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(共107张PPT)
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Section Ⅰ Reading and Thinking
教材原文 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th 教材译文
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”
在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至
Ⅰ. 课文翻译
教材原文 century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all. 教材译文
死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医, 甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
续表
教材原文 In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit 教材译文
关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。
续表
教材原文 London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. 教材译文
因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。
续表
教材原文 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16， 37， 38, and 40). However, some households(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not 教材译文
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡（尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅），但是有些住户（如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号）却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，
续表
教材原文 drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, 教材译文
酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，
续表
教材原文 John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks. 教材译文
约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是, 他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。
续表
教材原文 The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or 教材译文
事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更
续表
教材原文 boiled water. Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, 教材译文
容易染上霍乱。
经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，
续表
教材原文 we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology. 教材译文
我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。
续表
Ⅱ. 词汇拓展
① ________ /s v (r)/adj. 十分严重的；极为恶劣的；严厉的→
_________ /s v li/adv. 严重地；严格地；严厉地
② ________ / n fekt/v. 使感染；传染→___________ / n fek n/n. 感染；传染
③ _________ /s spekt/vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 / s spekt/n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象→ ___________ /s spekt dd/adj. 有嫌疑的
severe
severely
infect
infection
suspect
suspected
④ _______ /pj /adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的→ ________ / pj li/adv. 纯粹地；仅仅
⑤ ____________ /tr ns f m/vi. 改变；转变 vt. 使改观；使改变形态→_________________ /tr nsf me n/n. 转化；改造；转变
⑥ ___________ / θ k /n. 思想；思维；见解→_______ /θ k/v. 想→__________ /θ t/n. 想法→__________ / θ k /n. 思想家
transformation
thinking
think
thought
thinker
pure
purely
transform
Ⅲ. 情境词块
1. die from/of _____________
死于……
2. attend to _______________
照料；照顾
3. give birth _________
分娩
4. once and for all ___________________
最终地；彻底地
5. subscribe to _______________
同意；赞同
8. 一般来说 _______________
in general
9. 查明 _____________
find out
10. 由于…… ___________________
as a result of
6. water pump _________
水泵
7. thanks to _______________
幸亏；由于
Ⅳ. 情境佳句
1.
句型公式 “特殊疑问词+不定式”结构
教材原句 As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.
由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。
中文例句 我不太清楚如何回答你的问题。
句式仿写 I don’t quite know_________________your question.
how to answer
2.
句型公式 so…that…引导结果状语从句
教材原句 He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。
中文例句 他们走得那么快，我没法跟上他们。
句式仿写 They walked_______________I could not keep up with them.
so fast that
3.
句型公式 It seems/seemed+that从句 好像……，似乎……
教材原句 It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。
中文例句 看起来他适合目前的工作。
句式仿写 ________________he is fit for the present job.
It seems that
Ⅰ. 文本理解
Reading for the main idea.
Choose the best answer according to the text.
1. What’s the main idea of the text ( )
A. John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.
B. The cause of cholera was polluted water.
C. The source of all the drinking water supplies should be examined.
D. How John Snow found the cause of cholera and defeated“King Cholera”.
D
Reading for the structure.
Fill in the blanks with prope words.
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Cholera ◆It used to be one of the most feared 1. _________ in the world.
◆It causes 2._______ diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death.
◆In the early 19th century, millions of people 3. ___________ the disease.
diseases
severe
died from
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
Two contradictory theories ◆One theory was that 4. ________ caused the disease.
◆Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from 5._______ in food or water.
bad air
germs
续表
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
John Snow ◆As a young doctor, he became 6.___________ because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.
◆He desired to destroy cholera 7. ______and for all.
◆In his use of 8. ______ and statistics , he found out why and 9._____________ the way scientists study diseases.
◆For this reason, he 10.________________the father of modern epidemiology.
frustrated
once
maps
transformed
is considered
续表
Reading for the details.
Choose the best answer according to the text.
1. Why did John Snow become frustrated ( )
A. An outbreak of cholera hit Europe.
B. Nobody knew how to deal with cholera.
C. Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases.
D. He had to attend to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.
B
2. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the text ( )
A. John Snow was a famous doctor.
B. John Snow finally defeated “King Cholera”.
C. Cholera was a deadly disease of its day.
D. Few people died every time there was an outbreak of cholera.
D
3. How did John Snow do the research ( )
A. By using maps and statistics.
B. By drinking the water himself.
C. By questioning the patients.
D. By experimenting on himself.
A
Ⅱ. 难句突破
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，①____________________________________________
②___________________________.
【分析】本句为主从复合句，① _______ 引导时间状语从句, 其中②how it could be overcome为 ______ 引导的宾语从句，作动词showed的宾语。
【译文】________________________________________________________________________________________
until a British doctor, John Snow showedshowedshowed
how it could be overcome
until
how
在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。
was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days
that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak
2. He discovered ① _____________________________________________________________ ② _____________________________________________________________.
【分析】本句为主从复合句, 主句动词discovered 后是 ① ______引导的宾语从句, 其中②_____________引导结果状语从句。
【译文】___________________________________________________________
that
so...that...
他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。
Ⅲ. 概要写作
Step 1 Question Answering
根据课文内容回答下列问题。
1. Who is considered the father of modern epidemiology
_______________________________________________________________
John Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
2. What was his desire
_________________________________________
John Snow desired to defeat cholera.
3. What did cholera use to be
_____________________________________________________________________
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world.
4. What broke out in London in 1854？
_______________________________________________
An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854.
5. How did John Snow find out the cause of the disease
________________________________________________________________________
He found out the cause of the disease by using maps and statistics.
6. What was the result through his efforts
___________________________________________________________________________________
Through his efforts, the threat of cholera around the world greatly decreased.
Step 2 Sentence Rewriting
将1、2、3句，合并为主从复合句。
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
John Snow, who is considered the father of modern epidemiology, desired to defeat cholera, which used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world.
使用词汇替换方式改写上文 4、5、6句。
2. _________________________________________
Cholera broke out in London in 1854.
3. __________________________________________________________________________
He figured out the cause of the disease by using maps and statistics.
4. _____________________________________________________________________________________
Thanks to his efforts, the threat of cholera around the world greatly decreased.
John Snow, who is considered the father of modern epidemiology, desired to defeat cholera, which used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world. （要点1） When cholera broke out in London in 1854, he figured out the cause of the disease by using maps and statistics. （要点2） As a result, thanks to his efforts, the threat of cholera around the world greatly decreased. （要点3）
Step 3 Summary Writing
1. 将以上句子连成一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的文章概要。
___________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________
1. once and for all 最终地；彻底地
However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all. 然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。（教材P2）
典例翻译
① Bill and Tom asked the teacher to settle the argument once and for all.
_____________________________________
比尔与汤姆请求老师彻底解决争论。
② I’m warning you once and for all; if you don’t stop disturbing me, you’ll be regretful.
_______________________________________________________
我最后一次警告你。如果你不停止纠缠我，你会后悔的。
归纳拓展
突然；同时 _________________
立刻；马上 __________________
一而再，再三 ___________________
一两次，几次___________________
all at once
at once
once and again
once or twice
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
①All_______ once there was someone knocking on the door.
②He was punished once________again for telling lies.
at
and
（2） 单句写作
③他一个月去一两次巴黎。
He visits Pairs __________________ a month.
④是我们彻底处理这个问题的时候了。
It is time we __________________________________________.
once or twice
dealt with the issue once and for all
2. subscribe vi. 认购（股份）；定期订购；定期交纳（会费）
Snow subscribed to the second theory. 斯诺赞同第二种看法。（教材P2）
典例翻译
① Are you going to subscribe to the opera this season？
___________________________
这一季你打算订阅歌剧吗
② How much did you subscribe to the disaster fund？
____________________________
你向救灾基金捐了多少钱
③ Do you subscribe to her pessimistic view of the state of the economy？
____________________________________
你同意她对经济状况的悲观看法吗
④ He subscribed for 1，000 shares.
___________________
他认购一千股。
归纳拓展
订购；捐助 _______________________
同意； 赞同________________________
认购（股份）___________________________
subscribe to
subscribe to
subscribe for
学以致用
赏句猜义
① The rest of us do not subscribe to this theory. _________
赞成
② What newspapers and magazines do you subscribe to ？_________
订阅
③ How much did you subscribe to the Hope Project ？ _________
捐助
3. suspect vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。（教材P2）
典例翻译
① Just at that time, I began to suspect whether to tell her that matter.
_____________________________________________________。
只是在那个时候，我开始怀疑我是否应该告诉她那件事
② Which of these people do you suspect of theft
_____________________________________
在这些人当中你怀疑哪个有偷窃行为
③ The police couldn’t prove the suspect’s guilt.
_____________________________。
警察不能证实嫌疑犯的罪行
归纳拓展
怀疑某人（做）某事 ______________________________
怀疑某人是…… ________________________
suspect sb. of (doing) sth.
suspect sb. to be...
头脑风暴
“v.+sb.+of+sth.”结构大集合
①inform sb. of sth. 告知某人某事
②warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事
③cure sb. of sth. 治好某人某病
④remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事
⑤accuse sb. of sth. 指控某人某事
⑥rob sb. of sth. 抢劫某人某物
⑦convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
①I suspect him __________ (be) a pickpocket.
②I suspected the girl of__________ (lie) to us.
to be
lying
（2） 句型转换
③He suspected the woman staying in the flat above to be a murderer. （用宾语从句）
→He suspected ____________________________________________________________ .
that the woman staying in the flat above was a murderer
4. blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n. 责备；指责
Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。（教材P2）
典例翻译
① Everybody knows that he is to blame for this.
_________________________________
人人皆知他应该为此受到责备。
② You can’t blame the rise in price on the government.
_________________________________
你不能把物价上涨归咎于政府。
④ I am ready to take the blame for the mistake.
_______________________________
我准备为这一错误承担责任。
③ The president put the blame completely on his opponent.
___________________________________
总统把责任完全推给了他的对手。
归纳拓展
（1）（对某事）负有责任，应受责备 _________________________
因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人 ______________________
把某事归咎于某人/某事 __________________________
（2）将某事归咎于某人 _____________________________________
对某事承担责任 ___________________________
be to blame (for sth.)
blame sb. for sth.
blame sth. on sb./sth.
put/lay the blame for sth. on sb.
take the blame for sth.
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
①Don’t always blame your failure_______others; you yourself should be _____________ (blame).
②If that happens, the coach will take the blame________ it.
on
to blame
for
（2） 一句多译
③你们不应该把这次失败归咎于约翰。
You shouldn’t___________________ the failure.
= You shouldn’t______________________ on John.
blame John for
blame the failure
5. link n. 联系；纽带 vt. 把……连接起来；相关联
Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. 此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。（教材P3）
典例翻译
① The newspapers have linked his name with hers.
_____________________________________
报纸把他和她的名字联系在了一起。
② The two spacecraft will link up (with each other)in orbit.
_________________________________________
两艘宇宙飞船将在轨道上（互相）连接。
③ We must question the value of our link with the university.
_________________________________________
我们要斟酌一下与这所大学联系的价值。
④ The link between my computer and the telephone isn’t very good.
_____________________________________
我的电脑和电话间的连接不是很好。
归纳拓展
（1）将……和……联系或连接起来 __________________
（与……）连接；结合 __________
（2）A与B之间的联系 __________________________
与……有关系/联系 _________________
link...to/with...
link up
a link between A and B
a link with...
头脑风暴
表达“联系；连接”的固定搭配还有：connect…with…, relate…to…, associate…with…。
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
①The new tunnel links Britain____________ France.
②English teaching needs to link up_________the cultural teaching.
to/with
with
（2） 一句多译
③一座新桥把这个国家和这个城镇连接起来。
→The country ___________________ the town by a new bridge. (connect)
→The country _______________ the town by a new bridge. (link)
is connected with
is linked to
6. decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi. （使大小、数量等）减少；减小；降低
Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. 经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。（教材P3）
典例翻译
① The number of new students decreased from 210 to 160 this year.
_______________________________
今年新生人数从210减到160。
② The membership decreased to 150.
__________________________
会员数减少到了150人。
③ The number of students in the class has decreased by 20.
_____________________________
班级里的人数减少了20人。
④ There has been a decrease in our imports.
___________________________
我们的进口数量减少了。
归纳拓展
（1）在下降中 ___________________
在……方面减少 ___________________
（2）减少到/了…… _____________________
从……减少到…… _______________________
on the decrease
a decrease in...
decrease to/by...
decrease from...to...
学以致用
单句填空
① There is a decrease of nearly 7% _______the number of visitors to the museum.
in
② The accidents have decreased _______ 20% since the measure was taken.
by
③ Because of human activities, the number of some rare animals is_______ the decrease.
on
联想助记
decrease 的反义词 increase的用法
increase to ____________________
increase by ____________________
on the increase __________
7. transform vt. 使改观；使改变形态 vi. 改变；转变
Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. 此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。（教材P3）
增加（长）到……
增加（长）了……
在增加
典例翻译
① It was the event that would transform my life.
_____________________________
这件事将会改变我的生活。
② Your generous help and tender care transformed my first American trip into an unforgettable memory.
___________________________________________________________________________
你的慷慨相助和细心关怀把我的第一次美国之旅转化成了一个难以忘怀的记忆。
③ In recent years, the movie industry has undergone a dramatic transformation.
_____________________________________
近年来，电影业经历了巨大的改革。
归纳拓展
（1）把A变成B _____________________________
（2）n. 改变；改革 ___________________________
transform A into B
transformation
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
①In only 20 years the country_______________________ (transform) into an advanced industrial power.②In recent years his ideas have undergone a complete _________________ (transform).
has been transformed
transformation
（2） 完成句子
③到了旧的教育体制改变的时候了。
It is high time that the old educational systems___________________________________________ .
were transformed/should be transformed
1.“特殊疑问词+不定式”结构
As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. 由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。（教材P2）
典例翻译
① I didn’t know what to say.
_____________________
我不知道说什么。
② How to solve the problem is very important.
___________________________________
如何解决这个问题是非常重要的。
③ Our question is when to start.
___________________________
我们的问题是何时开始。
④ In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewitnesses to believe and which not to believe.
_______________________________________________________________
在审判中，法官必须断定哪些证人可以相信，哪些证人不能相信。
归纳拓展
（1）常见的特殊疑问词：疑问代词who, what, which等和疑问副词how, when, where等。
（2）语法功能：该结构相当于名词性从句，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等（作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式）。
误区警示
（1）在“特殊疑问词+不定式”结构中，不定式常用主动形式表示被动意义。
（2）在以why或why not 开头的省略疑问句中，其后可跟不带to 的不定式。
学以致用
（1） 完成句子
① _______________________________________ （何时何地举行会议）remains to be discussed further.
②They always told me ________________________________（做什么以及怎么做）.
When and where to hold the meeting
what to do and how to do it
（2） 句型转换
③The boy is too young to know what he should do when in trouble.
→The boy is too young to know_______________ when in trouble.
what to do
2. so…that…引导结果状语从句
It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. 该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。（教材P2）
典例翻译
① Maybe it was so crowded that my handbag slid off my arm.
_________________________________________________
也许太拥挤了，我的手提包从我的胳膊上滑落了。
② There were so many cars in the street that I couldn’t get through.
_________________________________
路上的车很多以至于我过不去。
③ So hot a day was it that they all went swimming.
= Such a hot day was it that they all went swimming.
_________________________________
天气这么热，他们都去游泳了。
④ They walked so fast that I could not keep up with them.
_____________________________________
他们走得那么快，我没法跟上他们。
归纳拓展
so/such…that…引导结果状语从句，意为“如此……以至于……”。
（1）so…that…结构的常见形式：
（2）such…that…结构的常见形式：
（3）so/such…that…结构中的so/such开头的句子，一般要用部分倒装。
误区警示
little表示“少”时其前用so，但表示“小”时用such。
There was so little time left that we must hurry.
时间不多了，我们一定得快一点。
They are such little children that they can’t understand it.
他们是这么小的孩子，他们不会理解的。
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
①It is _______ good a film that I’d like to see it a second time.
②She is_________ a good teacher that we all respect her.
so
such
（2） 句型转换
③It was such a cold day that there was nobody in the street.
→It was _______________________ there was nobody in the street.
④It will be so low in price that no man making good money will be unable to own one. （用倒装句）
→ ____________________________________ no man making good money will be unable to own one.
so cold a day that
So low will it be in price that
Ⅰ. 语境填词
根据语境和汉语提示写出单词的正确形式。
1. [2019北京卷] In a world that warms up by3℃ , it found that _____________ （数量多的）changes to the colour of the oceans would occur.
multiple
2. [2019浙江卷] However, when she hung up, she regretted the way she had____________（处理） the call.
handled
3. （2019天津卷）Food webs may be dominated by many weak__________（联系） because that arrangement is more stable over the long term.
links
4. （2019课标全国Ⅱ卷） Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent, according to _______________（统计数字） from the report.
statistics
5. She suffered from ___________（十分严重的） depression after losing her job.
severe
6. Customs officials have made a series of__________________（相互矛盾的） statements about the equipment.
contradictory
7. One theory is that the ______________（传染） has been present in humans for a very long time.
infection
8. There is no __________（证据） that the knife belonged to her.
proof
9. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the______________（家庭）.
household
10. In much of the animal world, night is the time set aside for sleep—_________（纯粹的）and simple.
pure
Ⅱ. 语境选词
根据语境用方框内短语的正确形式填空。
take the blame for; thanks to; once and for all; on the decrease; subscribe to; link up; attend to; die from; find out
1. In a severe winter, wild animals can_____________ lack of food.
die from
2. ______________ the spread of modern technology, trained workers are now more vital than ever.
Thanks to
3. The demand for tea is ____________________ each year.
on the decrease
4. She occupied herself with routine office tasks and had no time to______________ her children.
attend to
5. The two families ______________ through the marriage of their daughter and son.
linked up
6. It is not a theory that is commonly __________________ .
subscribed to
7. Seeking to_____________ the real cause of the accident was what he was eager to do.
find out
8. Let’s get this problem right_____________________ .
once and for all
9. The company was ready to_____________________what had happened.
take the blame for
Ⅲ. 课文语法填空
Cholera used to be one of the most feared 1. ________ (disease) in the world. As a young doctor, John Snow became 2.
___________ (frustrate) because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. He desired 3.__________ (destroy) cholera once and for all. He thought cholera was caused by an 4.__________ (infect) from germs in food or water. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate by 5. __________ (mark) on a map the exact places where all those
diseases
frustrated
to destory
infection
marking
6._____ died had lived. At last, John Snow found that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Through Snow’s tireless efforts, the threat of cholera around the world saw 7. ____ substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks 8._____ the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow 9. _____________ (transform) the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow 10. _____________ (consider) the father of modern epidemiology.
who
a
to
transformed
is considered
Ⅰ. 单句填空
1. （2019浙江卷） Thanks _______ the Beatles, a lot of opportunities were opened up to new faces on the market.
to
2. I subscribed _______ a morning paper.
to
3. They suspected him _______murder.
of
4. Blamed________the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.
for
5. The unemployment rate of the country______________(decrease)last year.
decreased
6. It is a surprise that the faraway village has been transformed _________a famous tourist city in only ten years.
into
7. Andy___________ (pour) a cup of tea for Bobby.
poured
Ⅱ. 同义替换
frustrated; raw; subscribe to; thanks to; proof; once and for all; contradictory; suspect; severe; link
1. Because of your timely help, I was able to finish the difficult task. ______________
Thanks to
2. I know you are feeling _____________ these days because you are not able to communicate with others effectively. _____________
frustrated
annoyed
3. I doubted he was lying by the boy’s abnormal behaviour. ______________
suspected
4. The witness gave her evidence in a clear firm voice. __________
proof
5. A young English teacher saved the lives of 30 students when he took control of a bus after its driver suffered a serious heart attack. ___________
severe
6. Her criticisms had the effect of discouraging him completely. _____________________
once and for all
7. The conflicting interests of producers and consumers will be everlasting. __________________
contradictory
8. There is no doubt that steak was uncooked in the middle. ______
raw
9. Television stations around the world are connected by satellites. ___________
linked
10. The authorities no longer agree with the view that disabled people are unsuitable as teachers. _________________
subscribe to
Ⅲ. 完成句子
1. 老师教学生如何做实验。（特殊疑问词+不定式）
The teacher taught the students _____________________________ .
how to do the experiment
2. 这些大象如此聪明，它们可以回答一些数学问题。(so…that…)
The elephants________________________they were able to answer some math questions.
were so clever that
3. 她是如此可爱的一个女孩，以至于每个人都喜欢她。(such…that…)
She_______________________________everyone loves her.
is such a lovely girl that
4. 你很难责怪彼得生她的气。(blame…for…)
You can hardly ________________________________with her.
blame Peter for being angry
5. 这个城市的人口正在减少。(on the decrease)
The population of this city _______________________ .
is on the decrease
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
(2020河北张家口高二上学期阶段检测) Stephen Hawking, the most outstanding physicist of his time, passed away at the age of 76.
A family spokesman said Hawking, who was British, died peacefully early Wednesday at his home in Cambridge, England. Hawking was known worldwide for working to explain subjects like the beginning of the universe and the complexity of black holes. He was diagnosed with a disease called amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, or ALS, at age 21. At the time, doctors predicted he would only live a few years. But he proved them wrong by surviving for more than 50 years and continuing his scientific work.
In his 2013 book, My Brief History, Hawking wrote about his first learning of the illness, “I felt it was very unfair-why should this happen to me ” He added, “At the time, I thought my life was over and that I would never realize the potential I felt I had.” “But now, 50 years later, I can be quite satisfied with my life,” he wrote.
A sign of his being admired came in October 2017, when Cambridge
put Hawking’s 1966 thesis on the Internet for the first time. Demand for the thesis was so high that it caused the university’s website to go down.
Hawking said the belief in God who intervenes（介入） in the universe “to make sure the good guys win or get rewarded in the next life” was wishful thinking. “But one can’t help asking the question: Why does the universe exist ” he said in 1991.“I don’t know an operational way to give the question or the answer,
if there is one, a meaning. But it bothers me.”
Hawking subscribed to human space travel to the Moon and Mars.
He said such missions would help unite humanity in a shared purpose of spreading the human race beyond the Earth. “We are running out of space and the only places to go to are other worlds. It is time to explore other solar systems. Spreading out may be the only thing that saves us from ourselves. I am convinced that humans need to leave the Earth,” he said last year.
1. What is Hawking’s attitude towards life when he was just diagnosed with ALS ( )
A. Optimistic. B. Hopeless.
C. Disappointed. D. Confident.
B
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一篇新闻报道。著名物理学家霍金去世了，享年76岁。文章简要陈述了和他相关的内容, 比如他的病、他的书、他的一些观点等。
【命题立意】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第三段内容可知，在2013年出版的《我的简史》一书中，霍金描 述了他刚知道自己得了这种病时的感受：“我觉得很不公平——为什么这种事会发生在我身上？”他又补充道：“当时，我想我的人生结束了，我永远不能发挥我认为自己所拥有的潜力了。”由此可推测，霍金在刚知道自己得了这种病时是很绝望的。故选B。
2. Why is Hawking in favor of human space travel to other solar systems ( )
A. Because we have used up all space.
B. Because we have explored the Moon and Mars for a long time.
C. Because it can help spread the human race beyond the Earth.
D. Because it is a way to save the Earth.
C
[解析] 【命题立意】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据文章最后一段中的Hawking subscribed to…the human race beyond the Earth. 可知霍金同意月球和火星旅行是因为它有助于使人类分散到地球以外。故选C。
3. What can be a suitable title for the text ( )
A. Stephen Hawking Is Recognized for His Research on Black Holes
B. Stephen Hawking Supports Human Space Travel
C. Stephen Hawking Is a Worldwide Famous Physicist
D. Famous Physicist Stephen Hawking Died at 76
D
[解析] 【命题立意】主旨大意题。【解题思路】根据文章结构可知，这是一则新闻，第一段是新闻的导语，即文章的主要内容。根据第一段Stephen Hawking, the most outstanding physicist of his time, passed away at the age of 76. （史蒂芬·霍金，他那个时代最著名的物理学家，去世了，享年76岁。）可知，本文主要讲述著名物理学家霍金在76岁去世。故选D。
深度解析
词汇积累
1. outstanding adj. 杰出的；明显的；未解决的
2. be diagnosed with 被诊断为
3. operational adj. 操作的；运作的
4. subscribe to 订阅；同意；捐款
5. run out of 用完
难句分析
原句：At the time, I thought my life was over and that I would never realize the potential I felt I had.
句意：当时，我想我的人生结束了，我将永远不能发挥我认为自己所拥有的潜力了。
分析：这是一个主从复合句。and连接两个并列的宾语从句，第一个宾语从句省略了that；在第二个宾语从句中I felt I had是省略了关系代词that/which的定语从句，修饰先行词 the potential。
Ⅱ. 完形填空
(2020河北邢台高二上学期第一次月考) Do you think you have what it takes to be a successful scientist A successful scientist is generally a good observer. He makes full 1______ of the facts he observes. He doesn’t accept ideas which are not based on obvious facts, and therefore 2_____to accept authority as the only reason for truth. He always checks ideas 3_____ and makes experiments to prove them. The rise of modern science may be considered to 4______ as far back as the time of Roger Bacon, the wonderful
philosopher of Oxford, who lived between the years 1214 and 1294. He was probably the first in the Middle Ages to 5_____ that we should learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us, and he himself 6_____ many important truths.
Galileo（1564—1642）, however, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men in Italy, France, Germany and England, 7_____ began to show how many important truths could be discovered by observation by degrees. Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more
8_______towards the earth than small ones, 9______Aristotle said so. But Galileo, going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let two 10_____ stones fall and proved Aristotle was wrong. It is Galileo’s 11_____ of going direct to nature, and proving our opinions and theories by experiment, that has 12_____ all the discoveries of modern science.
What 13______ those people good scientists From the example of Galileo, we know 14______ that successful scientists are those whose observations have 15______ better results.
( )A. use B. sense
C. speed D. trust
A
[解析] [语篇解读] 一个科学家应该是一个很好的观察者，不能盲目相信他人，应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。
【解题思路】根据语境可知，此处是make full use of“充分利用，充分使用”这一固定词组。
2. ( )A. refuses B. desires
C. intends D. regrets
A
[解析] 【解题思路】由空前的“doesn’t accept”和“and therefore”可知，此处应选refuses，表示“拒绝”。
3. ( )A. casually B. carefully
C. quickly D. privately
B
[解析] 【解题思路】此处表示一个成功的科学家会仔细地核查一些观念。
4. ( )A. date B. keep
C. look D. come
A
[解析] 【解题思路】由下文的“the years 1214 and 1294”可知，现代科学的兴起可以追溯到很早的时期。date back是固定词组，意为“追溯到”。
5. ( )A. command B. suspect
C. suggest D. conclude
C
[解析] 【解题思路】根据空后的内容可知，这里应是Roger Bacon提出的建议，故选C项。
6. ( )A. brought B. discovered
C. handled D. announced
B
[解析] 【解题思路】结合空后的“many important truths”可知，他本人发现了很多重要的真理。
7. ( )A. who B. when
C. that D. where
A
[解析] 【解题思路】分析句子结构可知，空处用who引导非限制性定语从句。
8. ( )A. slowly B. rapidly
C. lightly D. heavily
B
[解析] 【解题思路】结合空前的“Before Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fell more”和空后的“towards the earth than small ones”及常识可知，在伽利略之前，学者们认为重的物体比轻的物体下落快，因此选rapidly“迅速地”。
9. ( )A. although B. because
C. when D. if
B
[解析] 【解题思路】根据空后的“Aristotle said so”可知，这里表示因为亚里士多德是这样说的。
10.( )A. big B. small
C. similar D. unequal
D
[解析] 【解题思路】根据上文和空后的“stones fall and proved Aristotle was wrong”可知，此处表示伽利略使用了两个不同重量的石头，因此选unequal“不相等的”。
11.( )A. spirit B. skill
C. theory D. wish
A
[解析] 【解题思路】由空后的“of going direct to nature”可知，此处表示科学精神（spirit）。
12.( )A. led to B. turned to
C. set up D. put forward
A
[解析] 【解题思路】这里是说正是伽利略的精神使得现代科学能有发现。结合语境可知，此处应选A项。
13. ( )A. makes B. prevents
C. considers D. promises
A
[解析] 【解题思路】结合下文中的“successful scientists are those…”可知，此处是说“什么使那些人成为好的科学家”。
14. ( )A. likely B. clearly
C. naturally D. unwillingly
B
[解析] 【解题思路】结合上文中所举的例子我们可以清楚地（clearly）知道，成功的科学家是那些人——他们的观察可以创造（produce）更好的结果。
15.( )A. foreseen B. rejected
C. produced D. challenged
C
[解析] 【解题思路】参见上题解析。(共50张PPT)
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Section Ⅱ Learning About Language
（表语从句）
1. （教材P2） One theory was that bad air caused the disease.
2. （教材P5） You may not believe it, but that was what happened at the initial stage of our group’s research on developing a vaccine for malaria.
3. （教材P5） What Snow was determined to find out was why the 1854 outbreak of cholera in London could have caused over 500 deaths within ten days.
4. （教材P5） We realised that what we cared about was not what aspect we needed to develop a theory in, but rather how we can reduce the cost of a vaccine without reducing is effect!
观察并归纳：
1. 所有例句中的黑体部分都位于__________后，作表语，故都是_________，这些表语从句在词性上相当于一个______。
系动词be
表语从句
名词
2. 句（1）由从属连词 ______ 引导；句（2）由连接代词 ______ 引导；句（3）由连接副词 _____ 引导；句（4）由连接代词 _____ 引导。
that
what
why
what
表语从句放在系动词（也称连系动词）之后，充当复合句中的表语。表语从句就是指一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样。一般结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”。可接表语从句的系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。
类别 引导词 用法
从属 连词 that 只起连接作用，不作句子成分, 无实际意义
whether 只起连接作用, 不作句子成分，意为“是否”，不能用if替换
类别 引导词 用法
连接 代词 who, what, whom, whose, which 等 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等
连接 副词 when, where, why, how等 在从句中作状语
其他 连词 because 主句主语一般不用 reason
as if/as though 表语从句表示的情况发生的可能性较小时，常用虚拟语气
续表
从属连词that的用法：①无意义；②不充当成分。而whether有词义，意为“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如 question, trouble, problem, result, chance, suggestion, idea, reason 等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释，使主语的内容具体化。
The reason for his absence is that he hasn’t been informed.
他缺席的原因是他没被通知。
The point is whether we should lend him the money.
关键在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
1. 由连接词that, whether引导的表语从句
What she couldn’t understand was that fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
她不能理解的是越来越少的学生对她的课感兴趣。
误区警示
if不能引导表语从句。
2. 由连接代词引导的表语从句
在连接代词who, what, which, whom, whose等引导的表语从句中，连接代词在句中作主语、宾语、表语等，并且不能省略。
The question is which of us should go.
问题是我们哪一个应该去。
The problem was who could do the work.
问题是谁能做这项工作。
That’s what he is worrying about.
那就是他在担心的事。
That’s what we should do.
那是我们应该做的。
3. 由连接副词引导的表语从句
在连接副词 when, where, why, how 等引导的表语从句中，连接副词在从句中作状语。
Go and get your coat. It’s where you left it.
去把衣服拿来。就在你原来放的地方。
I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. That’s why I got wet through.
我既没雨衣也没伞。那就是我湿透的原因。
That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year.
那就是老鼠每年是怎样损害大量粮食的。
4. 由从属连词because, as if/as though等引导的表语从句
It looked as if it was going to snow.
看起来好像要下雪了。
That’s because we never thought of it.
这是因为我们从未想过此事。
It seems as though he didn’t know the answer.
好像他不知道答案。
why 和 because 引导的表语从句的区别
That’s why... 意为“那是……的原因”，强调结果
That’s because... 意为“那是因为……”强调原因
I didn’t phone her, and that’s why she got angry with me. （强调“没打电话”这一结果）
我没有给她打电话。那就是她对我生气的原因。
I didn’t phone her, and that’s because I got angry with her. （强调“生气”这一原因）
我没有给她打电话。那是因为我生她的气了。
易混辨析
误区警示
reason 作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用 that 引导，不宜用 because。
在表语从句中，表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是：advice, suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea等, 从句谓语形式是“should+动词原形”（should可以省略）。
My advice is that you（should) practise speaking English as often as possible.
我的建议是你（应该）尽可能多地练习说英语。
My suggestion is that we should tell him.
我的建议是我们应该告诉他。
5. 表语从句中的虚拟语气
Ⅰ.单句填空
1. He got caught in the heavy traffic. That was ________ he was late.
why
2. Energy is _________ makes things work.
what
3. We didn’t set out; it was ____________ we wanted to wait until our mother came back.
because
4. The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _________ one can be entirely free from dust.
that
5. A ship in harbor is safe, but that’s not _________ ships are built for.
what
6. The trouble is _________ I cant find my way.
that
7. What he wants to know is ____________ we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.
whether
8. The reason why I was sad was _________ he didn’t understand me.
that
9. That is _________ we are looking forward to.
what
10. The problem is ________ is really fit for the hard job.
who
11. That’s __________ I first met her, the small beautiful park.
where
12. His sole requirement was _________ the system work.
that
13. The first time we met each other was _________ we studied in that school.
when
14. There is no doubt that that’s ________ I object to the plan.
why
Ⅱ.完成句子
1. 困难是我们资金短缺。
The trouble is _______________________________.
that we are short of money
2. 这就是新英格兰牧场用石头墙而不用栅栏的原因。
That is _______________________________________________ around New England fields.
why stone walls are used instead of fences
3. 听起来好像有人在敲门。
It sounds __________________________________________.
as if someone is knocking at the door
4. 当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
At that time, it seemed ______________________________________________ anyhow.
as if I couldn’t think of the right word
5. 问题是她把他的钱弄丢了。
The trouble is ________________________________.
that she has lost his money
6. 问题是我们是否还需要一些冰淇淋。
The question is ___________________________________.
whether we need more ice cream
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1. —Are you a local person in the countryside
—I was born in Washington D.C., but this is__________ I grew up.
where
2. He went to the hospital for a medical examination. And that is________ he was absent from the meeting.
why
3. Many people are not fully aware of the damage that it does to their health. This is________ we chose this picture as our logo.
why
4. The mixture of better jobs, special government policies and having sponsors for studying abroad is_________ lies behind the changes to China’s brain drain.
what
5. The reason she gave for being late was_________ the heavy snow prevented her coming.
that
6. The reason why she preferred city life is_________ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.
that
7. All the mistakes I ever made in my life were_________ I wanted to say “No” and said “Yes”.
when
8. —I heard you wanted to study further in a foreign college.
—Yes, that’s ________ I try my best to learn English well.
why
9. As John Lennon once said, life is_________ happens to you while you are busy making other plans.
what
10. — Our country is developing at an amazing speed!
—Yes. This is_________ makes me feel so proud.
what
11. What made the school proud was _________ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
that
12. What all the inventions have in common is_________ they have succeeded.
that
13. This modern hotel, in which the visitors can enjoy the best service in the city, is__________ Mary stayed last time.
where
14. What Tom’s parents really doubt is____________ he will recover from the serious disease soon.
whether
15. What amazed the NBA world is_________ Kobe Bryant scored 81 points just in one game.
that
Ⅱ.句型转换
1. That it was too valuable for everyday use was a problem.
→ _________________________ it was too valuable for everyday use.
The problem was that
2. This is the thing that I want to tell you.
→This is____________________________.
what I want to tell you
3. My idea is to start making preparations right now.
→My idea is________________________ making preparations right now.
that I should start
4. Whether the film is worth seeing is a question.
→ ____________________________ the film is worth seeing.
The question is whether
5. You are not the man who I thought you were.
→You are not____________________________.
what I thought you were
Ⅲ.完成句子
1. 真正重要的不在于别人怎么看待你, 而在于你怎么看待你自己。（表语从句）
What really matters is______________________________________________________________ .
not how others think of you but how you think of yourself
2. 给我印象最深的是这一仪器的发明者是一位中学生。（表语从句）
What impressed me most was __________________________________________________________.
that the device was invented by a high school student
3. 问题是你能否在大多数人反对的情况下坚持自己的观点。（表语从句）
The problem is ________________________________________________ while most people are against it.
whether you can stick to your point of view
4. 我获悉了你对英语校报的改革方案, 那就是为什么我写信发表我自己观点。
I read about your reform of the school English newspaper, and that’s_________________________________________ .
why I’m writing to voice my opinion
5. 事实是地球表面超过百分之七十都是被水覆盖的。（表语从句）
______________________more than seventy percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
That fact is that
Ⅰ.阅读理解
（2020湖南五市十校高二上学期第一次联考） John von Neumann was the oldest of 3 children of a banker, and his speed of learning new ideas and handling problems stood out early. At 17, his father tried to persuade him not to become a mathematician because he might lead a poor life being a mathematician, so von Neumann agreed to study chemistry as well. In 1926, at 23, he received a degree in chemical engineering and a PhD in mathematics. From then on, mathematics provided well enough for him, and he never had to
turn to chemistry.
In 1930, von Neumann visited Princeton University for a year and then became a professor there. His first book was published in 1932. In 1933, the Institute for Advanced Study was formed, and he became one of the 6 full-time people（Einstein was one of the others）.
World War Ⅱ hugely changed von Neumann’s areas of interest. Until 1940 he had been a great pure mathematician. During and after the war, he became one of the best mathematicians who put mathematics theories into practice. During the last part of the
war he became interested in computing machines and made several outstanding contributions. After the war, von Neumann continued his work with computers, and was generally very active in government service. He received many awards, was the president of the American Mathematical Society and was a member of the Atomic Energy Commission. He died of cancer in 1957.
Von Neumann made several great contributions and any one of them would have been enough to earn him a firm place in history. He will be remembered as one of the greatest minds of the 20th century.
Von Neumann really was a legend in his own time, and there are a number of stories about him. His driving ability is a part of his legend. He reported one accident this way,“I was driving down the road. The trees on the right were passing me in an orderly fashion at 60 miles per hour. Suddenly one of them stepped in my path.”
1. According to the text, von Neumann’s father believed that ______.
A. a mathematician couldn’t earn a lot of money
B. a mathematician needed a good memory
C. von Neumann had the ability to learn two subjects at the same time
D. von Neumann had the gift for solving problems at a high speed
A
[解析] [语篇解读]
本文主要介绍了约翰·冯·诺依曼的生平事迹以及他为人类社会做出的重大贡献。
【命题立意】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据第一段中的 his father tried to persuade him not to become a mathematician because he might lead a poor life being a mathematician 可知，他父亲认为数学家的生活会很贫穷，所以A项正确。
2. Von Neumann published his first book at the age of ______.
A. 23 B. 26 C. 29 D. 32
C
[解析] 【命题立意】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第一段中的 In 1926, at 23, he received a degree in chemical engineering 可知，他出生在1903年。然后由第二段中的 His first book was published in 1932. 可以计算出他第一本书出版是在他29岁时，所以答案选C。
3. How did World War Ⅱ affect John von Neumann ( )
A. He realized the importance of engineering.
B. He began to research how to put mathematics into practice.
C. He left college and served at the government department.
D. He lost interest in chemistry.
B
[解析] 【命题立意】细节理解题。【解题思路】由第三段中的 During and after the war, he became one of the best mathematicians who put mathematics theories into practice. 可知，在战争期间和战后他开始把数学理论应用于实践，所以B项正确。
4. What can we conclude about von Neumann based on the text ( )
A. He had three children.
B. He died in an accident.
C. He received many awards in his life.
D. He and Einstein were classmates at Princeton University.
C
[解析] 【命题立意】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据第三段中的 He received many awards 可知C项正确。
Ⅱ.语法填空
A
（2020江苏扬州中学高二上学期月考试题)
The airplane maker Airbus has announced plans 1_________ （quit） making its famous A380 airplane. The A380 is the world’s largest passenger airplane and 2__________（be） in service for 12 years. People said it was the future of flying. However, 3________ （shift） in the demands of passengers meant the days of huge, four-engine passenger planes were over. Airbus decided to stop the 4______________ （produce） of the 541-seat A380. The
to quit
has been
shifts
production
decision was due to sales that were not 5_________ satisfying as expected. Airbus said it would no longer build the A380 in 2021. Significant job losses at companies linked to the plane will be 6_______________ （necessary） caused.
The A380 first 7________ （fly） in April 2005. Britain’s leader called it a unique symbol of economic strength while Spain’s leader called it a dream. The jets were designed to make airports less busy by reducing 8______ number of planes which was on the increase in the sky. However,
as/so
necessarily
flew
the
booming air travel brought the demand for twin-engine planes that can fly non-stop to 9_________ people want to travel. An Airbus spokesperson said the A380 was a “passenger magnet”, and he was 10_______________ （disappoint） that the airline’s misunderstood and marketed it poorly.
where
disappointed
1. ____________
to quit
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文介绍了空中客车公司生产的A380飞机的历史和面临的问题。
考查非谓语动词。句意：飞机制造商空中客车公司宣布，计划停止生产其著名的A380飞机。此处用不定式作后置定语修饰plans，故填 to quit。
2. _____________
has been
[解析] 考查时态。句意：A380是世界上最大的客机，已经在役12年了。根据时间状语for 12 years以及前面的时态可知，应使用现在完成时。故用has been。
3. ___________
shifts
[解析] 考查名词的数。句意：然而，乘客需求的变化意味着大型四引擎客机的时代已经结束。shift作“改变”讲时为可数名词，在此处应用复数形式。
4. _______________
production
[解析] 考查名词。句意：空中客车公司决定停止生产541座的A380客机。设空处在句中作 stop 的宾语，故用名词形式。
5. __________
as/so
[解析] 考查固定搭配。分析句子可知，此处为 not so/as…as…结构。
6. ________________
necessarily
[解析] 考查副词。设空处修饰动词，应用副词形式。
7. _________
flew
[解析] 考查时态。句意：A380于2005年4月首次飞行。句子中有明显表示过去的时间状语，时态应用一般过去时。
8. ________
the
[解析] 考查冠词。the number of…意为“……的数量”。
10. _________________
disappointed
[解析] 考查形容词。分析句子可知，此处应用 disappoint 的形容词形式，设空处修饰人，故用 disappointed。
9. __________
where
[解析] 考查名词性从句。设空处引导宾语从句，表示地点，故用where。
B
The University of Birmingham, UK, decided 1___________（accept） the Gaokao results for high-flying Chinese students 2________（wish） to join its undergraduate courses in 2019. High school students 3_____________ complete the National Unified Examination for Admissions to General Universities and Colleges （or Gaokao） with top grades can apply to 4___________（direct） enter Birmingham degree programs 5_____________attending a foundation（基础）year.
to accept
wishing
who/that
directly
without
Gaokao, which 6__________ （hold） across China in early June, is increasingly accepted by universities in Australia, the USA, Canada andmainland Europe. Birmingham will be only considering high quality students who achieve a minimum（最小值） of 80% of Gaokao scores and meet additional academic and English language
7_____________（require）.
Professor Jon Frampton, Director of the University of Birmingham’s China Institute said, “I am glad that the university is now accepting the Gaokao. This gives the 8____________
requirements
brightest
is held
（bright） and best Chinese students 9______ opportunity to move straight（直接） into the first year of our undergraduate programs and experience the benefits of studying at a 10_________（globe） top 100 university.”
an
global
1. ______________
to accept
[解析] [语篇解读]
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英国伯明翰大学决定自2019年起承认中国高考成绩，招收分数达到高考总分80%以上的学生。
考查不定式。此处包含固定短语 decide to do sth.。
2. ____________
wishing
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语动词 decided，此处应该使用非谓语动词形式，作 students 的后置定语，wish与students是主动关系, 所以用现在分词。
3. _____________
who/that
[解析] 考查定语从句。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词 students，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，故用 who或that。
4. _____________
directly
[解析] 考查副词。此处置于动词 enter 前，指“直接进入”，故用副词 directly（直接地）。
5. ____________
without
[解析] 考查介词。依据空前的 4 （direct）enter Birmingham degree programs（直接进入伯明翰学位课程）可知不用再参加基础学年，故用 without。
6. ____________
is held
[解析] 考查动词的时态和语态。which引导非限制性定语从句，指代 Gaokao（高考），与 hold 是被动关系，结合全文语境及本空后面的 is increasingly accepted 可知应该使用一般现在时的被动语态。
7. _________________
requirements
[解析] 考查名词复数。requirement 是可数名词，根据空前的 additional academic and English language 可知应该用复数形式。
8. ______________
brightest
[解析] 考查形容词最高级。根据空后的 and best 可知应该使用最高级。
9. _______
an
[解析] 考查冠词。空后 opportunity（机会）是可数名词，且以元音音素开头，结合语境可知此处表泛指，应该使用不定冠词an。
10. ___________
global
[解析] 考查形容词。global是形容词，意为“全球的”，空后是 top 100 university，故用形容词作定语。(共109张PPT)
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Section Ⅲ Using Language
Ⅰ. 词汇拓展
① ____________/ fa nd /n. 发现；调查结果；（法律）判决→_________/fa nd/vt. 找到；发现
finding
find
② ____________/ n l/adj. 最初的；开始的；第一的→______________/ n li/adv. 最初，首先；开头→_______________/ n la z/vt. 初始化
initial
initially
initialize
③ ___________/d fend/vt. 保卫；防守；辩解→____________/d fens/n. 防御；保卫
defend
defence
④ ___________/ s st/ vt. 帮助；协助；援助→_______________/ s st ns/n. 帮助；协助→______________/ s st nt/n. 助手；助理
assist
assistance
assistant
⑤ ___________/ stedi/adj. 平稳的；稳步的；稳定的→_____________/'stedili/adv. 平稳地；持续地
steady
steadily
⑥ _______________/ str n m (r)/n. 天文学家→______________/ str n mi/n. 天文学
astronomer
astronomy
⑦ __________/ v v d/adj. 生动的；鲜明的；丰富的→____________/'v v dli/adv. 清晰地；生动地；强烈地
vivid
vividly
⑧ ______________/ br li nt/ adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的→________________/ br lj ntli/ adv. 灿烂地；辉煌地；光亮地
brilliant
brilliantly
⑨ _____________/ bstr kt/ adj. 抽象的；理性的 n. （文献等的）摘要→________________/ b str k n/ n. 抽象；提取
abstract
abstraction
⑩ ___________/ ɡ ft d/ adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的→_________/ɡ ft/ n. 礼物；天赋；赠品
gifted
gift
_______________/m k n kl/ adj. 机械的；发动机的；机器的→_____________/m k n k/ n. 机械师；机械修理工→____________/m i n/ n. 机械装置，机器
mechanical
mechanic
machine
Ⅱ. 情境词块
1. have an impact on_________________
对……有影响
2. with effort _________
努力
3. break out _______________________________________________
（战争、打斗等不愉快的事情）突然开始；爆发
4. in charge of _______________
主管，掌管
5. take on the challenge _____________
接受挑战
6. come down ___________________________
患（病）；染上（小病）
7. 指出 ______________
point out
8. 梦想 _____________
dream of
9. 最重要的是; 尤其是 ______________
above all
Ⅲ. 情境佳句
1.
句型公式 “否定词+比较级”结构表示最高级意义
教材原句 Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. 也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
中文例句 多么好的一本小说啊！我从未读过比这更感人的了。
句式仿写 What a wonderful novel! I have________________________________.
never read a more moving one
2.
句型公式 not only... but also... 不但……而且……
教材原句 He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。
中文例句 他不但给我提了建议，而且还借给了我一些钱。
句式仿写 _______________________________________________________________________.
Not only did he give me some advice, but also he lent me some money
背景导学
本栏目的活动主题是“谈论科学研究的经历”，听说活动聚焦参观博物馆。通过这样的科学探究和体验方式激活学生的相关经历，让学生谈论不同类型的科学探究活动，描述自己参与科学实验和科学研究的经历，与同学交流。
教材原文 教材译文
THE FATHER OF CHINA’S AEROSPACE Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with “great scientific thought and scientific spirit” who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man. 中国航天之父
也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。钱学森备受人们尊敬。《钱学森的故事》一书的作者称他是一位具有“伟大科学思想和科学精神”的人，并且热爱祖国、勤勉努力、甘于奉献、成就斐然。
教材原文 Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. 教材译文
钱学森1911年生于杭州，在北京上学，后来考入上海交通大学，学习铁道机械工程。不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。
续表
教材原文 Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies. Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology. As a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other people 教材译文
1935年，钱学森前往美国读研究钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱人物。二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。二十世纪四十年代，钱学森与其他几人成立了喷气推进实验室，
续表
教材原文 founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, now one of NASA’S leading space-exploration centres. 教材译文
该实验室现已成为美国宇航局领先的太空探索中心之一。生。二十世纪三四十年代，钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的 先驱人物。 二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研 究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研 究工作。 二十世纪四十年代，钱学森与其他几人成立 了喷气推进实验室，该实验室现已成为美国宇航局领 先的太空探索中心之一。
续表
教材原文 After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US, Qian returned to China in 1955. He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was 教材译文
留学美国的最后几年，钱学森克服困难，于1995年回到中国。他受到了祖国英雄欢迎，受命发展 中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。那时候，中国还很贫穷，火箭科学尚不发达。中国没有一所学院或大学开设火箭科学专业，而且没有该领域的人才或专家。
续表
教材原文 undeveloped. No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China. Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him from taking on the challenge. When asked “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles ”, his reply was a determined “Why not We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make.” 教材译文
然而，钱学森并不气馁，而是接受挑战。有人问 他：“我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗？”他的回答十分 坚定：“有什么不能的，外国人能造出来的，我们中国人同样能造得出来。”
续表
教材原文 Under Qian’s leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long March rockets. In 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, from a Long March rocket. Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also be traced back to Qian’s research, Qian earned the name of 教材译文
在钱学森的领导下，中国研制出了“东风”导弹，紧接着又研制出第一代“长征”系列火箭。1970年，中国使用“长征”火箭成功发射本国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。由于“神舟”系列火箭的大部分技术也可追根溯源到钱学森的研究，因此钱学森被誉为
续表
教材原文 “the father of China’s aerospace”. Qian read a lot and was extremely knowledgeable, especially in the area of frontier science research. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research. 教材译文
“中国航天之父”。
钱学森博览群书，尤其在前沿科学研究领域知识极其渊博。然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。他深厚的艺术鉴赏力时常给科研工作带来灵感。
续表
教材原文 On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened by Qian’s death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways. 教材译文
2009年10月31日，钱学森逝世，举国哀痛，人们以各种方式纪念他、缅怀他。
续表
教材原文 A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair, unable to move and using a computer to talk. Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles, his world became one of abstract thought. 教材译文
一个纯思维的世界
史蒂芬·霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。大多数人都很熟悉他坐在轮椅上无法动弹、只能通过电脑来说话的样子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界。
续表
教材原文 Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964. In general, there were two main theories on the origin of the universe. The first was the steady state theory, which holds that the universe has no beginning or end. The other was the big bang theory, which holds that the universe began at a single point in time and 教材译文
霍金最早成名于1964年, 当时他身体健康，行动自如，是剑桥大学物理学研究生。总的来说，宇宙起源有两大理论：第一个是稳恒态理论，认为宇宙无始无终；另一个是大爆炸理论，认为宇宙始于时空中的一个点。
续表
教材原文 space. The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor at Cambridge. During the question and answer period after one of Hoyle’s lectures, Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths. Once the maths was corrected, it showed that the big bang theory-and not the steady state theory-was true. Hawking’s own work on the big 教材译文
稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德·霍伊尔教授。在霍伊尔的一次讲座中，霍金在问答环节站了起来，指出霍伊尔教授计算有误。错误纠正之后显示大爆炸理论而非稳恒态理论是正确的。不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，
续表
教材原文 bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes. A star was born. So, what made Stephen Hawking a genius Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. He was willing to say what others were afraid to say, and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about. Furthermore, he was quite determined. This had helped him as 教材译文
验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。一位明星就此诞生。那么，是什么使史蒂芬·霍金成为一名天才呢？除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。他敢说别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。此外，他意志坚定。
续表
教材原文 a scientist, and had helped him even more in his fight against his disease. Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. 教材译文
无论是作为一位科学家，还是与病魔作斗争，这种品质对他都大有帮助。最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。
续表
【审题谋篇】
请将范文中的第二篇改写成一篇80词左右的短文。
【词汇储备】
1. ……之一 ______________
one of...
2. 成名 _________________
achieve fame
3. 一名物理学研究生 __________________________________
a graduate student in physics
4. 证明 __________
prove
5. 用望远镜 ____________________
with telescopes
8. 愿意做 _____________________
be willing to do
9. 害怕做 ____________________
be afraid to do
10. 梦想 _____________
dream of
6. 一名天才 _____________
a genius
7. 才华横溢 ______________
brilliant
【句型运用】
1. 史蒂芬·霍金是物理学中最著名和最有天赋的科学家之一。(one of…)
_________________________________________________________________________________
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics.
2. 霍金作为一名物理学研究生最早成名于1964年。(achieve fame)
__________________________________________________________________________
Hawking first achieved fame as a graduate student in physics in 1964.
3. 他对大爆炸理论的研究不久被天文学家用望远镜证明，这使他成为一位明星。(be done)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
His own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes and he became a star.
4. 是什么使史蒂芬·霍金成为一名天才呢？（make+复合宾语）
________________________________________
What made Stephen Hawking a genius？
6. 他愿意说别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。（what引导宾语从句）
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
He was willing to say what others were afraid to say and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about.
5. 除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人。(besides doing)
___________________________________________
Besides being brilliant, he was brave.
【句式升级】
1. 用强调结构强调时间状语升级句2。
______________________________________________________________________________________
It was in 1964 that Hawking first achieved fame as a graduate student in physics.
2. 用非谓语动词和make的复合结构升级句3。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
His own work on the big bang theory proven by astronomers with telescopes made him a star.
3. 用表语从句升级句4、5。
____________________________________________________________________________
What made Stephen Hawking a genius was that he was brilliant and brave.
4. 用not only…but also…升级句6。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Not only was he willing to say what others were afraid to say but also dream of what others were afraid to dream about.
【串句成文】
5. 将以上句子连成一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的短文。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. It was in 1964 that Hawking first achieved fame as a graduate student in physics. His own work on the big bang theory proven by astronomers with telescopes made him a star. What made Stephen Hawking a genius was that he was brilliant and brave. Not only was he willing to say what others were afraid to say but also dream of what others were afraid to dream about.
假定你是李华，请根据下面表格中的内容提示，以My Hero为题，为校报的英语园地写一篇英语短文，介绍你最崇拜的一位中国科学家。
姓名 梁建英 出生年份 1972年
主要经历 （1）1995年大学毕业后开始从事高铁研究工作 （2）作为总设计师带领其团队研发出时速300—350公里的高速列车
注意：1. 词数80左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：高速列车high-speed train
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
My Hero
Everyone has a hero of his or her own. My hero is Liang Jianying. Born in 1972, she is the general designer of the China high-speed train. She graduated from university in 1995. Ever since, she has been devoting all her time and energy to the development of the Chinese high-speed railway.
[解析] 写作指导
体裁 人物介绍的记叙文
时态 以一般现在时和一般过去时为主
人称 以第三人称为主
要点 1. 人物姓名、出生日期及中国高铁总设计师
2.1995年大学毕业后开始从事高铁研究工作
3. 带领其团队研发出时速300—350公里的高速列车
【高级短语及句式】
1. 某人自己的 __________________
of one’s own
2. 出生在 _______________
be born in
3. 从……毕业 __________________
graduate from
4. 从……以后一直 _______________
ever since
5. 把某人所有的时间和精力都花在…… ____________________________________________
devote all one’s time and energy to...
6. 随意走走 _______________
get around
7. 给某人树立一个好榜样 ______________________________
set a good example to sb.
8. 继续做某事 _______________________
keep on doing sth.
9. 她出生于1972年，是中国高速列车的总设计师。（过去分词短语作状语）
____________________________________________________________________________.
Born in 1972, she is the general designer of the China high-speed train
10. 后来，她带领她的团队，发明了300—350公里/小时的高速列车，使我们更方便快速地四处旅行。（现在分词短语作状语）
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Afterwards, she led her team and invented the 300—350 km/h high-speed train, making it more convenient for us to get around quickly
1.pour v. 倒出；倾泻；斟（饮料）
A non-Newtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid, but if you put any pressure on it, it suddenly becomes hard as concrete. 非牛顿流体很奇怪，因为你可以把它像液体一样倒出来，但如果你对它施加压力，它会突然变得像混凝土一样硬。（教材P7）
典例翻译
① It has been pouring down in Delhi almost non-stop for the past three days, disturbing normal life.
____________________________________________________________________________
德里市在过去的3天里一直在下着倾盆大雨，几乎没有停过，扰乱了正常的生活。
② She poured out everything to us as if we were her own kin.
_____________________________________________________
她把什么都对我们讲了，就仿佛我们是她的亲人似的。
③ He was so worried that sweat began to pour down his face.
_______________________________________________
他如此担心以至于汗水沿着他的面颊直淌下来。
归纳拓展
④ 涌进…… _________________
pour into/in
⑤ 倒出；涌出；倾诉 _____________
pour out
⑥ 从……中涌出来 ___________________
pour out of...
⑦ （雨）倾盆而降 ______________
pour down
联想助记
“下大雨”英文一览
It’s pouring.
It’s raining cats and dogs.
It’s raining hard.
It’s raining heavily.
It’s a heavy rain.
学以致用
单句填空
① The rays of the sun poured _______ through the window.
in
② The river pours _________ the sea.
into
③ Sobbing, she poured ________ the whole story.
out
④ He was seriously wounded. Blood poured out _______ the wound.
of
2.break out（战争、打斗等不愉快的事情）突然开始；爆发
However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. 不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。（教材P7）
典例翻译
① He predicted that war would break out in the next few years.
_______________________________________
他预言战争将在接下来的几年里爆发。
② The policeman found that the house had been broken into and a quantity of jewelry stolen.
_______________________________________________
警察发现有人闯入这栋房子，盗走了大量珠宝。
③ He tried to cope with the ever-increasing burden of his work, but finally his health broke down.
___________________________________________________________
他设法应付自己日益增长的工作负担，但最后他的身体垮了。
归纳拓展
④ 出故障；垮掉 _______________
break down
⑤ 突破；冲破 __________________
break through
⑥ 破碎；解散；分手 _____________
break up
⑦ 断开；中断；停顿 ______________
break off
⑧ 逃脱；脱离 ____________________
break away from
⑨ 强行闯入；突然开始 _______________
break into
⑩ 强行进入；打断 _____________
break in
学以致用
单句填空
① He broke _________ my house and stole my money.
into
② The meeting broke _______ at eleven o’clock.
up
③ Once you join them, you can never break away _________ them.
from
④ If you go on working like that, you will break _________ sooner or later.
down
3.defend v. 保卫；防守；辩解
However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country. 不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。（教材P7）
典例翻译
① He gave his life in defence of his country.
_________________________________________
他为保卫他的祖国而献出了自己的生命。
② We shall defend our country, whatever the cost may be.
_______________________________________________
无论付出什么代价，我们都要保卫我们的国家。
③ I have to say in her defence/in defence of her that she knew nothing about it beforehand.
_________________________________________
我得为她说句话，她事先并不知道此事。
④ We defended her from/against harm.
_________________________
我们保护她免受伤害。
归纳拓展
（1） 保护……使不受……，为……辩解 ___________________________
自卫 ___________________
defend... from/against
defend oneself
（2） defence n. [U]防御；保卫
保卫 __________________
为某人辩护 __________________________________________
in defence of
in one’s defence = in defence of sb.
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① He made a long speech defending his views _________ objections.
from
② They defended themselves against ___________________ (attack).
being attacked
③ Offensive（进攻）is the best ____________ (defend).
defence
（2） 同义改写
④ He has hired a lawyer to defend him against his action. （用defence改写）
___________________________________________________________________
He has hired a lawyer to be in his defence against his action.
4.in charge of 主管；掌管
He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme. 他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。（教材P8）
典例翻译
① I’m the one in charge of setting up all the chairs.
_______________________________
我是负责摆放所有椅子的人。
② She charged me ＄24 for the book.
_____________________________
这本书她向我要价24美元。
③ We can deliver goods to your door free of charge.
___________________________
我们可以免费送货上门。
④ A week later, I volunteered to take charge of English study in my class.
_______________________________________________
一个星期以后，我自愿负责班级里的英语学习。
归纳拓展
（1） 为某物向某人收取费用 ________________________
控告某人(做)某事 _________________________________
charge sb. for sth.
charge sb. with (doing) sth.
（2） 掌管/负责…… ___________________
控制/管理…… ___________________
受……的管理 _____________________
take charge of
in charge of；
in the charge of
（3） 免费 ___________________
free of charge
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① There is a heated discussion on whether museums should charge ________ admission or not.
for
② The man who had taken charge of the company was charged _________ taking drugs.
with
（2） 一句多译
③ 汤姆在老板不在时负责这家公司。
→The company is _____________________ Tom while the boss is away.
→Tom is _________________ the company while the boss is away.
→Tom ____________________ the company while the boss is away.
in the charge of
in charge of
takes charge of
易错辨析
表示“控告某人某事”还可以用accuse sb. of sth. 结构。accuse常与of搭配，而charge常与with搭配。
5.fault n. 弱点；过错
Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. 最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。（教材P9）
典例翻译
① It’s your own fault for being careless.
_______________________________
你粗心大意是你自己的过错。
② I was disappointed whenever the cook found fault with my work.
_____________________________________________
每当厨师挑我工作上的毛病时，我都很失望。
③ And you are no better-But then, I’m at fault too.
_________________________________________
你也好不了多少——不过嘛，我也有错。
归纳拓展
④ 挑剔某人/物 _____________________________
find fault with sb./sth.
⑤ 做某事是某人的过错 ___________________________________
be one’s fault for doing sth.
⑥ 有过错 _____________
at fault
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① He is always finding fault _________ me, which makes me very angry.
with
② That is your fault ________ not finishing your homework.
for
（2） 完成句子
③ 警察说是另一名司机的责任。
The police said that the other driver _________________.
was at fault
1.“否定词+比较级”结构表示最高级意义
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. 也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。（教材P7）
典例翻译
① Mr. Stevenson is great to work for-I really couldn’t ask for a better boss.
_____________________________________________________________
为史蒂文森先生工作真好——我实在找不到比他更好的老板了。
② It was not until then that I suddenly realized nobody was happier than I was.
_________________________________________________
直到那时，我才突然意识到没有人比我更幸福了。
③ —Must I turn off the gas after cooking
—Of course. You can never be too careful with that.
——做完饭后我必须关上煤气吗？
——当然，___________________________。
在用煤气方面越小心越好
归纳拓展
（1）“否定词+比较级”结构表示最高级意义，通常意为“没有比……更……”。常用的否定词有no, not, never, nothing, nobody, hardly等。
（2）can/could+never/not+enough/too... 表示“再……也不过分”。
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① I have never eaten a ___________ (good) dinner in recent years.
better
② I have never read a _____________________ (interest) story than this one.
more interesting
③ You can never be ________ careful while crossing the street.
too
（2） 句型转换
④ In my view, health is the most important thing in our daily life.
→From my point of view, __________________________________________ in our daily life.
nothing is more important than health
2.“动词+宾语+宾补”结构
This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. 这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。（教材P9）
典例翻译
① The news that our team had won made us very happy.
_____________________________________
我们队获胜的消息使我们非常高兴。
② She made him her assistant.
___________________________
她委派他做自己的助手。
③ He made her work day and night.
_____________________
他让她日夜工作。
归纳拓展
make的复合结构有以下几种形式：
make+名词/代词+形容词/副词；
make+名词/代词+介词短语；
make+名词/代词+过去分词；
make+名词/代词+不带to的不定式；
make+名词/代词+名词。
巧学妙记
类似用法的词还有：
吾看三室两厅一感觉（五看三使役二听一感觉）。
（吾看）notice, see, watch, observe, look at（三室）have, let, make（两厅）hear, listen to（一感觉）feel
温馨提示
当感官动词接不带to的宾语补足语用于被动语态时，宾补变为主补，to要还原。
学以致用
（1） 单句填空
① She spoke loudly so that she could made herself __________ (hear) clearly.
heard
② I was made ____________ (feel) like one of the family.
to feel
（2） 完成句子
③ 她通过了考试, 这使她父母很自豪。
She passed the exam, _________________________________.
which made her parents proud
④ 我们让他当队长。
We _________________________________.
made him captain of the team
Ⅰ. 语境填词
根据语境和汉语提示写出单词的正确形式。
1. The setting sun _________ （投射） an orange glow over the mountains.
cast
2. She was about to set off when a familiar ___________ （影子） suddenly came into her sight.
shadow
3. The moon was casting a ____________ （彩虹） through the spray from the waterfall.
rainbow
4. _________（倒出） the honey into the bowl and mix it thoroughly with the other ingredients.
Pour
5. There was a vast distance between psychological clues and _____________ （具体的）proof.
concrete
6. This _______________ （显微镜） can magnify(放大）bacteria three thousand times their actual size.
microscope
7. Twain’s __________ （生动的）and often amusing descriptions of life on the river quickly became popular.
vivid
8. His manners had always made her blind to his ___________（缺点）.
faults
9. It was his ______________（精彩的） performance in “My Left Foot” that established his reputation.
brilliant
10. The research shows that preschool children are capable of thinking in _____________（抽象的）terms.
abstract
Ⅱ. 语境选词
根据语境用方框内短语的正确形式填空。
have an impact on; with effort; break out; in charge of; take on;
come down; in general; point out; dream of; above all
1. _______________, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today’s world of cultural crossroads!
In general
2. Think about what I have told you, but ______________, don’t breathe a word of it to others.
above all
3. Can you ______________ the hotel on this map
point out
4. She took a deep breath and sat up slowly ________________.
with effort
5. No other organization was able or willing to ____________ the job.
take on
6. He must have ______________ with a bad cold, for he has got a sore throat.
come down
7. That he _______________ being a lawyer came true at last.
dreamed of
8. A fire ______________ in the lower storey during the midnight and soon the whole building was in flames.
broke out
9. That would ______________________ the global economy and on financial markets.
have an impact on
10. Now I’m _________________ Class 6 and will take charge of Class 4 next term.
in charge of
Ⅲ. 课文语法填空
The Father of China’s Aerospace
Perhaps no other scientist has had a 1._______(great) impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. He was a well-respected man, 2._______ served his homeland with effort. Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and Shanghai. In 1935, he went to the US 3._______ further study and then worked there. After overcoming some difficulties, he 4._________ (return) to China in 1955, and was put in charge of developing China’s rocket science as well as the space and
greater
who
for
returned
missile programme. 5._______ (face) with challenges, Qian didn’t feel discouraged. When 6._______ (ask) “Can we Chinese possibly make missiles ”, his reply was “Why not ” Under 7._______ (he) leadership, China developed its own missiles, rockets, and man-made satellites 8._____________ (success). Qian was knowledgeable. However, 9._______ made him an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his interest in other things like music and drawing, which gave him 10._____________ (inspire) in scientific research. The whole country was saddened by Qian’s death in 2009.
Faced
asked
his
successfully
what
inspiration
Ⅰ. 单句填空
1. Fires broke ________ everywhere, and the entire city went up in flames.
out
2. The characters in the book are ____________ (vivid) presented.
vividly
3. He came _________ with illness last night and is still under emergency treatment.
down
4. Klan called his ______________ (assist), Hasher, to take over his duties while he was out.
assistant
5. Early ________________ (astronomer) thought that our planet was the centre of the universe.
astronomers
6. Someone must be put _______ charge of writing down all the ideas.
in
7. Give the bottle a couple of shakes before ____________ (pour) the juice.
pouring
8. We are determined ______________ (defend) our motherland at all costs.
to defend
9. He stopped, _____________ (shift) his cane to his left hand.
shifting
Ⅱ. 同义替换
outstanding; initial; at times; put pressure on; solid; furthermore;such as; in addition; trace; defend
1. Angela Bassett has won critical praise for her excellent performance. ________________
outstanding
2. He thought he had better track this wolf and see where it lived. __________
trace
3. There is no doubt that the first reaction has been excellent. ____________
initial
4. Sometimes I’m busy and sometimes I’m not. It’s the same with most jobs. _____________
At times
5. Besides , businesses seek to appeal to customers’ senses. ________________
In addition
6. They forced him to leave the country, so he left his wife and children behind. ____________________
put pressure on
7. All our officers are trained to protect themselves from knife attacks. ___________
defend
8. This provided a dependable foundation for their marriage. __________
solid
9. The price is too high, and moreover , the house isn’t in a suitable position. ________________
furthermore
10. There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving, for instance , training tigers. ____________
such as
Ⅲ. 完成句子
1. 作为一个学生，我可以告诉你，没有什么比在同班同学面前被老师表扬更好的了。
As a student, I can tell you that there is ______________________________________ by the teacher before classmates. （“否定词+比较级”结构表示最高级意义）
nothing better than being praised
2. 汤姆是他班上最聪明的学生。
Tom is ____________________________________________ in his class. （any other+可数名词单数）
more intelligent than any other student
3. 李洋在班里学习最努力。
Li Yang studies ____________________________ in his class. (anyone else)
harder than anyone else
4. 他每天晚上回来得很晚，这使他妻子很生气。
He comes home late every evening, _______________________________. （make+宾语+形容词作宾补）
making his wife very angry
5. 他任命她为他数家公司的主管。
He ________________________ in his numerous companies. （动词+宾语+名词作宾补）
made her a director
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
（2021天津滨海新区汉沽第六中学高二期末考试） What are the biggest problems that the society will have to deal with in the new age There are diseases like AIDS and cancer. There’s climate change, of course. And what about producing enough cheap food and energy for the world’s growing population Who’s going to handle all these terrible problems Yes, politicians and world leaders will have a big part to play. Yes, businesses will need to create the economic wealth to pay for some of these things. But who’s going
to make a much greater difference to something like AIDS or climate change It’s going to be a scientist. It is the scientists who can transform some new results of science into new technologies to solve these problems.
If you like thinking about the world around you, why not become a scientist It doesn’t mean you have to wear a white coat and plastic glasses and spend all your time in a lab as most people often imagine! Scientists do multiple amazing things that are actually interesting!
Military scientists develop not only new weapons but new
military technologies that could help make wars out of date. Forensic（法医的） scientists work with the police to find quite small clues to catch criminals. Scientists work in schools and colleges as the teachers and professors who will train tomorrow’s scientists. Don’t think a scientist is far away! Maybe you like cooking. You could be a food technologist helping to keep fruit and vegetables fresh for longer. Perhaps sport is your thing. Do you know that most top athletes work with sports scientists in
order to improve their performance You could even be a science writer who gets to spend the life studying the latest advances and sharing them with the world.
Looking for something to do for the rest of your life My advice Take a long and hard look at science. It is ever so interesting.
1. Many problems are mentioned in the first paragraph to ______.
A. suggest they are impossible to be solved
B. introduce the causes of these problems
C. show the writer’s worry about the future world
D. show scientists play an important part in solving them
D
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文。作者建议人们当科学家，科学家的工作事实上也很有趣。
【命题立意】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第一段最后一句 It is the scientists who can transform some new results of science into new technologies to solve these problems. 可知，科学家能够将新的科学成果变成新技术来解决这些问题，由此判断出，第一段提到诸多社会问题的目的是说明科学家在解决这些问题中起到的重要作用。故选D项。
2. Most people think the life of scientists is ______.
A. amazing B. boring C. colorful D. unreal
B
[解析] 【命题立意】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第二句It doesn’t mean you have to wear a white coat and plastic glasses and spend all your time in a lab as most people often imagine！可知，成为科学家并不像人们想象的那样：要穿上白大褂，带着塑料眼镜，把所有时间都花费在实验室里。由此判断出，大多数人认为科学家的工作是枯燥无趣的。故选B项。
3. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage ( )
A. Military technologies could help prevent wars in the future.
B. For those interested in cooking, food technology may be a choice.
C. Forensic scientists play an important part in dealing with crimes.
D. Politicians and world leaders can solve all the social problems.
D
[解析] 【命题立意】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据倒数第二段中的前两句Military scientists develop not only new weapons but new military technologies that could help make wars out of date. Forensic（法医的） scientists work with the police to find quite small clues to catch criminals. 以及第五、六句Maybe you like cooking. You could be a food technologist helping to keep fruit and vegetables fresh for longer. 可知，军事科学家不仅开发新的武器，而且开发新的帮助阻止战争的军事技术。法医学家与警方合作，寻找细微的线索来抓捕罪犯。食品技术专家帮助保持水果和蔬菜新鲜的时间更长。而选项D“政治家和世界领袖可以解决所有社会问题。”说法太绝对，且与文意不符。故选D项。
4. The passage is intended for people who______.
A. haven’t decided on their career
B. have no interest in science
C. hope for the world peace
D. have little knowledge of science
A
[解析] 【命题立意】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据最后一段中的Looking for something to do for the rest of your life （你正在找余生可做的事情吗？）判断出文章是写给那些还没有决定自己职业的人。故选A项。
深度解析
词汇积累
1. politician n. 政治家，政客
2. transform vt. 改变，使……变形；转换
3. multiple adj. 多重的；多样的；许多的
4. out of date 过时的， 陈旧的
5. military technology 军事技术
6. criminal n. 罪犯 adj. 犯罪的；刑法的
难句分析
原句：It is the scientists who can transform some new results of science into new technologies to solve these problems.
句意：正是科学家们能够把一些新的科学成果转化为新技术来解决这些问题。
分析：这是一个强调句。 强调的是句子主语，正常句式为：The scientists can transform some new results of science into new technologies to solve these problems.
Ⅱ. 七选五
（2020辽宁师大附中高二上学期月考试题） How to Succeed in Science
To succeed in science, you need a lot more than luck. In my view, you have to combine intelligence with a willingness not to follow conventions when they block your forward path. Thus, these have come to be my rules for success.
1__________
That might sound proud, but the fact is that you must always turn to people who are brighter than you. It’s like playing any
E
game. Even as a child, I never wanted to play games with anyone who was as bad as I was. If you win, it gives you no pleasure. And in the game of science or life, the highest goal isn’t simply to win; it’s to win at something really difficult. 2_______
Take risks.
To make a huge success, a scientist has to be prepared to get into deep trouble. If you are going to make a huge jump in science, you will very likely be unqualified to succeed by definition. 3_______ This can be more than personally upsetting.
C
G
Never do anything that bores you.
My experience in science is that someone is always telling you to do things, and then leaves you alone. I’m not good enough to do well in something I dislike. 4______
It’s very hard to succeed if you don’t want to be with other scientists, because you have to go to key meetings where you spot key facts that would have escaped you. And you have to chat with your competitors, even if you find them objectionable.
So my final rule is: 5_______
F
B
A.Meet challenges with great courage.
B.If you can’t stand being with your real peers, get out of science.
C.Put another way, it’s to go somewhere beyond your ability and come out on top.
D.Be sure you always have someone to save you from a deep mess.
E.Avoid foolish people.
F.In fact, I find it hard to do well in something I like.
G.Besides, you even have to be prepared to disbelieve your scientific heroes.
1. ______
E
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了如何在科学上取得成功。
【解题思路】根据设空处后的内容可知，作者认为只有和比自己聪明的人在一起才能学到东西，所以建议避免和愚蠢的人在一起。故选E。
2. ______
C
[解析] 【解题思路】根据设空处前一句可知，作者认为在科学或生活的游戏中，最高的目标不仅仅是获胜，而是在一些非常困难的事情上获胜。换句话说，要通过克服困难来超越自我，使自己名列前茅。选项C是对前一句的进一步解释。
3. ______
G
[解析] 【解题思路】根据设空处前的内容可知，作者认为如果想取得很大的成功，科学家必须准备好陷入很深的困境中。如果你要在科学上有一个巨大的飞跃，你很可能没有资格获得成功。此外，甚至也要准备好怀疑你心中的科学英雄，也就是要勇于怀疑权威。选项G符合语境。
4. ______
F
[解析] 【解题思路】根据设空处前一句中的do well in something I dislike可知，在科学研究中，对于自己不喜欢的事情做不好，但对于自己喜欢的事情也不一定能做好。故选F。
5. ______
B
[解析] 【解题思路】根据上一段的内容可知，作者建议要和其他科学家交流，从而发现自己忽略的关键事实，甚至要和你的竞争对手交流，即使你觉得他们令人反感。也就是说，如果你无法忍受与你真正地位相当的人一起工作，你就不要进行科学研究了。故选B。
Ⅲ. 应用文写作
假设你是李华，收到英国笔友Tom发来的一封邮件，得知他最近转入了一所新学校，在新的学校里他没有朋友感到很孤单。请你用英语给他回复邮件，内容包括：
1. 帮他分析原因；
2. 给他提出建议（至少两条）；
3. 美好祝愿。
注意：1. 词数80左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Tom,
I am sorry to hear that you feel lonely in your new school. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
As a new student, it is natural for you to find it difficult to adapt to the new environment in the beginning.
Here are some suggestions that I hope can help you. First, don’t worry. Although you are not familiar with the other
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
students there, time and patience will make you feel at home. Second, go out to get actively involved in some after-school activities, where you can find some students who share the same interests with you. I believe you will make good friends soon.
Looking forward to your good news.(共64张PPT)
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
Section Ⅳ Expanding Your World
Ⅰ. 单词分层默写
1. 单词拼写
① ____________ n. 霍乱
② _______________ adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的
③ ______________ n. 感染；传染
④ __________ n. 证据；证明；检验
cholera
frustrated
infection
proof
⑤ ______________ n. 一家人；家庭；同住一所（套）房子的人
⑥ __________________ adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
⑦ __________ vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责n. 责备；指责
⑧ _________ n. 联系；纽带v. 把……连接起来；相关联
⑨ ___________ n. 把手；拉手；柄vt. 处理；搬动；操纵
⑩ _________ n. 微生物；细菌；病菌
_________ adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的
link
handle
germ
pure
household
contradictory
blame
_____________ n. 减少；降低；减少量 vt. & vi. （使大小、数量等）减少；减小
______________ n. pl. 统计数字；统计资料；统计学
______________ vi. 认购（股份）；定期订购；定期交纳（会费）
________ adj. 未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的
raw
decrease
statistic
subscribe
__________ n. 病毒
__________ adj. 可靠的；固体的；坚实的n. 固体
_________ v. 倒出；倾泻；斟
________________ adj. 优秀的；杰出的；明显的
__________ n. 弱点；过错
pour
outstanding
fault
virus
solid
2. 拓展单词
① ___________ adj. 十分严重的；极为恶劣的；严厉的→ _____________ adv. 严重地；严格地；严厉地
② ___________ v. 使感染；传染→ ______________ n. 感染；传染
③ ____________ vt. & vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象→ ______________ adj. 有嫌疑的
④ _________ adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的→ ___________ adv. 纯粹地；仅仅，只不过
severe
severely
infect
infection
suspect
suspected
pure
purely
⑤ ______________ vi. 改变；转变 vt. 使改观; 使改变形态→___________________ n. 转化；改造；转变
⑥ _____________ n. 思想；思维；见解→ __________ v. 想→ ____________ n. 想法→ ____________ n. 思想家
⑦ ____________ adj. 最初的；开始的；第一的→ ______________ adv. 最初，首先
⑧ ___________ vt. 保卫；防守；辩解→ ____________ n. 防御；保卫
⑨ ______________ n. 助手；助理→ ___________ vt. 帮助；协助；援助→ _______________ n. 帮助；协助
thought
thinker
initial
initially
defend
defence
assistant
assist
assistance
transform
transformation
thinking
think
⑩ ___________ adj. 平稳的；稳步的；稳定的→ _____________ adv. 平稳地；持续地
____________ n. 发现；调查结果; （法律）判决→ _________vt. 找到; 发现
_______________ n. 天文学家→ ______________ n. 天文学
_______________ adj. 机械的；发动机的；机器的→ _____________ n. 机械师；机械修理工→ ____________ n. 机械装置，机器 _____________ adj. 抽象的；理性的 n.（文献等的）摘要→ ________________ n. 抽象；提取
astronomer
astronomy
mechanical
mechanic
machine
abstract
abstraction
steady
steadily
finding
find
______________ adj. 聪颖的；绝妙的；明亮的→__________________ adv. 灿烂地；辉煌地；光亮地
___________ adj. 有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的→ _________ n. 礼物；天赋；赠品
__________ adj. 生动的；鲜明的；丰富的→ ____________ adv. 清晰地；生动地；强烈地
vivid
vividly
brilliant
brilliantly
gifted
gift
Ⅱ. 短语搭配翻译
1. 最终地；彻底地 _____________________
once and for all
2. 同意；赞同 _________________
subscribe to
3. 幸亏；由于 ______________
thanks to
4. 水泵 _______________
water pump
5. 照料；照顾 ______________
attend to
6. 死于…… _____________
die from
7. 分娩 _______________
give birth
8. 一般来说 _______________
in general
9. 查明 _____________
find out
10. 由于…… ___________________
as a result of
11. 对……有影响 ______________________
have an impact on
12. 努力 ________________
with effort
13. （战争、打斗等不愉快的事情）突然开始；爆发 ______________
break out
16. 患（病）；染上（小病） ______________
come down
17. 指出 ______________
point out
18. 梦想 _____________
dream of
19. 最重要的是______________
above all
14. 主管，掌管 _________________
in charge of
15. 接受挑战 __________________________
take on the challenge
Ⅲ. 教材原句翻译
1. 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome.
2. 然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
___________________________________________________________________________
However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
3. 一种看法是空气污染引发疾病。
____________________________________________________
One theory was that bad air caused the disease.
4. 他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
5. 斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。
________________________________________________________________________________________
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
6. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。
_____________________________________________________
Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
7. 由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.
8. 这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries.
9. 也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China’s aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.
10. 他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
He received a hero’s welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China’s rocket science but also its space and missile programme.
Ⅳ. 书面表达
结合本单元主题，使用本单元词汇与句型写一篇语言流畅、用词准确、逻辑严密的短文。
1. 在我看来，成就伟大科学家的是他们的科学精神——专心、勤奋、决心等。（make的复合结构）
2. 多亏了科学精神，伟大的科学家们取得了许多突出的成就。（thanks to; outstanding）
3. 没有钱学森在导弹和火箭方面全心全意的工作，中国就不会在短时间内成为世界上一个如此强大的国家。
4. 袁博士研制的杂交水稻大大减少了世界上的饥饿人口。（decrease）
5. 此外，作为学生，如果我们能把科学精神用于我们的学习中，那么我们一定会实现我们的目标。（furthermore; apply…to…）
6. 我们不仅要尊重这些伟大的科学家，而且要学习他们的科学精神。（not only…but also…）
[答案] In my opinion, what made them great scientists are their scientific spirits-devotion, diligence, determination and so on. Thanks to the scientific spirits, the great scientists have made many outstanding achievements. For instance, without Qian Xuesen’s devoted work on missiles and rockets, China wouldn’t have become such a powerful country/so powerful a country in the world in a short time. The hybrid rice that Dr. Yuan developed has decreased the number of the hungry people around the world
greatly. Furthermore, as students, if we can apply the scientific spirits to our study, we will certainly achieve our goals. Not only should we show respect for the great scientists, but also we should learn the scientific spirits from them.
单词的魔性
I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch wishes, I won’t wish the wish you wish to wish.
对于“wish”这个词，相信很多人都只知道它是“希望”的意思，但其实它还有其他意思。这个句子就是个很好的例子。
1. 第一个“wish”是动词，意为“希望”。
2.“to wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
3.“the wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
4.“you wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
5.“to wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
6.“you wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
7.“the wish”中的“wish”是名词，意为“梦想”。
8.“the witch wishes”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
9.“won’t wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
10.“the wish”中的“wish”是名词，意为“梦想”。
11.“you wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
12.“to wish”中的“wish”是动词，意为“梦想”。
所以这句话的意思是：
我希望梦想着你梦想中的梦想，但是如果你梦想着女巫的梦想，我就不想梦想着你梦想中的梦想。
Forrest Gump《阿甘正传》
1. Life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you’re gonna get.
生命就像一盒巧克力，你永远都不知道你会得到什么。
2. If you are ever in trouble, don’t try to be brave, just run, just run away.
你若遇上麻烦，不要逞强，你就跑，远远跑开。
3. I don’t know if we each have a destiny, or if we’re all just floating around accidentally-like on a breeze.
我不懂我们是否有着各自的命运，还是只是到处随风飘荡。
4. Death is just a part of life, something we’re all destined to do.
死亡是生命的一部分，是我们注定要做的一件事。
5. Have you given any thought to your future
你有没有为将来打算过呢？
Ⅰ. 单句填空
1. Their helpers are ___________ （gift） with amazing power of patience.
gifted
2. The blood on his shoes was a __________ （prove） of his guilt.
proof
3. The _____________ （find） of the commission have not yet been made public.
findings
4. I’ll ask my personal ______________ （assist） to deal with this.
assistant
5. If the primary______________ （infect） is not treated, further outbreaks may occur.
infection
Ⅱ. 同义替换
multiple; come down with; transform; above all; handle; infect; subscribe to; substantial
1. It is not possible to spread the disease to another person through kissing. ___________
infect
2. How much did you donate to the disaster fund _________________
subscribe to
3. He went through many difficulties, which didn’t cast him down. _____________
multiple
4. The young boss has the ability to deal with the difficult problem. ___________
handle
5. New economic development policies led to fairly large and rapid growth. ________________
substantial
6. She tried changing literature into braille for blind readers. _________________
transforming
7. I suffered from flu and was unable to go to work. ___________________
came down with
8. Most of all, you should keep it in mind to be temperate when eating and drinking. ______________
Above all
Ⅲ. 完成句子
1. 随着他们的兴趣被大大激发，我开始教他们如何泡茶。
With their interest greatly sparked, I began to teach them ____________________.
how to make tea
2. 这次会议如此重要，以至于我们每一个人都得出席。
This meeting is ______________________every one of us should attend it.
so important that
3. 似乎没有人知道公园里发生了什么事。
_______________________________ what has happened in the park.
It seems that no one knows
4. 没有什么东西比时间更宝贵。
_______________________________________ .
Nothing is more precious than time
5. 我看见他把钥匙插进锁孔、转动钥匙，然后打开了门。
__________________________ into the lock, turn it and open the door.
I saw him put the key
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
（2020安徽高二上期末联考） Jerome Karle and Isabella Lugoski met in their first physical chemistry class at the University of Michigan in 1940. Jerome Karle was in his first year of doctoral work, and Isabella Lugoski was in her last year as an undergraduate（本科生）， and they were laboratory partners. However, they didn’t get along well at first.
Isabella Lugoski looked back on the past, “I walked into the
physical chemistry laboratory and there was a young man at the desk next to mine with his equipment all set up running his experiment. I didn’t think I was very polite about my question. I asked him how he got there early and had everything all set up. He didn’t like that. So we didn’t talk to each other for a while.”
Their relationship got going as they competed for the top grade in that course and they started to build a connection because both of them were interested in chemistry. They got married in 1942.
By 1946, both of the Karles had earned doctorates in physical chemistry, and, after a period of time at the University of Chicago working on the Manhattan Project, they moved to Washington D.C. to join the United States Naval Research Laboratory.
Each specialized in a different aspect of X-ray crystallography（晶体学）：Jerome focused on developing equations（方程式） that could determine how atoms（原子） were arranged inside complex mol ecules, while Isabella ran practical
experiments to test how well the equations worked. Working together, they created what is now called the direct method for
determining mol ecular structures（分子结构），which has allowed scientists to effectively study and copy complex organic mol ecules to continue further study.
Jerome Karle was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1985. Although he was disappointed that the Nobel committee had ignored Isabella’s contribution to that work, she was unfazed. At that point, she had already won more awards and prize money for her experimental work than he had.
1. What did Isabella Lugoski do when she first met Jerome Karle
( )
A. She blamed him for his being late.
B. She set up all his equipment for him.
C. She asked him a question impolitely.
D. She observed his experiment silently.
C
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文主要叙述了Jerome Karle和Isabella Lugoski这两位科学家的相关内容。
【命题立意】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据第二段中I didn’t think I was very polite about my question. I asked him how he got there early and had everything all set up. （我觉得我的问题不太礼貌。我问他怎么这么早到那儿，并且把一切都安排好了。）可知应选C。
2. What made Jerome Karle and Isabella Lugoski become connected
( )
A. Their common interest in chemistry.
B. Their wonderful marriage in 1942.
C. Their first pleasant talk in a laboratory.
D. Their successful cooperation in courses.
A
[解析] 【命题立意】细节理解题。【解题思路】根据第三段中…they started to build a connection because both of them were interested in chemistry. （……他们开始建立联系，因为他们两个都对化学感兴趣。）可知应选A。
3. What is Paragraph 4 mainly intended to show ( )
A. The Karles’ encouraging further study.
B. The Karles’ good teamwork in science.
C. How the Karles worked with others.
D. Why the Karles won the Nobel Prize.
B
[解析] 【命题立意】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第四段中的Jerome focused on…while Isabella ran practical experiments…Working together…可知，第四段主要展示了夫妇俩在科学上的良好合作。故选B。
4. Which of the following best explains the underlined word “unfazed” in the last paragraph ( )
A. Generous. B. Touched. C. Shocked. D. Calm.
D
[解析] 【命题立意】词义猜测题。【解题思路】画线词所在的主句与从句在意思上是转折关系, 由此推断出，尽管Isabella的贡献被忽视了, 但是她很平静。故画线词的意思是“平静的, 冷静的”。故选D。
深度解析
词汇积累
1. doctoral adj. 博士的；博士学位的
2. for a while 暂时
3. specialize vi. 专门从事；专攻
4. at that point 就在那时
难句分析
原句：Working together, they created what is now called the direct method for determining molecular structures（分子结构），which has allowed scientists to effectively study and copy complex organic mol ecules to continue further study.
句意：他们一起工作，创造了现在被称为确定分子结构的直接方法，这使科学家能够有效地研究和复制复杂的有机分子，以继续深入研究。
分析：这是一个主从复合句。what引导宾语从句；which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the direct method。
Ⅱ. 完形填空
It was New Year time. We were travelling in a van （小型货车） distributing toys to the homeless. When we 1_____ the spot, something caught my eye. Something or someone was moving in the rubbish. Soon I 2______ that it was the home of a poor family. There were two 3_____ , both about my age at the time, and a lady I supposed to be their mother. They sat there hopelessly.
As a little girl myself I was 4_____interested in the little girl. How 5_____our lives were. She lived
for the day, 6_______ through the rubbish for something to fill her stomach. I was well looked after and never had to worry about 7______. I had a good education and thus a 8_____future. I looked at the little girl. The only 9_____ she had was the worn-out dress that she was wearing.
Seeing this little girl I made the decision to give away a doll that had belonged to me for a while. When the van came to a 10_____, I stepped out, called the girl over and placed the doll in her hand. At first she looked at me with 11_____and
wasn’t certain what to do, but then she smiled and I saw 12______ in her eyes. I went back into the vehicle and we started to 13_____off, and that’s when we realized the little girl was running 14_____ . We stopped again and opened the door. The girl had 15____ with us. She looked directly at me and said two simple words “Thank You”.
( )A. left B. changed
C. Chose D. approached
D
[解析] [语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文。本文通过一个贫穷小女孩接受礼物的故事告诉人们要懂得感恩。
【解题思路】此处指接近（approached）目的地。
2. ( )A. guaranteed B. realized
C. decided D. accepted
B
[解析] 【解题思路】根据空后的“it was the home of a poor family”并结合语境可知,“我”很快意识到（realized）那是一户贫困人家的家。
3. ( )A. boys B. children
C. drivers D. adults
B
[解析] 【解题思路】根据下文中的“both about my age at the time…”及第二段的“As a little girl myself”可知，当时那里有两个和“我”的年龄差不多大的孩子。
4. ( )A. still B. less
C. especially D. probably
C
[解析] 【解题思路】根据语境可知，作为一个小女孩，“我”尤其（especially）对那个小女孩感兴趣。
5. ( )A. similar B. different
C. difficult D. ordinary
B
[解析] 【解题思路】根据下文中的“She lived for the day…to fill her stomach”和“I was well looked after…a 8 future.”可知，我们的生活不同（different）。
6. ( )A. searching B. getting
C. running D. breaking
A
[解析] 【解题思路】根据上文中的“Something or someone was moving in the rubbish.”可知，当时那个小女孩在垃圾堆里寻找（searching）东西以填饱自己的肚子。
7. ( )A. food B. safety
C. health D. transport
A
[解析] 【解题思路】根据上文内容可知，那个小女孩在垃圾堆里寻找食物，而“我”却得到了很好的照顾，从来不用担心食物。
8. ( )A. doubtful B. distant
C. promising D. foreseeable
C
[解析] 【解题思路】根据该空前的“I had a good education”可知，“我”接受了良好的教育，“我”也有一个有前途的（promising）未来。
9. ( )A. present B. decoration
C. requirement D. possession
D
[解析] 【解题思路】根据上文内容并结合语境可推知，那个小女孩仅有的财产（possession）就是她身上穿的那件破旧的裙子。
10.( )A. station B. stop
C. street D. signal
B
[解析] 【解题思路】根据上文内容可知，“我”决定把自己的玩具娃娃送给那个小女孩，所以当车一停下（stop）来，“我”立刻下车, 叫那个小女孩过来, 然后将玩具娃娃放在她的手里。
11.( )A. anger B. pain
C. surprise D. disappointment
C
[解析] 【解题思路】根据空后的“and wasn’t certain what to do”和语境可知，那个小女孩刚开始惊讶地看着“我”。
12. ( )A. hope B. loneliness
C. anxiety D. astonishment
A
[解析] 【解题思路】根据上文内容可知，那个小女孩一家绝望地坐在垃圾旁边，并结合语境可知，“我”将玩具娃娃放在她手里，她对“我”微笑，“我”从小女孩的眼中看到了希望（hope）。
13.( )A. walk B. get
C. lift D. drive
D
[解析] 【解题思路】根据下文中的“We stopped again”可知，“我”回到车上，我们开车（drive）离开，那时我们才意识到，那个小女孩正在后面（behind）追赶我们。
14.( )A. behind B. away
C. out D. in
A
[解析] 【解题思路】参见上题。
15.( )A. got along B. come along
C. caught up D. turned up
C
[解析] 【解题思路】根据上文的“We stopped again and opened the door.”可知，小女孩追上了我们。catch up with表示“追上，赶上”。
Ⅲ. 读后续写
1. [2020重庆第一中学高二上学期联考试题] 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
On December 16, 2008, Randy Heiss was hiking in Patagonis, a town near the US-Mexico border when he noticed there was a red balloon. He walked towards it, and found the balloon’s string was attached to a piece of paper. “Dayami”, it read on one side, in a child’s writing. Heiss turned the paper over. It was a numbered list, all in Spanish.
Heiss suspected that a child had tried to send Santa Claus a Christmas wish list by balloon, something he used to do himself when he was a kid. Nobody had ever returned his letters, but he wondered whether he could find the girl who had sent this one. It would be difficult, but Heiss had a few clues. About 20 miles to the southwest, was the city of Nogales, Mexico. Based on the blowing wind, he was pretty sure that’s where it came from.
Heiss brought the note home to his wife, who is fluent in
Spanish and helped him translate the list. They found that Dayami had asked for a doll, a dollhouse, clothes and art supplies. Heiss then posted about his search on Facebook, attaching photos, hoping some of his friends in Nogales might know the girl’s family, but with no success. Heiss worried that time was running out before Christmas. On December 19, 2008, he sent a private message to Radio XENY, a radio station in Nogales.
The next morning, Heiss got a message from Radio XENY: They
had located Dayami, an eight-year-old girl whose parents were killed in a car accident. They would arrange a get-together with Dayami at the radio station. So they bought just about everything on Dayami’s list.
注意：续写词数应为150左右。
Then the Heisses drove for 45 minutes, crossing the border into Nogales.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Then the Heisses drove for 45 minutes, crossing the border into Nogales.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ten years later, Heiss received a phone call from Dayami. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ten years later, Heiss received a phone call from Dayami. Heiss was surprised that Dayami should still remember him and asked her how everything was going on with her. She told him in an excited
They arrived at the Radio XENY with all the presents and finally met this excited little girl. She didn’t expect that the wish balloon really did work. What happened was beyond her wildest dream. She couldn’t believe somebody out there did care about her.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
voice that she had been admitted to a famous university in Mexico and she owed a lot to Heiss. She also told him that she started a Santa Claus’s Helper Project to pass on the love she received ten years ago.
[解析] 解题思路
体裁：记叙文
时态：一般过去时
原文核心内容解读：Randy Heiss在远足时看到了一个红气球，他走近后发现气球的一端绑着一张纸。上面是一个孩子试图通过气球向圣诞老人发送圣诞节愿望的清单。他向Nogales的广播电台求助，找到了八岁的女孩Dayami，她的父母在一场车祸中丧生。他们将在电台与Dayami相聚并为她购买了圣诞节愿望清单上的几乎所有商品。
文章脉络
When: A few days before Christmas in 2008
Where: a town
Who: Randy Heiss and his wife, Dayami
What: Randy Heiss and his wife tried their best to help a girl whose parents were killed in an accident to realize her wish.
写作思路
续写部分分为两段，第一段开头是：然后Heiss夫妇开车长达45分钟时间，越过边界进入Nogales。接下来应该写：他们带着所有礼物到达XENY广播电台，终于见到了这个激动的小女孩。她没想到通过气球表达的愿望真的能实现。接下来发生的事情超出了她的想象。她简直不敢相信有人在乎她。第二段的开头是：十年后，Heiss接到了Dayami的电话。接下来可以写Heiss对Dayami仍然记得他感到惊讶，Heiss问她的情况如何。她用兴奋的声音告诉他，她已经被墨西哥的一所著名大学录取，她对Heiss非常感激。她还告诉他，她发起了“圣诞老人帮助者计划”，以延续十年前她收到的关爱。(共6张PPT)
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
背景导学
Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879. He was a quiet child who spent much of his time alone. He was slow to talk and had difficulty learning to read. When Albert was five years old, his father gave him a compass. The child was filled with wonder when he discovered that the compass needle always pointed north. He asked his father and his uncle what caused the needle to move.
Albert did not like school. The German schools of that time were not pleasant. Students could not ask questions. Albert said he felt as if he were in prison.
In 1905, Albert Einstein published some important papers in a
German scientific magazine. They included one of the most important scientific documents in history. It explained what came to be called his “Special Theory of Relativity（狭义相对论）”. Ten years later he expanded it to a “General Theory of Relativity”. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics. It was given to him not for his theories of relativity, but for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect（光电效应）.
Albert Einstein left Germany in 1933. He moved to the United States to continue his research. Einstein became a citizen of the United States in 1940.
Einstein spent the last twenty-five years of his life working on what he called a “unified field theory”. He hoped to find a common mathematical statement that could tie together all the different parts of physics. However, he did not succeed.
Albert Einstein died in 1955 at the age of seventy-six.
1. What do we know about Albert Einstein in his childhood ( )
A. He was very clever.
B. He liked talking with people.
C. He was curious about new things.
D. He was good at inventing new things.
C
2. What’s the right order of the following events about Albert Einstein
a. He became a citizen of the United States.
b. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
c. He put forward his “General Theory of Relativity”.
d. He left Germany for the United States.( )
A. d, b, c, a B. d, a, c, b C. b, c, d, a D. c, b, d, a
D(共4张PPT)
UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
单元目标
主题学习目标 通过本单元的学习，了解中外科学家的重要贡献及其性格特点和高尚品格，深入理解科学精神的内涵，树立开拓创新、坚韧不拔、艰苦奋斗的观念。了解中国科学技术的伟大成就，坚定文化自信。
语言能力目标 核心单词 severe, contradictory, infection, subscribe, proof, household, suspect, blame, handle, link, raw, pure, decrease, statistic, transform, microscope, thinking, protein, cell, virus, finding, initial, solid, cast, shadow, pour, concrete, mechanic, defend, assistant, leadership, outstanding, gifted, abstract,
主题学习目标 通过本单元的学习，了解中外科学家的重要贡献及其性格特点和高尚品格，深入理解科学精神的内涵，树立开拓创新、坚韧不拔、艰苦奋斗的观念。了解中国科学技术的伟大成就，坚定文化自信。
语言能力目标 核心单词 concept, astronomer, telescope, brilliant, fault, shift, vivid
重点词块 once and for all, subscribe to, water pump, break out, in charge of, thanks to, theoretical framework, come down, above all
续表
主题学习目标 通过本单元的学习，了解中外科学家的重要贡献及其性格特点和高尚品格，深入理解科学精神的内涵，树立开拓创新、坚韧不拔、艰苦奋斗的观念。了解中国科学技术的伟大成就，坚定文化自信。
语言能力目标 单元语法 能够在语境中正确理解和使用表语从句（Predicative Clauses）。
写作能力 能够写一篇是什么造就了一个伟大的科学家的短文。
续表

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