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第2讲　题型突破——推理判断题
设问方式
1．We can infer from the passage that .
2．The passage/author implies that .
3．It can be concluded from the passage that .
4．The main purpose of the passage is .
5．Where does this passage probably come from
6．What’s the author’s attitude towards...
7．The writer developed the passage/his main idea by .
选项特征
技法一　隐含推断题——关键词句细推敲
隐含推断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助语境进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的内在关系，理解关键词句的真正含义， 才可能作出准确的推断。一般题干主要包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。
设问方式
1．It can be inferred/concluded from the text that .
2．What can we infer/learn from...
3．We can learn from the passage that .
4．The passage/story...indicates/suggests/implies that .
解此类试题常用“推敲关键词句”法。解题流程如下：
(2021·全国甲·D片段)
Who is a genius？This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
...
In the sciences and arts，those praised as geniuses were most often white men，of European origin.Perhaps this is not a surprise.It’s said that history is written by the victors，and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club.When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women，or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six，girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别) are “really，really smart”．Even worse，the study found that girls act on that belief：Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really，really smart”．Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn’t take a genius to know the answer：absolutely not.
32．What does the author think of victors’ standards for joining the genius club
A．They’re unfair.
B．They’re conservative.
C．They’re objective.
D．They’re strict.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。依据题干定位细节，即原文倒数第二段，揣摩此细节可知，历史是由胜利者书写的，被认定为天才的大多是有欧洲血统的白人男性，而做出贡献的女性或不同肤色的人则不被认可，因此作者认为这样的标准并不公平。故选A。
33．What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A．They think themselves smart.
B．They look up to great thinkers.
C．They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D．They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。依据题干定位细节，即最后一段，尤其是第二句，揣摩此细节可知，研究发现女孩受到社会观念的影响，从六岁起就不怎么说她们当中有人“非常非常聪明”，也会避免参加一些据说是“针对非常非常聪明的孩子”的活动。故选D。
技法二　观点态度题——“忠于措辞”定选项
所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。
设问方式
1．What’s the writer’s attitude towards...
2．What is the author’s opinion on...
3．What does the author think/feel about...
解此类试题常用“忠于措辞”法。解题流程如下：
(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ·D片段)
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support，the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis(重视) on emotion by employers，educators and others interested in promoting social well-being.The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
34．What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A．Favorable. B．Intolerant.
C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
答案　A
解析　观点态度题。依据“忠于措辞法”。本段含有beneficial，positive，helped等褒义措辞，由此可推知，作者对情商普及化是支持的。故选A。
技法三　写作意图题——文体特点推意图
各种话题的阅读材料都可能考查写作目的/意图题。通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。
设问方式
1．整篇文章的写作目的/意图：
(1)The author writes this passage in order to .
(2)The purpose of the text is to .
(3)What is the main purpose of the passage
(4)The author of the story wants/intends to tell us that .
2．某处细节的写作目的/意图：
(1)The author uses...in the first paragraph to .
(2)The author uses the example of...to .
(3)The author writes the last paragraph in order to .
(4)In writing Paragraph 1，the author aims to .
解此类试题常用“文体特点推意图”法。解题流程如下：
(2020·天津，D片段)
After years of observing human nature，I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance：curiosity and discontent.I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either.And I have never known an average man who had both.The two belong together.
Together，these deep human urges(驱策力)count for much more than ambition.Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground.Like Galileo，all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent，“Why Why Why？”
Fortunately，curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned.We are born with them and need only recapture them.
“The great man，” said Mencius(孟子)，“is he who does not lose his child’s heart.”Yet most of us do lose it.We stop asking questions.We stop challenging custom.We just follow the crowd.And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average.It encourages us to occupy our own little corner，to avoid foolish leaps into the dark，to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people，and new ideas，with hesitation.But once having met and liked them，we think how terrible it would have been，had we missed the chance.We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start？Modestly，so as not to become discouraged.I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself.She was curious about how the experts did it.Now she is one of the experts，writing books on flower arrangement.
...
However you start，remember there is no better time to start than right now，for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
51．In writing Paragraph 1，the author aims to .
A．propose a definition
B．make a comparison
C．reach a conclusion
D．present an argument
答案　D
解析　写作意图题。本文是一篇议论文，按照“文体特点推意图”法，此篇议论文开篇明义，阐述了作者对成功人士必备品质的看法，下面各段都是围绕着这一看法展开的，故选D项“提出论点”。
技法四　文章出处题/读者对象题——内容细节巧判断
文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象。
设问方式
1．From which is the text probably taken
2．In which of the following would this passage most likely be found
3．Where is the passage most probably taken from
4．Where is this text most likely from
5．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
6．Where does this text probably come from
7．The passage is likely to appear in .
8．The passage is probably intended for .
9．The text is written mainly for .
10．Who are the intended readers of the passage
解此类试题常用“内容细节巧判断”法。解题流程如下：
(2021·全国甲·A片段)
Take a view，the Landscape(风景) Photographer of the Year Award，was the idea of Charlie Waite，one of today’s most respected landscape photographers.Each year，the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to showcase the very best photography of the British landscape.Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all corners of the UK and beyond.
Mike Shepherd(2011) ……
Skiddaw in Winter
Cumbria，England
Timothy Smith(2014) ……
Macclesfield Forest
Cheshire，England
23.Where can the text be found
A．In a history book.
B．In a novel.
C．In an art magazine.
D．In a biography.
答案　C
解析　文章出处题。依内容判出处，本文主要介绍了“Take a view”年度风景摄影师大赛的背景以及2011年和2014年的获奖作品信息，结合选项可知，这类文章应该出自艺术杂志。故选C。
A
My granddad often helped me make a tool to catch fish when I was young and we would spend hours along a river.It was lovely for both of us then.Many more of today’s grandparents have a growing sense of adventure.And a trend is catching on：skip-gen travel—grandparents taking fun-filled vacations with grandkids without their parents along.
A survey found that 83% of grandparents put travel with their grandkids as the number one thing when they retire.Skip-gen travel gets popular for good reason.Kids have their lives enriched and learn outside classrooms.This is also a time of talking and sharing ideas.
“How grandparents talk to children is different from how parents talk to them.Actually，I feel on a more equal footing with my grandchildren than I do with my own children，”Annie Collins，a travel architect and also part of the trend，says.“Kids away from their parents are more open to ideas and willing to express themselves.It’s not just kids gaining from traveling.Who gets the most out of this？You might think it’s them but it’s us.”According to a study by the Cleveland Clinic，grandparents who help watch and spend time with grandkids may actually live longer than their peers(同龄人)．
It’s also important to recognize that grandparents often have more time to travel.Unlike their children，who may still be in the pursuit of a personal career that offers limited time off，grandparents are often retired and likely have a different viewpoint on life，prioritizing experiences and family.So knowing the kids are in great hands，moms and dads will have a bit of time to themselves—some much-needed leisure time alone to rest and recharge their batteries.
However，skip-gen travel is not for every grandparent.After all，grandparents are worn out with years and not so energetic.They surely treasure the chance to form close ties with their grandchildren，but it’s wiser to say no when only the youth could enjoy themselves，for the travel should be a win for everyone involved.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。随着越来越多祖父母冒险意识的增强，跨代旅游开始流行起来。研究发现，跨代旅游对祖父母、父母以及孩子均大有禆益。
1．Why does the author mention fishing experiences with his granddad
A．To lead in the trend of skip-gen travel.
B．To share the pleasure in going fishing.
C．To stress the importance of family ties.
D．To show the growing interest in adventure.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Many more of today’s grandparents have a growing sense of adventure.And a trend is catching on：skip-gen travel”以及下文内容可知，作者提到自己小时候与爷爷一起抓鱼的经历是为引出如今祖父母辈与孙辈之间新的相处模式，即跨代旅游。
2．Which of the following may Annie Collins agree
A．Many parents are too strict with children.
B．Grandparents benefit more from skip-gen travel.
C．Spending time with grandparents is better for kids.
D．Children become mature when away from parents.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Actually，I feel on a more equal footing with my grandchildren than I do with my own children”及“Who gets the most out of this？You might think it’s them but it’s us.”可以推断出，身为祖母和跨代旅游的实践者，Annie Collins 认为祖父母辈从跨代旅游中受益更多。
3．What do we know about the parents whose kids are on skip-gen travel
A．They enjoy the moment to relax.
B．They feel less anxious and stressed.
C．They miss their kids very much.
D．They look forward to their own trip.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“So knowing the kids are in great hands，moms and dads will have a bit of time to themselves—some much-needed leisure time alone to rest and recharge their batteries.”可知，当孩子与祖父母外出旅游时，父母也能拥有自己的休闲时间，用来放松和休整。
4．What does the author suggest grandparents do
A．Get kids involved in travel planning.
B．Strengthen the bond with grandchildren.
C．Reduce skip-gen travel appropriately.
D．Make decisions in both sides’ interests.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“They surely treasure the chance to form close ties with their grandchildren，but it’s wiser to say no when only the youth could enjoy themselves，for the travel should be a win for everyone involved.”可知，作者认为跨代旅游应该是一件双赢的事，只有对祖父母和孩子都有利时才应进行，由此可知，作者建议祖父母作出对双方都有利的决定。
B
One December night，a long long time ago，a family sat around the fireplace in their home.This family had found happiness in the worst place in all of New England.This family was never lonely.They enjoyed each other’s company，and often had visitors.The family offered every traveler who stopped at their home a kindness that money could not buy.
On that December evening，someone knocked at their door.The oldest girl opened the door and found a young man standing in the dark.
The old grandmother put a chair near the fireplace for him.The oldest daughter gave him a warm，shy smile.And the baby held up its little arms to him.“This fire is just what I needed，” the young man said.“The wind has been blowing in my face for the last two hours.”
When the father took the young man’s travel bag，he said he was going to Vermont when he saw the light in the window.He decided to stop to sit and enjoy their fire and company for a while.
As the young man took his place by the fire，something like heavy footsteps was heard outside.It sounded as if someone was running down the side of the mountain，taking enormous steps.The father looked out of one of the windows.
“That old mountain has thrown another stone at us again.He must have been afraid we would forget him.He sometimes shakes his head and makes us think he will come down on top of us，” the father explained to the young man.“But we are old neighbors，” he smiled.“And we manage to get along together pretty well.Besides，I have made a safe hiding place outside to protect us in case a slide brings the mountain down on our heads.”
As the father spoke，the mother prepared a hot meal for their guest.While he ate，he talked freely to the family，as if it were his own.This young man did not trust people easily.Yet on this evening，something made him share his deepest secret with these simple mountain people.
语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了乐于助人的一家人让一位年轻人感受到了人性的温暖，年轻人准备和这些朴素的山民分享他最深的秘密。
5．What do we know about the family
A．They love each other and are kind to others.
B．They live a rich life in a comfortable place.
C．They often ask travelers to visit their home.
D．They live in harmony with other villagers.
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。由第一段最后两句可知，这家人享受彼此的陪伴，带给陌生人善意，说明他们彼此相爱、待人友善。故选A。
6．Why did the young man drop in on the family
A．He lost his way because of the bad weather.
B．He wanted to keep warm for a moment.
C．He tried to get rid of a man following him.
D．He was invited by the family in advance.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。由第三段最后两句可知，年轻人拜访这个家庭是为了想暖和一会儿。故选B。
7．Which word best describes the father
A．Learned. B．Talented.
C．Ambitious. D．Optimistic.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。由倒数第二段可知，山上掉石头了(这很危险)，父亲说是山怕这个家庭忘了它，还说他们和山是老朋友，相处得很好，可见父亲是一个乐观的人。故选D。
8．What would be probably talked about next
A．The family’s history.
B．The father’s secret.
C．The young man’s story.
D．Mountain people’s life.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。由最后一段最后一句可知，年轻人要和这家人分享他最深的秘密，所以接下来年轻人要讲他的故事。故选C。
强化练(四)　推理判断题(1)
A
(2021·江苏百校联考)
This Cheap Drone Might Be the Best Selling Gift of 2021
Phone selfies are boring.People aren’t doing them anymore and they’ve become unpopular.
First，there was the standard selfie，then the selfie stick，and now the next evolution of the selfie has arrived!
What Are We Talking About
It’s the new Drone X Pro，a brand new type of drone made so that anyone can fly it.It’s perfect for making the ultimate selfies! The Drone X Pro was designed by two German engineers who love drones.They found that the drones they had were very big，heavy and difficult to travel with.So，they designed this ultra-compact，light drone.
How Does It Work
You have to install an app (just scan the QR code in the manual)．It’s all very easy.Once you have done that，just plug in the battery，connect to your drone and start up the app.In less than 10 seconds you’re ready to fly your drone! The controls are just superb and flying the drone feels natural.
Once you’re in the air，it’s time to use the built-in camera.You can take the most amazing pictures and videos from otherwise impossible angles and impress your friends with the coolest selfies!
What’s the Price and Good
They sell it for only $99 (link here)，which is tremendously cheap for a drone of this quality! The main benefits of the Drone X Pro are its portability，price，camera and its ease of use.
1．Who is the text most probably intended for
A．The tourists. B．Camera lovers.
C．Selfie lovers. D．Selfie producers.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段和第二段可知，用手机自拍很无聊，这种自拍方式不再受欢迎，现在下一个自拍方式到了，可以推断出该无人机最适合自拍爱好者。故选C。
2．What is TRUE about the advantage of the new Drone X Pro
A．It was designed by two German engineers.
B．It is no longer huge and weighty but very expensive.
C．It is portable and user-friendly.
D．It is based on app and assisted by solar power.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。由最后一段最后一句可知，新的Drone X Pro方便携带和方便用户使用。故选C。
3．Where is the passage possibly taken from
A．A travel guide.
B．An advertisement.
C．A brochure.
D．A textbook.
答案　B
解析　文章出处题。文章题目为“This Cheap Drone Might Be the Best Selling Gift of 2021”，原文从创造原因、工作原理和价格等方面对该无人机进行全方位的介绍来吸引顾客购买它。由最后一段第一句可知，有价格和购买链接，所以这是一则自拍无人机的广告。故选B。
B
(2021·福建福州四校联盟质检)
As a kid，Joanna Buckley wasn’t interested in science—until she had a chance to try it.That happened when she got a chemistry set for Christmas.
“Over the course of a few weeks，I’d completed every experiment.But in the process，I polluted my parent’s dining room carpet and burnt the kitchen worktop with the spirit burner，” she says.
Now science is Buckley’s job.She works in the chemistry department at the University of Sheffield in England.“I realize，first-hand，how important it is to have something or someone to show you why science is so great，” she says.Now the good news is that citizen science appears.
Citizen science takes the fun of experimenting a step further than Buckley’s at-home chemistry kit.That’s because these experiments are real，looking for novel answers.
“Compared with a one-off experiment，what’s cool about citizen science is that students get that this has a purpose，” says Prunuske，who teaches microbiology and immunology at a medical college.“Students want to do a good job，because they know scientists are going to use the new data in their own research.”
Jennifer Long’s job is to coordinate(协调) education and outreach.She agrees.“Kids like that it’s real.And they like that it’s important，that it matters.” Citizen-science projects have made big discoveries.One found a previously unknown galaxy cluster(星系团)．Another project helped assess how much damage a big earthquake had caused in Japan.And one of the first citizen-science projects helped scientists learn where butterflies go every winter.
“Some adults worry about teens losing interest in science.That’s one reason they hope that fun，exciting citizen-science projects can help them keep in touch，”Long says.And she has some evidence that it’s working，“Last year，we did have a couple of students say，‘I really think I want to be a scientist now.’”
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了公民科学项目使青少年体验实验的乐趣，为他们在科学的道路上指引着方向。
4．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2
A．To support trials can make teens interested in science.
B．To prove failure is the mother of success in science.
C．To state Buckley has a talent for science.
D．To praise Buckley for her strong will.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段乔安娜·巴克利做实验可知，她小时候对科学并不感兴趣，直到她有机会做实验。由此可知，第二段是为了支持作者的观点：做实验使青少年对科学感兴趣。故选A。
5．Why is citizen science more fun
A．It carries out experiments frequently.
B．It must carry out experiments in groups.
C．It needs to seek for new solutions.
D．It demands to handle complex problems.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段可知，公民科学更有趣是因为需要寻找新的解决办法。故选C。
6．What can we know from what Prunuske said
A．She participated in the experiment.
B．She took pride in what students took up.
C．Citizen science is popular with students.
D．Scientists are willing to employ students.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据第五段第一句可知，公民科学受学生欢迎。故选C。
7．What is Long’s attitude towards citizen science
A．Concerned. B．Supportive.
C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，Long对于公民科学项目是支持的。故选B。
C
(2021·重庆酉阳高考预测)
Scientists say they’ve developed a system using machine learning to predict when and where lightning will strike.The research was led by engineers from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne，Switzerland.
European researchers have estimated that between 6,000 and 24,000 people are killed by lightning worldwide each year.The strikes can also cause power outages，destroy property，damage electrical equipment and start forest fires.For these reasons，climate scientists have long sought to develop methods to predict and control lightning.In the United States and other places，ground-based sensing devices are used to identify strikes as they happen.But no system has been created to effectively predict lightning.
The system tested in the experiments used a combination of data from weather stations and machine learning methods.The researchers developed a prediction model that was trained to recognize weather conditions that were likely to cause lightning.
The model was created with data collected over a 12-year period from 12 Swiss weather stations in cities and mountain areas.The data related to four main surface conditions：air pressure，air temperature，relative humidity and wind speed.
The atmospheric data was placed into a machine learning algorithm(算法)，which compared it to records of lightning strikes.Researchers say the algorithm was then able to learn the conditions under which lightning happens.
Amirhossein Mostajabi is a PhD student at the institute who led the development of the method.He said，“Current systems for gathering such data are slow and complex and require costly collection equipment like radar or satellites.”
“Our method uses data that can be obtained from any weather station，” Mostajabi said.“This will improve data collection in very remote areas not covered by radar and satellites or in places where communication systems have been cut，” he added.
The researchers plan to keep developing the technology in partnership with a European effort that aims to create a lightning protection system.The effort is called the European Laser Lightning Rod project.
语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学家们开发出的一种系统，利用机器学习能力有效地预测闪电，以减少闪电袭击带来的危害和损失。
8．Why have climate scientists tried to predict and control lighting
A．To collect relative data.
B．To reduce the destruction lightning has been causing.
C．To create a scientific system.
D．To do research in relation to machine learning.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段前三句可知，科学家们想预测、控制闪电是因为想找到办法，以减少闪电所带来的危害和损失。故选B。
9．The four mentioned surface conditions include all the following EXCEPT .
A．air pollution B．wind speed
C．relative humidity D．air temperature
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。根据第四段第二句可知，与四个主要表面条件有关的数据有气压、空气温度、相对湿度和风速，没有提到空气污染。故选A。
10．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to
A．Lightning.
B．The system being tested.
C．The atmospheric data.
D．The machine learning algorithm.
答案　C
解析　代词指代题。根据第五段第一句“将大气数据输入到机器学习计算法中，随后计算法会将这些数据与闪电袭击记录进行比较”可以推测，it指代the atmospheric data。故选C。
11．What can we learn about Mostajabi from the passage
A．He developed the method and the system himself.
B．He thinks the current systems are too slow and simple.
C．He is a professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.
D．He believes their system does much better in data collection.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。由第六段第二句可知，目前收集此类数据的系统缓慢而复杂，需要昂贵的雷达或卫星等收集设备；由第七段可知，他们这种方法使用的数据可以从任何气象站获得，这将改善雷达和卫星未覆盖的非常偏远地区或通信系统被切断的地方的数据收集。因此可推断，Mostajabi相信他们的系统在数据收集方面比原来的做得更好。故选D。
强化练(五)　推理判断题(2)
A
(2021·湖北八市联考)
Most Chinese know the story of the mythological Chang’e，the Chinese goddess of the moon.It’s a story about a woman who takes an immortality pill and flies to the moon.It is told every year during China’s Mid-Autumn Moon Festival，so people can’t hear the word “Chang’e” without thinking of romantic images of a moon goddess.
For this reason，China’s mission to the moon was calling out for a strong female figure.Therefore，pictures of a 24-year-old female space commander have gone viral on Chinese social media for her work on the Chang’e-5 Moon exploration programme with comments about how she is a “frontline soldier in the field of aerospace” that young Chinese can look up to.
Ms Zhou，a 24-year-old lady of Tujia ethnic group，is China’s youngest ever space commander.She was involved in the successful launch of the Chang’e-5 lunar probe on 24 November，in charge of the rocket connector system，described as a key role.
In Wenchang space launch site，though she is only 1.58 meters and looks “mini”，she is called “big sister” for her powerful “core and energy”．Since senior high，she has dreamed of being a member of a space research team.With her great efforts，she was admitted to an aircraft system and engineering major of a domestic university in 2014，making her aerospace dream come true.To grow into a commander，in two and a half years，she changed five positions to be familiar with multiple posts and types of work，each of which takes great courage and is full of challenges.In a working space with no air conditioning and narrow space to accommodate only three people，she worked for 60 days until the completion of “the Lang March 5 rocket goes around” battle.
Her story has received attention from Chinese state-run media as well as overseas media outlets.However，it has not appeared to have had much of an effect on her.According to the media，she declined repeated requests for interviews because she does not wish to let fame get in the way of her work.
语篇解读　这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了参与嫦娥五号探索计划的年轻女指挥官周女士为实现航天梦想而努力的故事。
1．Why does the writer mention the myth of Chang’e at the beginning of the passage
A．To introduce the topic.
B．To give an example.
C．To tell a romantic story.
D．To spread Chinese culture.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。第一段介绍了嫦娥奔月的神话故事，第二段第一句起到过渡的作用，引出下文，下文主要讲述参与嫦娥五号探索计划的24岁女指挥官实现太空探索梦想的经历。因此可以推断，第一段提到嫦娥奔月的神话是为了引出话题。故选A。
2．What makes people think of Ms Zhou as a pioneer for the youth in aerospace
A．Her youth and beauty.
B．Her pictures on the media.
C．Her identity of Tujia Ethnic group.
D．Her performance in the moon-landing program.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，周女士在登月计划中的表现让人们认为周女士是年轻人在航天领域的先驱。故选D。
3．Why did Ms Zhou reject the media’s invitation to interviews
A．Because she was too shy.
B．Because she was not available.
C．Because she feared her fame might affect her career.
D．Because she considered fame nothing but a burden.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，周女士拒绝媒体采访是因为她不想让出名妨碍了她的工作。故选C。
4．What can we learn from Ms Zhou’s story
A．Attitude is altitude.
B．The early bird catches the worms.
C．Many hands make light work.
D．Diligence makes up for inability.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第四段第四句和相关内容可知，周女士为了实现自己的航天梦，付出了很大的决心和努力，因此A项“Attitude is altitude.(态度决定高度)”是我们在她的故事中能学到的东西。故选A。
B
(2021·全国百强名校“领军考试”联考)
“Don’t be a helicopter parent.” This message has been repeated frequently and others try to encourage parents to back off their kids and give them greater space and freedom to explore.But it doesn’t actually tell parents how they should act.What kind of parenting style should be adopted in place of the overprotectiveness of helicoptering
One possible answer is，“Be a lifeguard parent.” That means sitting apart from the action and keeping an eye on everything that’s going on，ready to jump in if needed.This was brought up by Dr.Mariana Brussoni，a developmental psychologist at the University of British Columbia and Richard Monette，editor-in-chief of Active for Life.They think life guarding should include three parts.
Open attention is the stage parents should be in most of the time，showing a caring interest in what kids are doing，but keeping their physical distance and remaining non-intrusive(不介入的)．Focused attention is when a parent perceives warning signs and becomes more alert.Maybe it’s time to check in with the child to see how they’re doing.It might be a good opportunity to help the child think through their actions，rather than directing them.Most of the time，play goes back to being safe and the parent can return to open attention.Active intervention is when a parent needs to step in to reduce immediate risk.A child might not realize they’re close to the edge of a busy road or deep water，so the parent has to ensure their safety.
Brussoni says most of a parent’s time should be spent in open attention.Days could pass，without ever entering focused attention.Active intervention should be extremely rare.It’s crucial to avoid telling kids to be careful all the time.This sends a message that the child can’t do things without parental assistance.
No one said parenting was easy，but it can be less unbearable if you let go of some control，teach your kids to do things independently，and trust them to self-regulate.Everyone comes out happier in the end.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了做救生员式父母的必要性以及如何做救生员式父母。
5．Why is helicopter parent mentioned in Paragraph 1
A．Warn parents not to overprotect kids.
B．Introduce another parenting approach.
C．Remind parents to give kids more freedom.
D．Make a comparison between two parenting styles.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句并结合下文对救生员式家长育儿方式的介绍可推知，作者提到直升机式父母是为了引出另一种育儿方式取代直升机式(育儿模式)的过度保护。故选B。
6．What will a lifeguard parent probably do
A．Accompany kids as little as possible.
B．Tell kids to be aware whatever they are doing.
C．Direct kids when they are climbing a thin branch.
D．Urge kids to leave a heavy traffic road immediately.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句可知，当孩子有可能出现危险时，救生员式父母会积极干预，比如敦促孩子们立即离开拥挤的交通道路。故选D。
7．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Parenting has been the toughest job since ancient times.
B．Allowing parents to self-regulate may be of great benefit.
C．Less control may lead to a harmonious parent-child relationship.
D．Child should be taught to things all by themselves to grow up.
答案　C
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段可推知，较少的控制可能会导致和谐的亲子关系。故选C。
8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Don’t Be a Helicopter Parent
B．Teach Kids to Identify Risks
C．How to Guarantee Kids’ Safety
D．Strive to Be a Lifeguard Parent
答案　D
解析　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了做救生员式父母的必要性以及如何做救生员式父母。故选D。
C
(2021·山东济宁一模)
If Mars were the popular kid in school，Venus(金星) would be the unwelcome one sitting in the corner，largely ignored.Venus has nearly the same mass and size as Earth，but being closer to the sun，it gets nearly twice as much heat from the sun.
However，instead of having a climate that is just a warmer version of Earth’s，Venus’s surface and atmosphere are unbearable: clouds of sulphuric acid blanket the planet，while at ground level，it is hot enough to melt lead.Despite this，there is now a sign that Venus may harbour life.
Jane Greaves at Cardiff University，UK，and her colleagues recently detected phosphine(磷化氢) in Venus’ atmosphere，with one potential explanation that it is the by-product of biology.That is because the only way this gas is made on Earth is in laboratories or by microbes(微生物)．Though this doesn’t mean it was produced by life on Venus，attempts to find non-biological explanations for its presence have so far failed.
Our best way of confirming or rejecting the possibility of life on Venus is to go and have a proper look.While Mars has been the focus of interplanetary exploration efforts lately，the phosphine discovery lets people look at Venus in a new light.As NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine tweeted: “It’s time to prioritize Venus.”
In the months and years to come，computer simulations will be used to further study the possible chemistries of the atmosphere on Venus.More laboratory experiments will be conducted to try to identify other ways the phosphine there could be produced.However，there is no guarantee that these efforts will reveal the true nature of this substance on Venus.A newly-proposed strategy is to directly sample the atmosphere and surface of Venus.By doing so，we would be able to take direct measurements of phosphine.
The discovery of phosphine in Venus’s atmosphere is a great accomplishment.The scientific efforts may be just what we need to finally refocus on this neglected world.Possibly，the quiet kid in the corner may get the last laugh.
9．In theory，what’s Venus expected to be like
A．It is almost as large as Earth.
B．It has nearly the same mass as Earth.
C．It has a warmer Earth-like climate.
D．It has the unbearable surface and atmosphere.
答案　C
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，在理论上，金星是与地球质量相同的更温暖的星球。故选C。
10．What can the discovery of phosphine on Venus indicate
A．There might exist signs of life.
B．This kind of gas is very common.
C．Many products can be made with it.
D．Experiments were once conducted there.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段第一、二句可知，通过在金星上发现了磷化氢，说明了那里可能存在生命的迹象。故选A。
11．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about
A．The importance of observations.
B．The power of computer simulations.
C．The approaches to exploring phosphine.
D．The necessity to analyse phosphine.
答案　C
解析　段落大意题。根据第五段第一句和最后一句可知，第五段主要是关于探索磷化氢的方法。故选C。
12．Which can best describe the author’s attitude to the exploration of Venus
A．Casual. B．Supportive.
C．Cautious. D．Doubtful.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段第一、二句可知，作者认为在金星大气层中发现磷化氢是一项伟大的成就，因此作者对探索金星的态度是支持的。故选B。
强化练(六)　推理判断题(3)
A
(2021·湖南六校联考)
When Kirk Alexander went missing for 11 days，an unlikely savior came to his rescue: his neighborhood pizza store.
Almost every night for more than ten years，Kirk Alexander,48，of Salem，Oregon ordered a late dinner from his local Domino’s pizza store.He had no signature order.Sometimes he would call for a salad，sometimes a pie，sometimes chicken wings.The only sure thing for the staff of the Silverton Road Domino’s was that they would see Alexander’s name show up on their online ordering site sometime between 11 p．m.and midnight several times a week.
Until suddenly，for nearly two weeks at the end of April 2016，they didn’t.
It was a slow Saturday night on May 7th when Domino’s general manager Sarah Fuller felt she could no longer ignore Alexander’s recent absence.
“I went and looked up to see how long it had been since he last ordered，” Fuller told .“It was 11 days，which was not like him at all.”
Fuller knew Alexander worked from home，and neighbors said he rarely left.She also knew that he had suffered some health issues in the past.Something，Fuller worried，was wrong.
Around 1 a．m.on Sunday，May 8，Fuller sent longtime delivery driver Tracey Hamblen to stop in at Alexander’s home.Hamblen approached Alexander’s door as he had countless times before and knocked. He could plainly see that Alexander’s TV set was on，as were his lights; but after several minutes，Alexander still didn’t answer the door.
Hamblen rushed back to the store to relay the upsetting developments to Fuller.She encouraged Hamblen to dial 911.Soon，officers were on their way.
When deputies from the Marion County Sheriff’s office arrived at Alexander’s house，they heard a man “calling for help from inside the residence，”deputies said.They broke the door down，and found Alexander on the floor in need of immediate medical attention.One day later，and they might have been too late.
Alexander was rushed to Salem Hospital，where he was listed in stable condition shortly after the dramatic rescue.In the following weeks，Fuller，Hamblen，and other store employees went to visit him with flowers and cards，noting that Alexander greeted them with knowing smiles.
语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了细心周到的外卖店经理通过观察到常客Kirk Alexander 打破了每天订餐的习惯，派人上门了解情况，发现Kirk患病在家，及时报警，从而救了Kirk的性命的经过。
1．How did Fuller sense that something was wrong
A．She knew Alexander had serious health problems.
B．Alexander hadn’t ordered chicken wings for nearly 2 weeks.
C．Alexander had never before broken his routine in the store for 10 years.
D．Alexander had disappeared from the store’s ordering system for about 2 weeks.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第五段“I went and looked up to see...was not like him at all.”可知，Fuller是通过发现Alexander最近已经有11天(差不多两周)没有在披萨店下单了，感觉到不对劲了。故选D。
2．What can you infer from the underlined sentence
A．Hamblen was fond of knocking at Alexander’s door.
B．Hamblen was more than an acquaintance to Alexander.
C．Every time Hamblen arrived at Alexander’s house，he would knock first.
D．When Hamblen had enough time in the past，he would go to Alexander’s house.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第二段以及画线部分上一句可推知，Alexander经常点外卖，而Hamblen是派送员，所以可推测Hamblen跟Alexander十分熟识。故选B。
3．In which column of a newspaper will you probably read this article
A．Life. B．Technology.
C．Health. D．Entertainment.
答案　A
解析　文章出处题。阅读文章内容可知，文章讲述了细心周到的外卖店经理通过观察到常客Kirk Alexander 打破了每天订餐的习惯，派人上门了解情况，发现Kirk患病在家，及时报警，从而救了Kirk的性命的经过。本文属于生活故事，应该出现在报纸的“生活”栏目。故选A。
4．Which saying can we learn from the story
A．Born in distress，die in peace.
B．Details determine success or failure.
C．Even the wise are not always free from error.
D．Better late than never.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第四、五段可知，外卖店经理通过细心观察，察觉到了顾客Kirk点餐习惯发生的变化，最后救了Kirk的命，由此告诉我们“细节决定成败”的道理。故选B。
B
(2021·湖北十一校联考)
The company SpaceX has already launched hundreds of its Starlink satellites，with plans to put as many as 42,000 of them in Earth orbit.Its goal is to provide high-speed Internet to billions of people.Moving toward that kind of access is important，but it comes at a cost.Glittering with reflected sunlight，these first orbiters，sent up in the past year，are brighter than 99 percent of the 5,000 or so other satellites now circling Earth，and obviously there are going to be a lot more.This sudden increase is bad for astronomy: the probability of a Starlink satellite crossing a telescope’s field of view and ruining an observation will be quite high near sunset.For that reason，my fellow astronomers have signed a petition(请愿书) calling for governments to protect the night sky from this invasion.
In response to protests，SpaceX has promised to address the visibility problem by，for example，applying experimental coatings—essentially painting the satellites black—but the company’s aggressive launch schedule remains unchanged.And the satellites’ illuminated(被照亮) surfaces are mostly their solar panels—exactly the part that cannot be painted over.
Unfortunately，at present no regulations govern how bright a single satellite can be，let alone thousands of them together.Even if there were such regulations，one nation’s laws can not hinder(阻碍) another country’s launches.Space literally has no borders，and the sky will need to be protected at an international level.As a consequence，we hope that the United Nations will find a way to think outside of the box to save the sky for everyone.
When I was growing up in Montana，it was a game to be the first to find a moving satellite among the host of stars in the night sky.Soon it could be a game to recognize the constellations(星座) behind a swarm of moving points of light.
语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。作者希望联合国可以找到一种方式防止星际卫星对于天空的光污染。
5．What is the writer’s attitude toward SpaceX’s launching plans
A．Indifferent. B．Doubtful.
C．Optimistic. D．Disapproving.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句可推知，作者反对SpaceX公司的发射计划。故选D。
6．Why have my fellow astronomers signed the petition
A．SpaceX plans to send too many Starlink satellites into space.
B．The Starlink satellites will possibly ruin an observation near sunset.
C．The first orbiters are brighter than most of other satellites circling Earth.
D．SpaceX fails to provide high-speed Internet to people around the world.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“the probability of a Starlink satellite crossing a telescope’s field of view and ruining an observation will be quite high near sunset”可知，星际卫星会毁了太阳落下时的天文观察。故选B。
7．According to the author，who should shoulder the responsibility to save the sky
A．The United States. B．The United Nations.
C．The company SpaceX. D．Just one nation.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句可知，作者觉得联合国应该肩负起拯救天空的责任。故选B。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Preserve the Night Sky
B．Ban Starlink Satellites
C．Observe the Stars Attentively
D．Protest Against SpaceX
答案　A
解析　标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“my fellow astronomers have signed...from this invasion”和倒数第二段最后一句及全文的叙述可知，作者侧重于论述保护夜空免受卫星的光污染。故选A。
C
(2021·河北保定一模)
In our magazine’s document room，from the June 1920 issue，I discovered a piece，What Editors Do，by Hazel Miller.What she talks about caught my eye: The first World War and its ending just two years before.
“During 1917 and 1918，when the World War was going，there was a huge demand for war material，” Miller writes.“Most magazines were carrying practically nothing but war stories.When the War ended in November,1918，some editors still had a goodly supply of war fiction and articles—for which they had paid real money—on their hands，which most people by now are fed up with.”
Her words have stuck with me for the past 12 months as we’ve weighed which COVID-19 stories to run and which to hold.I’m writing these words with thick snow outside my window，but they will reach you in the green of spring.Will you be vaccinated(接种疫苗) and tired of reading about COVID-19 then
We say writing is an art，and publishing is a business，but I worry we forget that publishing is also a gamble(赌博)．Except for the immediate publication，everyone in the industry—agents，acquiring editors，magazine and journal editors，etc.—is betting on a story’s success in a future we cannot see.As is the nature of fortune telling，we are not so sure we will not occasionally lose: The 1920 editors sitting on a store of war stories no one wants，for example.
With so many factors outside your control，and so much uncertainty in the industry，isn’t it better to have stories written from the heart that you are truly enthusiastic about rather than some to please an ever-changing publishing market
My future reader，it’s my hope that this issue finds you this spring doing just that: Writing the stories you need to tell—and the ones that will delight your own future readers for years to come.
语篇解读　这是一篇议论文。作者讲述了自己阅读黑兹尔·米勒写的《编辑是怎么做的》有感，就此结合实际进行了思考。
9．What does the writer probably do
A．A journalist. B．An editor.
C．A librarian. D．A historian.
答案　B
解析　推理判断题。根据第一段第一句可知，作者可能是一个编辑。故选B。
10．What did Miller’s words suggest
A．The First World War shouldn’t have ended too soon.
B．Some editors would make a great fortune by storing war material.
C．In the post-war years，people still enjoyed reading about war.
D．Too much war material had been stored by some editors.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，米勒的话暗示了有些编辑储存了太多的战争资料。故选D。
11．The writer finds Miller’s words especially useful when .
A．deciding which COVID-19 stories to publish
B．writing during the winter months
C．waiting for the green of spring
D．expecting to be vaccinated
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。根据第三段第一句可知，作者发现，米勒的话在决定发表哪篇COVID-19报道时特别有用。故选A。
12．What is the writer’s message to the potential authors
A．To please the present publishing market.
B．To learn the nature of fortune-telling.
C．To control as many factors as possible.
D．To write from the heart for the future readers.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段可知，对于潜在作者，作者希望其能为未来的读者发自内心地写作。故选D。

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