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专题02 阅读理解之主旨题（解析版）
考纲要求：主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。
主旨大意题虽然比重不高，但难度较大，也是学生容易失分的题型。
正确选项特征 干扰选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 1.过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2.以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.移花接木，偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4.无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
一、文章大意题——突破文章主旨3法
1.主题句法
解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。
(1)根据不同文体的写作方法来定位主题句
①议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总—分”或“总—分—总”的模式，所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。
②说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。
③记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句
①在文中尤其是在首段出现表示转折的词，如but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。
②在文中出现表示总结的词，如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。
③若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。
[示例1]　
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter—gatherers，small，tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.
31.What is the main idea of the text
A.New languages will be created.
B.People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C.Human development results in fewer languages.
D.Geography determines language evolution.
分析：选C。本文为议论文，文章为“总—分”结构，根据第一段第一句中的“but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going”和后文可知，随着人类社会的发展，使得语言的种类越来越少。故C项最符合原文主旨。
2.高频词法
全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
3.逆向思维法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。
二、标题归纳题——3大特点与3大技巧
1.文章标题的3大特点
概括性 准确而又简短
针对性 标题外延正好与文章内容相符
醒目性 能引发读者的阅读欲望
2.解题的3大技巧
(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。
(3)研究备选项：研究备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括力等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。
[示例2]
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts.The microorganisms (微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms，like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution (解决方案).“We don’t give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，”says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests，” Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal？’Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and...it’s not a very nice thing at times.It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (影响) on college admissions and practical life skills.“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.I don’t teach.”And that annoying bacteria Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space.
35.What is the best title for the text
A.NASA：The Home of Astronauts
B.Space：The Final Homework Frontier
C.Nature：An Outdoor Classroom
D.HUNCH：A College Admission Reform
分析：选D。本题为标题归纳题。本文为说明文，主要介绍了一个项目：把高中的教室教学与太空的研究联系起来，使学生们得到NASA工程师们的指导。因此在选标题时既要有太空，还要有学生，选项B将其完美地结合了起来，故答案为B。
三、段落大意题——根据段落结构精准定位主题句
段落大意题跟文章大意题一样，要先找出主题句，对于没有明确主题句的段落，要结合全段的意思归纳大意。段落的组织结构和主题句的位置主要有以下几种：
类型 位置
总—分 主题句在段首
分—总 主题句在段尾
分—总—分 主题句在段中
平铺型 无明确主题句
[示例2]Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work.Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
33.What is the second paragraph mainly about
A.The classification of the popular. B.The characteristics of adolescents.
C.The importance of interpersonal skills. D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.
分析：选A。本题为段落大意题。本段为“总—分”结构。根据本段内容以及第二句的句式特点(句中有冒号)，可断定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分别用The likables’...和Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence...引出后文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词sort...into...(把……分成……)与A项中的classification相呼应，所以A项可以概括本段大意。
四、写作意图题——体裁不同写作目的不同
一般来说，写作意图题也是主旨大意题的一种(也有人把它归为推理判断题)，写作目的可以是段落的写作目的，也可以是文章的写作目的，对于文章写作目的而言，主要有以下几种：
广告 推销某种产品或某种服务，或是通过影片、图书、电视节目、旅游景点等的介绍以吸引更多的观众、读者或游客等
说明文 向人们展示某物的用途或制作过程
议论文 论述一个道理或表达一个观点
记叙文 向人们分享经历、叙述一件事情或表达情感等
[示例3]
In 1812，the year Charles Dickens was born，there were 66 novels published in Britain.People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally.The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy(识字)rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors，often with something like “By a lady”.Novels，for the most part，were looked upon as silly，immoral or just plain bad.
How did Dickens get to the top For all the feelings readers attach to stories，literature is a numbers game，and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass.Some 60，000 novels were published during the Victorian age，from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them.It’s partly true that Dickens’style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life.It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social，political and scientific progress.But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know what mix of talent，ambition，energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches，it is possible—and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
23.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A.To remember a great writer.
B.To introduce an English novel.
C.To encourage studies on culture.
D.To promote values of the Victorian age.
分析：选A。本题为写作意图题。本文为夹叙夹议文，根据文中对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍，和文章最后一句可知，本文写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位伟大的作家。
三、高考真题
2022年1月浙江卷C篇
The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia（失智症）in later life-and if they did，it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr.Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden,said:“These findings are exciting because it's possible that improving people's cardiovascular（心血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.”
For the study,191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to measure their peak（最大值的）cardiovascular capacity.The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level with a capacity of 120 watts or higher. While 92 women were in the medium fitness category; A total of 59 were of low fitness level ,with a peak workload of 80 watts or less,or having their tests stopped because of health problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.During that time,44 of the women developed dementia.Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia,compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
"However,this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association.said Horder. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important." She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied,all of whom were from Sweden,so the results might not be applicable to other groups.
30.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B.Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D.Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness
第30题 主旨题--选标题。根据第一段实验结果new research found that… develop dementia…,以及第五段第一句，these women were then tested for dementia…,以及最后一段more research … on the risk of dementia 可知全文是围绕关键词dementia（失智症）展开的研究，研究结果指明健康的女性得失智症的概率更低。故选C。
2021年6月天津卷D篇
Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be "the easy subject" at school, insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort
Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don't just want material things anymore, they want to experience life一the arts are a perfect crossover（交迭）between culture and commerce.
Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people's wellbeing. The Royal Society of Public Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure.
Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.
Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.
55．What is the best title for this passage
A．How Art Cures Our Hearts
B．Art: A Blessing to Humankind
C．How Art Benefits Communities
D．Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.”（艺术对人类的生命至关重要，世界各国为各种目的庆祝和使用艺术。没有艺术的生活将是无聊和死气沉沉的，因为艺术是我们人类的一部分。）可见艺术是人类重要的部分，文章中也详细描述了艺术对不同人群的好处。所以短文的最佳标题为“艺术:人类的福祉”。故选择B。
2021年6月新高考2卷C篇
A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years. “I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries."
11. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. Bring Artists to Schools B. When Historians Meet Artists
C. Arts Education in Britain D. The World's Best Arts Teacher
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Andria Zafirakou, a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution. “We are going to make a change,”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”（伦敦北部中学教师安德里亚·扎菲拉库(Andria Zafirakou)表示，她想掀起一场课堂革命。“我们将做出改变，”她说。“我已经启动了一个项目，以促进我们学校的艺术教学。”）”可知，文章讲述了Andria Zafirakou用自己的奖金启动了一个项目，将艺术家带进学校，促进艺术教学。故选A。
2021年6月全国甲卷D篇
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors（因素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world."
4.What is the best title for the text
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck
4主旨大意题。A项（天才的想法相同）文章没有涉及；C项（天才和智力）只是文章的一个细节不能作为文章的主旨； D项（天才和运气）也只是在文章的最后稍微提起，也只是文章的一个小细节。根据文章的最后一句As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有 "智慧、创造力和毅力" 的人和简单的好运，那些能改变世界的人。纵观全文可知，天成具有多样性，故选B项。
2021年6月全国乙卷C篇
You've heard that plastic is polluting the ocean—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpocalypse, " a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168, 000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled "Truckload of Plastic, " Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10, 000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A.Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
4主旨大意题。本文围绕环保话题，介绍了一位叫本杰明的艺术家，试图用塑料垃圾创作雕塑作品，唤起公众对塑料垃圾的重视。故选D。
2021年6月浙江卷B篇
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference, " David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Let Children Have Fun
B.Young Children Need More Free Time
C.Market Nature to Children
D.David Bond: A Role Model for Children
4.主旨大意题。文章首段阐述现状，即孩子们花太多时间在电子屏幕上，紧接着提到了作者为呼吁孩子们走进大自然拍摄了纪录片，希望孩子们能多花些时间在户外运动上。因此本篇文章主要内容为：向孩子们 "推销" 自然，故选C。
2021年3月天津卷C篇
A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis （催眠）can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging （医学影像） procedures.
"During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing," said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia （麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technologist—also a hypnotist—was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified （改变的）state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.
"The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports Do you like going to the beach We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story—an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.
"The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness."
The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. "It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training
6.What is the passage mainly about
A.An easy way to communicate with patients.
B.The standard method of conducting hypnosis.
C.An introduction of medical-imaging technology.
D.The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures.
6主旨大意题。根据文章第一段 "A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital…and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging （医学影像） procedures.(蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工)" 可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中的应用。故选：D。
2021年3月天津卷D篇
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排除）of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise（专长）. The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
5.What could be the best title for the passage
A.Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B.Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C.Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D.Ways to Become a Generalist
5中心主旨题。文章第一段第一句提出观点 "There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. （作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才）" 。根据文章第二段第三句 "The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less." 可知，成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深。根据文章第四段第一句 "Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections." 可知，当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。根据上述内容可知，作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为 "Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）" 。故选A。
2021年1月浙江卷C篇
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩）use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5, 000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures, " she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect."
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling: "Climb on me." The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother's back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species（物种）out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans, " said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions, " she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains."
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B.Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C.Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D.Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
4. 主旨题。 通读全文可以判断出这篇文章主要介绍了黑猩猩可以使用手势去传递信息的相关研究以及一些研究人员的看法。对应的就是选项D。 选项A犯了主旨大意题典型的易错选项特征：以偏概全。文章中只有前半部分在将这个新研究的突破性，但是后半部分介绍了其局限性。选项BC都是与原文相关性不大。故答案为D。
2021年1月浙江卷C篇
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩）use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5, 000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures, " she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect."
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling: "Climb on me." The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother's back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species（物种）out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans, " said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions, " she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains."
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B.Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C.Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D.Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
4.主旨题。 通读全文可以判断出这篇文章主要介绍了黑猩猩可以使用手势去传递信息的相关研究以及一些研究人员的看法。对应的就是选项D。 选项A犯了主旨大意题典型的易错选项特征：以偏概全。文章中只有前半部分在将这个新研究的突破性，但是后半部分介绍了其局限性。选项BC都是与原文相关性不大。故答案为D。
2020年全国卷1-D
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day, " explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow（发光） in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off "switch" where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source（电源）—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission（传输）. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. A new study of different plants
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces
D. Benefits from green plants.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Can we grow more glowing plants
B. How do we live with glowing plants
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free
32, D主旨大意题根据Recent studies have found positive effects ... experienced less crime,...15% more productive可推知,本段主要通过列举两项科学研究来说明绿色植物对人的益处。
35, C主旨大意题通读全文可知,文章重点介绍了麻省理工学院对植物照明的研发,用设问的方式给出标题“发光植物能替代灯(照明)吗 "
2020年(全国卷11-B)
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition（认知） after controlling for differences in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
"The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate（旋转） and translate shapes, " Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
27. What is the text mainly about
A. A mathematical method
B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist
D. A teaching program.
27, B主旨大意题本文主要介绍了芝加哥大学的一项科学研究,该研究表明,对于2到4岁的孩子来说,玩拼图游戏对他们今后空间技能的提高有益
2020年(全国卷Ⅱ-D)
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids plaved ball or went to parties. I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices , as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books.
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
35. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B. My Idea about writing
C. Library: A Haven for the Young
D. My Love of the Library
35, D主旨大意题纵观本文,作者写的是图书馆在她人生的不同阶段带给她的快乐和意义,由第一段的孩提时代到第二段的青少年时期,再到第三、四、五段为人母、祖母时期,都有图书馆的相伴,她在图书馆看书获得了无尽的快乐,而这种快乐也在她的家族中代代传承,也正是因为对于图书馆的喜爱,使得作者在文章最后发出支持图书馆的号召。所以,整篇文章都贯穿着作者对图书馆的喜爱。D项为最佳答案。本题也可以用排除法。A项说阅读是知识的源泉,而实际上本文谈的最多的是在图书馆看书带给她的快乐, 没有直接提到知识,因为知识仅仅是她从图书馆获得的快乐的一部分; B项说的是对写作的看法,而本文几乎没有提到writing,只是在文章最后提到号召writers支持图书馆: C项说的是图书馆是年轻人的避风港,而本文并没有专门针对年轻人,而是根据作者从小到大再到有后代的人生中,讲述了在图书馆看书获取快乐的传统已经在她的家庭中得已传承。
2020年(全国卷Ⅲ11-B)
When "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren't there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks for not using real apes（猿）!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture（动作捕捉） technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor's performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image（图像）. In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet "Apes" is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2, 000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants", "The Hangover Part Ⅱ" and "Zookeeper", have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated properly.
In some cases, it's not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it's the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
25. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about:
A. The cost of making "Apes"
B. The creation of digitalized apes.
C. The publicity about "Apes."
D. The performance of real apes.
25, B主旨大意题第二段介绍了《猩球崛起》电影制作团队如何运用动作捕捉技术,记录人类演员的动作,并利用计算机图形学,创造出数字化的动物形象--逼真的类人猿。
四、综合模拟演练
（2022·浙江温州·二模）
When Mexican scientist of the evolution of animal behavior, Laura Cuaya, moved to Hungary for her postdoctoral studies in Budapest, she brought her pet dog, Kun-kun, along for the ride. Cuaya couldn't help noticing how locals warmed to dogs. This prompted her naturally curious scientific mind to start asking questions. “Here people are talking all the time to Kun-kun, but I always wonder if Kun-kun can recognize that people in Budapest speak Hungarian, not Spanish ” So she set out to find an answer through a scientific study.
Cuaya and her colleagues decided to use brain images from MRI scanning to shed light on her hunch. They worked with dogs of various ages that had, until the experiment, only heard their owners speak just one of the two languages, Spanish or Hungarian. Not surprisingly, getting the dogs to happily take part in the experiment took some creative coaxing and animal training! The researchers first needed to teach Kun-kun and her 17 fellow participating dogs including a labradoodle, a golden retriever and Australian shepherds, to lie still in a brain scanner. Their pet parents were always present, and they could leave the scanner at any point.
The research team played children's book classic The Little Prince in both Spanish and Hungarian while scanning the dogs' brains with an MRI machine. They were looking for evidence that their brains reacted differently to a familiar and unfamiliar language. The researchers also played scrambled versions of the story to find out if dogs could distinguish between speech and non-speech.
The images reveal that dogs' brains show different patterns of activity for an unfamiliar language than for a familiar one—the first time anyone has proved, researchers say, that a non-human brain can distinguish between two languages. This means that the sounds and rhythms of a familiar language are accessible to non-humans.
Interestingly, the team also found that the brains of older dogs were more skilled at detecting speech “suggesting a role for the amount of language exposure”. They suggest that dogs have refined their ability to distinguish between human languages over the long process of domestication.
1．What is paragraph 1 mainly about
A．The background of the study. B．The significance of the study.
C．The concern of the researcher. D．The introduction to the researcher.
2．What did Cuaya consider when choosing dogs for study
A．Age limits. B．Brain patterns.
C．Language exposure. D．Owners' commands.
3．The results of the study are ________.
A．practical B．contradictory C．compromising D．groundbreaking
4．Which of the following can be the best title
A．Dogs Can Tell Foreign Languages B．Dog Brains Have Different Patterns
C．Old Dogs Know More About Human Speech
D．Dogs Can Differ Speech From Non-Speech
1．A
2．C
3．D
4．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了墨西哥科学家Laura Cuaya经过研究发现，狗可以区分不同的语言。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究的发现。
1．
主旨大意题。根据第一段“When Mexican scientist of the evolution of animal behavior, Laura Cuaya, moved to Hungary for her postdoctoral studies in Budapest, she brought her pet dog, Kun-kun, along for the ride. Cuaya couldn't help noticing how locals warmed to dogs. This prompted her naturally curious scientific mind to start asking questions. “Here people are talking all the time to Kun-kun, but I always wonder if Kun-kun can recognize that people in Budapest speak Hungarian, not Spanish ” So she set out to find an answer through a scientific study.(当研究动物行为进化的墨西哥科学家Laura Cuaya去匈牙利布达佩斯做博士后研究时，她带着她的宠物狗昆昆一起去了。Cuaya不禁注意到当地人对狗的热情。这促使她天生好奇的科学头脑开始提出问题。“在这里，人们一直在和昆昆交谈，但我总在想，昆昆能不能认出布达佩斯人说的是匈牙利语，而不是西班牙语？”因此，她开始通过科学研究来寻找答案)”可知，第一段主要讲的是研究开展的背景。故选A。
2．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“They worked with dogs of various ages that had, until the experiment, only heard their owners speak just one of the two languages, Spanish or Hungarian.(在实验之前，他们对不同年龄的狗进行研究，这些狗的主人只会说西班牙语或匈牙利语这两种语言中的一种)”可知，Cuaya在选择研究狗时考虑了语言接触。故选C。
3．
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“The images reveal that dogs' brains show different patterns of activity for an unfamiliar language than for a familiar one—the first time anyone has proved, researchers say, that a non-human brain can distinguish between two languages.(研究人员说，这些图像显示，狗的大脑对陌生的语言和熟悉的语言表现出不同的活动模式——这是第一次有人证明，非人类的大脑可以区分两种语言)”可推知，研究结果具有突破性。故选D。
4．
主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“The images reveal that dogs' brains show different patterns of activity for an unfamiliar language than for a familiar one—the first time anyone has proved, researchers say, that a non-human brain can distinguish between two languages. This means that the sounds and rhythms of a familiar language are accessible to non-humans.(研究人员说，这些图像显示，狗的大脑对陌生的语言和熟悉的语言表现出不同的活动模式——这是第一次有人证明，非人类的大脑可以区分两种语言。这意味着一种熟悉的语言的声音和节奏对非人类来说是可以理解的)”结合文章主要说明了墨西哥科学家Laura Cuaya经过研究发现，狗可以区分不同的语言。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究的发现。可知，A选项“狗能辨别外语”最符合文章标题。故选A。
（2022·北京丰台·一模）
The people who happen to be in a city center at any given moment may seem like a random collection of individuals. But new research featuring a simple mathematical law shows that urban travel patterns worldwide are, in fact, predictable despite location.
Researchers discovered what is known as an inverse square relation (平方反比关系) between the number of people in a given urban location and the distance they traveled to get there, as well as how frequently they made the trip. It may seem intuitive (直觉的) that people visit nearby locations frequently and distant ones less so, but the newly discovered relation accurately predicts, for instance, that the number of people coming from two kilometers away five times per week will be the same as the number coming from five kilometers twice a week.
The researchers analyzed data from about eight million people between 2006 and 2013 in six urban locations. This study focused on locations and examined how many people were visiting, from how far and how requently. The researchers found that all the unique choices people make—from dropping kids at school to shopping-obey this inverse square law.
One explanation for this strong statistical patter is that traveling requires time and energy, and people have limited resources for it. At the core is the effort that people are willing to invest collectively to travel to certain locations, trying to optimize their days.
Understanding these patterns is important not only for planning the placement of new shopping centers or public transportation but also for modeling disease transmission within cities, says Kathleen Stewart, a geographer and mobility researcher.
Many researchers estimate travel with “gravity models”, which assume that movement between cities is proportional (成比例的) to their population sizes. But these models do not account for travel patters within cites—information that is particularly critical in dealing with disease transmission Epidemiologist (流行病学家) Sam Scarpino says models based on this new finding might better track that flow.
“Those organizational patterns have really profound (深远的) implications on how COVID will spread,” Scarpino says. In a smaller rural location, where many people regularly go to the same grocery store, the entire town will experience sharp peaks of infections as the virus sweeps through the community. But in a bigger city, the spread takes longer he explains, because mini epidemics can occur in each neighborhood somewhat separately.
5．What does the underlined word “optimize” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Slow down. B．Keep a record of.
C．Think back on. D．Make the most of.
6．Why does the author mention “gravity models” in Paragraph 6
A．To introduce the travel patterns within cities.
B．To stress the importance of tracking diseases.
C．To compare the urban and rural infection rates.
D．To show the advantage of the inverse square law.
7．Which of the following can be supported by the newly discovered law
A．Diseases spread faster in rural areas than big cities.
B．Trip distance seldom influences people’s travel choices.
C．Epidemics are harder to discover in big cities than in rural areas,
D．City residents are likely to make frequent trips to a distant place.
5．D
6．D
7．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述一项新研究，利用简单数学定律预测全球城市旅行模式，并介绍该定律的优点。
5．
词义猜测题。根据第四段“One explanation for this strong statistical patter is that traveling requires time and energy, and people have limited resources for it. (这种深刻的统计模式的一种解释是，行走需要时间和精力，而人们的资源有限。)”可知，人们的资源、时间和精力有限，所以人们要使他们的一天达到最优化的效果。故推知optimize的意思是“使最优化”与make the most of意义一致，故选D。
6．
推理判断题。根据第六段“Many researchers estimate travel with “gravity models”, which assume that movement between cities is proportional (成比例的) to their population sizes. But these models do not account for travel patters within cites—information that is particularly critical in dealing with disease transmission Epidemiologist (流行病学家) Sam Scarpino says models based on this new finding might better track that flow. (许多研究人员使用“重力模型”来估计旅行，该模型假设城市之间的移动与其人口规模成比例的。但这些模型没有考虑到城市内部的旅行。这些信息在处理疾病传播时尤其重要。流行病学家Sam Scarpino表示，基于这一新发现，可能会更好地跟踪这种流动。)”可知，本段主要说明“重力模型”的缺点，它没有考虑到城市内部的旅行，会对处理疾病传播有影响。第五段“Understanding these patterns is important not only for planning the placement of new shopping centers or public transportation but also for modeling disease transmission within cities, says Kathleen Stewart, a geographer and mobility researcher. (地理学家和移动性研究员Kathleen Stewart说：“了解这些模式不仅对于规划新购物中心或公共交通的布局很重要，而且对于模拟城市内的疾病传播也很重要。”)”说明了平方反比原理的优点。故推知，作者在第六段中提到gravity models是为了展现重力模型的缺点及平方反比原理的优点，故选D。
7．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“In a smaller rural location, where many people regularly go to the same grocery store, the entire town will experience sharp peaks of infections as the virus sweeps through the community. But in a bigger city, the spread takes longer he explains, because mini epidemics can occur in each neighborhood somewhat separately. (在一个较小的农村地区，许多人经常去同一家杂货店，随着病毒席卷整个社区，整个城镇将经历急剧的感染高峰。他解释说：“但在一个更大的城市，传播需要更长的时间，因为小型流行病可以轻微地、单独地发生在每个社区。”)”可知，病毒在农村地区的传播速度比在大城市传播的速度快，故选A。
（2022·河北邯郸·一模）
A study led by Plana-Ripoll, a doctor at Aarhus University in Denmark, tries to deal with a fundamental question that has bothered researchers for more than a century—what exactly causes mental illness
In the hope of finding the answer, scientists have piled up a large amount of data over the past decade, through studies of genes and brain activity. They have found that many of the same genes underlie seemingly distinct disorders and that changes in the brain’s decision-making systems could be involved in many conditions.
The researchers are also rethinking theories of how our brains go wrong. The idea that mental illness can be classified into distinct, separate categories like “anxiety” has been disproved to a large extent. Instead, recently they’ve found that disorders shade into each other, and there are no hard dividing lines.
The researchers are trying to understand the biology that underlies mental illness. They have a few theories. Perhaps there are several dimensions of mental illness, so depending on how a person scores on each dimension, they might be more likely to have some disorders than others. An alternative idea is that there is a single factor that makes people easier to suffer from mental illness in general. What disorder they develop is then determined by other factors. Both ideas are being taken seriously though the former one is more widely accepted by the researchers.
The details are still unclear, but most researchers agree that one thing is specific: The old system of categorizing mental disorders into neat boxes does not work. They are also hopeful that, in the long run, replacing this framework with one that is grounded in biology will lead to new drugs and treatments. The researchers aim to reveal, for instance, the key genes, brain regions and neurological processes involved in psychopathology(精神病理学), and target them with treatments. Although it might take a while to get there, they are long-term optimistic if the field really does its work.
8．What aspect of mental illness has been puzzling researchers according to the text
A．Its symptoms. B．Its roots.
C．Its categories. D．Its theories.
9．What have the researchers found from the recent study
A．There exist links between mental disorders.
B．Brain function has little to do with mental illness.
C．Mental illness is classified into different categories.
D．Genes are completely different in distinct mental disorders.
10．Which one is more widely accepted by the researchers according to paragraph 4
A．The theory of genetic influences.
B．The belief of brain abnormalities.
C．The concept of multiple dimensions.
D．The idea of the determined risk factor.
11．What can we learn about mental illness from the text
A．Hunting for its biology might help.
B．Its genes are too complex to study.
C．Scientists are clear about its details.
D．Its new drugs could be available soon.
8．B
9．A
10．C
11．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。研究人员提出了一些有关精神疾病的新理论，并希望多了解其病理以及引发精神疾病的生物学因素，从而研制出有效的药物。
8．
细节理解题。根据第一段内容“A study led by Plana-Ripoll, a doctor at Aarhus University in Denmark, tries to deal with a fundamental question that has bothered researchers for more than a century—what exactly causes mental illness (丹麦奥胡斯大学的Plana-Ripoll博士领导了一项研究，试图解决一个困扰了研究人员一个多世纪的基本问题——到底是什么导致了精神疾病 )”可知，精神疾病的根源是什么这一问题困扰了研究人员一个多世纪。故选B项。
9．
细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Instead, recently they’ve found that disorders shade into each other, and there are no hard dividing lines.(相反，他们最近发现，紊乱相互影响，并且没有明显的分界线。)”可知，研究人员最近发现各种精神疾病之间是相互联系的，没有标准的分界线。故选A项。
10．
细节理解题。根据第四段的“Perhaps there are several dimensions of mental illness, so depending on how a person scores on each dimension, they might be more likely to have some disorders than others.（精神疾病可能有多个维度，因此根据一个人在每个维度上的得分，他们可能比其他人更容易患上某些疾病）”和最后一句“Both ideas are being taken seriously though the former one is more widely accepted by the researchers.(尽管前一种观点被研究人员更广泛地接受，但这两种观点都被认真对待。)”可知，多维度的概念更广泛地被研究人员接受。故选C项。
11．
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“They are also hopeful that, in the long run, replacing this framework with one that is grounded in biology will lead to new drugs and treatments. The researchers aim to reveal, for instance, the key genes, brain regions and neurological processes involved in psychopathology(精神病理学),and target them with treatments. (他们还希望，从长远来看，用一个基于生物学的框架取代这个框架，将会带来新的药物和治疗方法。例如，研究人员的目标是揭示与精神病理学有关的关键基因、大脑区域和神经过程，并针对它们进行治疗。)”可知，研究精神疾病的病理以及引发精神疾病的生物学因素可能会对他们接下来的工作有所帮助。故选A项。
（2022·河北邯郸·一模）
Having both the curiosity and passion to explore the world is rewarding, Acquiring new skills after class is necessary and beneficial. To help you on your journey of self-growth and discovery, here are some free learning tools available for self-learners.
Khan Academy
Khan Academy is one of the most popular learning tools out there. It offers over 4,000 free courses from a huge variety of disciplines. One of the best things about the platform is that it’s available in many other languages other than English. It is a mobile app with wonderful videos to keep your learning on the go.
Duolingo
Speaking of learning on the go, Duolingo is also one of the most popular mobile learning apps. The app offers you the opportunity to learn a language. Flashcards, multiple-choice questions, and translation exercises help you pick up vocabulary and grammar. If you want to get started learning a new language, Duolingo can give you an excellent foundation.
The Uiniversity of Oxford
England’s oldest university offers over 600 online courses, sets of teaching materials, and lecture series on its open education platform. This makes it one of the most invaluable learning tools on the Internet. Unlike courses on other platforms, Oxford’s courses and lectures aren’t laid out to give introductions to broad topics. Instead, learners can deep-dive into specific attractive subjects, such as the late works of Schumann, or the performance history of Medea.
BookBoon
If you’re the learner type who likes text and text only, BookBoon is a great resource for you. It offers over 50 million e-books and textbooks on just about any subject that you can think of. From an introduction to essay writing to the philosophy of artificial intelligence, BookBoon has almost covered everything.
12．What do Khan Academy and Duolingo have in common
A．They are only available in English.
B．They offer thousands of free courses.
C．They belong to mobile learning apps.
D．They are platforms for learning classroom discipline.
13．What is unique about the University of Oxford
A．It covers specific courses. B．It includes video teaching.
C．It is available for self-learners. D．It provides online courses.
14．Which is the fittest one for text-loving learners
A．Khan Academy. B．Duolingo.
C．The University of Oxford. D．BookBoon.
12．C
13．A
14．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四款学习工具。
12．
细节理解题。根据Khan Academy介绍中的最后一句“It is a mobile app with wonderful videos to keep your learning on the go.(这是一个有精彩的视频的移动应用程序，以让你边走边学。)”和Duolingo介绍中的第一句“Speaking of learning on the go, Duolingo is also one of the most popular mobile learning apps.(说到边走边学，Duolingo也是最受欢迎的移动学习应用之一。)”可知，这两款学习工具的共同之处是它们都属于移动应用程序。故选C项。
13．
细节理解题。根据The University of Oxford介绍中的最后一句“Instead, learners can deep-dive into specific attractive subjects, such as the late works of Schumann, or the performance history of Medea.(相反，学习者可以深入研究特定的有吸引力的主题，如舒曼的晚期作品，或美狄亚的表演历史。)”可知，这款学习工具的独特之处在于学习者可以通过此学习工具深入研究特定的、有吸引力的主题。故选A项。
14．
细节理解题。根据BookBoon介绍中的前两句“If you’re the learner type who likes text and text only, BookBoon is a great resource for you. It offers over 50 million e-books and textbooks on just about any subject that you can think of.(如果你是那种只喜欢文本的学习者，BookBoon对你来说是一个很好的资源。它提供了超过5000万本电子书和教科书，内容几乎是你能想到的任何主题。)”可知，该学习工具最适合喜欢文本学习的人。故选D项。
（2022·河南·许昌市普通教育教学研究室二模）
Michael Nesmith, the guitarist of the 1960s pop group The Monkees, died at the age of 78. The famed singer-songwriter, who composed some of the band’s catalogue, including tracks such as “Papa Gene's Blues,” “You Told Me” and “You Just May Be the One,” died of natural causes on Friday morning, according to the statement released by his family.
The Monkees member Micky Dolenz is now the only surviving member of the group. “I’m heartbroken. Dolenz said in a statement following Nesmith’s death. The Monkees television debut (首演) turned him and fellow band members Dolenz, Peter Tork and David Jones into overnight rock stars. The show, which premiered in 1966, rocketed the group to fame, scoringNo.1 hits and chart-topping albums. During the two-year run, The Monkees: won the 1967 Emmy for best comedy series.
Following the group’s breakup in 1970, Nesmith moved on to a long and creative career, not only as-a musician but as a writer, producer and director of films, author of several books, head of a media arts company and creator of a music video format that led to the creation of MTV.
Nesmith rarely rejoined the others for reunion tours, leading many to believe he disliked the band and the show, something he steadfastly denied. For the Monkees’30th anniversary he persuaded the others to reunite to record a new album, “Justus,” for which all four composed the songs and played the instruments. He also rejoined the others for a brief tour and wrote and directed their 1997 TV reunion film, “Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees.”
After fighting for creative control in The Monkees in the late 1960s, Nesmith went on to form the country rock outfit. The First National, which scored a top 25 hit in 1970 with “Joanne” according to Billboard.
15．What makes The Monkees rise to fame overnight
A．Its numerous tracks. B．Its creative members.
C．Its 1967 Emmy award. D．Its first television show.
16．Which of the following is most suitable to describe Nesmith
A．Accomplished. B．Get-it-a专题02 阅读理解之主旨题（原卷版）
考纲要求：主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。
主旨大意题虽然比重不高，但难度较大，也是学生容易失分的题型。
正确选项特征 干扰选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 1.过于笼统，不知所云 所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2.以偏概全，主次不分 所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.移花接木，偷换概念 所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4.无中生有，生搬硬套 所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
一、文章大意题——突破文章主旨3法
1.主题句法
解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。
(1)根据不同文体的写作方法来定位主题句
①议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总—分”或“总—分—总”的模式，所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。
②说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。
③记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。
(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句
①在文中尤其是在首段出现表示转折的词，如but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。
②在文中出现表示总结的词，如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。
③若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。
[示例1]　
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter—gatherers，small，tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.
31.What is the main idea of the text
A.New languages will be created.
B.People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C.Human development results in fewer languages.
D.Geography determines language evolution.
分析：选C。本文为议论文，文章为“总—分”结构，根据第一段第一句中的“but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going”和后文可知，随着人类社会的发展，使得语言的种类越来越少。故C项最符合原文主旨。
2.高频词法
全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
3.逆向思维法
在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。
二、标题归纳题——3大特点与3大技巧
1.文章标题的3大特点
概括性 准确而又简短
针对性 标题外延正好与文章内容相符
醒目性 能引发读者的阅读欲望
2.解题的3大技巧
(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。
(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。
(3)研究备选项：研究备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括力等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。
[示例2]
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts.The microorganisms (微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms，like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution (解决方案).“We don’t give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，”says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests，” Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you working towards your goal？’Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and...it’s not a very nice thing at times.It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (影响) on college admissions and practical life skills.“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.I don’t teach.”And that annoying bacteria Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space.
35.What is the best title for the text
A.NASA：The Home of Astronauts
B.Space：The Final Homework Frontier
C.Nature：An Outdoor Classroom
D.HUNCH：A College Admission Reform
分析：选D。本题为标题归纳题。本文为说明文，主要介绍了一个项目：把高中的教室教学与太空的研究联系起来，使学生们得到NASA工程师们的指导。因此在选标题时既要有太空，还要有学生，选项B将其完美地结合了起来，故答案为B。
三、段落大意题——根据段落结构精准定位主题句
段落大意题跟文章大意题一样，要先找出主题句，对于没有明确主题句的段落，要结合全段的意思归纳大意。段落的组织结构和主题句的位置主要有以下几种：
类型 位置
总—分 主题句在段首
分—总 主题句在段尾
分—总—分 主题句在段中
平铺型 无明确主题句
[示例2]Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work.Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
33.What is the second paragraph mainly about
A.The classification of the popular. B.The characteristics of adolescents.
C.The importance of interpersonal skills. D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.
分析：选A。本题为段落大意题。本段为“总—分”结构。根据本段内容以及第二句的句式特点(句中有冒号)，可断定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分别用The likables’...和Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence...引出后文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词sort...into...(把……分成……)与A项中的classification相呼应，所以A项可以概括本段大意。
四、写作意图题——体裁不同写作目的不同
一般来说，写作意图题也是主旨大意题的一种(也有人把它归为推理判断题)，写作目的可以是段落的写作目的，也可以是文章的写作目的，对于文章写作目的而言，主要有以下几种：
广告 推销某种产品或某种服务，或是通过影片、图书、电视节目、旅游景点等的介绍以吸引更多的观众、读者或游客等
说明文 向人们展示某物的用途或制作过程
议论文 论述一个道理或表达一个观点
记叙文 向人们分享经历、叙述一件事情或表达情感等
[示例3]
In 1812，the year Charles Dickens was born，there were 66 novels published in Britain.People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally.The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy(识字)rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors，often with something like “By a lady”.Novels，for the most part，were looked upon as silly，immoral or just plain bad.
How did Dickens get to the top For all the feelings readers attach to stories，literature is a numbers game，and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass.Some 60，000 novels were published during the Victorian age，from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them.It’s partly true that Dickens’style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life.It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social，political and scientific progress.But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know what mix of talent，ambition，energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches，it is possible—and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
23.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A.To remember a great writer.
B.To introduce an English novel.
C.To encourage studies on culture.
D.To promote values of the Victorian age.
分析：选A。本题为写作意图题。本文为夹叙夹议文，根据文中对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍，和文章最后一句可知，本文写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位伟大的作家。
三、高考真题
2022年1月浙江卷C篇
The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia（失智症）in later life-and if they did，it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr.Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden,said:“These findings are exciting because it's possible that improving people's cardiovascular（心血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.”
For the study,191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to measure their peak（最大值的）cardiovascular capacity.The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level with a capacity of 120 watts or higher. While 92 women were in the medium fitness category; A total of 59 were of low fitness level ,with a peak workload of 80 watts or less,or having their tests stopped because of health problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.During that time,44 of the women developed dementia.Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia,compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
"However,this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association.said Horder. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important." She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied,all of whom were from Sweden,so the results might not be applicable to other groups.
30.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B.Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D.Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness
2021年6月天津卷D篇
Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be "the easy subject" at school, insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort
Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don't just want material things anymore, they want to experience life一the arts are a perfect crossover（交迭）between culture and commerce.
Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people's wellbeing. The Royal Society of Public Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure.
Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.
Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.
55．What is the best title for this passage
A．How Art Cures Our Hearts
B．Art: A Blessing to Humankind
C．How Art Benefits Communities
D．Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
2021年6月新高考2卷C篇
A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years. “I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries."
11. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. Bring Artists to Schools B. When Historians Meet Artists
C. Arts Education in Britain D. The World's Best Arts Teacher
2021年6月全国甲卷D篇
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors（因素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world."
4.What is the best title for the text
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck
2021年6月全国乙卷C篇
You've heard that plastic is polluting the ocean—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpocalypse, " a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168, 000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled "Truckload of Plastic, " Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10, 000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A.Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
2021年6月浙江卷B篇
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference, " David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Let Children Have Fun
B.Young Children Need More Free Time
C.Market Nature to Children
D.David Bond: A Role Model for Children
2021年3月天津卷C篇
A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis （催眠）can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging （医学影像） procedures.
"During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing," said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia （麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technologist—also a hypnotist—was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified （改变的）state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.
"The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports Do you like going to the beach We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story—an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.
"The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness."
The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. "It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training
6.What is the passage mainly about
A.An easy way to communicate with patients.
B.The standard method of conducting hypnosis.
C.An introduction of medical-imaging technology.
D.The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures.
2021年3月天津卷D篇
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排除）of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise（专长）. The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
5.What could be the best title for the passage
A.Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B.Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C.Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D.Ways to Become a Generalist
2021年1月浙江卷C篇
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩）use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5, 000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures, " she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect."
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling: "Climb on me." The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother's back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species（物种）out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans, " said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions, " she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains."
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B.Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C.Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D.Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
2021年1月浙江卷C篇
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩）use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5, 000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures, " she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect."
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling: "Climb on me." The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother's back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species（物种）out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans, " said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions, " she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains."
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B.Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C.Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D.Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
2020年全国卷1-D
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day, " explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow（发光） in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off "switch" where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source（电源）—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission（传输）. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. A new study of different plants
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces
D. Benefits from green plants.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Can we grow more glowing plants
B. How do we live with glowing plants
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free
2020年(全国卷11-B)
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition（认知） after controlling for differences in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
"The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate（旋转） and translate shapes, " Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
27. What is the text mainly about
A. A mathematical method
B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist
D. A teaching program.
2020年(全国卷Ⅱ-D)
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids plaved ball or went to parties. I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices , as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books.
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
35. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B. My Idea about writing
C. Library: A Haven for the Young
D. My Love of the Library
2020年(全国卷Ⅲ11-B)
When "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren't there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks for not using real apes（猿）!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture（动作捕捉） technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor's performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image（图像）. In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet "Apes" is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2, 000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants", "The Hangover Part Ⅱ" and "Zookeeper", have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated properly.
In some cases, it's not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it's the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
25. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about:
A. The cost of making "Apes"
B. The creation of digitalized apes.
C. The publicity about "Apes."
D. The performance of real apes.
四、综合模拟演练
（2022·浙江温州·二模）
When Mexican scientist of the evolution of animal behavior, Laura Cuaya, moved to Hungary for her postdoctoral studies in Budapest, she brought her pet dog, Kun-kun, along for the ride. Cuaya couldn't help noticing how locals warmed to dogs. This prompted her naturally curious scientific mind to start asking questions. “Here people are talking all the time to Kun-kun, but I always wonder if Kun-kun can recognize that people in Budapest speak Hungarian, not Spanish ” So she set out to find an answer through a scientific study.
Cuaya and her colleagues decided to use brain images from MRI scanning to shed light on her hunch. They worked with dogs of various ages that had, until the experiment, only heard their owners speak just one of the two languages, Spanish or Hungarian. Not surprisingly, getting the dogs to happily take part in the experiment took some creative coaxing and animal training! The researchers first needed to teach Kun-kun and her 17 fellow participating dogs including a labradoodle, a golden retriever and Australian shepherds, to lie still in a brain scanner. Their pet parents were always present, and they could leave the scanner at any point.
The research team played children's book classic The Little Prince in both Spanish and Hungarian while scanning the dogs' brains with an MRI machine. They were looking for evidence that their brains reacted differently to a familiar and unfamiliar language. The researchers also played scrambled versions of the story to find out if dogs could distinguish between speech and non-speech.
The images reveal that dogs' brains show different patterns of activity for an unfamiliar language than for a familiar one—the first time anyone has proved, researchers say, that a non-human brain can distinguish between two languages. This means that the sounds and rhythms of a familiar language are accessible to non-humans.
Interestingly, the team also found that the brains of older dogs were more skilled at detecting speech “suggesting a role for the amount of language exposure”. They suggest that dogs have refined their ability to distinguish between human languages over the long process of domestication.
1．What is paragraph 1 mainly about
A．The background of the study. B．The significance of the study.
C．The concern of the researcher. D．The introduction to the researcher.
2．What did Cuaya consider when choosing dogs for study
A．Age limits. B．Brain patterns.
C．Language exposure. D．Owners' commands.
3．The results of the study are ________.
A．practical B．contradictory C．compromising D．groundbreaking
4．Which of the following can be the best title
A．Dogs Can Tell Foreign Languages B．Dog Brains Have Different Patterns
C．Old Dogs Know More About Human Speech
D．Dogs Can Differ Speech From Non-Speech
（2022·北京丰台·一模）
The people who happen to be in a city center at any given moment may seem like a random collection of individuals. But new research featuring a simple mathematical law shows that urban travel patterns worldwide are, in fact, predictable despite location.
Researchers discovered what is known as an inverse square relation (平方反比关系) between the number of people in a given urban location and the distance they traveled to get there, as well as how frequently they made the trip. It may seem intuitive (直觉的) that people visit nearby locations frequently and distant ones less so, but the newly discovered relation accurately predicts, for instance, that the number of people coming from two kilometers away five times per week will be the same as the number coming from five kilometers twice a week.
The researchers analyzed data from about eight million people between 2006 and 2013 in six urban locations. This study focused on locations and examined how many people were visiting, from how far and how requently. The researchers found that all the unique choices people make—from dropping kids at school to shopping-obey this inverse square law.
One explanation for this strong statistical patter is that traveling requires time and energy, and people have limited resources for it. At the core is the effort that people are willing to invest collectively to travel to certain locations, trying to optimize their days.
Understanding these patterns is important not only for planning the placement of new shopping centers or public transportation but also for modeling disease transmission within cities, says Kathleen Stewart, a geographer and mobility researcher.
Many researchers estimate travel with “gravity models”, which assume that movement between cities is proportional (成比例的) to their population sizes. But these models do not account for travel patters within cites—information that is particularly critical in dealing with disease transmission Epidemiologist (流行病学家) Sam Scarpino says models based on this new finding might better track that flow.
“Those organizational patterns have really profound (深远的) implications on how COVID will spread,” Scarpino says. In a smaller rural location, where many people regularly go to the same grocery store, the entire town will experience sharp peaks of infections as the virus sweeps through the community. But in a bigger city, the spread takes longer he explains, because mini epidemics can occur in each neighborhood somewhat separately.
5．What does the underlined word “optimize” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Slow down. B．Keep a record of.
C．Think back on. D．Make the most of.
6．Why does the author mention “gravity models” in Paragraph 6
A．To introduce the travel patterns within cities.
B．To stress the importance of tracking diseases.
C．To compare the urban and rural infection rates.
D．To show the advantage of the inverse square law.
7．Which of the following can be supported by the newly discovered law
A．Diseases spread faster in rural areas than big cities.
B．Trip distance seldom influences people’s travel choices.
C．Epidemics are harder to discover in big cities than in rural areas,
D．City residents are likely to make frequent trips to a distant place.
（2022·河北邯郸·一模）
A study led by Plana-Ripoll, a doctor at Aarhus University in Denmark, tries to deal with a fundamental question that has bothered researchers for more than a century—what exactly causes mental illness
In the hope of finding the answer, scientists have piled up a large amount of data over the past decade, through studies of genes and brain activity. They have found that many of the same genes underlie seemingly distinct disorders and that changes in the brain’s decision-making systems could be involved in many conditions.
The researchers are also rethinking theories of how our brains go wrong. The idea that mental illness can be classified into distinct, separate categories like “anxiety” has been disproved to a large extent. Instead, recently they’ve found that disorders shade into each other, and there are no hard dividing lines.
The researchers are trying to understand the biology that underlies mental illness. They have a few theories. Perhaps there are several dimensions of mental illness, so depending on how a person scores on each dimension, they might be more likely to have some disorders than others. An alternative idea is that there is a single factor that makes people easier to suffer from mental illness in general. What disorder they develop is then determined by other factors. Both ideas are being taken seriously though the former one is more widely accepted by the researchers.
The details are still unclear, but most researchers agree that one thing is specific: The old system of categorizing mental disorders into neat boxes does not work. They are also hopeful that, in the long run, replacing this framework with one that is grounded in biology will lead to new drugs and treatments. The researchers aim to reveal, for instance, the key genes, brain regions and neurological processes involved in psychopathology(精神病理学), and target them with treatments. Although it might take a while to get there, they are long-term optimistic if the field really does its work.
8．What aspect of mental illness has been puzzling researchers according to the text
A．Its symptoms. B．Its roots.
C．Its categories. D．Its theories.
9．What have the researchers found from the recent study
A．There exist links between mental disorders.
B．Brain function has little to do with mental illness.
C．Mental illness is classified into different categories.
D．Genes are completely different in distinct mental disorders.
10．Which one is more widely accepted by the researchers according to paragraph 4
A．The theory of genetic influences.
B．The belief of brain abnormalities.
C．The concept of multiple dimensions.
D．The idea of the determined risk factor.
11．What can we learn about mental illness from the text
A．Hunting for its biology might help.
B．Its genes are too complex to study.
C．Scientists are clear about its details.
D．Its new drugs could be available soon.
（2022·河北邯郸·一模）
Having both the curiosity and passion to explore the world is rewarding, Acquiring new skills after class is necessary and beneficial. To help you on your journey of self-growth and discovery, here are some free learning tools available for self-learners.
Khan Academy
Khan Academy is one of the most popular learning tools out there. It offers over 4,000 free courses from a huge variety of disciplines. One of the best things about the platform is that it’s available in many other languages other than English. It is a mobile app with wonderful videos to keep your learning on the go.
Duolingo
Speaking of learning on the go, Duolingo is also one of the most popular mobile learning apps. The app offers you the opportunity to learn a language. Flashcards, multiple-choice questions, and translation exercises help you pick up vocabulary and grammar. If you want to get started learning a new language, Duolingo can give you an excellent foundation.
The Uiniversity of Oxford
England’s oldest university offers over 600 online courses, sets of teaching materials, and lecture series on its open education platform. This makes it one of the most invaluable learning tools on the Internet. Unlike courses on other platforms, Oxford’s courses and lectures aren’t laid out to give introductions to broad topics. Instead, learners can deep-dive into specific attractive subjects, such as the late works of Schumann, or the performance history of Medea.
BookBoon
If you’re the learner type who likes text and text only, BookBoon is a great resource for you. It offers over 50 million e-books and textbooks on just about any subject that you can think of. From an introduction to essay writing to the philosophy of artificial intelligence, BookBoon has almost covered everything.
12．What do Khan Academy and Duolingo have in common
A．They are only available in English.
B．They offer thousands of free courses.
C．They belong to mobile learning apps.
D．They are platforms for learning classroom discipline.
13．What is unique about the University of Oxford
A．It covers specific courses. B．It includes video teaching.
C．It is available for self-learners. D．It provides online courses.
14．Which is the fittest one for text-loving learners
A．Khan Academy. B．Duolingo.
C．The University of Oxford. D．BookBoon.
（2022·河南·许昌市普通教育教学研究室二模）
Michael Nesmith, the guitarist of the 1960s pop group The Monkees, died at the age of 78. The famed singer-songwriter, who composed some of the band’s catalogue, including tracks such as “Papa Gene's Blues,” “You Told Me” and “You Just May Be the One,” died of natural causes on Friday morning, according to the statement released by his family.
The Monkees member Micky Dolenz is now the only surviving member of the group. “I’m heartbroken. Dolenz said in a statement following Nesmith’s death. The Monkees television debut (首演) turned him and fellow band members Dolenz, Peter Tork and David Jones into overnight rock stars. The show, which premiered in 1966, rocketed the group to fame, scoringNo.1 hits and chart-topping albums. During the two-year run, The Monkees: won the 1967 Emmy for best comedy series.
Following the group’s breakup in 1970, Nesmith moved on to a long and creative career, not only as-a musician but as a writer, producer and director of films, author of several books, head of a media arts company and creator of a music video format that led to the creation of MTV.
Nesmith rarely rejoined the others for reunion tours, leading many to believe he disliked the band and the show, something he steadfastly denied. For the Monkees’30th anniversary he persuaded the others to reunite to record a new album, “Justus,” for which all four composed the songs and played the instruments. He also rejoined the others for a brief tour and wrote and directed their 1997 TV reunion film, “Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees.”
After fighting for creative control in The Monkees in the late 1960s, Nesmith went on to form the country rock outfit. The First National, which scored a top 25 hit in 1970 with “Joanne” according to Billboard.
15．What makes The Monkees rise to fame overnight
A．Its numerous tracks. B．Its creative members.
C．Its 1967 Emmy award. D．Its first television show.
16．Which of the following is most suitable to describe Nesmith
A．Accomplished. B．Get-it-alone.
C．Enthusiastic. D．Simple-minded.
17．What does “a brief tour” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A．A fast trip. B．A short holiday.
C．A road show. D．A temporary party.
18．What is the text mainly about
A．A band. B．A musician.
C．Hit shows. D．Golden compositions.
（2022·河北邯郸·一模）
Starting in early January, 15-year-old Abby Gagne spent some weekends walking through snow in the 330 acres of woods around her house “tapping” trees. Abby’s family are sugar makers. For five generations, her family have collected sap from maple trees. They boil it down into the thick sweet syrup that North Americans love to apply on their pancakes.
Abby’s dad, Jason drills holes 1.5 inches deep into the trunks of maples in the woods. Sugar makers tap only older trees. These are usually at least 40 years old and 10 inches thick at chest height. They stick a tap into each hole, usually one per tree. Taps made of plastic are used for sap to flow through. They will come out at the end of the season, and the holes will return to health.
Plastic tubes hook up to the taps and connect them to one another. The sap flows into a collection tank in the woods. From the collection tank, the Gagnes pump the sap into a ma-chine to remove a lot of the sap’s water.Then it’s moved into an evaporator in a building called “sugar house”. The Gagnes make a fire out of maple wood chips. The fire heats the sap and boils it. When it reaches 219 degrees, the syrup is ready to be made.
Syrup is poured into glass or plastic bottles. But 150 years ago, sugar makers used tin cans. These containers could prevent syrup from seeping out and allowed them to ship it far from home and helped maple become a big business.
Sugar makers should thank native Americans for their knowledge. White settlers as early as 1600s learned the craft from the Ojibwe and other tribes. Early native techniques were similar to those sugar makers use now except that they collected sap in bark bowls before boiling it over an open fire. Either way, the resulting maple syrup was, and is tasty.
19．What did Abby help do on weekends
A．Collect maple branches. B．Drill holes in the woods.
C．Boil the thick sweet syrup. D．Get sap from maple trees.
20．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The need of wood chips. B．The makeup of maple trees.
C．The process of making syrup. D．The technique of collecting sap.
21．What does the underlined word “seeping” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Breaking. B．Blowing. C．Looking. D．Leaking.
22．What does the last paragraph imply
A．Syrup made by native Americans is the tastiest.
B．Americans have a long history of making syrup.
C．Today’s sugar makers often boil sap over an open fire.
D．Native Americans’ techniques of making syrup are lost.
（2022·重庆南开中学模拟预测）
Team China’s teenage freeski superstar Gu Ailing had halfpipe gold wrapped up by her second run at Genting Snow Park in Zhangjiakou. “I’ve never taken a victory lap before in my entire life, but this time I felt like I finally deserve it,” Gu told reporters after becoming the first athlete to win Olympic medals in all three freeski events. Her big victory at the 2021 X Games in Aspen, Colorado, where she won Big Air, halfpipe and slopestyle golds, increased the expectation level for her Olympic performance in Beijing.
Born in California to a Chinese mother, Gu began competing for China when she was 15 in 2019, stating her aim to inspire millions of young people during the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing and promote the sport she loves. Since then, the outstanding part-time model and grade-A student has been busy gaining records, titles and firsts. All the while her superstar status has snowballed, as evidenced by her millions of followers on social media.
The 18-year-old also clearly feels she has achieved much away from the sporting arena at Beijing 2022 and she has become the inspiration for many. “After reading hundreds of messages that I get every day from young girls saying that they go sking because of me and they want to keep going or they, you know, broke their boundaries in some other way and felt inspired by something that I said, I feel all those little things are immensely rewarding.”
When asked about her future plan, she had no idea whether she would continue to compete in freestyle skiing. “I’m going to do whatever feels right, and hopefully I’ll be able to create some kind of positive change out of any position that I'm in,” said Gu.
23．Gu was the first athlete to________.
A．take a victory lap in the Olympics B．gain three golds at the 2021 X Games
C．win three golds in the Olympic events D．get Olympic medals in three freeski events
24．What do we know about Gu
A．She was born in China. B．She did well in different fields.
C．Her superstar status badly affected her life. D．Her aim was to promote the Winter Olympics.
25．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．Gu has broken her boundaries. B．Gu has achieved a lot in sking.
C．Gu has inspired many young girls. D．Gu has become famous worldwide.
26．What can be the best title for the text
A．Do Whatever You Feel Right B．Skiing Changes People’s Lives
C．Gu, an Inspiring Olympic History Maker D．Skiing, the Highlight of the Winter Olympics
（2022·江西·南昌二中一模）
When “irregardless” was included in Merriam-Webster dictionary, it caused wide disagreements. “Irregardless” has been in widespread and near-constant use since 1795, when a newspaper called The Charleston City Gazelle of Charleston Ga first used it. “We do not make the English language, and we merely record it,” the dictionary’s staff wrote in “Words of the Week”.
The word’s definition, when we read it, would seem to be without regard. However, Merriam-Webster defines “irregardless” as “nonstandard” but meaning the same as “regardless”. According to Merriam-Webster, “Many people find ‘irregardless’ to be a ridiculous word, as the ir-prefix usually indicates negative meaning; however, in this case it appears to make the meaning of ‘regardless’ stronger.”
“It’s not a real word. I don’t care what the dictionary says.” responds author Michelle Ray, who teaches English in Silver Spring, Md. And she says she’s still planning to mark “irregardless” as incorrect on her students’ work.
An American newspaper the Baltimore Sun published the word in editor John McIntyre’s commentary on Saturday: “‘Irregardless’ is too a word; you just don’t understand dictionaries. People get upset about the dictionary because they think it is some sort of official document. But actually, it’s not. It’s just lexicographers identifying words that people use and trying to find out how they are spelled, how they are pronounced, what meanings they have and where they came from.”
“The dictionary’s recognition doesn’t enroll a word as correct in the English language,” McIntyre says. “It just says this is a word that a lot of people use in English. And here’s what we know about it.” So it’s a word, but its use is still discouraged in formal writing.
27．What’s the function of the first paragraph
A．To criticize the use of “irregardless”. B．To introduce the topic.
C．To make a definition of “irregardless”. D．To give an example.
28．What can we learn from the passage
A．“Irregardless” had been in widespread and near-constant use before 1975.
B．The dictionary’s staff rarely record the English language.
C．Michelle Ray thinks the use of “irregardless” formal but incorrect.
D．People are still not encouraged to use “irregardless” in formal writing.
29．What is the attitude of McIntyre to the appearance of “irregardless” in Merriam-Webster dictionary
A．Favorable. B．Conservative.
C．Indifferent. D．Ambiguous.
30．What can be the best title for the passage
A．“Irregardless” Is Frequently Used in Formal Writing
B．“Irregardless” Shouldn’t Be Included in the Dictionary
C．Regardless of What You Think, “Irregardless” Is a Word
D．Experts Can’t Agree on the Meaning of “Irregardless”
（2022·江西·南昌二中一模）
Sleeping badly or working night shifts could be making you fat, weak and more likely to become diabetic. A study has revealed sleep loss changes the way people’s DNA works and makes the body more dedicated to storing fat. Muscles get smaller and fat stores begin to rise when people lose as little as one night’s sleep, the experts found. Although midnight snacks or being too tired to exercise could be blamed for tired people getting fatter, there may now be a more scientific reason.
Researchers have linked losing sleep to weight gain in the past but have found it difficult to explain—now they reveal it could be linked to the body clock. And a tired body also becomes less able to handle sugar in the blood which raises the risk of someone developing type 2 diabetes.
Sleep researchers from Uppsala University in Sweden did a study on 15 people who they tested after a full night’s sleep and after a sleepless night. They took fat and muscle tissue samples and collected blood from the healthy weight participants and found the way their DNA works had changed. The researchers say their findings are important because high levels of body fat increase the risk of the world’s biggest causes of death: cancer, heart disease and stroke.
People’s sensitivity to blood sugar is also dampened when they’re tired, the study found, which suggests those who don’t sleep well are at higher risk of type 2 diabetes. “We saw that the fatty tissue is attempting to increase its capacity to store fat following sleep loss.” said Dr Cedernaes, “And we observed signs of breakdown of skeletal muscle. We also noted changes in levels of proteins involved handling blood glucose. This could help explain why the participants’ glucose sensitivity was impaired following sleep loss.”
Taken together, these observations may provide at least partial insight as to why chronic sleep loss and shift work can increase the risk of adverse weight gain as well as the risk of type 2 diabetes.
31．If you sleep badly or work night shifts, what may not happen to you according to the text
A．You can be fat, weak and more likely to become diabetic.
B．Your body may become less able to handle sugar in the blood.
C．You might develop a habit of eating midnight snacks or being too tired to exercise.
D．Your body is more absorbed in storing fat.
32．Which of the following statements the author may agree with
A．Researchers have never connected losing sleep to weight gain before.
B．The participants’ glucose sensitivity was destroyed following sleep loss.
C．The researchers have fully understood why sleep loss accounts for weight gain.
D．A sleepless night can also have a negative impact on our bodies.
33．What does the underlined word “dampened” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Decreased. B．Transformed.
C．Transmitted. D．Promoted.
34．What does paragraph 3 mainly focus on
A．The importance of the new findings.
B．Why lack of sleep accounts for weight gain.
C．How the research was conducted.
D．High levels of body fat can lead to many diseases.
（2022·江西·南昌二中一模）
In their letters to Santa Claus, most kids ask for toys, dolls or maybe a new Xbox. All Jonah Simons wanted was a coronavirus cure to save the world. That was last year. This holiday season, the 10-year-old Florida boy is back with a different request for Santa.
“Dear Santa, it’s Jonah. Do you remember me I was the one who asked for a covid cure,” he wrote in a letter addressed to the North Pole and shared with CNN. “Thank you so much for the vaccine! You helped save lives. This year, can I please have a Santa costume to spread your joy around the world ”
With a relentless virus and threats of the Omicron variant still plaguing a weary nation, Jonah has big plans for the Santa suit. “I want to wear it and go around the neighborhood and spread Santa’s joy, asking people what they want for Christmas,” the fifth-grader said.
Jonah turned 10 in July, and instead of gifts he asked his family and friends to donate to St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. His birthday effort raised $1,000 in donations from family and friends all over—even his favorite employees at the local Publix store, his mother says.
He also marked his birthday by donating his hair to Locks of Love, the charity that makes wigs for kids with cancer or other medical conditions. During a year of lockdown, he teamed up with some friends and grew out his hair to nine inches.
Jonah’s good deeds are not limited to birthdays. He works to help his community all year, including donating and sorting food for the homeless with the organization Feeding South Florida, and packing holiday gifts for children.
35．What does Jonah want as a Christmas gift this year
A．A covid cure. B．Toys and dolls.
C．Anew Xbox. D．A Santa suit.
36．Which one of the following doesn’t belong to the good behaviour of Jonah
A．Donating his hair to a charity.
B．Sending his birthday gifts to St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital.
C．Wrapping holiday gifts for kids.
D．Contributing food to the homeless.
37．Which of the following best describes Jonah
A．Kind and courageous. B．Generous and brave.
C．Caring and helpful. D．Friendly and innocent.
38．What can we infer from the passage
A．Jonah didn’t realize his wish last year.
B．The coronavirus is still not under complete control.
C．Jonah raised $1,000 from his family and friends all over.
D．Jonah wants to wear a Santa suit and go around the neighborhood and spre

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