资源简介

2022届北京市东西海朝丰石高考一模英语试题七选五汇编
东城2022一模
When you're behind the wheel, distractions(分心) cost lives. Nevertheless, drivers take selfies, and respond to text messages. 35
Smartphones are often at the root of these tragedies. As Big Tech sets its sights on modern vehicles, it's appropriate to ask if it's time to limit attention-stealing technology that distracts the driver.
Big Tech wants to take on the automotive industry. And it is good at grabbing both attention and information from users. At first, the goal of these technology companies was to give away services at no cost, simply to attract a customer base. 36 Their increasing thirst for valuable user information has led them to the automotive industry, where a whole new world of data awaits. Location data, frequent destinations, passenger preferences-such data is found in family cars. 37
Mobile tech is walled off from vehicle operating systems by software that keeps infotainment (information and entertainment) features away from the mission-critical driving electronics. If auto makers give up their core operating system to tech powerhouses, they will essentially become hardware suppliers to Silicon Valley.
38 Their responsibility is to keep attention on the road, providing vehicle information and a small amount of entertainment options while getting passengers from place to place as safely as possible. Smartphone makers and digital-media providers don't have this priority. They want eyes on their products, not on the road.
With electric vehicles transforming the auto industry, and artificial intelligence more common than ever, we're at a dangerous moment. 39 Because their hardware is wrapped around families, they have a duty to keep them safe. The only way they can do that is to maintain control of the driver's seat.
The quality, safety and security will make or break trust in auto makers. Without it, cars will be simply one more intrusive and risky mobile device.）
A. Car companies have priorities opposed to those of Big Tech.
B. Now they exist to sell information about their users to advertisers.
C. They enjoy the convenience and fun brought by modern technology.
D. Car makers are,and should be, the most trusted technology companies in the world.
E. Currently video-streaming services are starting to be built into car operating systems.
F. And operating systems and autonomous-driving software are all gateways for this information.
G. Statistics show that an average of eight people a day die in accidents caused by distracted driving.
西城2022一模
The Truth about Your Memory
What would you be without your memories How important is your ability to remember the past and to draw on it to help you know what to do next I'll answer for you: It's right up there with breathing and eating. 35 .
However, most people know little about memory. A study by research psychologists Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris asked people simple questions about memory and then compared theirs answers with those of experts in memory research. 36 . For instance, to the question "Is there a 'video camera in your head " 63% of people surveyed strongly agreed or mostly agreed that human memory" works like a video camera, accurately recording the events we see and hear so that we can review and inspect them later." None of the experts strongly agreed or mostly agreed that memory functions like that.
So how does memory work？ 37 He means well and wants to help, but the best he can do is tell you stories. And like all good storytellers, he edits for impact, efficiency, functionality, and clarity. He tells you what he assumes you need to know. He also makes honest mistakes—lots and lots of them. Sometimes he just gets confused and leaves out something important. He could even include inaccurate information by accident.
In other words. there is no consistent or orderly sense to memory. A memory will be hidden away and connected to other memories or concepts in ways that are not necessarily practical or logical.
38 . Memories come to us in a way that is similar to how archaeologists and police detectives use bits of information to construct stories about past people and events.
39 . Fortunately, enough has been revealed to offer us wise and guidance through daily life. Your memory is best thought of as helpful input. We don't need to remember every detail about everything.
A. The researchers had a very tough time understanding human memories.
B. The human brain is still a mysterious universe in many ways, of course.
C. A research shows recalling the past can change the memory of what really happened.
D. The results show how far removed from reality the public's beliefs about memory are.
E. One would think that understanding how memory works would be a high priority for all people
F. I prefer to describe it as something like an old man sitting by a campfire somewhere deep in your brain.
G. This is why a particular smell or sound may bring up a memory even though it wasn't important in the original experience.
海淀2022一模
How much time do you spend doing research before you make a decision There are people who go over every detail exhaustively before making a choice. 35 Psychologists call this way of thinking a cognitive bias (偏见),a tendency toward a specific mental mistake.
To study "jumping"，we examined decision-making patterns among more than 600 people from the general population. We found that jumpers made more errors than non-jumpers on problems that require thoughtful analysis. 36 In a quiz about US civics, they overestimated the chance that their answers were right significantly more than other participants did—even when their answers were wrong.
So what is behind "jumping" Psychological researchers commonly distinguish between two pathways of thought: automatic system, which reflects ideas that come to the mind easily, spontaneously and without effort, and controlled system including conscious and effortful reasoning. Jumpers and nonjumpers are equally influenced by automatic thoughts. 37 .
It is the controlled system that helps people counter balance mental biases introduced by the automatic system. As a result, jumpers were more likely to accept the conclusions made at first blush without further questioning. A lack of controlled thinking is also more broadly connected to their problematic beliefs and faulty reasoning.
38 A method called metacognitive training can be used to target their biases, which can help people think more deliberatively. In this training, participants are confronted with their own biases. They can learn about the missteps and other ways of thinking through the problem at hand. It helps to chip away at participants' overconfidence.
In everyday life, the question of whether we should think things through or instead go with our gut is a frequent and important one. 39 Sometimes the most important decision we make can be to take some more time before making a choice.
A. Happily, there may be some hope for jumpers.
B. Also, jumpers had problems with overconfidence.
C. But a fair number of individuals are quick to jump to conclusions.
D. It is certainly possible for them to overthink things to take a decision.
E. We plan to continue the work to trace other problems introduced by jumping.
F. The jumpers, however, did not engage in controlled reasoning to the same degree as non-jumpers.
G. Recent studies show that even gathering just a little bit more evidence may help us avoid a major mistake.
朝阳2022一模
Pets are like our family members and their good health is something that is very important to all pet owners. Just as the pollutants, such as carbon monoxide(一氧化物) and carbon dioxide in the air, affect our health, these same environmental nasties can affect our pets too.
35 57%of dogs exposed to higher pollution levels developed brain diseases and showed signs of neuro problems. In a more recent study from the journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine,researchers found that cats with breathing problems were more likely to live in households with higher indoor air pollution.
Air purifiers have been brought into use in recent years.They work to remove harmful chemicals known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other environmental pollutants from the air. 36 But are they safe for pets How can we ensure that they aren't harming our furry friends？
37 The physical safety of using a mechanical device around pets is what we have to pay attention to. Air purifiers come in various shapes and sizes, from small desk-top units to large, free-standing models. In terms of physical harm, there is an existing risk of our pet becoming trapped in the electrical wire of our air purifier.Air purifiers are designed to be used in the home around children and their internal mechanisms should also be safe from small tails of our pets and other parts of their bodies. 38 .
Whether the air purifier improves or damages the health of our animals is also something we have to consider. The air purifiers are safe for pets, but only if they do not produce any ozone(臭氧) byproduct. 39 We should always stay away from the ones that produce even minimal quantities. We are always on the safe side by picking a standard air purifier with the classic 3-stage filtration(过滤) system of a pre-filter, HEPA filter and carbon activated filter.
Picking the wrong air purifier type can quickly make things worse for our pets. On the other hand, picking the correct air purifier can lead to a big increase in the quality of life for them.
A. At present many homes are equipped with these useful devices.
B. Before buying an air purifier, we should keep two aspects in mind.
C. Pet owners always pay close attention to the physical health of their pets.
D. Even the smallest pets shouldn't be able to access the insides of air purifiers.
E. This greatly depends on the type of air purifier and air cleaning technology used.
F. So always check the product specifications and try to find a model that does not produce any carbon monoxide.
G. A 2008 study published in Brain and Cognition showed that dogs' brains were negatively affected by the heavy pollution levels.
丰台2022一模
Rethinking Obesity(肥胖症)
In principle, it sounds simple: eat less and move more. This dietary advice for dealing with obesity has been around for decades. 35 So why hasn't this approach to weight control worked
One possibility is that we haven't tried hard enough. Perhaps we have lacked the discipline and willpower to maintain healthy dietary and exercise habits—a challenge made more difficult today for those surrounded by inexpensive, tasty, highly processed foods.
36 In a recent paper, my colleagues and I question the basic assumption of whether taking in more calories than you burn really is the primary cause of obesity. We argue that we are driven to overeat because we are getting fatter.
The key to how this works in obesity is insulin(胰岛素). Processed, rapidly digestible carbohydrates(碳水化合物) raise our insulin level too high. 37 A few hours after eating a high-carb meal, the number of calories in the blood stream falls suddenly, so we get hungrier sooner after eating.
The two opposing views of cause and effect in obesity have very different implications for how to prevent and treat weight problems. The usual approach focuses on how much to eat, with prescriptions(处方) for daily calorie intake. 38 Higher-fat foods may help get rid of body fat, a possibility supported by clinical trials comparing high-fat diets with low-fat ones.
This way of thinking might help explain why calorie restriction usually fails long before a person with obesity approaches an ideal body weight. A low-calorie, low-fat diet further restricts an already limited supply of energy to the body, worsening hunger without addressing the underlying tendency to store too many calories in body fat. 39
Although much more research will be needed to test this idea, it is time to question the basic assumptions about cause and effect calories and weight gain that have controlled our thinking for decades.
A. Yet, worldwide obesity rates just keep going up.
B. In our view, the emphasis should be placed on what to eat.
C. It is important to control the amount of food consumed by us.
D. Obesity is a disease that affects 650 million adults worldwide.
E. Or perhaps the problem is the focus on "calorie balance" itself.
F. Weight loss becomes a battle between mind and metabolism(新陈代谢).
G. This causes fat cells to take in too many calories, leaving fewer for the rest of the body.
石景山2022一模
Move to the Music
Music helps us exercise, but why does it have this effect 35 The first is simple: Music distracts us. When we listen to a song we like, our brain pays attention to the music. For example, after we exercise for 20 minutes, our body might be tired. But we may not feel this immediately while listening to music. So we exercise a little longer.
Music also motivates us. When we hear dance music, for example, we naturally start to move to the beat. An upbeat song also puts us in a good mood, so we feel happier. This gives us energy and helps us exercise longer.
36 Songs in the range of 120-140 beats per minute (BPM) are the best, says sports psychologist Dr. Costas Karageorghis.
37 . Its leading researcher Fritz put 61 people in small groups. They all then exercised twice. One time, each group worked out while listening to music for six minutes. Another time, they exercised for six minutes on special Jymmin machines. The name Jymmin is a combination of “jamming" and “gym.” Using these machines, each group made music as they moved. The exercisers became the composers and the machines became their instruments. In the end, 53 of the 61 people said the same thing: They felt less tired when they exercised on the Jymmin machines. 38
How does Fritz explain this Maybe people did better on the Jymmin machines because they had more control, he says. People created the beat. They could make it go faster or slower. Also, the activity was social. Each group was making music together and having fun. Fritz believes that Jymmin exercise may have other advantages, too. 39 For example, it may be even a good way to treat depression.
A. Experts say there are two main reasons.
B. This also helps relax our body and brain.
C. Music with a quick and steady beat is good for exercising,
D. He wants to find out if it can help with more serious conditions.
E. He expects to take advantage of it to tap into people's potential.
F. A new study suggests this is only part of the explanation, however.
G. When they exercise and make music, working out seems to be easier.
参考答案：
【东城一模答案解析】
35. G 后文“Smartphones are often at the root of these tragedies”提示前面要出现相关的tragedies，所以G选项正确。
36. B 后文“Their increasing thirst for valuable user information”提示出现对信息的需求。
37. F 前文“such data is found in family cars”提到车辆内含有的相关信息，后面要和信息有关，且和信息泄露有关。
38. A 后文“media providers don't have this priority”有选项内容的直接复现。
39. D 后文“Because their hardware is wrapped around families, they have a duty to keep them safe.”解释前文的原因，内容和安全相关。
【西城一模答案解析】
35. E 第二段首句“However, most people know little about memory”中however表示转折，所以前文内容和后面的事实-most people know little about memory相反。
36. D 前文“...asked people simple questions about memory”和后文“For instance, to the question...”说明中间句要给出研究结果，之后才能举例。。
37. F 后文“He means well and wants to help...”中的He在前文要有明确指代，选项中只有“old man”合适。
38. G 前文“A memory will be hidden away and connected to other memories or concepts in ways that are not necessarily practical or logical”解释两种不相关的东西在记忆中是可以产生联系的，符合选项中“a particular smell ... may bring up a memory...it wasn't important in the original experience”的概念。
39. B 从题目位置可以推断此处陈述内容应为总结性信息，同时后文“Fortunately, enough has been revealed to offer us wise and guidance....”提示39题选择不好的信息，综合考虑选择B。
【海淀一模答案解析】
35. C. 文章主要内容讲述的是"jumping",前文内容是在决定前进行研究与思考的人，后文"this way"指的是决定前没有进行严谨思考与调查的类型，所以在这里需要引入"jumping"的类型。
36. B. 后文"they overestimated the chance"说明jumpers不仅思考较少，同时高估了自己的正确可能，对应选项中的overconfidence。
37. F. 前文提到两种思维方式：automatic system 和 controlled system。"Jumpers and nonjumpers are equally influenced by automatic thoughts"提到两种人都受第一种思维方式的影响，由此可以推断，两种人实际表现的不同是因为"jumpers"不受controlled system的影响。
38. A. 后文"A method called metacognitive training can be used to target their biases"说明对于"jumper"类型的人来说，这种表现是可以得到治疗并改善的。对应选项中的happily。
39. G. 末尾段总结文章内容，说明做决定前进行思考和研究的必要性。
【朝阳一模答案解析】
35. G.前文提出空气污染会影响宠物的健康，这里提出具体的说明，并且后文的57%的数据出自这一选项的研究。
36. A. 后文but表示转折关系，所以前文提到的是关于air purifier的好处或优点，结合文意，在这里表示“许多家庭里都配备有空气净化器，但是净化器对于宠物来说是好的吗？”
37. B. 后文提到的"The physical safety of using a mechanical device around pets is what we have to pay attention to"和"Whether the air purifier improves or damages the health of our animals is also something we have to consider."呼应选项中的"two aspects"
38. D. 前文提到空气净化器应该足够安全，并且宠物无法把尾巴或身体其他部分伸入净化器，呼选项中的最小的宠物无法进入净化器。
39. E. 前文指出空气净化器在不排放臭氧的情况下对于宠物是安全的，所以如何达到这个目的是由所采取的技术和型号决定的。
【丰台一模答案解析】
35. A. 前文提示关于治疗肥胖的建议已经存在数十年了，后文提示这些建议“hasn't worked”,所以说明虽然治疗肥胖的建议已经存在，但是肥胖的问题没有得到缓解。对应A选项。
36. E. 第二段讲的是传统管线，第三段引入作者的研究，“We argue that we are driven to overeat because we are getting fatter”表明作者的研究和传统观点不同，所以是对传统观点持怀疑态度。
37. G. 因为过高的胰岛素降低了血糖，导致饭后快速的重新感到饥饿。胰岛素降血糖的过程是让脂肪细胞吸收营养物质。
38. B. 段首的“The two opposing views”说明对应两种观点，一种是“the usual approach”，一种是作者的观点。后文的内容“Higher-fat foods may help get rid of body fat”是作者观点，所以选择B。
39. F. 在严格的食谱和热量摄入要求的情况下，不仅没有减肥，反而因此加重了饥饿感。因为饥饿感加重，但还要控制饮食，所以成为了“a battle between mind and metabolism”。
【石景山一模答案解析】
35. A. 后文的“The first is simple”和“Music also motivates us”提示这里有两个原因。
36. C. 后文的“120-140 beats per minute”提示了选项中的“quick beat”。
37. F. 后文的“Its leading researcher”提示前文出现的研究“A new study”。
38. G. 前文的“Using these machines, each group made music as they moved”提示选项中的“working out”。
39. D. 本段讲述Fritz的观点，所以从D和E 两个选项判断，后文的depression和potential无关，呼应的是“serious conditions”。

展开更多......

收起↑