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句子结构专题复习之一
------- 句子成分
一 概念
句子成分即句子的组成部分。英语的句子成分有七种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和补语。主语和谓语是任何一个句子都必须具备的成分。
二 主语
1.概述
主语是句子要说明的人和事，通常位于谓语之前，常常由名词、代词、动名词及其短语、不定式及其短语和从句等充当。如
a. Horses are useful animals.
b. I have a good book.
c. This is really a good chance.
d. Lucy and her mother are going to Beijing to visit the History Museum.
e. To go to college is his dream.
f. Swimming is my favorite sports.
g. That English is important is well-known.
h. How to solve the problem is what we are concerned about.
i. Fifty years is not a long time in human history.
g. Teaching you English is my full time job.
2.形式主语
不定式短语、动名词短语及从句作主语时，为了避免句子有头重脚轻的感觉，用It来作主语，而把真正的主语放在后面，这样的It就是形式主语。如
a. To learn new words by heart is very important for English learners.
→ It is very important for English learners to learn new words by heart.
b. Teaching you English is my full-time job.
→ It is my full-time job teaching you English.
c. That English is important is well-known.
→ It is well-known that English is important
二 谓语
谓语即谓语动词，指的是实义动词的各种时态、语态及情态动词。是句子不可或缺的部分，常位于主语之后，说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或情态动词+ 动词原形充当。如
1. She cleans the room every day.
2. The room is cleaned every day.
3. She will clean the room tomorrow.
4. The room will be cleaned tomorrow.
5. She is cleaning the room now.
6. The room is being cleaned now.)
7. She cleaned the room the day before yesterday.
8. The room was cleaned the day before yesterday)
9. She was cleaning the room at that time.
10. The room was being cleaned at that time.)
11. She has cleaned the room recently.
12. The room has been cleaned recently.
13. She had cleaned the room by the end of last night.
14. The room had been cleaned by the end of last night.
15. She will have cleaned the room by the end of tomorrow.
16. The room will have been cleaned by the end of tomorrow.)
17. She would clean the room at that time.
18. The room would be cleaned at that time.)
19. She will be cleaning the room at nine tomorrow morning.
20. She has been cleaning the room for three hours.
21. She had been cleaning the room for three hours before we arrived.
22. Mary is slim.
23. Mary was slim last year.
24. Mary will be slim next year.
25. He must do it right away.
26. He must be ill.
27. He must have made a terrible mistake about her.
28. He must have been asleep at that time.
29. He must be doing his homework now.
三 宾语
1.概述
宾语有及物动词宾语和介词宾语两种，即只有及物动词和介词才有宾语。能做主语的就能充当宾语，即名词、代词、动名词及其短语、不定式及其短语和从句等。
2.及物动词宾语
及物动词宾语是动词动作的对象，紧跟动词之后。如
①The flood destroyed the houses last week. （名词）
②He saw nothing when he looked around. (代词)
③ I enjoy walking after super. （动名词短语）
④ She wanted to go to college. (不定式短语)
⑤ My brother told me that he would leave for Shanghai the next week. (从句)
⑥ Tom refused to leave. (不定式)
⑦ I hate gambling. (动名词)
3.介词宾语
介词宾语是介词支配的对象，紧跟在介词之后。如
①They are looking after their pet dog （名词）
②My pet dog is fond of me. (代词)
③ Nobody is interested in being laughed at.. （动名词短语）
④ We have no choice but to work hard to realize our dreams.. (不定式短语)
⑤ Whether we’ll go outing depends on what the weather will be like. (从句)
⑥ I’m looking forward to hearing from you a.s.a.p. (动名词短语)
⑦ She got angry because of what he had said. (从句)
※ 关于不定式作介词宾语
①介词后面出现动词，通常用动名词作宾语。如
a. She was praised for having helped the old woman.
b. Johnson is good at playing bridge.
c. Tom is fond of eating bananas.
d. The old woman devoted all her time to helping her neighbors.
② 介词后面可以接“特殊疑问词(连接代/副词)+ to do”作宾语。如
a. I bought a book on how to repair cars.
b. Whether they will go outing tomorrow depends on where to have the picnic.
c. This is a question of what to be done.
③ 表示“除外”的两个介词but/except却要用不定式作宾语。
a. I have no choice but/except to face the music.
b. I have nothing to do but/except lie down to sleep.
c. I did nothing but/except rob.
d. What do you want but/except go home
※ 思考：上述4个例句中，but/except之后，何时to do 何时又do
※ 品味下列介词宾语
介词在整个英语词汇中占的数量不算多，但其活跃程度远远超过了它所占的比重。打开任何一本英语书，几乎每一行都能找到一两个介词，它们对表达思想起着无法估量的作用。在实际运用中，几乎所有的词类都可以充当介词的宾语。
1.形容词
Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的发音远远不够。（离完美还差得远）
2.副词
a. His uncle is from abroad. 他叔叔从国外回来。
b. They live somewhere near here. 他们住在这附近。
3.介词短语
a. The boy jumped from behind the door. 这男孩从门后面跳了出来。
b. The ball rolled out from under the table. 那个球从桌子底下滚出来了。
4.动名词
a. On arriving in Venice, we knew that it was a city of water. 我们一到威尼斯就知道它是一座水城。
b. Don't forget to turn off the lights before leaving your classroom. 离开教室以前别忘了关灯。
c. I succeeded in passing the driving test. 我成功地通过了驾驶考试。
d. He entered the chemistry lab without being permitted. 他未经允许就进入化学实验室。
5.动词原形
a. The policeman could not help but let him go. 警察无可奈何，只好让他走了。
b. His father had nothing to do all day except play cards. 他的父亲整天无事可做，只是打牌。
6.不定式
a. The plane is about to take off. 这架飞机快要起飞了。
b. The company had no choice but to give me my money back. 该公司除了向我退款外，别无办法。
7.数词
a. The students began to show up by twos and trees. 学生们开始三三两两地露面了。
b. When we went in we found his room at sixes and sevens. 我们走进去的时候发现他屋里乱七八糟。
c. There was only one piece of cake, but we can cut it into two. 只有一块蛋糕，但我们可以把它切成两半。
8.分词
He spoke English so well that I took it for granted that he was an American.
他讲英语讲得好极了，因此我一直认为他是美国人。
9.疑问词＋不定式短语
Marx gave us some advice on how to learn foreign languages.
马克思就怎样学习外语给了我们一些忠告。
10.从句
a. She got very angry because of what he had said. 她因为他说的话而非常生气。
b. I am thinking of how I shall do more for the people. 我正在考虑怎样为人民做更多的事。
4.形式宾语
不定式短语、动名词短语及从句作宾语，若后面有adj.和n.作宾补时，则用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语放在后面，以使句子得体。如
a. I think to go outing a good idea.
→ I think it a good idea to go outing.
b. We feel learning new words by heart important.
→ We feel it important learning new words by heart.
c. People think that women get the same pay as man for the same work right.
→People think it right that women get the same pay as man for the same work.
5. 双宾语
有些实义动词，因其本身词义的特点，须接两个宾语句子的意思才完整，即直接宾语和间接宾语。如
a. He told me the good news. = He told the good news to me.
b. Please pass me that book. = Please pass that book to me.
c. Mum bought me a radio. = Mum bought a radio for me.
d. Would you please do me a favor = Would you please do a favor to me
※ show/bring/lend/send/pass/promise/sell/pay/hand/offer/leave/teach/read/owe…
※ buy/make/find/order…
四 定语
定语是用来修饰限制名词或代词的。根据其位置，分为前置定语和后置定语两种。
1.前置定语
起修饰限制作用的部分（定语）位于被修饰限制部分的前面，即为前置定语。通常由形容词、代词、数词、名词、所有格、分词、动名词、复合形容词等充当。如
a. good teachers/beautiful flowers/red apples/bad eggs…
b. this book/my book/other boys/another day/both sides…
c. 20 bananas/one girl/a knife…
d. a woman doctor/three men teachers/coffee cup/sports shoes/cloth shop/clothes shop…
e. Tom’s father/Tom and Lucy’s room/today’s newspaper/China’s china…
f. flying birds/polluted rivers/broken cup/wounded soldiers/sleeping baby…
g. sleeping bags/walking stick/climbing shoes…
i. five-year-old children/mother-to-be ladies
2.后置定语
起修饰限制作用的部分（定语）位于被修饰限制部分的后面，即为后置定语。通常有以下几种情况
① 形容词修饰some/every/any/no和thing/body/one合成的不定代词时。如
something important/anything wrong/somebody famous/everything possible…
※若something 前面有定冠词修饰，形容词不用后置。如：
There, on the table, was the mysterious something that they had been looking for.
② 形容词组/数名词短语作定语须后置，其功能相当于一个定语从句。如：
a. They are the boys easy to fit in with.
= They are the boys who are easy to fit in with.
b. The basket full of some fruits belongs to the old woman. (which is full of some fruits)
= The basket which is full of some fruits belongs to the old woman.
c. Under the tree there is a lady about eighteen years old.
= Under the tree there is a lady who is about eighteen years old.
d. The Smiths bought a new car garage twice larger than the former one.
= The Smiths bought a new car garage which is twice larger than the former one.
③ 两个形容词用and 或or连接作定语，进一步说明被修饰名词的作用,相当于一个非
限制性定语从句如：
a. Power stations, large and small, have been set up all over the country.
= Power stations, which are large and small, have been set up all over the country.
b. Every book, new or old, should be put in the room.
= Every book, which is new or old, should be put in the room.
c. People, men or women, young or old, are fond of sports and games.
= People, who are men or women, who are young or old, are fond of sports and games.
④ else作定语。如：
a. Is there anything else I can do for you b. What else did they say
⑤部分以a-开头的表语形容词，如：alive , alike , alone , awake 等，有时也可以作定语修饰名词。 如：
a. She was the only person awake at that night.
b. You are the happiest children alive. 你们是当代最幸福的孩子
⑥worth构成的词组作定语时，常常后置。如：
a. A car worth $ 80,000 is not too dear for him to buy.
b. The tall building worth 200,000 dollars in all has been sold to a foreigner.
⑦介词短语作定语,相当于一个限制性定语从句。如
a. The book on the table is mine.
= The book which is on the table is mine.
b. Children under 18 years of age are not allowed to smoke.
= Children who are under 18 years of age are not allowed to smoke.
⑧从句作定语。如
a. The teacher who is popular among students is hardworking.
b. A book, which was written in 1945, came into sight that night.
⑨分词短语作定语,相当于定语从句。如
a. a girl crying for help = a girl who is crying for help
b. a watch made in China. = a watch which is made in China
⑩不定式作定语。如
a. I have something to say. b. There is nobody to talk with.
A. present 作“现在的；目前的；现存的”解时，作前置定语；作“出席的；在场的”解时，须作后置定语。如：
a. What is your present address
b. The present international situation is excellent.
c. The students present expressed themselves eagerly.
B. available “可用的，能到场的”。如
a. We have two tickets/seats/cars available.
b. There are 20 boys available for the meeting.
C. responsible 作“可信赖的；可靠的”时，作前置定语；作“有责任的；应负责的”解时，须作后置定语。如：
a. He is a responsible man. 他是一个可以信赖的人。
b. The man responsible should be their manager. 负责任的应该是他们的经理。
五 状语
1.概述
状语的功能是修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、原因、结果、条件、时间、地点、让步、目的、比较、方向、程度、频率、伴随和评述性状语等，通常由副词、介词短语、不定式及其短语、分词及其短语、形容词、复合结构及从句担任。
2. 各类状语示例
a. He came here by car. (方式状语)
b. He did it as she told him. (方式状语从句)
c. She died as a result of the terrible disease Aids (原因状语).
d. She was punished because she was late. (原因状语从句)
e. They hurried to the station only to find the train had gone. (结果状语)
f. Tom worked hard so that he was admitted into a key university. (结果状语从句)
g. To see her, you’ll love her. (条件状语)
h. We’ll go outing if it is fine tomorrow. (条件状语从句)
i. I first came across Alison in 1999. (时间状语)
j. He had his left leg broken when he was playing football. (时间状语从句)
k. The poor beggar died in the river. (地点状语)
l. Lucy died where she was born. (地点状语从句)
m. The old woman went on with her work in spite of the heavy rain. (让步状语)
n. The old woman went on with her work although it was raining heavily. (让步状语从句)
o. We eat not to live but to work. (目的状语)
p. They got up early in order that they could catch the first bus. (目的状语从句)
q. Julia draws more carefully than Julius (does) (比较状语从句)
r. The thief disappeared westwards. (方向状语)
s. I love you very much. (程度状语)
t. We often go home. (频率状语)
u. The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. (伴随状语)
v. Luckily, his stepmother is kind to him too. (评述性状语)
※ 介词短语作状语和定语，有时会产生歧义。如
Tom wanted to see the girl in the office.
汤姆想在办公室里见那个女孩(地点状语)/汤姆相见那个办公室里的女孩（后置定语）。
六 表语
1.概念
表语谓语系动词后面，说明主语的性质、特征及身份等，由名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、分词、动名词、介词短语、不定式及从句充当。如
a. She is a student. (名词)
b. The bike under the pine tree is mine. (代词)
c. The hill looks beautiful. (形容词)
d. Nobody was in/out/away. (副词)
e. This year she is eighteen. (数词)
f. They cup is broken. (分词)
g. They news sounds interesting. (分词)
h. Seeing is believing. (动名词)
i. Our school was at the foot of a small hill. (介词短语)
j. To see is to believe. (不定式)
k. It looks as if it is going to rain. (从句)
l. My question is that who will come to help us. (从句)
2.系表结构
特点：不用被动语态，不用进行时。（feel作“感觉”及组③可用进行时）。
① be
② sound/smell/taste/feel/look/seem/appear
③ become/get/turn/grow
a. He became a (turned) a man nurse at last.
b. You’ll turn eighteen next year.
④ stay/remain
⑤ fall ill/asleep, come true, go wrong/mad/hungry/bad/hard,
⑥ keep silent/quiet/calm/fresh/fit
七 补语
一些动词带了宾语后意思仍不完整，需要在宾语后再接一个成分，句子意义才完整，该成分是补充说明宾语的，因此叫做宾补。这样的句子，变成被动语态后，原来的宾补就成了主补。补语通常由名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、分词、副词充当。如
a. I think Alice a beauty. (I think that Alice is a beauty) (名词宾补)
→ Alice is thought a beauty. (名词主补)
b. We consider English important. (形容词宾补)
→ English is considered important. (形容词主补)
c. People find mobile phones of use. (介词短语宾补)
→ Mobile phones are found of use. (介词短语主补)
d. I wanted Tom to go home. (不定式宾补)
→ Tom was wanted to go home.(不定式主补)
e. I found him lying under a tree. (分词宾补)
→ He was found lying under a tree. (分词主补)
f. I found the light on. (副词宾补)
→ The light was found on. (副词主补)

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