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2022届中考英语阅读话题分类练：航天/航空
一、阅读单选
After China’s Tianwen-1 probe entered Mars’ orbit(轨道) on Feb.10th, NASA’s Perseverance rover(“毅力”号火星车) made a historic landing on the surface of Mars on Feb. 18th. This is the fifth rover that NASA has sent to Mars and it is full of firsts. It will be the first rover to search for signs of ancient life. A helicopter will fly on the planet for the first time as well. The rover is also better at solving problems on its own than previous rovers.
Landing a spacecraft on Mars isn’t easy. It had to go through the “seven minutes of terror”(惊险七分钟) all by itself. Since it takes 11 minutes for a radio signal to travel from Earth to Mars, NASA couldn’t control the craft during the process.
The spacecraft hit the top of the Martian atmosphere(大气层) moving at 12,000 miles per hour and had to slow down to 1.7 miles per hour within seven minutes before landing. At the same time, the surface of the craft is heated up to about 1,300 ℃. This high temperature could destroy the rover! But since the craft’s heat shield(抗热涂层) was able to take in most of this heat. Perseverance itself only reached room temperature.
The craft then used a parachute(降落伞) and a sky crane(空中吊车) to slow itself down for its final landing on Mars. A video of the landing was shared online later, at lowing people all over the world to see the amazing moment for themselves. The rover even recorded he sound of the wind on Mars for the first time.
1．The purpose that NASA sent Perseverance to Mars is ________.
A．to take a helicopter to the planet B．to experiment with a new landing technique
C．to check on NASA’s previous rovers D．to look for signs of ancient life
2．During the “seven minutes of terror”, what did the spacecraft do
A．It waited for a radio signal from a control room on Earth.
B．It heated itself up to l,300 ℃ and destroyed the rover.
C．It had to slow itself down to get ready for landing.
D．It reached a speed of 12,000 miles per hour.
3．What does the underlined word “previous” mean
A．未来的 B．先进的 C．陈旧的 D．先前的
4．What does the passage focus on
A．Perseverance’s landing process. B．The materials that Perseverance is made of.
C．The tasks that Perseverance will complete. D．The records that Perseverance has set.
Six hours of walking in space! On August 20, Chinese astronauts(宇航员) Liu Boming and Nie Haisheng did the second spacewalk of the Shenzhou XII mission (任务). They set up equipment (设备) and lifted a camera outside the Tiangong space station.
Spacewalks can be dangerous. There is no air in space, of course. And it’s filled with harmful radiation (辐射). But the spacesuits, although they are bulky (肿的), can protect astronaut.
A spacesuit is like a small space station. It has everything astronauts need when they carry out a spacewalk. For example, China’s Feitian spacesuits have six layers (层). The innermost (最里面的) layer collects astronauts’ urine (尿). Then there are four layers that help control the temperature and air pressure inside the suit. Spacesuits are filled with air, so they look like they’re puffed up. The sixth layer is made of special fibers (纤维) that protect astronauts from radiation.
Astronauts are connected to the space station with safety ropes. The suit has headphones and speakers for astronauts to communicate. There is a mirror on the wrist (手腕). Astronauts can check their suits by looking at it.
Each suit costs around 30 million yuan and it takes four months to make just one! The first Feitian suit was made in 2008. Zhai Zhigang wore it to carry out China’s first spacewalk for about 19 minutes. The suits Chinese astronauts wear today are the second generation (代) of Feitian. It can support walks as long as eight hours and can be used more often. The first generation could only be used five times within two years, while the second generation can be used 15 times within three years.
5．What does the first layer of a spacesuit do
A．Collects astronauts’ urine. B．Controls the inside temperature.
C．Controls the outside air pressure. D．Takes pictures while astronauts walk.
6．How do spacesuits protect astronauts
a. They give astronauts air to breathe. b. They help astronauts move freely.
c. They stop harmful radiation d. They connect astronauts to the space station
A．ab B．ac C．be D．bd
7．The last paragraph is written to ________.
A．praise the creator of the Feitian spacesuit B．explain the challenges of making spacesuits
C．list several famous spacewalks D．show how the Feitian spacesuit has developed
A Long-March rocket took off under clear skies from Hainan Island on July 23. China launched (发射) its first Mars mission probe (航天航空器) successfully.
A great cheer went up in the control room when the rocket was flying normally about 45 minutes later. The Mars mission probe named Tianwen-1 has entered the scheduled (预订的) orbit without any mistakes, and finally it will enter Mars’ orbit around the sun.
Liu Tongjie, spokesman for the mission, said that the launch was “a key step of China marching toward farther deep space”. He said that China isn’t competing with other countries, but to peacefully explore the universe.
“It’s amazing that another nation has launched a probe for Mars,” said Katarina Miljkovic, a scientist at Curtin University in Australia. “It’s more like this marathon (马拉松) of space that we all want to be running.” Landing on Mars is very difficult. Only the US has successfully done it eight times since 1976.
The name Tianwen-1 comes from the poem Tianwen, meaning “questions to heaven”, written by Qu Yuan (about 340 BC－278 BC), one of the greatest poets of ancient China. In Tianwen, Qu Yuan raised questions about the sky, stars, nature and the world around us. It shows his doubt about traditional ideas and the spirit of looking for the truth.
Like the other Mars mission probes, China’s spacecraft will take seven months to reach the red planet. Tianwen-1 will look for underground water and signs of possible ancient life.
8．The great cheer in the control room meant ______.
A．the Long March-5 rocket took off B．the Mars mission probe entered its scheduled orbit
C．the probe reached the red planet finally D．the spokesman for the mission came in
9．According to Liu Tongjie, China’s space purpose is ______.
A．to compete with the US B．to look for underground water on Mars
C．to learn about the space peacefully D．to find signs of possible ancient life on Mars
10．What does Katarina think of China’s Mars mission
A．It is a space marathon. B．It is a very difficult mission.
C．The US has done it eight times. D．It should be widely admired.
11．What is the fifth paragraph mainly about
A．What the poem Tianwen means.
B．One of the greatest poets of ancient China.
C．How Qu Yuan raised questions about the sky.
D．Why the Mars mission probe is named Tianwen-1.
12．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage
A．Tianwen-1 will get into Mars’ orbit to travel around the sun.
B．It will take Tianwen-1 seven months to reach Mars.
C．Both Australia and Russia have launched probes for Mars.
D．The launch was a must for China to study the space further.
Zhurong, China’s first Mars rover, sends back a photo of the planet’s surface.
On May 15, China’s Tianwen 1 probe made a histone landing on Mars! People all over the world applauded the successful landing, as it was very hard to pull off(成功).
In July 2020, Tianwen 1 was launched from the Wenchang Space Launch Center. In February, the probe entered Mars’ orbit. Experts said the difficulty of sending the probe into orbit was equal to hitting a golf ball from Paris and landing it in a hole in Tokyo. But it still couldn’t match the difficulty of the final landing stage, which is also called the “nine minutes of terror(恐怖)”. How did Tianwen 1 do it Let’s take a look.
Nine minutes of terror
Within nine minutes, the probe had to slow its speed from 20,000 km per hour to zero, landing from 125 km above Mars. Since the probe is 320 million km away from Earth, there is a signal delay(延迟) of over 10 minutes if the research team tries to control it from Earth. So the probe had to carry out the landing by itself!
The drag(空气阻力) created by the atmosphere slowed it down first. During this process, the surface of the craft heated up to 2,100°C, which could melt the craft! Fortunately, it had a heat shield(抗热涂层) to protect it.
Next, a parachute(降落伞) opened to further reduce the craft’s speed. This was also a dangerous process, as the parachute’s ropes could break due to(由于) the craft’s high speed. Researchers used special materials to make the ropes strong enough to stay in one piece.
At 1.5 km above Mars, the craft fired its retrorockets(反向火箭) as another way to help it slowdown. At 100 meters, the craft stayed in the air and used its sensors (传感器) to check the landing area. It had to move away from obstacles(障碍物) such as rocks before finally touching down.
Following the US, China is now the second country in the world to successfully land a probe(探测器) on Mars. It will give Chinese scientists their first opportunity to closely study the Red Planet. Tianwen 1 makes it to Mars.
13．When did the probe enter Mars’ orbit
A．In July 2020. B．In February 2021. C．On May 15, 2021. D．In July 2021.
14．How far away was the probe from Earth while landing on Mars
A．1.5 km. B．125 km. C．20,000 km. D．320 million km.
15．Why does the craft have a heat shield
A．To reduce drag. B．To heat up the atmosphere.
C．To make the landing process faster. D．To protect it from melting.
16．What worked to slow down the probe just before its touchdown
A．The drag created by the atmosphere. B．Ropes made of special materials.
C．A parachute. D．Retrorockets.
17．What is the focus of the passage
A．Why Tianwen 1’s landing was out of control. B．How Tianwen 1 landed on Mars successfully.
C．Tianwen 1’s journey to Mars. D．The launch of Tianwen 1.
Climate change is a big problem humans are facing. How can we deal with it Reducing carbon emissions (碳排放) is important. But what if we could capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and use it to do other things
Recently, SpaceX founder Elon Musk said that his company is working on a new program. It’s going to take CO2 out of the air and turn it into rocket fuel.
It will not only be good for Earth, but “will also be important for Mars,” Musk tweeted. The air on Mars is made up of 95 percent CO2. If we could turn CO2 into fuel, we could travel the long journey from Mars back to Earth in the future.
The idea may sound strange but it’s not totally crazy. There are already some technologies that might help with this. According to Di-Jia Liu, a chemist at the Argonne National Laboratory in the US, the carbon atoms (原子) in CO2 and the hydrogen (氢) atoms in water can be combined to make methane (甲烷) or ethanol (乙醇). They could be used as fuel. If we do this on Mars, energy from the sun might be used as a catalyst (催化剂).
The idea will also make space travel more eco-friendly. “If the CO2-based fuel could be used in a rocket launch, we could prevent 715 tons of CO2 from being emitted into the air,” said Stafford Sheehan from Air Company, a US company that focuses on CO2 capture technologies.
18．What is SpaceX working on
A．Reducing CO2 emissions. B．Building a new rocket.
C．Turning CO2 into fuel. D．Traveling long distances on Mars.
19．What advantage will the program bring if it succeeds
A．It will take energy from the sun.
B．It will take 95 percent of CO2 out of the air.
C．It will make it easier to travel from Mars to Earth.
D．It will create free catalysts for chemical experiments.
20．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．How CO2 can be turned into fuel.
B．Where CO2 can be taken.
C．Why the program should be carried on Mars.
D．How the energy from the sun can be used.
21．What can we learn from what Stafford Sheehan said
A．Scientists use 715 tons of CO2 to launch a rocket.
B．Rocket launching is an environmentally-friendly activity.
C．There will be no CO2 emissions anymore.
D．SpaceX’s idea would be good for the environment.
22．What is the best title of the passage
A．Visit Space with CO2 B．Climate change we face
C．Space travel in the future D．A new program on Mars
Good evening! Today is May 15, 2021. This is CCTV news! China’s Tianwen 1 rover successfully landed on Mars early this morning Beijing Time. The rover will work on Mars for at least three months and do a lot of surveys of the planet. The Tianwen 1 probe was launched (发射) in Hainan on July 23, 2020 and entered its parking orbit (轨道) above Mars in February, 2021. “The landing left a Chinese mark on Mars for the first time. It is another landmark progress in China’s space industry development,” said President Xi.
23．How long did it take Tianwen 1 to get to Mars A．Three months. B．Half a year. C．About ten months. D．Over a year.
24．What does the landing on Mars mark
A．Another new beginning of China’s space industry.
B．The successful launch of China’s Tianwen 1 probe.
C．The Chinese people’s deep love of the planet Mars.
D．Another progress in China’s space industry development.
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参考答案：
1．D
2．C
3．D
4．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文主要讲述了美国航天局“毅力”号火星车成功登录火星的事情。
1．
细节理解题。根据“It will be the first rover to search for signs of ancient life”可知，目的是为了寻找古代生命迹象，故选D。
2．
细节理解题。根据“The craft then used a parachute(降落伞) and a sky crane(空中吊车) to slow itself down for its final landing on Mars…”可知，它必须放慢速度，为着陆做准备，故选C。
3．
词义猜测题。根据“The rover is also better at solving problems on its own than previous rovers”可知，与之前的相比，这款更擅长自己解决问题，所以previous表示“先前的”，故选D。
4．
主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了美国航天局“毅力”号火星车成功登录火星的事情，所以重点讲述的是着陆的过程，故选A。
5．A
6．B
7．D
【解析】
【导语】
本文主要向我们介绍了第一代和第二代飞天服以及航天服的作用。
5．
细节理解题。根据“The innermost (最里面的) layer collects astronauts’ urine”可知，最内层收集宇航员的尿液，故选A。
6．
细节理解题。根据“There is no air in space, of course. And it’s filled with harmful radiation (辐射). But the spacesuits, although they are bulky (肿的), can protect astronaut”可知，航天服提供宇航员空气呼吸，以及防止有害的辐射，故选B。
7．
段落大意题。通读最后一段可知，此段讲述了飞天宇航服是如何发展的，故选D。
8．B
9．C
10．D
11．D
12．C
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国成功发射了首个火星探测器——天问一号。
8．
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The Mars mission probe named Tianwen-1 has entered the scheduled (预订的) orbit without any mistakes”可知，火星探测器已经准确地进入预定轨道，因此控制室里传来欢呼声。故选B。
9．
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“He said that China isn’t competing with other countries, but to peacefully explore the universe.”可知，中国的目标不是与其他国家竞争，而是和平地探索宇宙。故选C。
10．
推理判断题。根据“It’s amazing that another nation has launched a probe for Mars”和“Landing on Mars is very difficult. Only the US has successfully done it eight times since 1976.”可知，此处是说又一个国家发射了火星探测器，这很不可思议；登陆火星是非常困难的。自1976年以来，只有美国成功做到了8次。由此可推断，Katarina认为中国的火星探测任务应该得到广泛的赞誉。故选D。
11．
主旨大意题。第五段主要介绍了我国首颗火星探测器——“天问一号”的名字源于中国古代伟大诗人屈原所写的一首诗《天问》。故选D。
12．
细节理解题。根据“Landing on Mars is very difficult. Only the US has successfully done it eight times since 1976.”可知，登陆火星是非常困难的。自1976年以来，只有美国成功地做到了8次。因此C选项表述错误。故选C。
13．B
14．D
15．D
16．D
17．B
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了天问一号登陆火星的过程和相关技术问题。
13．
细节理解题。根据“In July 2020, Tianwen 1 was launched from the Wenchang Space Launch Center. In February, the probe entered Mars’ orbit.”可知，2020年7月，“天文一号”在文昌航天发射中心发射升空，2021年2月该探测器进入火星轨道。故选B。
14．
细节理解题。根据“Since the probe is 320 million km away from Earth”可知，探测器距离地球3.2亿公里，故选D。
15．
推理判断题。根据“During this process, the surface of the craft heated up to 2,100°C, which could melt the craft! Fortunately, it had a heat shield(抗热涂层) to protect it.”可知，飞船表面加热到2100°C可能会融化飞船，它有一个隔热罩来保护它，所以隔热罩是用来防止飞船融化。故选D。
16．
细节理解题。根据“At 1.5 km above Mars, the craft fired its retrorockets(反向火箭) as another way to help it slowdown.”可知，反向火箭是帮助飞船减速的另一种方式。故选D。
17．
主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了天问一号登陆火星的过程和相关技术问题。选项B“天问一号是如何成功登陆火星的”符合主题，故选B。
18．C
19．C
20．A
21．D
22．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文主要讲述了气候变化是人类面临的一个大问题，减少碳排放这很重要。文中介绍了SpaceX将会把二氧化碳转化成燃料，这将使从火星到地球的旅行更容易，也有利于环保。
18．
细节理解题。根据文中“Recently, SpaceX founder Elon Musk said that his company is working on a new program. It’s going to take CO2 out of the air and turn it into rocket fuel.”可知，SpaceX是将二氧化碳转化为燃料。故选C。
19．
细节理解题。根据文中“If we could turn CO2 into fuel, we could travel the long journey from Mars back to Earth in the future.”可知，这将使从火星到地球的旅行更容易。故选C。
20．
段落大意题。根据文中“According to Di-Jia Liu, a chemist at the Argonne National Laboratory in the US, …They could be used as fuel. If we do this on Mars, energy from the sun might be used as a catalyst (催化剂).”可知，第四段主要讲述了如何将二氧化碳转化为燃料。故选A。
21．
推理判断题。根据文中“‘If the CO2-based fuel could be used in a rocket launch, we could prevent 715 tons of CO2 from being emitted into the air,’ said Stafford Sheehan from Air Company, a US company that focuses on CO2 capture technologies.”可知，SpaceX的想法将有利于环境。故选D。
22．
标题归纳题。通读整篇短文可知，这篇短文主要讲述了SpaceX将会把二氧化碳转化成燃料，这将使从火星到地球的旅行更容易。选项A“带着二氧化碳参观太空”符合语境，故选A。
23．C
24．D
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇新闻报道，介绍有关天问1号的发射情况。
23．
细节理解题。根据“The Tianwen 1 probe was launched (发射) in Hainan on July 23, 2020 and entered its parking orbit (轨道) above Mars in February, 2021”可知，于2020年7月23日在海南发射，并于2021年2月进入火星上方的停车轨道，花费了将近10个月，故选C。
24．
细节理解题。根据“It is another landmark progress in China's space industry development”可知，这是中国航天事业发展的又一标志性进展，故选D。
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