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第7讲　体裁微解——说明文
题型特点 内容解读
选材 实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象分析，以及语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等。
内容 用平实的语言客观解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，即说明一个事物，说明一项研究。
形式 总分式(事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式结构)；递进式(事理说明文由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理)；并列式(文章各部分内容没有主次轻重之分)；对照式(通过两个事物的对照和比较说明其异同)。
语言 阅读理解主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文因其生僻词汇多，句式复杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。
命题 主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词汇猜测题。出题人经常在长难句上做文章。
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，阅读这类文章时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。具体答题策略如下：
策略指导 技法解读
抓首尾段 首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申强调主题。
梳理文章结构 整体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述；现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措施；研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。
破解长难句 结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句。
(2021·全国乙，B)
When almost everyone has a mobile phone，why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline(座机)
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone.In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket.Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere，anytime.
Still,55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones according to a survey (调查)．Of those Australians who still have a landline，a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone.Age is naturally a factor(因素)—only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then，compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.Age isn’t the only factor；I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families，like my wife and I，can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member.That said，to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents，to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it)．
How attached are you to your landline How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。现在，几乎每个人都有一部手机，但超过半数的澳大利亚家庭仍然在使用座机。文章主要阐述了产生这一现象的原因。
24．What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones
A．Their target users.
B．Their wide popularity.
C．Their major functions.
D．Their complex design.
答案　B
解析　段落大意题。根据第二段可知，手机在澳大利亚非常普遍，故选B。
25．What does the underlined word “concede” in Paragraph 3 mean
A．Admit. B．Argue.
C．Remember. D．Remark.
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。根据下文中的“it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket...in case of emergencies”可知，调查显示，在仍然使用座机的澳大利亚人中，有三分之一的人承认座机并不是真的有必要，他们只是把座机当作一种安全保障。由此可推断，画线词concede的含义与admit相近，表示“承认”，故选A。
26．What can we say about Baby Boomers
A．They like smartphone games.
B．They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C．They keep using landline phones.
D．They are attached to their family.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段的“84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years”和第五段的“That said，to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents”可知，生育高峰期出生的人一直在使用座机，故选C。
27．What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph
A．It remains a family necessity.
B．It will fall out of use some day.
C．It may increase daily expenses.
D．It is as important as the gas light.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句可知，座机迟早会像煤气路灯和晨间牛奶递送服务一样退出我们的生活。故选B。
A
TANAKA KANE became the third person ever to turn 118，according to the Gerontology Research Group，a team of academics.She is also the first citizen of Japan to reach 118—but is unlikely to be the last.The country has the world’s longest life expectancy，and 80,000 people aged at 100 years old or older.
The unusual longevity enjoyed in Japan is credited to diet.Japan largely banned meat for 1,200 years，and still consumes relatively little meat and dairy.Too much of these can be damaging，since they contain saturated fatty acids(饱和脂肪酸)，which correlate to heart disease.Studies have also tied eating lots of processed red meat to a greater risk of stroke.But too little may be unwise as well，because they provide chemical substance that may be needed for our blood tube walls.In a study of 48,000 Britons，vegetarians were unusually resistant to heart disease，but likely to suffer from strokes.
In theory，a lack of animal-based food could have contributed to Japan’s historical cerebrovascular(脑血管) death rate.In 1960－2013，as the country’s deaths from strokes reduced，its annual meat intake rose from near zero to 52kg per person (45% of America’s level)．Tsugane Shoichiro of the National Cancer Centre in Tokyo says that his citizens may need meat and dairy to keep their blood tubes strong―though not so much that those tubes get blocked.
Some evidence supports this view.One paper from the 1990s found that the parts of Japan where diets had changed most also had the biggest drops in cerebrovascular death rate.Another study，which tracked 80,000 Japanese people in 1995－2009，showed that strokes were most common among those who ate the least chops and cream.Although Japan’s decline in cerebrovascular deaths could stem from other causes，these data suggest that nutritional shifts may have helped.
The unhappy irony is that Japan’s health gains，paired with a low birth rate，threaten its economy.By 2060,40% of Japanese could be 60 or older.That would produce more birthday cakes with 118 candles—and fewer great-grandchildren to blow them out.
1．What is the purpose of the first paragraph
A．To provide evidence.
B．To introduce the topic.
C．To promote an idea.
D．To make comparison.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段并结合下文主要谈论饮食结构对日本人寿命的影响以及老龄化严重可推知，文章第一段通过长寿的日本人和日本人的年龄现状引出话题，故选B。
2．What message is conveyed in Paragraph 2
A．A light heart lives long.
B．Diet cures more than doctors.
C．Happiness lies first of all in health.
D．All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知，饮食对长寿的影响很大，可推测饮食比医生更有效，故选B。
3．What do the studies in Paragraph 4 show
A．It is vital to have meat and dairy.
B．It is common to suffer from strokes.
C．It is beneficial to change diet habit.
D．It is important to eat least cream.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句及第四段中“Some evidence supports this view.”可知，第四段是对Tsugane Shoichiro观点的延伸。由此可推知，吃肉和乳制品是很重要的，故选A。
4．What can be learned from the last paragraph
A．The less meat and dairy，the better.
B．More cakes and candles are needed.
C．Medical demand for heart disease is met.
D．Longevity and low birth rate affect economy.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段前两句可知，日本人的长寿和低出生率影响着本国的经济，故选D。
B
(2021·湖北八市联考)
As the saying goes，“Time waits for no man.” Time is always against us，and we just can’t stop it.Maybe that’s why some of us are always running late for appointments.But if timekeeping is not what you’re good at，don’t stress out.There might be a good reason for your lack of punctuality.
People’s attitudes to being on time vary.Some clock-watch and make sure they’re exactly on time for a meeting.It is，after all，rude to be late，and if you can make it on time，why can’t everyone else But if，like me，you want to make every second count，you might try to squeeze as much as you can into the time you have available.However，when your schedule doesn’t run to plan，your punctuality inevitably slips.
People who lack promptness have been described as“time benders”．Author Grace Pacie told the BBC that they’re the people who don’t want to be late，but they have a strange resistance to being early，and they don’t allow enough time.They assume their journey to an appointment will always go smoothly，and the train will always be on time!
Perceptions of unpunctual people are almost always negative—even if sometimes wrong.Writing for the BBC，Laura Clarke says，“Being consistently late might not be your fault.It could be your type.”The punctually challenged often share personality characteristics，such as optimism，low levels of self-control，anxiety，or a preference for thrill-seeking，experts say.It is also possible that people are late so as not to be noticeable and to avoid the anxious wait for others to turn up.
Maybe we latecomers should make more of an effort and follow the advice I heard to not ‘try’ to be on time but ‘decide’ to be on time.But I know if a meeting or a deadline really matters，then I’ll be there.Otherwise relax，even if others are blaming you!
5．The text is meant to .
A．tell us to avoid being late
B．tell us why we are late
C．tell us the importance of punctuality
D．tell us to try to be early rather than late
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句及下文内容可知，文章的目的是要告诉我们为什么迟到。故选B。
6．“Time benders” refer to those .
A．who don’t want to be late
B．who don’t allow enough time
C．who have a strange resistance to being early
D．who lack punctuality
答案　D
解析　词义猜测题。根据第三段中“time benders”所在句的前半句“People who lack promptness”及后句可猜测，“Time benders”指的是那些缺乏守时观念的人。故选D。
7．According to experts，it is typical of time benders to .
A．be pessimistic
B．be negative
C．make every second count
D．have low levels of self-control
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段第四句可知，专家表示，典型的“时间弯曲者”自控力较低。故选D。
8．It is quite possible that the writer is one of those .
A．punctual people
B．unpunctual people
C．trying to be on time
D．deciding to be on time
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句和最后一段第一句可推断，作者很有可能是那些不守时的人之一。故选B。
强化练(十三)　说明文
A
(2021·广东冲刺联考)
The German ship Polarstern is normally designed to break up heavy ice.But in September,2019，the ship set sail from Norway with the goal of getting frozen into the Arctic ice cap for a year.The mission(任务) was part of a $155 million project known as MOSAiC，led by Germany’s Alfred Wegener Institute(AWI)，whose goal is to learn more about the ice that forms near the North Pole.The ice cap here isn’t completely solid，and it’s a collection of floes—floating sheets of ice.As summer approaches，some of the ice melts and many floes break free.
By October,2019，the ship was frozen into the Arctic ice north of Siberia.The mission wasn’t without its challenges.First and most importantly，the Polarstern had to find an ice floe that is used as its primary research base.The ice floe must be solid enough to anchor the ship and to support all the research equipment the scientists needed to use.However，doing it proved easier said than done.Once the ship was frozen in place，the scientists had to wrestle with the dangerous polar bears that were wandering around.Dealing with extreme cold was another challenge.They also had to face the long and dark polar night，a period during winter when the sun doesn’t rise at all in the central Arctic.In September，2020，the boat finally returned to Bremerhaven，Germany.
“We are watching the Arctic sea ice die，” said the mission’s leader，Markus Rex.The team reports that the ice shelf is full of holes，and that the ice that remains is thin and melting.Recent satellite measurements support that idea.The size of this year’s ice cap is the second smallest ever recorded.
Next comes the long process of studying all the data that was collected during the last year.Thomas Krumpen，one of the scientists，said，“We’ll likely be busy with it over the next ten years.”
The scientists hope this abundant information will help them make better predictions about climate change.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。德国“极地号”在北极冰帽中冷冻了一年后，于2020年9月终于回到了德国的不来梅港。该船收集了大量有关北极冰的信息，科学家们希望这些信息能够帮助他们更好地预测气候变化。
1．What does MOSAiC try to do in the Arctic
A．Protect the ice cap. B．Stop the ice melting.
C．Study the ice deeply. D．Break up heavy ice.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段第三句可知，“马赛克”项目的目的是更多地了解北极附近形成的冰。故选C。
2．What was the biggest challenge for the scientists on the Polarstern
A．Finding the right floe.
B．Fighting the extreme cold.
C．Avoiding polar bears.
D．Reducing the loneliness.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三句可知，找到合适的浮冰对“极地号”上的科学家来说是最大的挑战。故选A。
3．What is the author’s attitude towards the situations of the Arctic ice
A．Carefree. B．Positive.
C．Tolerant. D．Objective.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，作者只是通过列举事实客观描述北极冰川的现状，没有作评判。故选D。
4．Which of the following best describes the journey to the Arctic
A．Expensive. B．Confidential.
C．Fruitful. D．Casual.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段和第五段内容可推知，“极地号”此次北极之旅收获颇丰。故选C。
B
The United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO) included on December 17,2020 China’s Tai Chi on the Representative List of the Intangible(无形的) Cultural Heritage of Humanity.The decision was announced during the online meeting of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage held from December 14 to 19 in Kingston，capital of Jamaica.
“Born in the mid-17th century in a small village named Chenjiagou located in Central China’s Henan Province，Tai Chi is not only a kind of traditional Wushu integrated with slow movements and deep breathing，but is also deeply rooted in many areas of Chinese culture，such as medicine and philosophy，” Zhu Xianghua says，who is the son of the famous Tai Chi master Zhu Tiancai.
Although it has spread to more than 150 countries and regions，attracting more than 100 million people to practice，the idea that Tai Chi is for the elderly has stopped many young people practicing the ancient Wushu.They think of it as a slow exercise，which is specially made and better suited for their grandparents.Instead，many young people are turning to the Indian practice of yoga(瑜伽) to relieve stress，which was placed on the UNESCO’s List in 2019.
In order to promote Tai Chi，joint efforts have been made from individuals and the Chinese government in the last decades.Xi’an Jiaotong University requires students to learn Tai Chi.Wang Yunbing，a professor in the university’s sports center，stressed that Tai Chi is not only good physical exercise—researchers from the American College of Rheumatology find that it can help manage several diseases but is also connected to ancient Chinese civilization.Since 2014，the World Tai Chi Championships have been held every two years by the International Wushu Federation.It provides a platform for communication and learning between the Tai Chi masters and Tai Chi lovers around the globe.In January 2020，Tai Chi became an official event in the 2026 Dakar Youth Olympic Games.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了联合国教科文组织将中国的太极拳列入非物质文化遗产名录中。同时文章还介绍了个人和组织是如何推广太极拳的。
5．What does Zhu Xianghua say about Tai Chi in Paragraph 2
A．It originated from fast Kung Fu action.
B．It was born around the 1750s in a village.
C．It is related to other cultural fields of China.
D．It integrates Chinese medicine and western philosophy.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“but is also deeply rooted in many areas of Chinese culture，such as medicine and philosophy”可知，太极拳和中国文化的其他领域有关。故选C。
6．Why do some young people choose to practice yoga instead of Tai Chi
A．They think it easier to practice yoga to keep fit.
B．The elderly stop young people practicing Tai Chi.
C．They consider Tai Chi is custom-built for old people.
D．Yoga was included in the world culture earlier than Tai Chi.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段可知，很多年轻人认为太极拳只适合老年人练习，故而转身去练习瑜伽。故选C。
7．What is the main purpose of the last paragraph
A．To promote contemporary Chinese civilization.
B．To show many efforts made to popularize Tai Chi.
C．To stress the importance of Chinese Tai Chi masters.
D．To advise people to practice Tai Chi to cure diseases.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，该段主要介绍了个人和组织为推广太极而做出的努力。故选B。
8. Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A．Tai Chi Steps on the UNESCO’s List
B．Tai Chi Is Competing Against Yoga
C．Tai Chi Has Regained Popularity Globally
D．Opinions Greatly Differ on Tai Chi and Yoga
答案　A
解析　标题归纳题。根据第一段和后文对太极拳的介绍可知，本文主要讲述联合国教科文组织将中国的太极拳列入非物质文化遗产保护名录。故选A。
C
(2021·湖北十一校联考)
We often hear that 60 is the new 50.Just check out images of your grandparents or great-grandparents and notice their stooped(驼背的) bodies，their wrinkled faces when they were barely pushing 60.What a contrast with energetic，gym-going sexagenarians(60几岁的人) of today!
A research，overseen by gerontologist Taina Rantanen，compared adults born in 1910 and 1914 with those born roughly 30 years later.Both birth groups were examined in person at age 60 and again at 70 with the same set of six physical tests and five measures of cognition.
According to the research，the later-born group could walk faster，had a stronger hand grasp and could use more force with their lower legs.On cognitive tests，the later-born group had better verbal fluency，and scored higher on a test matching numbers to symbols.But not everything changed across the generations：Measures of lung function were surprisingly not changing，and there was no improvement in the short-term memory task of recalling a series of digits.
There are many reasons why people are aging better，including improved medical care and a drop in smoking，but the key factor shown in the study of physical function was that the later-born adults were more physically active and had bigger bodies，which suggests better nutrition.For brain function，the key seems to be more years of education.
“Education is a powerful influence on aging and health，” says Luigi Ferrucci，scientific director of the U．S.National Institute on Aging.“With more education，you are probably going to have a larger income，which means you are more likely to go to the doctor，and have good nutrition.” He also points out that the average life span is seven years shorter in a poor state such as Mississippi than in a wealthier one such as California.“Here we still have lots of people who cannot take the drugs they need because they cannot pay for them，” he says.In short,60 may be the new 50 for many of us but not for all.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。作者在文中提出根据研究表明现在的老年人看起来比以前的老年人更年轻，并说明了产生这种现象的原因。
9．How does the writer begin the passage
A．By imagining a scene.
B．By making a comparison.
C．By raising a question.
D．By presenting an image.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段第二、三句可推知，作者是通过比较过去的老年人和现在的老年人来开始全文的。故选B。
10．Which of the following is TRUE about the research
A．Not everything changed across the generations.
B．The later-born group could hardly grasp things more tightly.
C．The later-born group did worse in matching numbers to symbols.
D．There was a little improvement in short-term memory in both groups.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段第三句可知，并不是每一件事情都在几代人之间发生了改变。故选A。
11．According to the research，what contributes most to physically aging better
A．Improved medical care.
B．Education.
C．Better nutrition.
D．Energetic images.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，人们身体老年化有所改善的主要原因是营养更好。故选C。
12．What is the main idea of the passage
A．Many reasons contribute to people’s better physical function.
B．Today’s energetic sexagenarians have much better images.
C．Education is the key to people’s aging better.
D．People today are aging better in many ways.
答案　D
解析　主旨大意题。根据全文作者对现在老年人老年化改善的陈述，尤其第三段前两句可知，文章的主要内容为如今在很多方面老年化都有所改善。故选D。

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