根据上文“The best way ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to do this is to make investments in them.（最好的方法就是在他们身上投资。）”可知，这里说的是给员工投资；C.In return, this dedication to the betterment of employees will create greater loyalty.(作为回报，这种改善员工的奉献精神将创造更大的忠诚度。)中 “In return”承接上文，“will create greater loyalty”指给员工投资的结果，故选C。
27．
根据上文“Although ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )companies do indeed run the risk of losing money on employees, who go on to another job in a different company as soon as they get their degree, more often than not, the employees will stay with the company.（虽然公司确实冒着在员工身上赔钱的风险，这些员工一旦拿到学位就会去另一家公司找另一份工作，但通常情况下，这些员工会留在公司 。）”可知，此处说员工离职；E.Even if employees do leave, it generally takes several years to complete any degree program.(即使员工真的离开了，通常也需要几年时间才能完成任何学位课程。)中也提到了离职“leave”，承接上文，故选E。
28．
根据上文“Not only is th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e employee more educated, but now that employee can be promoted so the company doesn't have to full a high—level vacancy from the outside.（员工不仅受教育程度更高，而且现在员工可以升职，公司就不必从外部填补高层职位空缺。）”可知，此处说的是员工升职带来的空缺岗位，F.Open positions can be assigned to people who already know the company well.(空缺职位可以分配给那些已经很了解公司的人。)中空缺岗位如何处理，承接上文，故选F。
【名师指导】
（2021·上海市大同中学高三 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )月考） When we talk about healthy brain ageing we are really discussing one of two things: how to minimize ongoing damage to the hardware of the brain, mostly by keeping its blood supply as good as possible; or how to improve the operation of the brain's software. 29．
There is currently ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) no magic bullet to protect the brain, but one area that has been best researched, and about which we can say with reasonable confidence, “this will help”, is mental activity.
There is plenty of evi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dence that older people who stay mentally active, by learning a new language, doing crosswords or taking part in other intellectually challenging activities, preserve full cognitive function for longer. They have spent more time doing cognitively demanding activities over a lifetime, and they are, to some extent, buffered from the physical effects of brain ageing and degenerative diseases. We cal this buffer “cognitive reserve” - a back-up reservoir of brain function that can protect from the consequences of brain damage, allowing us to continue to perform well. For example, people with a higher IQ, longer education or cognitively challenging employment have been found to have a lower risk of developing dementia. 30． In fact, studies have found that people with higher cognitive, reserve who do get dementia exhibit less severe symptoms even when they have more brain damage than those with lower cognitive reserve.
31． The more w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e understand about its role in protecting our brain and how to boost our reserve, the more effective we will be3 in designing interventions to keep the human brain healthier for longer.
32． We think ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) it can be built up throughout life for everyone. Therefore, taking part in cognitively challenging activities, learning new skills and continuing to “use it or lose it” probably applies no matter how old you are. Crucially, it's never to late to start.
A．Many ways of doing t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )his have been suggested, but few have scientific weight behind them.
B．Though ther ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e is not enough scientific research about it, many suggestions have been put forward.
C．Cognitive reserve ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) isn't exclusive to those who have the IQ of a genius or who've devoted their life to theoretical physics.
D．Yet there's still m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uch to discover about the potential of cognitive reserve for optimizing the brain's resilience.
E.This is despite ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the fact that their brains actually show normal amounts of age- and disease-related damage.
F.However, studies a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bout the potential of cognitive reserve for optimizing the brain's resilience leave much to be desired.
【标准答案】
29．A
30．E
31．D
32．C
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述一项关于认知储备的研究，可以保护我们免受脑损伤的影响，让我们继续表现良好。
29．
根据上文“or how to improv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e the operation of the brain's software.（或者如何改进大脑软件的运行。） ”和下文“There is currently no magic bullet to protect the brain, but one area that has been best researched（目前还没有保护大脑的灵丹妙药，但有一个领域已经得到了最好的研究）”由此可推断，设空处说应该是没有什么改善大脑的方法，A选项“人们已经提出了许多方法，但很少有科学依据支持它们。”符合题意，并且呼应下文的有一个领域有了最好的研究，故选A。
30．
根据上文“For examp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )le, people with a higher IQ, longer education or cognitively challenging employment have been found to have a lower risk of developing dementia.（例如，人们发现，智商高、受教育时间长或工作有认知挑战的人患痴呆症的风险更低。）”以及下文“In fact, studies have found that people with higher cognitive, reserve who do get dementia exhibit less severe symptoms even when they have more brain damage than those with lower cognitive reserve.（事实上，研究发现，认知储备较高的人确实患有痴呆症，即使他们的大脑受损更严重，也比认知储备较低的人表现出更轻的症状。）”由此可推断，设空处说的是认知储备较高的人的大脑也有患痴呆症的表现。故E选项“尽管他们的大脑实际上显示出了与年龄和疾病相关的正常数量的损伤。”和上下文紧密连接，故选E。
31．
根据下文“The more we unde ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rstand about its role in protecting our brain and how to boost our reserve, the more effective we will be3 in designing interventions to keep the human brain healthier for longer.（我们对大脑在保护大脑方面的作用以及如何增加大脑储备了解得越多，就越能有效地设计干预措施，使人脑在更长时间内保持健康。）”由此可推断，上文应该说的是继续了解如何增加大脑的储备，选项D“然而，认知储备在优化大脑弹性方面的潜力仍有很多有待发现的地方。”符合题意，故选D。
32．
根据下文“We think it ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )can be built up throughout life for everyone.（我们认为它可以在每个人的一生中建立。）”由此推断上文说的是认知储备是每个人都可以建立的，而不是一些人所特有的，C选项“认知储备并不是那些拥有天才般的智商或毕生致力于理论物理学的人所独有的。”符合语境，故选C。
（2021·上海市行知中学高三月考） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit; we cannot flower and grow without it. And yet, while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.
Why-when one word can ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bring such pleasure A friend of mine who travels widely always tries to learn a little of the language of any place she visits. She's not much of a linguist, but she does know how to say one word-"beautiful"-in several languages. 33． . The ability has earned her friends all over the world.
It's strange how chary ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) we are about praising. 34． . Instead, we are embarrassed and shrug off the words we are really so glad to hear. Because of this defensive reaction, direct compliments are surprisingly difficult to give. That's why some of the most valued pats on the back are those which come to us indirectly, in a letter or passed on by a friend. When one thinks of the speed with which spiteful remarks are conveyed, it seems a pity that there isn’t more effort to relay pleasing and flattering comments.
35． . An artist gets ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) compliment for a glorious picture, a cook for a perfect meal. But do you ever tell your laundry manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right Do you ever praise your paper boy for getting the paper to you on time 365 days a year
To give prais ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e costs the giver nothing but a moment`s thought and a moment's effort- 36． . It is such a small investment-and yet consider the results it may produce. “I can live for two months on a good compliment," said Mark Twain.
So, let's be alert ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to the small excellences around us-and comment on them. We will not only bring joy into other people's lives, but also, very often, add happiness into our own.
A．Praise is particularly appreciated by those doing routine jobs.
B．Comment is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )often made about activities which are relatively easy and satisfying, like arranging flowers; but not about jobs which are hard and dirty, like scrubbing floors.
C．It's especially re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )warding to give praise in areas in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned.
D．Perhaps a quick ph ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )one call to pass on a compliment, or five minutes spent writing an appreciative letter.
E.She can use it ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to a mother holding her baby, or to a lonely salesman fishing out pictures of his family.
F.Perhaps it's ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )because few of us know how to accept compliments gracefully.
【标准答案】
33．E
34．F
35．C
36．D
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了赞美别人所带来的好处。
33．
根据前句“She's no ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t much of a linguist, but she does know how to say one word-"beautiful"-in several languages.( 她并不算是一位语言学家，但她知道如何说一句话——“美丽”——用几种语言。)”可知，此处继续陈述作者的这位朋友如何赞美别人的。所以选择项E“She can use it to a mother holding her baby, or to a lonely salesman fishing out pictures of his family.(她能对一位抱着孩子的母亲说这句话，或者对一位孤独的探寻出他的家庭前景的推销员说这句话。)”符合上下文语境。故选E。【出处：21教育名师】
34．
根据前句“It's strange ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) how chary we are about praising. (奇怪的我们是多么小心谨慎地赞美。)”可知，此处解释们小心谨慎地赞美的原因。所以选择项F“Perhaps it's because few of us know how to accept compliments gracefully. (可能是因为我们中很少有人懂得如何优雅地接受称赞。)”符合上下文语境。故选F。
35．
根据后文“An artist gets c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ompliment for a glorious picture, a cook for a perfect meal. But do you ever tell your laundry manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right Do you ever praise your paper boy for getting the paper to you on time 365 days a year (一位艺术家因为一幅辉煌的画作得到赞美，一位厨师因为一顿佳肴得到赞美。但是当你的衬衣洗熨得很好时你有没有告诉你的洗衣店经理你是多么的愉快？一年365天能准时将报纸送给你时你有没有因此夸奖报童？)”可知，这里是本段中心句。根据文章所举的例子可知，这些赞美是给别人一种特别的奖励。所以选择项C“It's especially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned. (对于努力没有被注意或提及的领域给予赞美是一种特别的奖励。)”总领全段。故选C。
36．
根据前句“To give ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) praise costs the giver nothing but a moment`s thought and a moment's effort (给予称赞并不花费给予者什么，除了片刻的思考和片刻的努力)”可知，给予称赞其实很简单，只需要片刻的思考和努力。所以选择项D“Perhaps a quick phone call to pass on a compliment, or five minutes spent writing an appreciative letter. (可能一个迅速的电话传达了称赞，或者花5分钟写一封赞美的信。)”符合上下文语境，是对上文的举例说明，故选D。
（2021·上海市建平中学高三月考）Cool Colour
The “blackest black” ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) paint, famed for its thermal disguise potential, has long absorbed 99.9 percent of public attention. 37． Research shows that surfaces coated with a newly formulated white coloring reflect 98.1 percent of sunlight, creating a powerful cooling effect.
This coating absorbs j ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ust 1.9 percent of sunlight compared with 10 to 20 percent for conventional white or “heat-reflective” paints, says Xiulin Ruan, a Purdue University mechanical engineer. By reflecting so efficiently, the novel paint can actually help a coated building release the heat inside.38．“Our model shows if you’re in, you can save up to 70 to 80 percent on air-conditioning in the summer,” Ruan says.
Scientists have been ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) developing reflective paints for decades, but commercial products still remain at or above the surrounding temperature. In the past 10 years researchers have found greater success with multilayered coating to reflect many wave-lengths of light.
39．
Thus, Ruan de ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cided to take a hybrid approach and create an ordinary paint that could easily be brushed or sprayed onto a surface. After testing particles of several different compounds, he and his colleagues ultimately selected a relatively inexpensive one called barium sulfate.
Actually, there is p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lenty of competition from other researchers.40． The manufacturers have to struggle with “how to make sure that the paint stays white after 30 years of use.” However, Ruan says he and his colleagues do have the confidence to remove this fear. He hopes to bring a version of his paint to market in a year or two.
A．Besides, some ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) scientists note that any new product like this will need to stand up to the real world, where dirt coats surfaces over time.
B．It is calculated ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that covering a 1, 000-square-foot roof with this new paint could cool a building by about 10 kilowatts.
C．The price of bar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ium sulfate is comparable to, or even slightly more expensive than, titanium dioxide that is used in some other commercial paints.
D．Now it’s t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ime to shed some light on the other end of the practical paint spectrum: the “whitest white.”
E.That is to say, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) this new paint can be a tool to fight the climate emergency by cutting carbon emissions.
F.Unfortunately, m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )anufacturing precise layers of multiple substances and applying them to a surface in a set order costs more than simply slapping on some paint.
【标准答案】
37．D
38．B
39．F
40．A
【思路点拨】
本文是说明文。文章介绍了一种新配方的白色涂料，涂上它的表面能反射98.1%的阳光，产生强大的冷却效果。
37．
根据后文“Research s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hows that surfaces coated with a newly formulated white coloring reflect 98.1 percent of sunlight, creating a powerful cooling effect. (研究表明，涂上新配方白色涂料的表面反射了98.1%的阳光，产生了强大的冷却效果。)”可知，此处是讲新配方白色涂料的强大力量，D项意为“现在是时候让我们了解一下实用绘画光谱的另一端：“最白的白色”。”选项能够引起下文，下文介绍的正是新配方白色涂料带来的效果，选项中的“whitest white”和下文中的“white”相呼应。故选D。
38．
根据上文“By reflecting so ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )efficiently, the novel paint can actually help a coated building release the heat inside. (通过如此高效的反射，这种新型涂料实际上可以帮助涂层建筑释放内部的热量。)”可知，此处是讲这种涂料可以帮助涂层建筑释放内部的热量，B项意为“据计算，在一个1000平方英尺的屋顶上涂上这种新涂料可以使建筑物冷却大约10千瓦。”选项内容能够承接上文，给出了涂料帮助涂层建筑释放内部热量的具体数据。故选B。
39．
根据后文“Thus, Ruan deci ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ded to take a hybrid approach and create an ordinary paint that could easily be brushed or sprayed onto a surface. After testing particles of several different compounds, he and his colleagues ultimately selected a relatively inexpensive one called barium sulfate. (因此，阮决定采用一种混合的方法，创造一种普通的涂料，可以很容易地刷或喷涂在表面上。在测试了几种不同化合物的颗粒后，他和他的同事最终选择了一种相对便宜的硫酸钡。)”可知，本段讲的是研发人员在研发一种更容易操作、相对便宜的普通涂料，F项意为“不幸的是，制造多种物质的精确层，并将它们按一定的顺序涂在表面上的成本比简单地涂上一些油漆要高。”选项内容与下文内容构成因果关系，正是因为之前的材料成本高，所以才要研发一种成本相对便宜的普通涂料。故选F。
40．
根据后文“The manuf ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )acturers have to struggle with “how to make sure that the paint stays white after 30 years of use.” (制造商必须努力解决“如何确保油漆在使用30年后仍保持白色”的问题。)”可知，此处是讲这些产品必须经受住时间的考验，A项意为 “此外，一些科学家指出，任何像这样的新产品都需要经得起现实世界的考验，在现实世界中，污垢会随着时间的推移而出现。”选项内容能够引起下文，正是因为污垢会随着时间的推移而出现，会导致涂料变色，所以制造商必须努力解决“如何确保油漆在使用30年后仍保持白色”的问题。故选A。
（2021·上海市建平中学高三月考）Age Is No Barrier to Sporting Passion
One of the mo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )st touching moments of the Tokyo Games this summer was entirely spontaneous. During the qualifying round of the women's gymnastics, 46-year-old Oksana Chusovitina took to the podium in her 8th Olympics as she attempted to qualify for the vault finals one last time. Chusovitina, who won her finals world championship golds in 1991 and took an Olympic team gold in 1992, had previously announced that Tokyo would mark the end of her illustrious career.
Chusovitina fini ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )shed 14th in the vault competition that day, missing the final after two fine but flawed vaults. 41． Across the floor, all the other gymnasts gave Chusovitina a standing ovation, a gesture that moved her to tears.
Even as she conv ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )incingly explained her intention to move on from the sport and to devote more time to her son, Alisher, she has always been terrible at retiring. She had indicated that she would retire after the 2009 World Championships, aged 34. 42． Each time Chusovitina has considered retirement, her sheer passion for the sport and tireless motivation has won out.
43． When she p ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )osted a video of herself working through an uneven bars routine with no grips, the jokes about “unretirement” began. 44． Chusovitina explained that she left Tokyo unsatisfied by her result and determined to finish her career on a high: “I really want to end my career with a medal for Uzbekistan,” she said to Sputnik. “It will not be the Olympic Games, but the Asian ones, but I really want it. When my heart asks, I have to do it.”
A．It has done so again.
B．Luck, however, has not been on her side so far.
C．Three years later, she set London 2012 as the end point.
D．The turbulent pas ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t few years could have shattered Chusovitina's confidence but her commitment is admirable.
E.Instead of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an audience at the empty Ariake Gymnastics Centre to send her off, her fellow competitors unexpectedly took charge.
F.Last Thursday, withi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n eight weeks of the Olympics ending, Chusovitina announced that she would continue to train with her eyes set on the 2022 Asian Games next September.
【标准答案】
41．E
42．C
43．A
44．F
【思路点拨】
本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是奥克萨娜·丘索维金娜对于运动的激情使得她一直没有结束运动生涯。
41．
空格前说“Chusovitina finis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hed 14th in the vault competition that day, missing the final after two fine but flawed vaults.（丘索维金娜在当天的跳马比赛中获得了第14名的成绩，在两次顺利但有缺陷的跳马后错过了决赛。）”，空格处应讲之后发生了什么，E选项Instead of an audience at the empty Ariake Gymnastics Centre to send her off, her fellow competitors unexpectedly took charge.（没有观众在空无一人的Ariake体操中心为她送行，她的竞争对手出人意料地为她送行）说明了接下来发生的事情，其中的her fellow competitors unexpectedly took charge和后文all the other gymnasts gave Chusovitina a standing ovation（所有其他体操运动员都站起来为丘索维金娜鼓掌）相互呼应，因此E选项承上启下，符合语境，故选E。
42．
空格前说“She had indicated ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that she would retire after the 2009 World Championships, aged 34.（她曾表示，在2009年世锦赛之后，34岁的她将退役。）”，C选项Three years later, she set London 2012 as the end point.（三年后，她将2012年伦敦奥运会定为终点。）中的Three years later和和2012与空格前的2009相一致，且也是关于她结束运动生涯的，因此C选项符合语境，故选C。
43．
空格前说“When she post ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed a video of herself working through an uneven bars routine with no grips, the jokes about “unretirement” began.（每次丘索维金娜考虑退役时，她对这项运动的激情和不懈的动力都赢得了胜利。）”，也就是说她退休的事情因为她对运动的激情都变成了玩笑话，空格后说“When she posted a video of herself working through an uneven bars routine with no grips, the jokes about “unretirement” began.（当她上传了一段自己练习高低杠动作的视频时，关于“不退休”的笑话开始了。）”，A选项It has done so again.（它又这样做了。）承接了上文的退休变成玩笑话，其中的again和空格后的“the jokes about “unretirement” began（关于“不退休”的笑话开始了）”相互呼应，因此A选项符合语境，故选A。
44．
空格后说“I really w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ant to end my career with a medal for Uzbekistan（我真的很想以乌兹别克斯坦的一枚奖牌结束我的职业生涯）”和“It will not be the Olympic Games, but the Asian ones, but I really want it.（这将不是奥运会，而是亚运会，但我真的想要它。）”，因此空格处起着承上启下的作用，说明她还会继续训练，因此F选项Last Thursday, within eight weeks of the Olympics ending, Chusovitina announced that she would continue to train with her eyes set on the 2022 Asian Games next September.（上周四，在奥运会结束的八周内，丘索维金娜宣布，她将继续训练，把目光放在明年9月举行的2022年亚运会上。）说明了她会继续训练，且其中的set on the 2022 Asian Games与空格后的the Asian ones“亚洲的比赛”相一致，因此F选项符合语境，故选F。
（2021·上海宝山·二模）The robotic doctor will see you now
In the age of social ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) distancing, using robots for some health care interactions is a promising way to reduce in-person contact between health care workers and sick patients. However, a key question that needs to be answered is how patients will react to a robot entering the exam room.
45．. In a stu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dy performed in the emergency department at Brigham and Women's, the team found that a large majority of patients reported that interacting with a health care provider via a video screen fixed on a robot was similar to an in-person interaction with a health care worker.
“We're actively wor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )king on robots that can help provide care to maximize the safety of both the patient and the health care workforce. 46．. In a larger online survey conducted nationwide, we also found that a majority of respondents were open to having robots perform minor procedures such as taking a nose swab.” says Giovanni Traverso, an MIT assistant professor of mechanical engineering, and the senior author of the study.
After the Covid ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )-19 pandemic began early last year, Traverso and his colleagues turned their attention toward new strategies to minimize interactions between potentially sick patients and health care workers. To that end, they worked with Boston Dynamics to create a mobile robot that could interact with patients as they waited in the emergency department. The robots were equipped with sensors that allow them to measure vital signs, including skin temperature, breathing rate, and pulse rate. 47．.
The study suggests ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that it could be worthwhile to try to develop robots that can perform procedures that currently require a lot of human effort, such as turning a patient over in bed, the researchers say. Turning Covid-19 patients onto their stomachs has been shown to improve their blood oxygen levels and make breathing easier. 48．. Administering Covid-19 tests is another task that requires a lot of time and effort from health care workers, who could be arranged for other tasks if robots could help perform swabs.
A．The robots ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) also carried an iPad that allowed for remote video communication with a health care provider.
B．Up to 30 percent of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )the participants reported that they were concerned with the robotic system.
C．Researchers ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) from MIT and Brigham and Women’s Hospital recently set out to answer that question.
D．Currently the process requires several people to perform.
E.However, the q ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )uestion still remained whether patients would be receptive to this type of interaction.
F.The results of ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )this study give us some confidence that people are ready and willing to engage with us on those fronts.
【标准答案】
45．C
46．F
47．A
48．D
【思路点拨】
这是一篇说明文。在社会距离时代，使 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )用机器人进行一些医疗互动是一种很有前景的方式，可以减少医护人员与病人之间的面对面接触。文章主要说明了如今机器人在医疗领域的应用情况以及人们对此的看法。
45．
根据后文“In a stud ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y performed in the emergency department at Brigham and Women's, the team found that a large majority of patients reported that interacting with a health care provider via a video screen fixed on a robot was similar to an in-person interaction with a health care worker.(在布里格姆妇女医院急诊科进行的一项研究中，研究小组发现，绝大多数患者报告称，通过固定在机器人上的视频屏幕与医护人员进行互动，类似于与医护人员进行面对面的互动)”可知，后文介绍了布里格姆妇女医院的一项研究，C选项中Brigham and Women’s Hospital对应后文中Brigham and Women's。故C选项“麻省理工学院和布里格姆妇女医院的研究人员最近着手回答这个问题”符合语境，故选C。【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
46．
根据上文“We're actively ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) working on robots that can help provide care to maximize the safety of both the patient and the health care workforce.(我们正在积极研发能够提供医疗服务的机器人，以最大限度地保障病人和医护人员的安全)”以及后文“In a larger online survey conducted nationwide, we also found that a majority of respondents were open to having robots perform minor procedures such as taking a nose swab.(在全国范围内进行的一项更大规模的在线调查中，我们还发现，大多数受访者对机器人进行一些小操作（如取鼻拭子）持开放态度)”可知，后文提到调查发现大多数受访者对机器人进行一些小操作（如取鼻拭子）持开放态度，可见人们已经愿意与机器人进行接触，故F选项“这项研究的结果给了我们一些信心，人们已经准备好并愿意在这些方面与我们接触”符合语境，故选F。
47．
根据上文“The robots ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )were equipped with sensors that allow them to measure vital signs, including skin temperature, breathing rate, and pulse rate.(这些机器人配备了传感器，使它们能够测量生命体征，包括皮肤温度、呼吸频率和脉搏频率)”可知，上文提到了这些机器人所具备的一些功能，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明机器人还具有哪些功能。故A选项“机器人还携带一个iPad，可以与医疗保健提供商进行远程视频通信”符合语境，故选A。
48．
根据上文“The stud ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y suggests that it could be worthwhile to try to develop robots that can perform procedures that currently require a lot of human effort, such as turning a patient over in bed, the researchers say. Turning Covid-19 patients onto their stomachs has been shown to improve their blood oxygen levels and make breathing easier.(研究人员表示，这项研究表明，开发能够执行目前需要大量人力的程序的机器人可能是值得的，比如为躺在床上的病人翻身。将Covid-19患者翻转到腹部已被证明可以改善他们的血氧水平，使呼吸更容易)”以及后文“Administering Covid-19 tests is another task that requires a lot of time and effort from health care workers, who could be arranged for other tasks if robots could help perform swabs.(管理Covid-19检测是另一项需要医护人员大量时间和精力的任务，如果机器人可以帮助进行拭子，他们可以被安排做其他工作)”可知，上文提到了开发能够执行目前需要大量人力的程序的机器人可能是值得的，且用机器人可以为病人翻身进行举例，可知本句承接上文继续说明执行这一过程中人力的参与情况。故D选项“目前这个过程需要几个人来执行”符合语境，故选D。
（2021·上海市敬业中学高三月考） ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) It's the best kept secret of modern science: 16 years of the Human Genome Project suggest that genes play little or no role in explaining differences in intelligence. While genes have been found for physical features, such as height or eye colour, they are not the reason you are smarter (or not) than your sisters and brothers. 49．.
Very likely, you wi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ll simply not believe this and are sure from your own experience that it's "a bit of both" nature and nurture. But those genes that have been found only explain 1%-5% of any psychological characters.50．. It's something scientists call “mi

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