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2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之阅读理解
一．阅读理解（共15小题）
1．（2021 北京）
School Gardens Could Help Children Try More Vegetables
It's not always enjoyable for children to eat vegetables.But what if a garden is built in the school？New research suggests that a gardening program in schools can increase children's vegetable intake（摄入量） .
How the Study Was Carried Out
The study was carried out in eight schools，Each school was in the gardening program for one school year.Every child in grades 3﹣5 received a total of eighteen 60﹣minute lessons across the school year.In the program，each school built a garden，where children learned to grow their own fresh produce，like fruit and vegetables.
The Benefits Children Could Get
The study found that vegetable intake if the children who grew their own produce increased greatly across the year.Related studies show that increased vegetable intake can improve health and cut the risk of chronic diseases（慢性疾病）.Not only are there benefits to health，increasing the variety of vegetables children are exposed（接触）to may also make mealtimes much easier." Children who are often exposed to a variety of vegetables are more likely to try new foods，" explains Dr.Kerry Jones.For children，growing their own food is a powerful tool to increase their intake of the food.（2）
Any opportunity to expose children to more vegetables is meaningful. "If children are learning about vegetables at school，it's important to encourage this interest，" says Jones.Parents can listen to their children about what they have learned and read the handouts they bring home from school.Parents and children can also read books together.Younger children can enjoy reading stories about vegetables with parents who offer useful message.Older children may enjoy searching through cookbooks with parents to find new dinner ideas to cook vegetables in a tasty way.Besides，a small planter box in a sunny part at home can encourage children to understand more about where their food comes from.
Teaching children to grow their own produce is a great way to increase their preference for the produce.If children are taught to enjoy vegetables early in life，they will probably continue eating vegetables in the long term.
（1）What did children do in the gardening program？
A.They did research on new plants.
B.They grew fresh produce at school.
C.They took home green vegetables.
D.They built gardens for their classes.
（2）Which of the following would be the best heading for Paragraph 4？
A.Ideas to Encourage Children to Cook at Home.
B.Ways to Expose Children to Vegetables at Home.
C.Reasons Why Parents Should Understand Children.
D.Suggestions Which Children Could Get from Parents.
（3）What can we learn from the program？
A.Parent' support might improve children's reading.
B.School programs could develop students' creativity.
C.Doing studies can prepare students for future learning.
D.Hands﹣on experience may influence children's preference.
2．（2021 北京）Nature and culture are often seen as opposite ideas.What belongs to nature cannot be the result of human activities and，on the other hand，cultural development is achieved against nature.However，this is not the only opinion on the relationship between nature and culture.Studies in the development of humans suggest that culture，whether taken as an effort against nature or a natural effort，is part of the development of the human species（物种）.
Several modern writers saw the process of education as a struggle（斗争） against human nature.We are born with wild natures，such as eating and behaving in a disorganized way or acting selfishly.Education uses culture as a way to get us out of our widest natures；it is thanks to culture that the human species could learn to adapt（适应） ，progress and raise itself above and beyond other species.
Over the past century and a half，however，studies in the history of human development have shown that the formation of culture is part of the biological adaptation.Consider，for example，hunting（打猎） .It seems to be an adaptation，which allowed humans to move into new and different areas，opening up the opportunity to change living habits.At the same time，the development of weapons（武器） is related to that adaptation—from rocks and stones to a set of hunting tools，and from hunting tools to rules relating to the proper use of weapons.Hunting also seems to be responsible for a whole set of bodily abilities，such as balancing on one foot.Just think of how this very simple thing is closely related to dance，a key expression of human culture.It is then clear that biological development and cultural development are closely tied.
The transmission of culture seems to be directly related to what's in our blood.Just as snails carry their shell，so do we bring along our culture.However，culture is also passed on among people of the same times or among people belonging to different populations.We can learn how to make jiaozi even if we were born from Russian parents in Paris just as we can learn how to speak English even if none of our family or friends speaks that language.
（1）What is Paragraph 2 mainly about？
A.Culture belongs to human nature.
B.Nature teaches humans how to adapt.
C.Humans are supposed to be well organized.
D.Education pushes the human species to progress.
（2）Why does the writer talk about hunting in Paragraph 3？
A.To suggest some possible ways of changing living habits.
B.To stress the importance of tools in humans' struggle for life.
C.To show how culture develops as humans adapt to the environment.
D.To explain why there is a need to call for the proper use of weapons.
（3）The word "transmission" in Paragraph 4 probably means " ".
A.system
B.spread
C.start
D.spirit
（4）What is the writer's opinion on the nature﹣culture relationship？
A.Culture and nature are separate yet balanced.
B.Culture depends much on nature to progress.
C.Nature and culture are different but connected.
D.Nature follows the unwritten rules set by culture.
3．（2021 北京）
Young Heroes for the Planet
Nowadays，people around the world are working to help our planet.Check out how the four young adults made a difference.
Saving PandasWhen Jack was 11，he started a group to teach kids about pandas.He also sold toy pandas to raise money to protect pandas in danger. "I hope to encourage more people to care about pandas，" Jack says.
Growing RightKathy，14，set up an organization to educate people about growing right plant in right places.She also wrote a book to help people learn what plants are native to （本土的）their area.
Creating EnergyAt the age of 12 Linda invented a machine called SuperE.It collects heat from fields to make electricity（电），Linda says her invention creates electricity in a way that is less harmful to the environment.
Cleaning UpPatrick，13，joined the Ocean Heroes Camp last year.He started a project and picked up plastic waste around nearby lakes with his friends.The goal of the project was to fight plastic pollution.
（1）Who started a group to teach kids about pandas？
A.Jack.
B.Kathy.
C.Linda.
D.Patrick.
（2）How old was Linda when she invented SuperE？
A.11.
B.12.
C.13.
D.14.
（3）What was the goal of Patrick's project？
A.To fight plastic pollution.
B.To protect pandas in danger.
C.To learn about native plants.
D.To use heat to make electricity.
4．（2021 北京）When I was in the eighth grade，my class was assigned（指派） to be friends with the second﹣grade kids.I got this little girl named Shelley.The first time I saw her，she was silent and cold.She was small for her age，and she didn't play with the other kids in her class.
I tried all kinds of things to get her to talk to me.I bought her toys，crayons and candies，But try as I might，nothing worked.One time，I gave her a coloring book and said， "Shelley，now you can color in it any time."
Shelley looked at the coloring book and then looked up at me，and finally looked away.By that，I didn't know how I was going to get through to the little girl，but I knew I wouldn't give up on her.
One Friday.I decided to tell her a story about my childhood.I told her that l felt lonely when I was with my classmates，and how I thought only my teachers liked me.I also told her that every day was a battle（战役） for me and I fought back tears so people wouldn't know how much I was hurting.
She sat there just listening，trying to decide whether I was lying or not Finally，when my story ended，there were tears in her eyes.And then she did the unthinkable.She said， "Thank you." From then on，Shelley was a different little girl.She started smiling and talking with other kids.
Looking back at this I'm in awe（惊叹），because all I did was to help her realize that she wasn't alone.I didn't ask her to tell her story，because her story is my story.
（1）What was Shelley like when the writer first saw her？
A.Cold.
B.Lazy.
C.Noisy.
D.Slow.
（2）In order to get through to Shelley，the writer .
A.wrote her a book
B.made her a toy
C.drew her a picture
D.told her a story
（3）Shelley changed a lot because she realized that .
A.her teachers loved her
B.her classmates were kind
C.the writer understood her
D.she had to study even harder
5．（2021 北京）
Screen﹣Free Days
I remember the first time I suggested screen﹣free days in our school to some of our student leaders.Jokingly，I said to the group， "What do you think if we go a week without using our laptops or smartphones？"
They laughed，and one of them said， "No way，Mr.White.They would be too much." I could feel their worry，and told them that I was only considering single screen﹣free days.Even that idea left them feeling upset.
According to a survey we did，most student in our school spend about six hours a day on screens.Many of my students start their day by checking their smartphones.I often see them looking at their phones when getting off the bus or at parents drop﹣off﹣they can't use their own "screens" at school.They usually work on computers at school for at least two hours during the day.
It's clear that our students spend a lot of time on screens，We do see the benefits of technology.However，we teachers also want to make sure that students have balanced learning and social experiences away from their screens.That's why we have come up with the idea of screen﹣free days.
During the course of the year，we have built in several screen﹣free days that require us to make different plans for our students about how they will communicate with one another and the world around them without "screens".For some teachers，this means bringing back a valuable lesson plan that has been put off for some time because it is "out of date".Others have designed something completely new.
Fun activities，for example，card games and room escape（密室逃脱） games，are organized at school.In these activities，students socialize without smartphones and have face﹣to﹣face communication without checking on "likes" they've got online.These fun activities also make it possible for the whole grade to enjoy the company of their friends with no smartphones.
After our first screen﹣free day，students mentioned that they were surprised they enjoyed it.Finding ways to help our students connect with one another is important.
While technology is already part of our world，it shouldn't play such an important role in a learner's life.
（1）How many hours do most students in the school spend on screens every day？
（2）Why have the teachers come up with the idea of screen﹣free days？
（3）What fun activities can the students have at school？
（4）How did the students feel after the first screen﹣free day？
（5）What do you think of the idea of screen﹣free days？Why do you think so？
6．（2020 北京）There are millions of recipes（菜谱） hidden in the boxes and hearts of grandmother and parents．These family recipes are a special part of our family history．Some of them have been passed down from generation（一代人） to generation．
"I realized I couldn't go home every weekend for my mom's delicious dishes，" says Shreya，who is about to enter university．Shreya has recently started following her mother around the kitchen，taking notes on how to make her "masala chai" and tasty kachoris．
"Those special tastes can immediately unlock a whole flood of emotions，memories and feelings of family，love，and comfort，" says she．
She adds， "I am looking to the day when my kids will come to know of their grandmothers through the dishes they cooked．"
But many of us find it difficult to keep the food connection with our busy life．Even if we have time，not many of us take the effort to collect and record the recipes from our grandmothers and parents．We often get a recipe on the phone and take it down quickly on a piece of paper．We just stick it onto the fridge for a week or two and forget about it as soon as the paper disappears from there．
Actually，there are simple ways to keep family recipes，Scrapbooks（剪贴薄）are easily found in the market．You can even add photos to record every detail of your memories about the recipe．With the help of some popular apps like Story Scans，recording family recipes has never been easier．What is needed is to scan（扫描） the recipes and record the story behind each of them．It can become the most meaningful work you have ever done with and for your family．
Keeping family recipes is saving and honoring our tradition so that future generations can continue to make family ties stronger．Every time you remember your loved ones，recreate one of the dishes from your collection and let the memories from the good old days comfort you．So why not gift your kids a family recipe book when they are starting a new life？
（1）Why does Shreya follow her mother around the kitchen？
A．To clean up the kitchen．
B．To note down recipes．
C．To prepare family dinners．
D．To talk about family rules．
（2）What can we learn from the passage？
A．Ways to record recipes can be easy．
B．Most people like writing recipe books．
C．Recipes have become popular with kids．
D．People often buy recipe books in the market．
（3）Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？
A．Family Recipes：Secrets of Cooking
B．Family Recipes Are at a Crossroads
C．Family Recipes：Connections to Interests
D．Family Recipes Are More than Just Recipes
7．（2020 北京） Today we can do everything with apps：pay bills，order food and shop for anything．Mobile technology means we can hold the world in our hands，However，when it comes to technology and health care，opportunities and challenges come together．
Let's start with the ways to get health care．Telemedicine can allow a patient to use technology to see the doctor online and get a diagnosis （诊断） and instructions without leaving home．
In addition，there are many patient websites．These allow for different kinds of interactions about our health needs without involving the medical team．Setting a date with doctors and reading lab results are readily achieved by technology．
A whole new age of medical care seems likely （可能的） to come in the future．But every coin has two sides．What might be on the other side of techno﹣health care？
Firstly，we should think about the health care experience as a whole．A usual visit to a doctor begins with a receptionist （接待员） ，who can see and tell how a patient is doing，This may influence the treatment effect．It's unlikely that a patient website will have such intuition．
Next，sharing the details of one's life requires trust，which takes time to build．This is certainly true in health care，where some of life's best and worst moments involve doctors．The human touch should not be undervalued and is unlikely to be there over the smartphone．
Lastly，test results can be difficult to understand．When someone without a medical degree sees a flagged result with no explanation on the website，there's room for all kinds of stories to form in their minds﹣and also great worry．
So how does medicine adapt （适应） to the new technology age？Very talented companies are working on it．There is medical equipment（设备） that can be used at home to send necessary signs and heart sounds through telemedicine．It seems likely that some companies will find a way to explain test results．
But what it will not achieve is the warmth of human interaction and touch．Patients often need someone to listen to ﹣and care about﹣their journey story，which will never be realized through a human﹣less technology．Technology should be a tool，but depending on it totally will most certainly have unexpected effects．Let's not allow our humanity to be one of them．
（1）According to the passage，how does technology help health care？
A．It encourages doctors to voice their needs on the websites．
B．It offers the patient a convenient way to get a diagnosis．
C．It improves relations between doctors and patients．
D．It provides an opportunity to build a medical team．
（2）The word "intuition" in Paragraph 5 probably means ．
A．an ability to understand
B．an interesting experience
C．a chance to win
D．a fair decision
（3）What do you know about techno﹣health care from the passage？
A．Patient websites require trust from doctors．
B．Talented companies can give medical advice．
C．Flagged results may cause worry for patients．
D．Medical equipment collects patients' stories．
（4）The writer probably agrees that ．
A．technology can deal with unexpected effects．
B．telemedicine can take the place of usual health care．
C，it is difficult for patients to adapt to the new technology age．
D．techno﹣health care should take humanity into consideration．
8．（2020 北京）
A Day at the Nature Center
Emma stared（凝视） sadly out of the window of the bus．Only 50 miles outside town was the farm．She thought about the farm all the time，especially the animals．
When her family sold the farm and moved to nearby town，Emma was excited．But when she got to the new school，she felt very lonely．
With a sigh（叹气），Emma turned her attention back to the present．The bus came to a stop． "Welcome to the Leinweber Nature Center，" her teacher said．"A guide will give us a presentation about animals，and then you'll help to feed the baby squirrels，now，I want everyone to find a partner．"
Emma didn't have any friends yet﹣who would be her partner？Emma got close to Julia，a talkative and outgoing girl． "Could I be your partner？" Emma asked uncertainly．
"Sure，" said Julia warmly．
Together，the girls walked into the center．After the presentation，a keeper showed them how to hold the bottle of milk for baby squirrels．Then the girls started to feed their own baby squirrels．
After the babies finished eating，the keeper asked，"Would you like to help feed the adult squirrels，too？"
Emma was quick to volunteer，but when the keeper opened the first cage，the squirrel inside jumped out．Emma remained calm（镇静的），held out her hand，made quiet sounds，and then quickly got it．
" Wow!" Julia said． "You're always so quiet，I thought you were afraid of everything，but you were brave．"
"I know that when animals are frightened or excited，you have to stay calm．"
The keeper nodded in agreement and asked Emma，"Would you be interested in volunteering to help out with the animals at the center？"
"Interested？I would love to work here!What an opportunity!" Emma was excited．
That afternoon，in the bus on the way back to school，Emma sat next to Julia，her new friend．A rush of new found happiness washed over her．
（1）How did Emma feel when she got to the new school？
A．Lonely．
B．Lucky．
C．Surprised．
D．Angry．
（2）At the nature center，Emma and Julia ．
A．took a chance to be tour guides
B．helped to feed the baby squirrels
C．asked the keeper many questions
D．made a presentation about nature
（3）On the way back to school，Emma felt happy because ．
A．the volunteers warmly welcomed her
B．the teacher praised her for her bravery
C．she found a place to care for animals and made a friend
D．she went back to the farm and learned a lot about animals
9．（2020 北京）
Helping Seniors（老年人）
Posted 5 / 15 / 20 4：53 PM
I created Teens Helping Seniors with my friends．The group has about 200 volunteers．The volunteers deliver food or other supplies for the elderly in town．I spend six to eight hours a week buying food and making deliveries．By now we have completed 350 deliveries．
Posted 5/ 15 / 20 6：25 PM
I organized Mittler Senior Technology，a program to help the elderly learn how to use computers and smartphones．Now there are 50 local seniors in the weekly technology classes．I want to make sure that the seniors could stay connected to the world．
Posted 5 /16 /20 5：20 PM
I came up with a way to help lonely seniors with my friends．We call it the Joy 4 All Project．By dialing 569﹣4255，the elderly can hear pre﹣recorded jokes and poems．The hotline has received more than 1，800 phone calls．
Posted 5 / 16 /20 7：46 PM
I heard that the seniors in the nursing home couldn't see their families and friends very often，so my friends and I decided to cheer up the elderly by writing them letters．We want them to know that nobody is being forgotten．By now more than 100 students in my school have joined us．
（1）Who created Teens Helping Seniors？
A．Kathy．
B．Linda．
C．Jordan．
D．Matt．
（2）How many local seniors are there in the weekly technology classes？
A．50．
B．100．
C．200．
D．350．
（3）To help the elderly in the nursing home，Kathy and her schoolmates ．
A．taught them how to use computers
B．recorded jokes and poem for them
C．wrote them letters to cheer them up
D．delivered food or other supplies for them
10．（2020 北京）
This 12﹣year﹣old Girl Built a Robot to Find Plastics in the Ocean
Anna Du was walking along the beach when she noticed plastics there．She reached down to pick them up，and quickly realized there were many more tiny pieces than she could deal with．It seemed impossible to clean them all up．
Du，12 years old at the time，tried to solve the problem like any good scientist﹣first．by doing a little research．That's how she learned that 8 million tons of plastics end up in the oceans every year．
Then she got to work building something that could help solve the problem；a remote﹣operated vehicle（遥控潜水器），or ROV．Her ROV can move through water and find plastics on the ocean floor．
The actually cool part of Du's ROV is the detection（探测） system．She uses a camera along with three different kinds of light to find the plastics．She also uses visible（可见的） light to find unnatural colors that might make the plastics stand out．
"She has a very good engineering sense to break down a problem like this and then go after it，" says engineer Casey Machado． "It sounds simple，but it's a level of thinking that's really amazing．"
Du started attending public events and workshops at a university when she was five years old，and so she picked up the engineering skills necessary to build her ROV．She says actually getting her ROV to move through water well was not easy．She failed many times，but she never gave up trying and testing．
When asked about future plans，she mentions wanting to address the effects of climate（气候）change．"I think there are a lot of problems that could be solved with new inventions，" says Du．
Du thanks her parents，who for years have taken her to student outreach activities，for supporting her interest in science，technology，engineering and math （STEM）．She says she has been able to meet students and scientists there．
"I know I want to be an engineer because I like building things to help solve world problems，" says Du．"But I'm not sure what kind of engineer I want to be yet．"
（1）What did Anna Du notice while walking along the beach？
（2）How old was Du when she did a little research to solve the problem？
（3）What can Du's ROV do？
（4）Why does Du want to be an engineer in the future？
（5）What made Du succeed in building her ROV？
11．（2019 北京）
Blue Lightning
Sally loved cars more than anything else． This spring she thought of building a go﹣kart to enter for the Go﹣Go Race． So she asked her dad for help．
"Well，" he said． "How about this： you do some research first and then come back to me with a design．"
A week later， Sally brought her notes and drawings to Dad． She named her go﹣kart "Blue Lightning"． Dad looked over her work， thinking． "Well， that's interesting，" he said． "Have a try． Just build Blue Lightning as you've designed．"
Over three weekends of hard work， Sally turned her design into a real， working go﹣kart and painted it light blue． Dad asked her to take it for a test drive． Sally agreed．
After she did that， Sally drove back to Dad． "Well，" she said． "Now I know why you wanted me to have a test drive．"
"Oh， do you？" he said． "Please share．"
"When I drove fast， there was a lot of pushback，" she said． "I think it's because of the lightning bolt （闪电） shape．"
"Very good!" Dad said．
"So， why didn't you tell me about that problem in the first place？" Sally asked．
Dad laughed． "Where's the fun in that？ If you give a man a fish， he'll eat for a day． But if you teach a man to fish， he'll eat for a lifetime．"
Sally said， "I see． Anyway， designing is half the fun !"
Dad smiled． "Good． Sometimes， learning happens during the process． We learn how to do something right by doing it a few times first and making mistakes along the way．"
That encouraged Sally and she worked even harder． When she showed Dad her new go﹣kart， he nodded with pride．
Finally came the race． Sally wasn't worried about whether she would win﹣in her mind， she had already won， by building something better than ever before．
（1）Sally thought of building a go﹣kart to ．
A． practice driving
B． enter for a race
C． play with friends
D． do some research
（2）What did Sally's dad ask her to do after she built the go﹣kart？
A． To have a test drive．
B． To take a good rest．
C． To give it a cool name．
D． To paint it light blue．
（3）Sally's story mainly tells us that ．
A． winning a race is important
B． fishing brings us a lot of fun
C． driving experience is necessary
D． learning happens during the process
12．（2019 北京）
Huge Waves Destroying Arctic Ice Faster than Expected
Ice covers much of the Arctic Ocean（北冰洋）．Some pieces of ice are huge，like moving islands．As temperatures have increased，however，some of the ice has begun to disappear．Scientists have discovered huge waves（海浪）in the arctic waters．
The waves were discovered by accident in May，2010．Scientist Aleksey Marchenko and his students set out on a trip．They wanted to study the icy waters．
On May 2，the ship traveled east and stopped next to a large chunk of ice．around 50 miles from the small island of Hopen．Marchenko prepared to lead his students out onto the Ice
"We were ready to go but when I went out，I discovered many cracks（裂缝）around，" he remembers．
He decided to move the ship deeper into the ice to keep safe．The farther in they went，he thought，the harder the ice would become．As they pushed forward，however，the ship experienced small waves，and then bigger ones．Soon，the waves broke up the ice around the ship into thousands of smaller pieces．
Within an hour，Marchenko and his team saw a wave that was about 13 feet high．The ship's navigation（航行）system finally recorded the largest waves．They were more than 20 feet in height．The waves were so strong that they forced huge pieces of ice to jump up and down，breaking the ice into smaller pieces within just one hour．Scientists had never imagined that the process could happen so fast．The waves in these areas used to be small．
The speed and force of the huge waves there makes it impossible to know in advance when they are coming．That could be dangerous for navigators and local communities who are unprepared for huge waves or depend on sea ice to protect them．Wildlife like polar bears and walruses that depend on sea ice to live is also in danger．
Some scientists think people will soon see even bigger waves in these icy waters．As waves break up ice，the seas will become more open，and the waves will get even stronger．There are stormy times ahead．
（1）When did Marchenko and his students discover huge waves in the arcticwaters？
（2）Why did Marchenko and his students set out on the trip？
（3）What did Marchenko decide to do to keep safe？
（4）How high were the largest waves recorded by the navigation system？
（5）What is Paragraph 7 mainly about？
13．（2019 北京）
How Much Can We Afford to Forget？
In 2018， Science magazine asked some young scientists what schools should teach students． Most said students should spend less time memorizing facts and have more space for creative activities． As the Internet grows more powerful， students can access （获得） knowledge easily． Why should they be required to carry so much of it around in their heads？
Civilizations（文明）develop through forgetting life skills that were once necessary． In the Agricultural（农业的）Age， a farmer could afford to forget hunting skills． When societies industrialized， the knowledge of farming could be safe to forget． Nowadays， smart machines give us access to most human knowledge． It seems that we no longer need to remember most things． Does it matter？
Researchers have recognized several problems that may happen． For one，human beings have biases（偏见），and smart machines are likely to increase our biases． Many people believe smart machines are necessarily correct and objective，but machines are trained through a repeated testing and scoring process．In the process， human beings still decide on the correct answers．
Another problem relates to the ease of accessing information． When there were no computers， efforts were required to get knowledge from other people， or go to the library． We know what knowledge lies in other brains or books， and what lies in our heads． But today， the Internet gives us the information we need quickly． This can lead to the mistaken belief﹣the knowledge we found was part of what we knew all along．
In a new civilization rich in machine intelligence， we have easy access to smart memory networks where information is stored． But dependency on a network suggests possibilities of being harmed easily． The collapse of any of the networks of relations our well﹣being（健康）depends upon， such as food and energy， would produce terrible results． Without food we get hungry； without energy we feel cold．And it is through widespread loss of memory that civilizations are at risk of falling into a dark age．
We forget old ways to free up time and space for new skills．As long as the older forms of knowledge are stored somewhere in our networks， and can be found when we need them， perhaps they're not really forgotten． Still， as time goes on， we gradually but unquestionably become strangers to future people．
（1）Why are smart machines likely to increase our biases？
A．Because they go off course in testing and scoring．
B．Because we control the training process on them，
C．Because we offer them too much information．
D．Because they overuse the provided answers．
（2）The ease of accessing information from the Internet
A． frees us from making efforts to learn new skills
B． prevents civilizations from being lost at a high speed
C．misleads us into thinking we already knew the knowledge
D．separates the facts we have from those in the smart machines
（3）The word "collapse" in Paragraph 5 probably means" "．
A．a sudden failure
B．the basic rule
C．a disappointing start
D． the gradual development
（4）What is the writer's main purpose in writing this passage？
A．To question about the standards of information storage．
B．To discuss our problems of communication with machines．
C．To stress the importance of improving our memorizing ability．
D．To remind us of the risk of depending on machines to remember．
14．（2019 北京）Sometimes it seems that time is flying． Perhaps it doesn't need to feel this way． Our experience of time can be possibly changed． By understanding the psychological （心理学的） processes behind our different experiences of time， we might be able to slow down time a little．
One basic law of psychological time is that time seems to slow down when we're exposed（接触） to new environments and experiences． The law is caused by the relationship between our experience of time and the amount of information our minds process． The more information our minds take in， the slower time seems to pass．
It follows， then， that we have different experiences of time in different situations． In some situations， our life is full of new experiences． Our minds process a lot of information and time seems to slow down． In other situations， we have fewer new experiences and the world around us becomes more and more familiar（熟悉的）． We become insensitive to our experience， which means we process less information， and time seems to speed up．
How can we slow down time？ Here are two suggestions．
Firstly， since we know that familiarity makes time pass faster， we can expose ourselves to as many new experiences as possible． We can give ourselves new challenges， meet new people， and expose our minds to new information， hobbies and skills． This will increase the amount of information our minds process and expand （增加） our experience of time．
Secondly， and perhaps most effectively， we can give our whole attention to an experience﹣to what we are seeing， feeling， tasting， smelling or hearing． This means living through our senses rather than through our thoughts． For example， on the way home， focus your attention outside of yourself， instead of thinking about the problems you have to deal with． Look at the sky， or at the buildings you pass， traveling among them． This open attitude to your experiences helps take in more information and also has a time﹣expanding effect．
To a certain degree， we can understand and control our experience of time passing． It's possible for us to slow down time by expanding our experience of time．
（1）According to the writer， we can expand our experience of time by ．
A． going to bed on time
B． traveling to new places
C． having dinner as usual
D． printing the same materials
（2）What can we learn from the passage？
A． Being familiar with the world around helps us get more information．
B． Understanding psychological time makes life pass more quickly．
C． We can take in more information by living through our senses．
D． We should build a stronger relationship between time and us．
（3）Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？
A． Slow Down Time
B． Only Time Will Tell
C． Race Against Time
D． Time Will Not Come Twice
15．（2019 北京）
Experiencing China
Mike， CanadaI spent three months with my host family（接待家庭） in China． It was a lifetime experience． I was able to experience Chinese living and culture，from basic Tai Chi to Beijing Opera． I even visited a famous traditional Chinese medicine hospital． Now I have a better understanding of Chinese culture．
Joanna， AustraliaI stayed with my host family for five months． My host mother is a Chinese teacher and she is really warm﹣hearted． With her help，my Chinese has improved a lot． And I have got used to a new culture． My favorite part of the experience was sharing my feelings in China with her．
Bill， AmericaMy host mother is a wonderful cook! She makes me all kinds of traditional Chinese dishes． They are tasty and I like them very much． Just like me，my host parents love to learn about different cultures． They often ask me questions about life in America．
Cindy， GermanyRecently I took part in a program to study Chinese． I lived with a host family in China for six months． My host sister is a really hardworking student． It was amazing to see how she made progress in English． And a close relationship has developed between us．
（1）Who visited a traditional Chinese medicine hospital？
A．Mike．
B．Joanna．
C．Bill．
D．Cindy．
（2）How long did Joanna stay with her host family in China？
A． Three months．
B． Four months．
C． Five months．
D． Six months．
（3）Cindy thinks her host sister is ．
A． a wonderful cook
B． a responsible doctor
C． a warm﹣hearted teacher
D． a hardworking student
2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之阅读理解
参考答案与试题解析
一．阅读理解（共15小题）
1．（2021 北京）
School Gardens Could Help Children Try More Vegetables
It's not always enjoyable for children to eat vegetables.But what if a garden is built in the school？New research suggests that a gardening program in schools can increase children's vegetable intake（摄入量） .
How the Study Was Carried Out
The study was carried out in eight schools，Each school was in the gardening program for one school year.Every child in grades 3﹣5 received a total of eighteen 60﹣minute lessons across the school year.In the program，each school built a garden，where children learned to grow their own fresh produce，like fruit and vegetables.
The Benefits Children Could Get
The study found that vegetable intake if the children who grew their own produce increased greatly across the year.Related studies show that increased vegetable intake can improve health and cut the risk of chronic diseases（慢性疾病）.Not only are there benefits to health，increasing the variety of vegetables children are exposed（接触）to may also make mealtimes much easier." Children who are often exposed to a variety of vegetables are more likely to try new foods，" explains Dr.Kerry Jones.For children，growing their own food is a powerful tool to increase their intake of the food.（2）
Any opportunity to expose children to more vegetables is meaningful. "If children are learning about vegetables at school，it's important to encourage this interest，" says Jones.Parents can listen to their children about what they have learned and read the handouts they bring home from school.Parents and children can also read books together.Younger children can enjoy reading stories about vegetables with parents who offer useful message.Older children may enjoy searching through cookbooks with parents to find new dinner ideas to cook vegetables in a tasty way.Besides，a small planter box in a sunny part at home can encourage children to understand more about where their food comes from.
Teaching children to grow their own produce is a great way to increase their preference for the produce.If children are taught to enjoy vegetables early in life，they will probably continue eating vegetables in the long term.
（1）What did children do in the gardening program？ B
A.They did research on new plants.
B.They grew fresh produce at school.
C.They took home green vegetables.
D.They built gardens for their classes.
（2）Which of the following would be the best heading for Paragraph 4？ B
A.Ideas to Encourage Children to Cook at Home.
B.Ways to Expose Children to Vegetables at Home.
C.Reasons Why Parents Should Understand Children.
D.Suggestions Which Children Could Get from Parents.
（3）What can we learn from the program？ D
A.Parent' support might improve children's reading.
B.School programs could develop students' creativity.
C.Doing studies can prepare students for future learning.
D.Hands﹣on experience may influence children's preference.
【考点】科普知识类阅读．
【分析】本文介绍了在学校花园里让学生自己种植蔬菜的好处。
【解答】（1）B.细节理解题。根据"In the program，each school built a garden，where children learned to grow their own fresh produce，like fruit and vegetables"在该项目中，每一所学校都建了一个花园，孩子们在那里学会种植自己的新鲜农产品，比如水果和蔬菜。可知，孩子们在那里学会种植自己的新鲜农产品。故选B。
（2）B.句意猜测题。根据"Any opportunity to expose children to more vegetables is meaningful"任何让孩子接触更多蔬菜的机会都是有意义的。以及整段内容可知，本段主要介绍了从不同方面鼓励孩子们多吃蔬菜的方法。故选B。
（3）D.推理判断题。根据"Teaching children to grow their own produce is a great way to increase their preference for the produce"教孩子们自己种植农产品，是增加他们对农产品偏好的一个很好的方法。可知，实践经验可能会影响孩子的偏好。故选D。
【点评】做题时要在理解好文章大意的基础上，与题目有机的结合，从文中找到相关细节性的句子与选项细细对比，有时可采用排除法快速得出答案。
2．（2021 北京）Nature and culture are often seen as opposite ideas.What belongs to nature cannot be the result of human activities and，on the other hand，cultural development is achieved against nature.However，this is not the only opinion on the relationship between nature and culture.Studies in the development of humans suggest that culture，whether taken as an effort against nature or a natural effort，is part of the development of the human species（物种）.
Several modern writers saw the process of education as a struggle（斗争） against human nature.We are born with wild natures，such as eating and behaving in a disorganized way or acting selfishly.Education uses culture as a way to get us out of our widest natures；it is thanks to culture that the human species could learn to adapt（适应） ，progress and raise itself above and beyond other species.
Over the past century and a half，however，studies in the history of human development have shown that the formation of culture is part of the biological adaptation.Consider，for example，hunting（打猎） .It seems to be an adaptation，which allowed humans to move into new and different areas，opening up the opportunity to change living habits.At the same time，the development of weapons（武器） is related to that adaptation—from rocks and stones to a set of hunting tools，and from hunting tools to rules relating to the proper use of weapons.Hunting also seems to be responsible for a whole set of bodily abilities，such as balancing on one foot.Just think of how this very simple thing is closely related to dance，a key expression of human culture.It is then clear that biological development and cultural development are closely tied.
The transmission of culture seems to be directly related to what's in our blood.Just as snails carry their shell，so do we bring along our culture.However，culture is also passed on among people of the same times or among people belonging to different populations.We can learn how to make jiaozi even if we were born from Russian parents in Paris just as we can learn how to speak English even if none of our family or friends speaks that language.
（1）What is Paragraph 2 mainly about？ D
A.Culture belongs to human nature.
B.Nature teaches humans how to adapt.
C.Humans are supposed to be well organized.
D.Education pushes the human species to progress.
（2）Why does the writer talk about hunting in Paragraph 3？ C
A.To suggest some possible ways of changing living habits.
B.To stress the importance of tools in humans' struggle for life.
C.To show how culture develops as humans adapt to the environment.
D.To explain why there is a need to call for the proper use of weapons.
（3）The word "transmission" in Paragraph 4 probably means " B ".
A.system
B.spread
C.start
D.spirit
（4）What is the writer's opinion on the nature﹣culture relationship？ C
A.Culture and nature are separate yet balanced.
B.Culture depends much on nature to progress.
C.Nature and culture are different but connected.
D.Nature follows the unwritten rules set by culture.
【考点】社会文化类阅读．
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。自然和文化常常被视为对立的观点，但人类发展的研究表明，二者但是人类物种发展的一部分。生物的发展和文化的发展是紧密相连的，文化的传播似乎与我们血液中的东西直接相关。
【解答】（1）D.段落大意题。根据第二段"Several modern writers saw the process of education as a struggle（斗争） against human nature"几位现代作家把教育的过程看作是一场与人性的斗争。可推断，第二段主要介绍了教育推动人类进步。故选D。
（2）C.细节理解题。根据第三段"It seems to be an adaptation，which allowed humans to move into new and different areas，opening up the opportunity to change living habits."这似乎是一种适应，使人类能够进入新的和不同的地区，打开改变生活习惯的机会。可知，作者第三段谈论狩猎是为了展示文化是如何随着人类适应环境而发展的。故选C。
（3）B.词义猜测题。根据画线单词所在句句意：文化的传播似乎与我们血液中的东西直接相关。正如蜗牛带着壳一样，我们也会带着自己的文化。结合选项可推出，transmission的意思是"传播"，故选B。
（4）C.观点态度题。根据第三段"It is then clear that biological development and cultural development are closely tied"很明显，生物的发展和文化的发展是紧密相连的。结合文章内容可推知，作者认为自然和文化是不同的，但互为联系。故选C。
【点评】做题时要在理解好文章大意的基础上，与题目有机的结合，从文中找到相关细节性的句子与选项细细对比，有时可采用排除法快速得出答案。
3．（2021 北京）
Young Heroes for the Planet
Nowadays，people around the world are working to help our planet.Check out how the four young adults made a difference.
Saving PandasWhen Jack was 11，he started a group to teach kids about pandas.He also sold toy pandas to raise money to protect pandas in danger. "I hope to encourage more people to care about pandas，" Jack says.
Growing RightKathy，14，set up an organization to educate people about growing right plant in right places.She also wrote a book to help people learn what plants are native to （本土的）their area.
Creating EnergyAt the age of 12 Linda invented a machine called SuperE.It collects heat from fields to make electricity（电），Linda says her invention creates electricity in a way that is less harmful to the environment.
Cleaning UpPatrick，13，joined the Ocean Heroes Camp last year.He started a project and picked up plastic waste around nearby lakes with his friends.The goal of the project was to fight plastic pollution.
（1）Who started a group to teach kids about pandas？ A
A.Jack.
B.Kathy.
C.Linda.
D.Patrick.
（2）How old was Linda when she invented SuperE？ B
A.11.
B.12.
C.13.
D.14.
（3）What was the goal of Patrick's project？ A
A.To fight plastic pollution.
B.To protect pandas in danger.
C.To learn about native plants.
D.To use heat to make electricity.
【考点】人物故事类阅读．
【分析】本文介绍了四位正在改变世界的孩子。
【解答】（1）A.细节理解题。根据"When Jack was 11，he started a group to teach kids about pandas"杰克11岁时，他成立了一个组织，教孩子们关于熊猫的知识。可知，Jack创办了一个组织教孩子们关于熊猫的知识。故选A。
（2）B.细节理解题。根据"At the age of 12 Linda invented a machine called SuperE"Linda在12岁的时候发明了一台叫做SuperE的机器。可知，Linda发明SuperE的时候12岁。故选B。
（3）A.细节理解题。根据"The goal of the project was to fight plastic pollution"可知，Patrick项目的目标是对抗塑料污染。故选A。
【点评】做题时要在理解好文章大意的基础上，与题目有机的结合，从文中找到相关细节性的句子与选项细细对比，有时可采用排除法快速得出答案。
4．（2021 北京）When I was in the eighth grade，my class was assigned（指派） to be friends with the second﹣grade kids.I got this little girl named Shelley.The first time I saw her，she was silent and cold.She was small for her age，and she didn't play with the other kids in her class.
I tried all kinds of things to get her to talk to me.I bought her toys，crayons and candies，But try as I might，nothing worked.One time，I gave her a coloring book and said， "Shelley，now you can color in it any time."
Shelley looked at the coloring book and then looked up at me，and finally looked away.By that，I didn't know how I was going to get through to the little girl，but I knew I wouldn't give up on her.
One Friday.I decided to tell her a story about my childhood.I told her that l felt lonely when I was with my classmates，and how I thought only my teachers liked me.I also told her that every day was a battle（战役） for me and I fought back tears so people wouldn't know how much I was hurting.
She sat there just listening，trying to decide whether I was lying or not Finally，when my story ended，there were tears in her eyes.And then she did the unthinkable.She said， "Thank you." From then on，Shelley was a different little girl.She started smiling and talking with other kids.
Looking back at this I'm in awe（惊叹），because all I did was to help her realize that she wasn't alone.I didn't ask her to tell her story，because her story is my story.
（1）What was Shelley like when the writer first saw her？ A
A.Cold.
B.Lazy.
C.Noisy.
D.Slow.
（2）In order to get through to Shelley，the writer D .
A.wrote her a book
B.made her a toy
C.drew her a picture
D.told her a story
（3）Shelley changed a lot because she realized that C .
A.her teachers loved her
B.her classmates were kind
C.the writer understood her
D.she had to study even harder
【考点】人物故事类阅读．
【分析】本文讲述了作者帮助一个不爱讲话的女孩Shelley变得更加开朗的故事。作者惊叹于Shelley的改变，因为作者认为自己所做的就是让Shelley知道自己并不孤单。
【解答】（1）A.细节理解题。根据第一段"The first time I saw her，she was silent and cold"我第一次见到她时，她沉默而冷漠。可知，作者第一次见到Shelley时，她沉默而且冷漠，故选A。
（2）D.细节理解题。根据第三段"By that，I didn't know how I was going to get through to the little girl，but I knew I wouldn't give up on her"这时，我不知道该如何打动这个小女孩，但我知道我不会放弃她的。以及第四段"One Friday.I decided to tell her a story about my childhood"一个星期五。我决定告诉她一个关于我童年的故事。可知，为了接近Shelley，作者给她讲了一个故事。故选D。
（3）C.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段"Finally，when my story ended，there were tears in her eyes.And then she did the unthinkable.She said， "Thank you." From then on，Shelley was a different little girl.She started smiling and talking with other kids"最后，当我的故事结束时，她热泪盈眶。然后她做了一件不可思议的事。她说："谢谢。"从那时起，Shelley变成了一个与众不同的小女孩。她开始微笑着和其他孩子聊天。以及最后一段"I didn't ask her to tell her story，because her story is my story"我没有让她讲她的故事，因为她的故事就是我的故事。可知，Shelley改变了很多是因为她意识到作者理解她。故选C。
【点评】做题时要在理解好文章大意的基础上，与题目有机的结合，从文中找到相关细节性的句子与选项细细对比，有时可采用排除法快速得出答案。
5．（2021 北京）
Screen﹣Free Days
I remember the first time I suggested screen﹣free days in our school to some of our student leaders.Jokingly，I said to the group， "What do you think if we go a week without using our laptops or smartphones？"
They laughed，and one of them said， "No way，Mr.White.They would be too much." I could feel their worry，and told them that I was only considering single screen﹣free days.Even that idea left them feeling upset.
According to a survey we did，most student in our school spend about six hours a day on screens.Many of my students start their day by checking their smartphones.I often see them looking at their phones when getting off the bus or at parents drop﹣off﹣they can't use their own "screens" at school.They usually work on computers at school for at least two hours during the day.
It's clear that our students spend a lot of time on screens，We do see the benefits of technology.However，we teachers also want to make sure that students have balanced learning and social experiences away from their screens.That's why we have come up with the idea of screen﹣free days.
During the course of the year，we have built in several screen﹣free days that require us to make different plans for our students about how they will communicate with one another and the world around them without "screens".For some teachers，this means bringing back a valuable lesson plan that has been put off for some time because it is "out of date".Others have designed something completely new.
Fun activities，for example，card games and room escape（密室逃脱） games，are organized at school.In these activities，students socialize without smartphones and have face﹣to﹣face communication without checking on "likes" they've got online.These fun activities also make it possible for the whole grade to enjoy the company of their friends with no smartphones.
After our first screen﹣free day，students mentioned that they were surprised they enjoyed it.Finding ways to help our students connect with one another is important.
While technology is already part of our world，it shouldn't play such an important role in a learner's life.
（1）How many hours do most students in the school spend on screens every day？ They spend about six hours on screens every day.
（2）Why have the teachers come up with the idea of screen﹣free days？ Because they want to make sure that students have balanced learning and social experiences away from their screens.
（3）What fun activities can the students have at school？ They can have fun activities like card games and room escape games.
（4）How did the students feel after the first screen﹣free day？ They were surprised they enjoyed it.
（5）What do you think of the idea of screen﹣free days？Why do you think so？ I think the"Screen Free Day" is very important，because the main task of students is to study and it brings students back to the real life.
【考点】阅读表达．
【分析】随着现代科技的发展和普及，我们很多学生每天花在屏幕上的时间很多。因此为了不影响他们的学习，学校提出了"无屏幕日"，用一些有趣的活动来取代屏幕时间，让学生回到直正的现实生活中来。
【解答】（1）They spend about six hours on screens every day．细节理解题。根据According to a survey we did，most student in our school spend about six hours a day on screens.可知根据我们所做的一项调查，我们学校的大多数学生每天花6个小时在屏幕上。所以学校里的大多数学生每天花大约6个小时在屏幕上。故答案为：They spend about six hours on screens every day.
（2）Because they want to make sure that students have balanced learning and social experiences away from their screens．推理判断题。根据However，we teachers also want to make sure that students have balanced learning and social experiences away from their screens.That's why we have come up with the idea of screen﹣free days.可知但是，我们老师也希望确保学生在远离屏幕的地方有平衡的学习和社会体验，这就是为什么我们想出了无屏幕天的想法。所以老师们会想出无屏幕的日子的想法，因为他们想确保学生在远离屏幕的地方有平衡的学习和社会体验。故答案为：Because they want to make sure that students have balanced learning and social experiences away from their screens．
（3）They can have fun activities like card games and room escape games．细节理解题。根据Fun activities，for example，card games and room escape（密室逃脱） games，are organized at school.可知学校组织了一些有趣的活动，例如纸牌游戏和房间逃生游戏。所以学生们在学校有一些有趣的活动，如纸牌游戏和房间逃生游戏。故答案为：They can have fun activities like card games and room escape games．
（4）They were surprised they enjoyed it．细节理解题。根据 After our first screen﹣free day，students mentioned that they were surprised they enjoyed it.可知在我们的第一个无屏幕日之后，学生们提到他们很惊讶他们喜欢它。所以学生们在第一天没有屏幕后感觉自己很享受。故答案为：They were surprised they enjoyed it．
（5）I think the"Screen Free Day" is very important，because the main task of students is to study and it brings students back to the real life.推理表达题。根据After our first screen﹣free day，students mentioned that they were surprised they enjoyed it.Finding ways to help our students connect with one another is important.While technology is already part of our world，it shouldn't play such an important role in a learner's life.可知在我们的第一个无屏幕日之后，学生们提到他们很惊讶他们喜欢它。找到方法帮助我们的学生互相联系是很重要的。虽然技术已经是我们世界的一部分，但它不应该在学习者的生活中扮演如此重要的角色。所以我认为"无屏幕日"是非常重要的，因为学生的主要任务是学习，并且它让学生回到直正的现实生活中来。故答案为：I think the"Screen Free Day" is very important，because the main task of students is to study and it brings students back to the real life.
【点评】做题时首先对原文材料迅速浏览，掌握全文的主旨大意。其次，细读题材，各个击破。掌握全文的大意之后，细细阅读材料后的问题，弄清每题要求后，带着问题再回到原文中去寻找、捕获有关信息。
6．（2020 北京）There are millions of recipes（菜谱） hidden in the boxes and hearts of grandmother and parents．These family recipes are a special part of our family history．Some of them have been passed down from generation（一代人） to generation．
"I realized I couldn't go home every weekend for my mom's delicious dishes，" says Shreya，who is about to enter university．Shreya has recently started following her mother around the kitchen，taking notes on how to make her "masala chai" and tasty kachoris．
"Those special tastes can immediately unlock a whole flood of emotions，memories and feelings of family，love，and comfort，" says she．
She adds， "I am looking to the day when my kids will come to know of their grandmothers through the dishes they cooked．"
But many of us find it difficult to keep the food connection with our busy life．Even if we have time，not many of us take the effort to collect and record the recipes from our grandmothers and parents．We often get a recipe on the phone and take it down quickly on a piece of paper．We just stick it onto the fridge for a week or two and forget about it as soon as the paper disappears from there．
Actually，there are simple ways to keep family recipes，Scrapbooks（剪贴薄）are easily found in the market．You can even add photos to record every detail of your memories about the recipe．With the help of some popular apps like Story Scans，recording family recipes has never been easier．What is needed is to scan（扫描） the recipes and record the story behind each of them．It can become the most meaningful work you have ever done with and for your family．
Keeping family recipes is saving and honoring our tradition so that future generations can continue to make family ties stronger．Every time you remember your loved ones，recreate one of the dishes from your collection and let the memories from the good old days comfort you．So why not gift your kids a family recipe book when they are starting a new life？
（1）Why does Shreya follow her mother around the kitchen？ B
A．To clean up the kitchen．
B．To note down recipes．
C．To prepare family dinners．
D．To talk about family rules．
（2）What can we learn from the passage？ A
A．Ways to record recipes can be easy．
B．Most people like writing recipe books．
C．Recipes have become popular with kids．
D．People often buy recipe books in the market．
（3）Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？ D
A．Family Recipes：Secrets of Cooking
B．Family Recipes Are at a Crossroads
C．Family Recipes：Connections to Interests
D．Family Recipes Are More than Just Recipes
【考点】人物故事类阅读．
【分析】本文主要讲了传承家庭菜谱的重要性和方法．
【解答】（1）B．细节理解题．题目问为什么在厨房周围跟着妈妈，根据第二段Shreya has recently started following her mother around the kitchen，taking notes on how to make her "masala chai" and tasty kachoris．可知她在记菜谱．故选B．
（2）A．细节理解题．题目问从文中我们可以知道什么，根据第六段Actually，there are simple ways to keep family recipes，可知有保留家庭菜谱的简单方法，因此可知记录菜谱的方法可以很简单，故选A．
（3）D．文章标题题．题目问文章最好的标题是以下哪一个，根据第一段These family recipes are a special part of our family history．Some of them have been passed down from generation（一代人） to generation．可知本文主要讲了家庭菜谱是家庭历史的一个特殊部分，有一些代代相传，因此判断本文最好的标题为家庭菜谱不只是菜谱，故选D．
【点评】本文是一篇人物故事类阅读，题目涉及多道细节理解题，做题时结合原文和题目有针对性找出相关语句进行仔细分析，结合选项选出正确答案．推理判断也是要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确的答案．
7．（2020 北京） Today we can do everything with apps：pay bills，order food and shop for anything．Mobile technology means we can hold the world in our hands，However，when it comes to technology and health care，opportunities and challenges come together．
Let's start with the ways to get health care．Telemedicine can allow a patient to use technology to see the doctor online and get a diagnosis （诊断） and instructions without leaving home．
In addition，there are many patient websites．These allow for different kinds of interactions about our health needs without involving the medical team．Setting a date with doctors and reading lab results are readily achieved by technology．
A whole new age of medical care seems likely （可能的） to come in the future．But every coin has two sides．What might be on the other side of techno﹣health care？
Firstly，we should think about the health care experience as a whole．A usual visit to a doctor begins with a receptionist （接待员） ，who can see and tell how a patient is doing，This may influence the treatment effect．It's unlikely that a patient website will have such intuition．
Next，sharing the details of one's life requires trust，which takes time to build．This is certainly true in health care，where some of life's best and worst moments involve doctors．The human touch should not be undervalued and is unlikely to be there over the smartphone．
Lastly，test results can be difficult to understand．When someone without a medical degree sees a flagged result with no explanation on the website，there's room for all kinds of stories to form in their minds﹣and also great worry．
So how does medicine adapt （适应） to the new technology age？Very talented companies are working on it．There is medical equipment（设备） that can be used at home to send necessary signs and heart sounds through telemedicine．It seems likely that some companies will find a way to explain test results．
But what it will not achieve is the warmth of human interaction and touch．Patients often need someone to listen to ﹣and care about﹣their journey story，which will never be realized through a human﹣less technology．Technology should be a tool，but depending on it totally will most certainly have unexpected effects．Let's not allow our humanity to be one of them．
（1）According to the passage，how does technology help health care？ B
A．It encourages doctors to voice their needs on the websites．
B．It offers the patient a convenient way to get a diagnosis．
C．It improves relations between doctors and patients．
D．It provides an opportunity to build a medical team．
（2）The word "intuition" in Paragraph 5 probably means A ．
A．an ability to understand
B．an interesting experience
C．a chance to win
D．a fair decision
（3）What do you know about techno﹣health care from the passage？ C
A．Patient websites require trust from doctors．
B．Talented companies can give medical advice．
C．Flagged results may cause worry for patients．
D．Medical equipment collects patients' stories．
（4）The writer probably agrees that D ．
A．technology can deal with unexpected effects．
B．telemedicine can take the place of usual health care．
C，it is difficult for patients to adapt to the new technology age．
D．techno﹣health care should take humanity into consideration．
【考点】科普知识类阅读．
【分析】本文主要讲了科技发展给医疗带来的机遇和挑战．
【解答】（1）B．细节理解题．题目问根据文章，科技如何帮助医疗，根据第二段Telemedicine can allow a patient to use technology to see the doctor online and get a diagnosis （诊断） and instructions without leaving home．可知科技允许患者使用科技在线就医并且获得诊断．即它为患者诊断提供了便利的方式，故选B．
（2）A．词义理解题．题目意为第五段单词"intuition"的意思可能是____，根据本段第二句"…who can see and tell how a patient is doing．"及第四句"It's unlikely that a patient website…"可知网站没有真实的接待员那样理解病人，intuition意为an ability to understand理解能力，故选A．
（3）C．细节理解题．题目问根据文章有关科技医疗你知道什么，根据第七段When someone without a medical degree sees a flagged result with no explanation on the website，there's room for all kinds of stories to form in their minds﹣and also great worry．可知不懂医学的人看到一个结果会非常担忧，因此判断这样的结果会让患者担忧．故选C．
（4）D．推理判断题．题目意为作者可能同意____，根据Technology should be a tool，but depending on it totally will most certainly have unexpected effects．Let's not allow our humanity to be one of them．可知作者认为科技应该是一种工具，我们不允许人性也成为科技的一部分，因此判断作者会同意的观点是电子医疗应该考虑人性．故选D．
【点评】通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查．
8．（2020 北京）
A Day at the Nature Center
Emma stared（凝视） sadly out of the window of the bus．Only 50 miles outside town was the farm．She thought about the farm all the time，especially the animals．
When her family sold the farm and moved to nearby town，Emma was excited．But when she got to the new school，she felt very lonely．
With a sigh（叹气），Emma turned her attention back to the present．The bus came to a stop． "Welcome to the Leinweber Nature Center，" her teacher said．"A guide will give us a presentation about animals，and then you'll help to feed the baby squirrels，now，I want everyone to find a partner．"
Emma didn't have any friends yet﹣who would be her partner？Emma got close to Julia，a talkative and outg2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之形容词&副词
一．选择题（共8小题）
1．（2021 北京）The teacher is glad to see that Tony is_______than before.（ ）
A．careful B．more careful
C．most careful D．the most careful
2．（2020 北京）Zhaozhou Bridge is one of stone bridges in the world．（ ）
A．old B．older C．oldest D．the oldest
3．（2019 北京）Julie takes good care of the family dog． She is than her brother．（ ）
A．patient B．more patient
C．most patient D．the most patient
4．（2018 北京）Tony is of the three boys， but he is the tallest．（ ）
A．young B．younger
C．youngest D．the youngest
5．（2017 北京）The hotel is very old．It's one of buildings in the city．（ ）
A．old B．older C．oldest D．the oldest
6．（2021 北京）—______shall we meet for the picnic？
—At the school gate.（ ）
A．How B．When C．Why D．Where
7．（2018 北京）﹣﹣ do you usually go to school， Mary？
﹣﹣By bike．（ ）
A．When B．How C．Where D．Why
8．（2017 北京）﹣﹣﹣ did you stop playing？
﹣﹣﹣Because I was tired．（ ）
A．How B．Why C．When D．Where
2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之形容词&副词
参考答案与试题解析
一．选择题（共8小题）
1．（2021 北京）The teacher is glad to see that Tony is_______than before.（ ）
A．careful B．more careful
C．most careful D．the most careful
【考点】形容词的比较级和最高级．
【分析】老师很高兴看到托尼比以前更细心了。
【解答】根据关键词than可知，应该用形容词的比较级形式。
故选：B。
【点评】本题是考查比较级形式，解决此类问题是掌握形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化规则，在不同的语言环境中达到熟练掌握的目的。
2．（2020 北京）Zhaozhou Bridge is one of stone bridges in the world．（ ）
A．old B．older C．oldest D．the oldest
【考点】形容词的比较级和最高级．
【分析】赵州桥是世界上最古老的石桥之一．
【解答】old老的，形容词．older更老的，比较级．oldest最老的，前面通常加the．the oldest最老的，最高级．这里是"one of+the+最高级+名词复数"的结构，表示"最…之一"．用最高级the oldest．
故选：D。
【点评】掌握one of+the+最高级+名词复数的结构，结合语境，分析选项，选择合适答案．
3．（2019 北京）Julie takes good care of the family dog． She is than her brother．（ ）
A．patient B．more patient
C．most patient D．the most patient
【考点】形容词的比较级和最高级．
【分析】朱莉把家里的狗照顾的很好．她比她的弟弟更有耐心．
【解答】根据句意：朱莉把家里的狗照顾的很好．她比她的弟弟更有耐心．than是比较级的标志．选项B符合题意．
故选：B．
【点评】熟悉形容词比较级和最高级的用法，结合题意，给出答案．
4．（2018 北京）Tony is of the three boys， but he is the tallest．（ ）
A．young B．younger
C．youngest D．the youngest
【考点】形容词的比较级和最高级．
【分析】托尼是这三个男孩中最小的，但他是最高的．
【解答】考查最高级．A年轻的．B更年轻的．C最年轻的，通常加the．D最年轻的．结合语境"托尼是这三个男孩中最小的，但他是最高的．"．可知，三者以上比较，用最高级the youngest最年轻的，最小的．
故选：D．
【点评】考查最高级，要熟练掌握最高级的变法，根据具体的语境仔细分析选择恰当的最高级形式．
5．（2017 北京）The hotel is very old．It's one of buildings in the city．（ ）
A．old B．older C．oldest D．the oldest
【考点】形容词的比较级和最高级．
【分析】这家旅馆很旧，是城里最古老的建筑物之一．
【解答】答案：D．考查最高级．句意"这家旅馆很旧，是城里最古老的建筑物之一．"．A旧的，形容词原级．B更旧的，比较级．C最高级前通常加the．D最旧的，最高级．结合语境one of…"…之一"，由buildings in the city在城市里的建筑，可知三者以上比较，用最高级the oldest最旧的．选D．
【点评】考查最高级，要熟练掌握最高级的变法，根据具体的语境仔细分析选择恰当的最高级形式．
6．（2021 北京）—______shall we meet for the picnic？
—At the school gate.（ ）
A．How B．When C．Why D．Where
【考点】疑问副词．
【分析】﹣我们将在哪里见面进行野餐？﹣在学校门口。
【解答】A表示怎么样，B表示什么时候，C表示为什么，D表示哪里。根据题干中回答可知此处询问我们将在哪里见面进行野餐，对地点进行提问，则应用Where。
故选：D。
【点评】本题考查疑问副词辨析，基础题，熟悉选项的含义及用法，再根据题干即可进行选择。
7．（2018 北京）﹣﹣ do you usually go to school， Mary？
﹣﹣By bike．（ ）
A．When B．How C．Where D．Why
【考点】疑问副词．
【分析】﹣﹣玛丽，你通常怎么上学？
﹣﹣骑自行车．
【解答】考查疑问词．A什么时候．B怎么．C哪．D为什么．结合语境"玛丽，你通常怎么上学？骑自行车"．可知，对乘坐某种交通工具提问，用疑问词how怎么．
故选：B．
【点评】疑问词通常用来构成疑问句，要根据回答的具体内容进行选择，注意一些固定搭配，分清疑问词的用法．
8．（2017 北京）﹣﹣﹣ did you stop playing？
﹣﹣﹣Because I was tired．（ ）
A．How B．Why C．When D．Where
【考点】疑问副词．
【分析】﹣﹣你为什么不玩了？﹣﹣因为我累了．
【解答】答案：B．考查疑问副词．句意：﹣﹣你为什么不玩了？﹣﹣因为我累了．how怎样，用于询问方式；why为什么，用于提问原因；when什么时候，提问时间；where哪里，提问地点．根据回答Because I was tired．因为我累了．可知问的是原因，所以说你为什么不玩了？用why．故选B．
【点评】理解各个选项的含义，及其用法的区别，根据具体内容作答．
考点卡片
1．形容词的比较级和最高级
【概念】
形容词的比较级和最高级：
比较级就是将二者进行比较产生的词形，是由形容词原级转化而来的，一般是在原级后面加er，也有一些不规则的转化，比如good﹣better，bad﹣worse等等．相对二者的比较，还有三者及以上的比较，这时就产生了最高级．在英语中通常用下列方式表示的词：在形容词前加more或加后缀﹣er．典型的是指形容词所表示的质、量或关系的增加．英语句子中，将比较两个主体的方法叫做"比较句型"．其中，像"A比B更…"的表达方式称为比较级．组成句子的方式是将形容词变化成比较级的形态．
【结构】
形容词比较级和最高级规则变化原则．
构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加﹣er或﹣est fastlongsmart fasterlongersmarter fastestlongestsmartest
以字母e结尾的形容词，加﹣r或﹣st nicelate nicerlater nicestlatest
重读闭音节，词尾只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写辅音字母，再加﹣er或﹣est bighotthinfat biggerhotterthinnerfatter biggesthottestthinnestfattest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，先改"y"为"i"，再加﹣er或﹣est easyhappyhealthy easierhappierhealthier easiesthappiesthealthiest
部分双音节词和多音节词在前面加more或most tiredcarefulbeautifulimportant more tiredmore careful more beautiful more important most tiredmost careful most beautiful most important
不规则变化 many/muchlittleGoodbad/illfarold morelessbetterworsefarther/furtherolder/elder mostleastbestworstfarthest/furthestoldest/eldest
．
【用法】
一、形容词比较级的用法：
1．表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级，最明显的提示词是than，其结构为"A…+比较级+than+B"．
例：
Li Lei's room is bigger than mine．李雷的房间比我的大．
This mooncake is nicer than that one．这块月饼比那块好吃．
注意：为了避免重复，在从句中常用the one，that，those等词来替代前面出现过的名词．其中the one替代可数名词单数形式，the ones或those替代可数名词复数形式，that替代不可数名词．
例：
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter．北京的天气比广州的天气冷．
2．表示"两者之间最…一个（of the two）"时，常用"the+比较级"结构．
例：
Mary is the taller of the twins．
Mary是双胞胎中的高个子．
3．表示"越来越…"，用比较级重叠结构，即"比较级+and+比较级"，多音节词和部分双音节词时用"more and more+形容词原级"．
例：
It's getting warmer and warmer in spring．
春天天气变得越来越暖和．
Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful．
我们的家乡越来越漂亮了．
4．表示"越…就越…"时，用"the+比较级，the+比较级"结构．
例：
The more we get together，the happier we'll be．
我们越是在一起，就越开心．
二、形容词最高级的用法：
表示三者或三者以上（人或物）的比较，其中有一个超过其他几个．形容词最高级前要加the，后面通常带of（in）短语来说明比较的范围（of 后的名词或代词表示与主语属同一类；in 表示时间或空间范围）．
①在我们班上他最高． Miho is the youngest student because she was born later than anyone else in her class．
②玛丽是这三个学生中最小的．
Mary is the tallest among the three students．
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查形容词，形容词等级是考查的重点．对形容词等级的考查主要出现在单项选择题中．
2．疑问副词
【概念】
用于引出特殊疑问句的副词叫疑问副词．疑问副词有when， where， why， how 等，如：
Where do you come from？ 你是哪里人？
When will it be ready？ 这什么时候能准备好？
Why was she crying？ 她刚才为什么哭？
【易混淆点】
1．Where do you think he has gone？ 你认为他去什么地方了？（特殊疑问句）
2．Do you know when he will come？ 你知道他什么时候来吗？（一般疑问句）
错误说法：
Do you think where he has gone？
When do you know he will come？
其区别是：
可以用 yes 或 no 回答者，用一般疑问句的形式（疑问词放在句中，即主句之后），适合这类句型的主句动词通常有 know， hear， ask， tell 等；
不能用 yes 或 no 回答者，用特殊疑问句的形式（疑问词放在句首），适合这类句型的主句动词通常有 think， believe， suppose， guess 等．
【解题方法点拨】
（1）疑问副词用于引导特殊疑问句，通常位于句首，但有时也不一定： Without friends where are we？ 没有朋友我们会怎样？
（2）疑问副词引导特殊疑问句时，其后应接一般疑问句，但有时可有所省略：
Why argue with him？ 为什么要与跟他争吵？
Why not ask the teacher？ / Why don't you ask the teacher？ 为什么不问问老师呢？
【注】Why 或Why not后接动词原形，不接带to不定式，主要用于现在或将来，不用于过去，如不说 why not tell me yesterday？应改为Why didn't you tell me yesterday？（昨天为什么不告诉我？）
（3）有时两个疑问副词连用：
When and where were you born？ 你生于何时何地？
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查疑问副词在单项选择中的运用，选项会给出四个不同的疑问副词，需要做题时仔细分析语境，区别疑问副词意思，便可拿到分数．2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之完形填空
一．完形填空（共5小题）
1．（2021 北京）
The Picture of Peace
When Mike was seven，he knew his dream was to be a photographer.He kept working on it for years.Recently，he was trying to take a picture of a sunset（日落） to enter the school （1） competition.
"Mom，it has been cloudy these days.I don't think I can get this picture!" Mike complained.
"Why not use one of your photos on the computer？" suggested Mom.
"I can't﹣the rules say the photos have to be taken with a traditional camera.We hand in a roll of film，it gets developed（冲洗胶卷） ，and we（2） one photo for the competition. "
"Why is a sunset so important？" Mom asked.
"The（3） of the competition is peace，" Mike explained， "and I feel most peaceful seeing a sunset."
Zach，his six﹣year﹣old brother came out of the bedroom. " Hey，you want to take a picture of me？Look!" He put both arms over his head.
"Not right now，" said Mike，laughing.
That very afternoon，Mike felt excited when he saw clear skies.He carefully lined up his shot（镜头） and waited（4） till the sun reached the ground.
"That's it!Perfect!" he shouted cheerfully.
The next morning，Mike noticed he could take one more picture to complete the roll of film，so he walked into Zach's room.Zach was （5） quietly with a teddy bear under his arm.Mike didn't wake Zach up，and carefully took a picture of him.
A week later，Mike got the photos.The sunset picture was the one he was most（6） to see.There it was!It was as nearly perfect as Mike had expected.
Then，he looked through the other photos.Suddenly，he stopped.His eyebrows（眉毛） rose as he （7） the photo of Zach.He looked back at the photo of the sunset，which seemed less perfect now.He （8） the two choices.Finally，he decided to hand in the photo of Zach for the competition.
（1）A.violin B.tennis C.photo D.chess
（2）A.choose B.collect C.describe D.design
（3）A.prize B.topic C.result D.purpose
（4）A.politely B.bravely C.hopefully D.secretly
（5）A.playing B.reading C.writing D.sleeping
（6）A afraid B.eager C.surprised D.confused
（7）A.studied B.shared C.copied D.fixed
（8）A.changed B.offered C.accepted D.weighed
2．（2020 北京） At the end of my first year of high school，I realized I needed to find a summer job．I was tired of having to ask my parents for（1） ．I wanted to go to the shopping center or movies with friends without having to ask for ＄20 from my parents．I imagined having a job at a store or at a summer camp where I could play games with children．But what actually happened was（2） ．The only job I managed to find was cleaning up tables at a local restaurant．
At first，the idea of clearing tables upset me．The thought of getting up at dawn（黎明） to go clean up after people made me（3） ever asking for a job．The first day was terribly busy．I was running around，racing to get a table ready for the waiting customers．I'll never forget how（4） I felt that day，but I'll also never forget sitting down for lunch with my co﹣workers for the first time．People my age or ten years older all sat together and talked about their days．All of a sudden I was a part of that，and it felt good to be so（5） ．
I've now worked at the restaurant for almost one year．I've learned to be happy about getting up so early，because I know there're going to be a few good（6） every day there．
From starting there as a shy student，I've been able to grow into a person that can go up and（7） anyone，at work or anywhere else．I'm also not as sensitive（敏感的） as I used to be﹣getting an impolite customer might make me feel bad，but very soon I can laugh it off with my co﹣workers．The little job has given me so much，and I can't wait to go back and continue to（8） from my experience．
（1）A．food B．money C．attention D．advice
（2）A．exciting B．encouraging C．confusing D．disappointing
（3）A．forget B．enjoy C．regret D．imagine
（4）A．tired B．happy C．curious D．relaxed
（5）A．loved B．missed C．needed D．included
（6）A．dishes B．choices C．moments D．customers
（7）A．find B．greet C．push D．stop
（8）A．grow B．stand C．rest D．hide
3．（2019 北京）
Run for Class President
Two months ago， when our class election（选举） started， I decided to run for class president． I enjoyed speaking in public and got along well with people， so I felt it easy to win． But I was （1） that people would feel bad for me if I lost．
I was busy preparing in the following week． My plan wasn't to make promises to do things I couldn't （2） but to show my class why I wanted to be president． I put up my posters in hallways and in the classroom． I also spent three hours writing my speech， saying that I was the one they could turn to whenever they had a problem． Since I was （3） prepared， I felt that my chances of winning were strong．
However， when I gave my speech on Election Day， the response （反应） wasn't what I had （4） ． Few people actually listened． When it was my opponent's （对手的）turn， everyone was screaming his name． His speech was short， but all to the point． By then， I realized I should have made mine shorter and clearer．
It was obvious who would （5） ． For the rest of the day， I felt like it was over． I wanted to just go home and cry， but I made it through．
My（6） was right： I didn't win．
The next day， people were still talking about the election． I just pretended （假装） not to hear． But later， things got better． People（7） about the election and talked to me just as they did before．
I don't regret putting time and energy into the election because I've learned that things aren't always going the way I expect． And moments of failure like this build （8） ﹣since then I've learned to face disappointment and grown stronger．
（1）A． bored B． afraid C． excited D． hopeful
（2）A． compare B． remember C． manage D． repeat
（3）A． fully B． quickly C． freshly D． physically
（4）A． feared B． faced C． mentioned D． pictured
（5）A． insist B． return C． wait D． win
（6）A． suggestion B． prediction C． direction D． introduction
（7）A． forgot B． wrote C． cared D． discussed
（8）A． trust B． pride C． character D． support
4．（2018 北京）
Real Solutions（解决方法） to Problems
Thirty engineers were working as a team in a company．They were young and eager to learn．The management decided to teach them about finding real solutions to problems
One day，the team was called for a（1） in a hall．They were quite surprised and all reached the hall holding various（2） ．As they entered，they found a box placed in the center，full of flat balloons．
The manager asked everyone to pick a balloon and blow it up．Then they were asked to write their names on their respective（各自的）balloons（3） so that the balloons wouldn't blow out．All tried，but not everyone was （4） ．Five balloons blew out due to pressure（压力）．
Those who failed to mark their names on the balloons were （5） out of the game．As a result，25 engineers came to the next level．All the balloons carrying their names were （6） and then put into a room，here and there．
The engineers were told to pick the balloon with his or her name on，All the 25 engineers began to search for the respective balloons in a rush．It was almost 15 minutes but no one was able to （7） the right one．The second level of the game was over．
Then came the final level．The engineers were asked to pick any balloon and give it to person named on the balloon．Within a couple of minutes，all balloons （8） the hands of the respective engineers．
The manager announced this was the real solution to the problem．Many times in our life，sharing and helping others give us real solutions to problems．
（1）A．game B．show C．concert D．party
（2）A．purposes B．suggestions C．thoughts D．plans
（3）A．quietly B．carefully C．secretly D．clearly
（4）A．honest B．ready C．patient D．successful
（5）A．checked B．helped C．ruled D．cheated
（6）A．collected B．weighed C．tied D．cleaned
（7）A．mark B．hide C．number D．find
（8）A．freed B．reached C．lifted D．hit
5．（2017 北京）
A Meaningful Gift
Emily was an eighth grader．To pass her Civics course（公民课程），she had to do some volunteer service in a nursing home for a week．
One Monday，Emily went to the nursing home after school．When she arrived，she was told she would（31） an hour every weekday with an elderly lady，Mrs．Blair．She was then led into a room，where an old lady in a flowery dress was sitting on a sofa．
Emily（32） awkwardly（别扭地）in front of the lady．She cleared her throat and said，"Good afternoon I'm Emily．"
"Good afternoon，Emily．Take a seat，please．"Mrs．Blair replied．
Then，（33） filled the space between them．Emily wondered what to say．
"Tell me about yourself，Emily，"Mrs．Blair said suddenly．
"Well，"Emily started，"I don't have any grandparents，so I can't relate to elderly people much．I love the performing arts．I'm here mainly because I have to（34） here to get a good grade for my Civics class．"
Mrs．Blair didn't seem to（35） ．"Many people，especially teens，don't seem to care about old people like me．Now you are here，and I'm going to change that about you．Ask me anything．"
Emily thought for a moment，and finally decided，"What was your job？"
"I was a Broadway star in the 1950s．"Mrs．Blair answered．
"Cool!Can you tell me about it？"Emily asked，amazed．
Mrs．Blair smiled．"Back then，only the lead actress had the honor to wear a（36） bracelet．I was the lead in almost all of the plays，so I always wore the bracelet．Till this day，I still have it．"
Emily smiled along with Mrs．Blair and listened to the other stories，attentively．She had become so
interested in Mrs．Blair's（37） that she decided to come earlier the next day．
Tuesday，Wednesday，and Thursday passed by quickly．Then came Friday．As she was leaving，Emily was really（38） to say goodbye．
"Don't be sad．You can still visit me，"Mrs．Blair comforted her．She then handed a small box to Emily，"It's my gift to you．"
Emily（39） opened the box and was surprised to see what was inside．"It's the bracelet that you wore．Thank you!"Emily said，with tears in her eyes．"I'm sure to visit you whenever I'm free．"
On the way home，Emily thought of her own love for the performing arts．She touched the bracelet and
made a（40） that she would keep her word to Mrs．Blair．
31．A．waste B．spend C．plan D．exercise
32．A．asked B．sat C．stood D．danced
33．A．warmth B．sadness C．happiness D．silence
34．A．study B．live C．volunteer D．play
35．A．mind B．fear C．insist D．regret
36．A．strange B．special C．common D．private
37．A．dreams B．hobbies C．stories D．jokes
38．A．upset B．confused C．surprised D．nervous
39．A．proudly B．secretly C．worriedly D．carefully
40．A．promise B．change C．judgment D．choice．
2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之完形填空
参考答案与试题解析
一．完形填空（共5小题）
1．（2021 北京）
The Picture of Peace
When Mike was seven，he knew his dream was to be a photographer.He kept working on it for years.Recently，he was trying to take a picture of a sunset（日落） to enter the school （1） C competition.
"Mom，it has been cloudy these days.I don't think I can get this picture!" Mike complained.
"Why not use one of your photos on the computer？" suggested Mom.
"I can't﹣the rules say the photos have to be taken with a traditional camera.We hand in a roll of film，it gets developed（冲洗胶卷） ，and we（2） A one photo for the competition. "
"Why is a sunset so important？" Mom asked.
"The（3） B of the competition is peace，" Mike explained， "and I feel most peaceful seeing a sunset."
Zach，his six﹣year﹣old brother came out of the bedroom. " Hey，you want to take a picture of me？Look!" He put both arms over his head.
"Not right now，" said Mike，laughing.
That very afternoon，Mike felt excited when he saw clear skies.He carefully lined up his shot（镜头） and waited（4） C till the sun reached the ground.
"That's it!Perfect!" he shouted cheerfully.
The next morning，Mike noticed he could take one more picture to complete the roll of film，so he walked into Zach's room.Zach was （5） D quietly with a teddy bear under his arm.Mike didn't wake Zach up，and carefully took a picture of him.
A week later，Mike got the photos.The sunset picture was the one he was most（6） B to see.There it was!It was as nearly perfect as Mike had expected.
Then，he looked through the other photos.Suddenly，he stopped.His eyebrows（眉毛） rose as he （7） A the photo of Zach.He looked back at the photo of the sunset，which seemed less perfect now.He （8） D the two choices.Finally，he decided to hand in the photo of Zach for the competition.
（1）A.violin B.tennis C.photo D.chess
（2）A.choose B.collect C.describe D.design
（3）A.prize B.topic C.result D.purpose
（4）A.politely B.bravely C.hopefully D.secretly
（5）A.playing B.reading C.writing D.sleeping
（6）A afraid B.eager C.surprised D.confused
（7）A.studied B.shared C.copied D.fixed
（8）A.changed B.offered C.accepted D.weighed
【考点】记叙文．
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。Mike从小就梦想成为一名摄影师，一天学校组办摄影比赛，他希望用日落的照片参赛，之后无意间Zach的一张照片吸引了他的注意力，于是他改变了主意。
【解答】（1）C.考查名词。A.violin小提琴；B.tennis，网球；C.photo照片；D.chess象棋；根据"Recently，he was trying to take a picture of a sunset"可知，最近他试图拍一张日落的照片，目的是参加学校的摄影比赛。故答案选C。
（2）A.考查动词。A.choose选择；B.collect搜集；C.describe描述；D.design设计；前文"We hand in a roll of film，it gets developed."可知，我们上交一卷胶卷，冲洗好，从这些照片里选出来一张参赛。故答案选A。
（3）B.考查名词。A.prize奖品；B.topic话题；C.result结果；D.purpose目的；根据"and I feel most peaceful seeing a sunset."可知，迈克感觉日落让他感到最平静，所以这次比赛的主题是和平。故答案选B。
（4）C.考查副词。A.politely有礼貌地；B.bravely勇敢地；C.hopefully有希望地；D.secretly秘密地；前文指出看到晴朗的天空之后他很开心，后面又提到他等到了那个画面，所以现在他是满怀希望地等着太阳射到地面。故答案选C。
（5）D.考查动词。A.playing玩耍；B.reading阅读；C.writing写作；D.sleeping睡觉；下文"Mike didn't wake Zach up"可知，迈克没有叫醒Zach，所以Mike进去的时候，Zach在睡觉。故答案选D。
（6）B.考查形容词。A.afraid害怕的；B.eager渴望的；C.surprised惊讶的；D.confused困惑的；根据前文可知，日落的画面是他很期望得到的。故答案选B。
（7）A.考查动词。A.studied学习；B.shared分享；C.copied复制；D.fixed修理；结合句意可知 ，突然，他停了下来，因此应该是仔细地看着扎克的照片，眉毛扬了起来，因此选studied符合题意。故答案选A。
（8）D.考查动词。A.changed改变；B.offered主动提供；C.accepted接受；D.weighed权衡；前文指出在两张照片之间有点纠结，所以该句句意是"他权衡了这两个选择，最后他决定把扎克的照片交上去参加比赛。"因此选weighed符合题意。故答案选D。
【点评】考查完形填空。根据所给的短文对意思有所了解，然后根据短文的大体意思，选择每个符合题意的答案，使短文更通顺。
2．（2020 北京） At the end of my first year of high school，I realized I needed to find a summer job．I was tired of having to ask my parents for（1） B ．I wanted to go to the shopping center or movies with friends without having to ask for ＄20 from my parents．I imagined having a job at a store or at a summer camp where I could play games with children．But what actually happened was（2） D ．The only job I managed to find was cleaning up tables at a local restaurant．
At first，the idea of clearing tables upset me．The thought of getting up at dawn（黎明） to go clean up after people made me（3） C ever asking for a job．The first day was terribly busy．I was running around，racing to get a table ready for the waiting customers．I'll never forget how（4） A I felt that day，but I'll also never forget sitting down for lunch with my co﹣workers for the first time．People my age or ten years older all sat together and talked about their days．All of a sudden I was a part of that，and it felt good to be so（5） D ．
I've now worked at the restaurant for almost one year．I've learned to be happy about getting up so early，because I know there're going to be a few good（6） C every day there．
From starting there as a shy student，I've been able to grow into a person that can go up and（7） B anyone，at work or anywhere else．I'm also not as sensitive（敏感的） as I used to be﹣getting an impolite customer might make me feel bad，but very soon I can laugh it off with my co﹣workers．The little job has given me so much，and I can't wait to go back and continue to（8） A from my experience．
（1）A．food B．money C．attention D．advice
（2）A．exciting B．encouraging C．confusing D．disappointing
（3）A．forget B．enjoy C．regret D．imagine
（4）A．tired B．happy C．curious D．relaxed
（5）A．loved B．missed C．needed D．included
（6）A．dishes B．choices C．moments D．customers
（7）A．find B．greet C．push D．stop
（8）A．grow B．stand C．rest D．hide
【考点】记叙文．
【分析】本文讲述了作者找了一份在餐厅里清洁桌子的工作，从刚开始的不情愿到最后很享受这份工作，这些经历让作者也发生了很大的变化．
【解答】（1）B．考查名词辨析．food食物；money金钱；attention 注意力；advice 建议．根据I wanted to go to the shopping center or movies with friends without having to ask for ＄20 from my parents，可知，作者已经厌倦了总是跟父母要钱，故选B．
（2）D．考查形容词辨析．exciting兴奋的；encouraging 鼓舞人心的；confusing 难以理解的；disappointing 令人失望的．根据I imagined having a job at a store or at a summer camp where I could play games with children及The only job I managed to find was cleaning up tables at a local restaurant，可知，作者想像自己应该找一个在商店或在夏令营跟孩子们玩游戏的工作，但是最终他成功找到了一个在餐厅清洁桌子的工作，这令他很失望，故选D．
（3）C．考查动词辨析．forget 忘记；enjoy喜欢；regret后悔；imagine 想像．根据The thought of getting up at dawn（黎明） to go clean up ，可知，在黎明就要起床去清洁桌子的这个事情让作者后悔曾经想找工作，故选C．
（4）A．考查形容词辨析．tired 疲惫的；happy 高兴的；curious好奇的；relaxed 放松的．根据 The first day was terribly busy，可知，第一天非常忙，作者感到很疲惫．故选A．
（5）D．考查动词辨析．loved喜爱；missed错过；needed需要；included 包括．根据All of a sudden I was a part of that，可知，作者和同事们坐在一起感受到了被接纳为整体中一员的氛围，且a part of sth意思与include对应，故选D．
（6）C．考查名词辨析．dishes 盘子；choices 选择；moments时刻；customers 顾客．根据People my age or ten years older all sat together and talked about their days，可知，作者想到每天都会跟同事坐在一起，并谈论他们的每一天，这是一天中最美妙的时刻，故选C．
（7）B．考查动词辨析．find 找；greet问候；push 推动；stop停止．根据 From starting there as a shy student，可知，作者把曾经的自己和现在进行对比，过去很害羞，现在可以上前问候每一个客人，故选B．
（8）A．考查动词辨析．grow 长大；stand 站立；rest休息；hide 隐藏．根据句意，作者从这个经历里学着长大，故选A．
【点评】完形填空题主要考查学生对词语的运用能力及对语境的理解能力，这类题同一小题的四个选项一般是同一词性．做题时要先通读短文，了解各题所在的语境，然后在理解各选项意思的基础上结合具体的上下文来选择最佳答案填空．
3．（2019 北京）
Run for Class President
Two months ago， when our class election（选举） started， I decided to run for class president． I enjoyed speaking in public and got along well with people， so I felt it easy to win． But I was （1） B that people would feel bad for me if I lost．
I was busy preparing in the following week． My plan wasn't to make promises to do things I couldn't （2） C but to show my class why I wanted to be president． I put up my posters in hallways and in the classroom． I also spent three hours writing my speech， saying that I was the one they could turn to whenever they had a problem． Since I was （3） A prepared， I felt that my chances of winning were strong．
However， when I gave my speech on Election Day， the response （反应） wasn't what I had （4） D ． Few people actually listened． When it was my opponent's （对手的）turn， everyone was screaming his name． His speech was short， but all to the point． By then， I realized I should have made mine shorter and clearer．
It was obvious who would （5） D ． For the rest of the day， I felt like it was over． I wanted to just go home and cry， but I made it through．
My（6） B was right： I didn't win．
The next day， people were still talking about the election． I just pretended （假装） not to hear． But later， things got better． People（7） A about the election and talked to me just as they did before．
I don't regret putting time and energy into the election because I've learned that things aren't always going the way I expect． And moments of failure like this build （8） C ﹣since then I've learned to face disappointment and grown stronger．
（1）A． bored B． afraid C． excited D． hopeful
（2）A． compare B． remember C． manage D． repeat
（3）A． fully B． quickly C． freshly D． physically
（4）A． feared B． faced C． mentioned D． pictured
（5）A． insist B． return C． wait D． win
（6）A． suggestion B． prediction C． direction D． introduction
（7）A． forgot B． wrote C． cared D． discussed
（8）A． trust B． pride C． character D． support
【考点】记叙文．
【分析】我信心满满的参与竞选班长，准备很长时间，准备的很充分．在竞选的那一天，同学们对我不是欢迎．结果我落选了．我从中受益良多．
【解答】（1）B考查形容词．bored无聊的；afraid害怕的；excited兴奋的；hopeful有希望的．根据下文"that people would feel bad for me if I lost"因此可知这句话的意思是"但是我又害怕如果我落选的话，人们会为我感到难过．"故选B．
（2）C考查动词．compare比较；remember记住；manage设法做到；repeat重复．根据"My plan wasn't to make promises to do things I couldn't （2）_____but to show my class why I wanted to be president．" 通过分析句子结构可知这句话的意思是"我的计划不是许诺我设法做到什么事情而只是向同学们表面我想当班长．"故选C．
（3）A考查副词．fully满满地；quickly快地；freshly新鲜地；physically身体上地．根据上文"I put up my posters in hallways and in the classroom． I also spent three hours writing my speech， saying that I was the one they could turn to whenever they had a problem．"因此可知这句话的意思是"既然我做了充分地准备，我觉得我获胜的机会更大了．"故选A．
（4）D考查动词．feared害怕；faced面对；mentioned提及；pictured想象．根据"I felt that my chances of winning were strong．"以及"the response （反应） wasn't "因此可知这句话的意思是"然而，在竞选的那天我演讲的时候，反应并不是我想象的那样．"故选D．
（5）D考查动词．insist坚持；return返回；wait等待；win获胜．根据下文" I wanted to just go home and cry"因此可知这句话的意思是"谁会获胜是很明显的．"故选D．
（6）B考查名词．suggestion建议；prediction预测；direction方向；introduction介绍．根据空格后面的词语是was right： I didn't win．因此可知这句话的意思是"我的预测是正确的：我没有获胜．"
（7）A考查动词．forgot忘记；wrote写；cared关心；discussed讨论．根据上文" But later， things got better．"以及"talked to me just as they did before"因此可知这句话的意思是"人们忘记了选举的时期，和我说话和以前一样了．"故选A．
（8）C考查名词．trust信任；pride自豪；character性格；support支持．根据"I've learned to face disappointment and grown stronger．"因此可知这句话的意思是"失败的时刻就像性格的养成一样，自从那以后，我就学会了如何面对失望和变得更强大．"故选C．
【点评】首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合选项，从中找出最符合短文的选项，就可以确定正确答案．
4．（2018 北京）
Real Solutions（解决方法） to Problems
Thirty engineers were working as a team in a company．They were young and eager to learn．The management decided to teach them about finding real solutions to problems
One day，the team was called for a（1） A in a hall．They were quite surprised and all reached the hall holding various（2） C ．As they entered，they found a box placed in the center，full of flat balloons．
The manager asked everyone to pick a balloon and blow it up．Then they were asked to write their names on their respective（各自的）balloons（3） B so that the balloons wouldn't blow out．All tried，but not everyone was （4） D ．Five balloons blew out due to pressure（压力）．
Those who failed to mark their names on the balloons were （5） C out of the game．As a result，25 engineers came to the next level．All the balloons carrying their names were （6） A and then put into a room，here and there．
The engineers were told to pick the balloon with his or her name on，All the 25 engineers began to search for the respective balloons in a rush．It was almost 15 minutes but no one was able to （7） D the right one．The second level of the game was over．
Then came the final level．The engineers were asked to pick any balloon and give it to person named on the balloon．Within a couple of minutes，all balloons （8） B the hands of the respective engineers．
The manager announced this was the real solution to the problem．Many times in our life，sharing and helping others give us real solutions to problems．
（1）A．game B．show C．concert D．party
（2）A．purposes B．suggestions C．thoughts D．plans
（3）A．quietly B．carefully C．secretly D．clearly
（4）A．honest B．ready C．patient D．successful
（5）A．checked B．helped C．ruled D．cheated
（6）A．collected B．weighed C．tied D．cleaned
（7）A．mark B．hide C．number D．find
（8）A．freed B．reached C．lifted D．hit
【考点】记叙文．
【分析】本文主要讲述的是有关于协作的事情．一件事我们或许做起来很难，但是如果和别人一起做，相互帮助，就会事半功倍．
【解答】1．A，考查名词辨析，下文提到The second level of the game was over游戏结束，A游戏，B表演，C音乐会，D聚会，故选A．
2．C，考查名词辨析，根据all reached the hall holding various带着各种..来到这里，前面提到惊奇，所以是每个人有各种的想法，A目的，B建议，C想法，D计划，故选C．
3．B，考查形容词辨析，根据the balloons wouldn't blow out不能打破气球，所以是小心的，A轻轻的，B小心的，C秘密的，D清楚的，故选B．
4．D，考查形容词辨析，根据 Five balloons blew out due to pressure坏了5个，可知并不是所有人都成功了，A诚实的，B准备好的，C有耐心的，D成功的，故选D．
5．C，考查动词辨析，根据Those who failed to mark their names on the balloons 失败的人，所以是出局，rule out排除；A检查，B帮助，C规则，D清晰，故选C．
6．A，考查动词辨析，根据then put into a room，here and there将气球放在房子里，所以是先把所有的气球收集起来，A收集，B称重，C打结，D打扫，故选A．
7．D，考查动词辨析，根据right one正确的那个人，由此推测是找到那个人，A标记，B躲藏，C计数，D找到，故选D．
8．B，考查动词辨析，根据the hands of the respective engineers气球上名字对应的人，由此可知是交给那个人，A释放，B到达，C举起，D打击，故选B．
【点评】对于完形填空题目，首先应该阅读全文，了解协作的好处，然后根据题目意思进行分析，确定答案．
5．（2017 北京）
A Meaningful Gift
Emily was an eighth grader．To pass her Civics course（公民课程），she had to do some volunteer service in a nursing home for a week．
One Monday，Emily went to the nursing home after school．When she arrived，she was told she would（31） B an hour every weekday with an elderly lady，Mrs．Blair．She was then led into a room，where an old lady in a flowery dress was sitting on a sofa．
Emily（32） C awkwardly（别扭地）in front of the lady．She cleared her throat and said，"Good afternoon I'm Emily．"
"Good afternoon，Emily．Take a seat，please．"Mrs．Blair replied．
Then，（33） D filled the space between them．Emily wondered what to say．
"Tell me about yourself，Emily，"Mrs．Blair said suddenly．
"Well，"Emily started，"I don't have any grandparents，so I can't relate to elderly people much．I love the performing arts．I'm here mainly because I have to（34） C here to get a good grade for my Civics class．"
Mrs．Blair didn't seem to（35） A ．"Many people，especially teens，don't seem to care about old people like me．Now you are here，and I'm going to change that about you．Ask me anything．"
Emily thought for a moment，and finally decided，"What was your job？"
"I was a Broadway star in the 1950s．"Mrs．Blair answered．
"Cool!Can you tell me about it？"Emily asked，amazed．
Mrs．Blair smiled．"Back then，only the lead actress had the honor to wear a（36） B bracelet．I was the lead in almost all of the plays，so I always wore the bracelet．Till this day，I still have it．"
Emily smiled along with Mrs．Blair and listened to the other stories，attentively．She had become so
interested in Mrs．Blair's（37） C that she decided to come earlier the next day．
Tuesday，Wednesday，and Thursday passed by quickly．Then came Friday．As she was leaving，Emily was really（38） A to say goodbye．
"Don't be sad．You can still visit me，"Mrs．Blair comforted her．She then handed a small box to Emily，"It's my gift to you．"
Emily（39） D opened the box and was surprised to see what was inside．"It's the bracelet that you wore．Thank you!"Emily said，with tears in her eyes．"I'm sure to visit you whenever I'm free．"
On the way home，Emily thought of her own love for the performing arts．She touched the bracelet and
made a（40） A that she would keep her word to Mrs．Blair．
31．A．waste B．spend C．plan D．exercise
32．A．asked B．sat C．stood D．danced
33．A．warmth B．sadness C．happiness D．silence
34．A．study B．live C．volunteer D．play
35．A．mind B．fear C．insist D．regret
36．A．strange B．special C．common D．private
37．A．dreams B．hobbies C．stories D．jokes
38．A．upset B．confused C．surprised D．nervous
39．A．proudly B．secretly C．worriedly D．carefully
40．A．promise B．change C．judgment D．choice．
【考点】记叙文．
【分析】文章讲述了Emily为了通过她的公民课程不得不去养老院照顾老人，于是她结识了Blair太太，一开始气氛很尴尬，因为Emily不擅于与老人相处，她只是为了完成这门课程，但与Blair太太的聊天改变了她．Blair让她介绍下自己，她说自己喜欢表演，Blair太太告诉她她年轻时是百老汇的明星，由此Emily开始对她感兴趣，经常来听她的故事．后来Blair太太将自己戴的手镯送给了Emily，Emily承诺说自己一有空就会去陪她．
【解答】31．B 考查动词．A表示浪费；B表示花费；C表示计划；D表示运动．spend time with sb表示与某人一起度过时光，此处表示她被告知她在工作日每天 要花一小时的时间与一个老年女士一起共度，选B．
32．C 考查动词．A表示问；B表示坐；C表示站；D表示跳舞．由Blair太太说的Take a seat，please可知此处Emily是站着的，选C．
33．D 考查名词．A表示温暖；B表示悲伤；C表示快乐；D表示沉默．由Emily wondered what to say可知此处表示她们间充斥着沉默，选D．
34．C 考查动词．A表示学习；B表示生活；C表示志愿；D表示玩．由she had to do some volunteer service in a nursing home for a week可知此处表示我不得不志愿到此来为我的公民课程取得好成绩，选C．
35．A 考查动词．A表示介意；B表示害怕；C表示坚持；D表示遗憾．由下文Blair太太说的话Many people，especially teens，don't seem to care about old people like me．Now you are here，and I'm going to change that about you．Ask me anything可知此处表示Blair太太似乎并不介意，选A．
36．B 考查形容词．A表示奇怪的；B表示特别的；C表示普通的；D表示私人的．结合语境可知此处表示只有主演才有资格戴特别的手镯，选B．
37．C 考查名词．A表示梦想；B表示爱好；C表示故事；D表示玩笑．由Emily smiled along with Mrs．Blair and listened to the other stories可知此处表示她变得对Blair太太的故事如此感兴趣，选C．
38．A 考查形容词．A表示沮丧的；B表示迷惑的；C表示吃惊的；D表示紧张的．由Don't be sad可知此处表示Emily说再见很沮丧，选A．
39．D 考查副词．A表示自豪地；B表示秘密地；C表示担心地；D表示小心地．结合语境可知此处表示Emily小心地打开了盒子，选D．
40．A 考查名词．A表示承诺；B表示改变；C表示判断；D表示选择．由she would keep her word to Mrs．Blair可知此处表示并许诺，选A．
【点评】解答完形填空题需要快速阅读全文，了解文章大意，再带着选项去读，边读边做，注意联系上下文．
考点卡片
1．记叙文
【概念及特点】
完形填空题就是在一篇短文中空出某些词（或短语），每个空白处提供四个选项，要求从中选出一个最佳答案，使短文意思完整、结构合理、无语法错误的题型．
完形填空是在单项填空的基础上发展起来的介于单项填空和阅读理解之间的一种题型．它题材广泛，体裁多样．文章内容新颖、有趣、可读性强，具有鲜明的时代感，包括社会生活、风土人情、人文环境、人物传记等．而夹叙夹议型文章成为近几年完形填空变化的一个特点．篇章大多有10或15个小题，难度符合《新课程标准》的要求．
完形填空题的特点：
1、完形填空题能够较为全面地考查学生综合运用语言知识的能力．这一题型的主要考查内容为：
（1）语言知识型．考查语言基础知识，如固定短语、基本句型、基础语法、单词在一定语境下的具体应用、习惯用法、常用搭配等．
（2）推理判断型．考查对篇章的整体理解和推理判断能力．
（3）综合型．综合考查知识和能力．
2．完形填空题所选文章有以下两大特点：
（1）所选文章是一个有机的整体尽管看起来形式上有残缺（若干个空），但它的内容、句与句之间的衔接点、句子与段落之间的联系、段落与段落之间的逻辑顺序仍存在于篇章之中．
（2）文章选材广泛
近几年在试题设计上选择了学生感兴趣的热门话题，降低了对单词本身词义及语法的考查，注重上下文联系，突出综合运用英语的能力，全面测试考生的阅读理解能力、逻辑思维能力、逻辑分析能力和推理判断能力．因此，考生做完形填空题时，要快速通读全文，理解文章大意与各段落的中心意思，把握文章脉络和作者的写作意图．
【命题趋势】
完形填空题的两空之间一般相隔7﹣10个词，短文第一个句子作为提示句，一般不设空，并且短文被删去的词多是实词（动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词）为主，而虚词（介词、连词、冠词）相对较少，甚至不设空．其特点如下：
1．以考查实词为主
信息词汇（或通常所说的"实词"）比重极大，且有逐年增加的趋势．
2．降低了对单词本身词义的考查要求
突出该题型的主要测试目的：理解全文，通篇考虑，掌握大意，注意关联．
3．增加了考查连词的题
考查考生对于行文逻辑的掌握及对文句之间关联性的理解．
4．注重结合语境考查对词语用法的掌握
主要涉及两个方面：词义辨析与习惯搭配．同义词与近义词的比较分辨应当放到一定的语境之中才有意义．如果只是一一对应地记单词的中文意思，不注意具体语境中单词的确切含义，是难以分辨一些词的细微差异的．
【解题步骤】
1．通读全文，了解大意
做题之前，必须先浏览全文，了解短文的大意，这是非常重要的一个步骤．通过短文所提供的信息，借助语感及相关知识的推断，可以从整体上把握短文的轮廓．
完形填空题不同于单项填空题，单项填空题所给的是一个或两个句子，根据设空句或前后语境就可以选出答案．而完形填空题所给的是一篇意思完整的短文，答案的选择要联系整段或整篇文章．切勿为了省时而边看边填；否则，只会欲速则不达．许多地方看不下去，选择时或不解其意，或似懂非懂，从而举棋不定，这样不仅错误率高，而且费时费力．
每篇短文总有一定的主题思想，段落之间必须能承上启下，前后呼应，句与句之间也一定紧密相连，形成一个有机的整体．因此通读全文时要一气呵成，不要中断思路，只要能理解短文的大意即可．某些细节不理解可以跳过，如果不影响答题，可以置之不理；如果与答题有关，可等到第二步填空时再解决．另外，在阅读时要特别注意一篇文章的开头和结尾，因为它们往往能够提供主要的信息，有助于我们把握全文所描述的事件或文章的中心思想．
2．瞻前顾后，初选答案
在通读全文，了解大意的基础上，便可着手答题．根据习惯用法、固定搭配，并从上下文中找关键性暗示，注意前后对照，凭借语感先选出比较容易的答案．有些题目设计得很巧妙，由下文暗示上文，很有可能开头的空格填入四个选项在语法上都成立，但正确选项要到文章末尾才能知道．反之亦然，文章末尾的空格有可能在上文找到提示性的内容．
3．每空细读，分析斟酌
逐句精读，逐题分析选项，有少数空格需多方面地推敲分析，如词义分析、语法结构分析、上下文推理分析等，下面是从所给四个选项角度考虑的解题思路：
（1）若考查冠词，则须依据短文空白后单词的第一个音素来确定是用a还是an，根据空格后名词是表示特指还是泛指来确定是用不定冠词a/an还是用定冠词the，或根据冠词的习惯用法来确定．
（2）若是考查介词或副词（如up，out，of，away等）可先从固定搭配入手；若不属于固定搭配，则根据句子结构及介词和副词的意义及用法仔细进行推敲从而作出选择．
（3）若四个选项是名词，则须注意名词的单复数形式、所有格形式等．
（4）如考查形容词或副词，则须根据其所在句中的作用以及它前面的修饰语等来确定是什么词性，是应用比较级还是最高级．
（5）如果考查动词，要么考查在特定语境中动词词义的辨析，要么考查某些固定搭配或时态、语态以及非谓语动词形式等．
（6）若选项是连接词、关系词或连词，则应根据句子结构和上下文的意思决定是选择连接（关系）代词还是连接（关系）副词．也可从连词的一些惯用法或固定搭配等入手，如not．…until、as．…as、not so…as或用because不用so、用but不用though等．
4．复核全文，清除疏漏
所有的答案选出之后，应再次通读全文，对所选的答案进行核实调整，经过第三步的逐句推敲之后，对短文内容的理解更为深刻，最初选择时有些难解或误解的问题这时就很容易判断，从而也就能得到更好的解决．这一步费时不多却很有必要．
【注意事项】
1．重视首尾句
完形填空所选的短文一般无标题，但首句通常不设空格，它很可能是文章开篇的重要交代，为预测短文体裁及全文大意提供重要信息．尾句往往是段落的灵魂．首尾句往往是文章的主题句，在主题句中，一般可能出现文章的背景知识，故事性文章的时间、地点、人物、事件等，抓住并理解主题句对统观全文有很大的帮助．
2．先易后难
首先做那些只要根据上下文就能确定答案的直接的、明显的题目，即考查固定词组、常见句型或明显的语法结构等的题目．对于生疏的人名、地名以及次要的修饰词可暂时搁置一旁，这些东西往往纷杂、累赘，甚至令人厌烦，可尽量绕开它们．假如某个空格太难而一时拿不准选哪一个，可先把它放在一边进行"冷却"，把容易做的全部做好，这样就增强了信心，同时也降低了试题的难度，原来的难题也就不攻自破了．
3．巧断生词
如果句子中有个别生词，要通过上下文或构词法知识来推断它的词义．"熟词新义"的情况有时也会碰到，要注意灵活处理．有时，生词对解题根本没什么影响，所以碰到生词大可不必紧张．
4．以长补短，灵活作答
有的同学英语背景知识丰富，有的语感好，有的语法知识比较扎实，有的逻辑推理能力较强．总之要充分发挥自己的特长，以长补短，灵活作答，综合判断．
5．充满信心，集中精力
答题时头脑中切忌出现自己"解不出""做不完""看不懂"等坏信号．集中精力可使答题一气呵成，既有利于答题效率的提高，又能保证答题的准确性．
【解题方法】
1、利用语境及逻辑关系解题
完形填空的文章结构严谨，层次分明，句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间、上文与下文之间的逻辑关系很强．有些选项，不仅要符合语法的要求，更要符合语境及逻辑关系．如：
（2018盐城）I have had a long career as a nurse． I have met many patients． 28 _， I have never met another girl like Katy．
28． A． Instead B． Besides C．Therefore D． However
Instead代替；而不是，替代关系；Besides除此之外，递进关系；Therefore因此，因果关系However然而，转折关系．根据上文 "I have many patients．"以及下文 "I have never met another girl like Katy" 根据前后的逻辑关系，此处为转折关系，表示虽然见过很多病人，但是从没见过像Katy这样的女孩．这样就选出答案D项．
2、利用固定搭配解题
完形填空题中对词汇知识的考查主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两方面．习惯用法是英语中某种固定的结构形态，不能随意改动．所以，考生平时应掌握好习惯用法．对词义辨析题的考查有加大力度的趋势．要做好这类题，需要有较大的词汇量、掌握词语搭配知识并具有词语辨析的能力，特别：是在特定的语境中能灵活运用的能力．如：
（2018扬州）For a couple of days afterward， Max 25 a new title for me．
25． A． worked out B． turned out C． carried out D． tried out
work out意为 "得出"；turn out意为"结果是"；carry out意为 "执行"；try out意为 "尝试"，符合句意 "后来的几天，马克斯试图用新头衔称呼我．"所以此题只要对这些短语加以辨析就能找到答案B．
3、利用上下文或复现信息解题
语篇复现的信息包括原词复现、同义词和反义词复现、上义词和下义词复现、概括词复现、释义复现、代词复现等．因此，利用上下文寻找复现信息能帮助考生尽快确定答案．
（2017南通） Just as he had thrown down his wood， he heard his mother's weak voice from her bedroom． "I am 29 ， and longing for some tea．"
29． A． thirsty B． hungry C． sleepy D． busy
四个备选选项都能作表语，语法上没有错误，但如果读到后一句的longing for some tea，就能通过这种释义复现的方式看出妈妈要喝水，口渴的，这样就能选出答案A．
4、利用背景及常识解题
完形填空试题正朝着语言交际化、情景生活化、词汇运用灵活化的方向发展，语言运用与情景交际融为一体．因此解题时，考生的英语语言知识和其他方面的知识都发挥着重要的作用．
考生可充分对自己已掌握的文化背景、社会经验及生活常识巧妙地加以运用，这样将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去．如：
（2018泰州） Last autumn， my 80﹣year﹣old grandmother was having problems with her heart． My family sent her to the 16 ．
After a careful examination， a famous doctor told my grandmother， "You have such a 17_____ heart condition that you should have an operation．"
16． A． park B． hotel C． restaurant D． hospital
17． A． wonderful B． serious C． difficult D． proper
这两个小题都可以利用生活常识来解题．一般来说，人们身体出现问题，都送去医院，hospital符合题意；而奶奶需要一台手术，证明心脏病情是严重的，serious符合题意．因此，只要对备选选项的词义有基本的了解，答案就很容易选出．
总之，考生要在"读﹣填﹣读"的过程中遵循以下方针：抓住首句，跳过空格，通读全文，掌握大意；理解词义，瞻前顾后，先易后难，逐个突破；重读全文，个个审核，验证答案，战胜自我．2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之书面表达
一．书面表达（共10小题）
1．（2021 北京）题目①
北京是一座蕴含着丰富文化的城市，这里的建筑、戏曲、美食、服饰、手工艺品等，都有文化的印记。
假如你是李华，你校英语社团正在开展线上国际交流活动，其公众号计划做关于北京文化的系列推送，现就 "Cultural Symbols of Beijing（北京文化标志）"这一话题在校内收集素材。请你用英语给公众号留言，推荐一个你眼中的北京文化标志，对其作简要介绍，并说明推荐理由。
提示词语：show，traditional，love，treasure，important
提示问题：In your opinion，what's the cultural symbol of Beijing？
Please describe it.
Why do you think it can be a symbol？
I'm Li Hua，from Class 1，Grade 9.
I hope my idea can be taken.Thanks!
2．（2021 北京）题目②
现实中，大到自然环境和社会环境，小到个人生活和学习，变化无处不在，面对变化，唯有积极适应，才能有所进步和收获。
某英文网站正在开展以"适应变化"为主题的征文活动，假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿，谈谈你生活中的一个变化，你是如何应对这个变化的，以及有什么收获。
提示词语：help，enjoy，new，challenge，take action
提示问题： What is the change that happened in your life？
How did you deal with it？
What have you learned from the experience？
There are many changes in a person's life.
3．（2020 北京）题目②
"不积跬步，无以至千里．" 积累，有助于我们达成目标，实现梦想．
某英文网站正在开展以"积累"为主题的征文活动．假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿，谈谈你在积累知识方面做过什么，有什么收获．
提示词语：accumulate（积累），read，keep，make progress
提示问题：●What did you do to accumulate knowledge？
●What have you learned from doing so？
Without accumulating，we can hardly achieve anything．__________________________．
4．（2020 北京）从下面两个题目中任选一题，根据中文和英文提示，完成一篇不少于50词的文段写作．文中已给出内容不计入总词数．所给提示词语仅供选用．请不要写出你的校名和姓名．
题目①
假如你是李华，你不小心把Peter借给你的书弄丢了．为表达歉意，请用英语给他写一封邮件，告知此事，并提出弥补的办法．
提示词语：lose，make up（弥补），buy，send
提示问题：●What happened to the book？
●What will you do to make up for it？
Dear Peter， How are you getting on？ I'm writing this email to say sorry．_____________．Yours，Li Hua
5．（2019 北京）自律，即自我约束，是自我提升的一种途径，有助于我们成长，促使我们不断前行．
某英文网站正在开展以"自律"为主题的征文活动．假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿，谈谈为了增强自律意识，你做过什么，以及这样做给你带来的好处．
提示词语： self﹣disciplined（自律的），plan，goal，habit，improve
提示问题： What did you do to be self﹣disciplined？
What benefits have you got from doing so？
Self﹣discipline plays an important role in our life _________．
6．（2019 北京）假如你是李华，你们学校正在开展"安全月"宣传活动，倡议大家制作关于安全教育的主题海报，你们班交换生Peter给你发邮件询问相关事情．请用英语回复一封邮件，告诉他海报上交的时间，并分享你设计海报的一些想法．
提示词语： design，safety rule，careful，protect，picture
提示问题： When should you hand in the poster？
What would you like to share with Peter about designing the poster？
Dear Peter，
I'm glad to receive your email． _________．
If there is anything more that I can help with， please let me know．
Yours，
Li Hua
7．（2018 北京）"静以修身，俭以养德"，勤俭节约是中华民族的传统美德，无论生活富足与否，我们都应该提倡节俭，拒绝浪费．
某英文网站在开展以"节约是美德"为主题的征文活动，假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿．谈谈生活中你是怎么做的，以及这样做的意义．
提示词语：thrifty（节约的），save，turn off，money，virtue（美德）
提示问题： What do you do in your daily life？
Why do you do so？
It's one of our traditional virtues to be thrifty．________________．
8．（2018 北京）假如你是李华，你们学校要举办一场关于京剧的讲座，你打算邀请你们班交换生Peter参加，请用英语写一封电子邮件，告诉他讲座时间和地点以及需要做什么准备．
提示词语：lecture（讲座），invite，information，question，online
提示问题： When and where will you have the lecture？
What do you advise Peter to prepare for it？
Dear Peter，
How is it going？
There'll be a lecture on Peking Opera in our school． 　 　
If there is anything that I can do，please let me know．
Yours，
LiHua
9．（2017 北京）宽容是一种美德．人与人之间难免会有磕磕绊绊．面对矛盾，多一份包容和谅解，生活就会多一缕阳光．
某英文网站正在开展以"包容、谅解"为主题的征文活动．假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿，谈谈生活中你原谅他人的一次经历，主要内容包括：你们之间发生了什么，你为什么原谅对方，以及原谅对方之后的感受．
提示词语：hurt，realize，forgive（原谅），happy
提示问题：What happened between you and him/her？
Why did you decide to forgive him/her？
How did you feel after forgiving him/her？
I still remember what happened between．
_____．
10．（2017 北京）从下面两个题目中任选一题，根据中文和英文提示，完成一篇不少于50 词的文段写作．文中已给出内容不计入总词数．所给提示词语仅供选用．请不要写出你的校名和姓名．
题目①
假如你是李华，正在美国参加一个交换生项目．今天下午你应邀和朋友Jim 一家外出，请用英语给接待家庭的妈妈Mrs．Smith 写一个留言条，告诉她你们要去哪里，去做什么，以及你回家的时间和方式．
提示词语：park，movie theater，go boating，watch a movie
提示问题：Where are you going？
What are you going to do？
When and how will you get home？
Dear Mrs．Smith，
My friend Jim asks me to go out with his family this afternoon．
Li Hua．
2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之书面表达
参考答案与试题解析
一．书面表达（共10小题）
1．（2021 北京）题目①
北京是一座蕴含着丰富文化的城市，这里的建筑、戏曲、美食、服饰、手工艺品等，都有文化的印记。
假如你是李华，你校英语社团正在开展线上国际交流活动，其公众号计划做关于北京文化的系列推送，现就 "Cultural Symbols of Beijing（北京文化标志）"这一话题在校内收集素材。请你用英语给公众号留言，推荐一个你眼中的北京文化标志，对其作简要介绍，并说明推荐理由。
提示词语：show，traditional，love，treasure，important
提示问题：In your opinion，what's the cultural symbol of Beijing？
Please describe it.
Why do you think it can be a symbol？
I'm Li Hua，from Class 1，Grade 9.
I hope my idea can be taken.Thanks!
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】【高分句型一】
I believe that Jingju is a cultural symbol of Beijing .我相信京剧是北京的文化象征。宾语从句
【高分句型二】
That's why I think Jingju can be a cultural symbol of Beijing.
这就是为什么我认为京剧可以成为北京的文化象征。表语从句
【解答】I'm Li Hua.from Class 1，Grade 9.I believe that Jingju is a cultural symbol of Beijing .Jingju tells time﹣honored stories through singing and movements，showing us what life was like in the past.The performers are in beautiful clothes and with colorful faces.【高分句型一】
Jingju is a traditional art form loved by people of all ages.Besides，as a national treasure，it plays an important role in Chinese culture.That's why I think Jingju can be a cultural symbol of Beijing.【高分句型二】
I hope my idea can be taken.Thanks!
【点评】这是一篇提纲作文，题目要求围绕提示内容写作，命题既有限制又给予学生发挥的空间。在写作中要综合运用所学知识，适当运用连词、副词等进行过渡。
2．（2021 北京）题目②
现实中，大到自然环境和社会环境，小到个人生活和学习，变化无处不在，面对变化，唯有积极适应，才能有所进步和收获。
某英文网站正在开展以"适应变化"为主题的征文活动，假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿，谈谈你生活中的一个变化，你是如何应对这个变化的，以及有什么收获。
提示词语：help，enjoy，new，challenge，take action
提示问题： What is the change that happened in your life？
How did you deal with it？
What have you learned from the experience？
There are many changes in a person's life.
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】【高分句型一】
When I entered middle school，I felt lonely.当我进入中学时，我感到孤独。when引导时间状语从句
【高分句型二】
When change comes，we should face it and take action.当变化来临时，我们应该面对它并采取行动。when引导时间状语从句
【解答】There are many changes in a person's life.When I entered middle school，I felt lonely.【高分句型一】（什么变化）I missed my old friends，but I knew I had to fit in.I offered help to my class，joined in the after﹣school activities and invited my classmates to my birthday party.Gradually，I made some friends and enjoyed the company of my new classmates.（怎么面对的）
From this experience，I get to know change brings challenges as well as opportunities.When change comes，we should face it and take action.【高分句型二】（感受）
【点评】这是一篇提纲作文，题目要求围绕提示内容写作，命题既有限制又给予学生发挥的空间。在写作中要综合运用所学知识，适当运用连词、副词等进行过渡。
3．（2020 北京）题目②
"不积跬步，无以至千里．" 积累，有助于我们达成目标，实现梦想．
某英文网站正在开展以"积累"为主题的征文活动．假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿，谈谈你在积累知识方面做过什么，有什么收获．
提示词语：accumulate（积累），read，keep，make progress
提示问题：●What did you do to accumulate knowledge？
●What have you learned from doing so？
Without accumulating，we can hardly achieve anything．__________________________．
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】【高分句型一】
First of all， I attentively listened to the teachers， parents， and the others who could provide me with much knowledge， considering that it was one of the most effective ways to enrich myself． 首先，我认真地听老师、家长和其他可以给我提供很多知识的人讲，认为这是最有效的充实自己的方法之一．
who引导的定语从句；that引导的宾语从句．
【高分句型二】
So I have learned that only by gaining knowledge step by step can we achieve our goal and realize our dream． 所以我明白了只有一步一步地获取知识，我们才能实现我们的目标和梦想．
that引导的宾语从句；以only by开头的倒装句．
【解答】Without accumulating， we can hardly achieve anything． （点题）As for me， I have taken lots of measures to accumulate knowledge． First of all， I attentively listened to the teachers， parents， and the others who could provide me with much knowledge， considering that it was one of the most effective ways to enrich myself．【高分句型一】 In the second place， I used to observe something carefully and took note at the same time so that I would not miss anything important． Last but not least， when having spare time， I chose to read various books and reviewed what I had gained regularly．（如何积累知识的）
In a word， I have learned a lot during the process of accumulating knowledge． Just as an old saying goes， Rome was not built in one day． That is to say， one cannot succeed without persistent accumulation． So I have learned that only by gaining knowledge step by step can we achieve our goal and realize our dream．【高分句型二】 In the future， I will continue to keep accumulating knowledge and make greater progress．（学到了什么）
【点评】能够根据提示进行书面表达，能够围绕主题准确使用一定的语法、词汇、短语和句型等，清楚连贯地表达自己的思想，进而完成写作任务．
4．（2020 北京）从下面两个题目中任选一题，根据中文和英文提示，完成一篇不少于50词的文段写作．文中已给出内容不计入总词数．所给提示词语仅供选用．请不要写出你的校名和姓名．
题目①
假如你是李华，你不小心把Peter借给你的书弄丢了．为表达歉意，请用英语给他写一封邮件，告知此事，并提出弥补的办法．
提示词语：lose，make up（弥补），buy，send
提示问题：●What happened to the book？
●What will you do to make up for it？
Dear Peter， How are you getting on？ I'm writing this email to say sorry．_____________．Yours，Li Hua
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】【高分句型一】
Unfortunately， I won't make it because I lost it by accident． 不幸的是，我做不到，因为我不小心弄丢了它．
because引导的原因状语从句．
【高分句型二】
Unexpectedly， when I went back on that afternoon， the book was not where it had been before． 那天下午我回去的时候，没想到书不在原来的地方了．
when引导的时间状语从句；where引导的表语从句．
【解答】Dear Peter，
How are you getting on？ I'm writing this email to say sorry．（写信目的）Recently，I planned to return the book that you lent to me． Unfortunately， I won't make it because I lost it by accident．【高分句型一】 I took several books to the park nearby to read last Saturday morning． After finishing reading， I hurried home without putting the book into my bag． Unexpectedly， when I went back on that afternoon， the book was not where it had been before．【高分句型二】 I searched and searched but failed to find it． （发生了什么）
How I wish I would give it back to you! However， I have no choice but to break the bad news to you． I really hope to make up for your loss and have bought the same book online． I will send the book to you as soon as possible．（怎么弥补） Hopefully， you will understand my situation and accept my apology．
I'm looking forward to your reply．
Yours，
Li Hua
【点评】能够根据提示进行书面表达，能够围绕主题准确使用一定的语法、词汇、短语和句型等，清楚连贯地表达自己的思想，进而完成写作任务．
5．（2019 北京）自律，即自我约束，是自我提升的一种途径，有助于我们成长，促使我们不断前行．
某英文网站正在开展以"自律"为主题的征文活动．假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿，谈谈为了增强自律意识，你做过什么，以及这样做给你带来的好处．
提示词语： self﹣disciplined（自律的），plan，goal，habit，improve
提示问题： What did you do to be self﹣disciplined？
What benefits have you got from doing so？
Self﹣discipline plays an important role in our life _________．
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】【高分句型一】
And I could not only respect all my teachers but also get on well with my classmates．
我可以不仅尊重我所有的老师，而且和同学相处得很好．not only …but also…不仅…而且…
【高分句型二】
Secondly， my life and my study have been of high efficiency so that a lot of time has been saved．
其次，我的生活和我的学习效率高，所以节省了很多时间．so that引导目的状语从句．
【解答】Self﹣discipline plays an important role in our life． （点题）
To be honest，I am a person who is self﹣disciplined． I used to follow all kinds of rules and hand in the tasks appointed on time at school． And I could not only respect all my teachers but also get on well with my classmates．【高分句型一】At home， I was able to balance housework and homework． I usually made a plan in advance to make it easier to achieve my goal． After finishing all the task， I developed the habit of getting up early and going to bed early． In the society， I spared no effort to improve myself all the time．（如何自律的）
In a word， I have benefited a lot from being self﹣disciplined． First of all， I have had many good habits，which makes my life easier and more regular． Secondly， my life and my study have been of high efficiency so that a lot of time has been saved．【高分句型二】 Thirdly， being self﹣disciplined has prepared me for a better and brighter future． In the future， I will continue to be a self﹣disciplined person．（自律的好处）
【点评】能够根据提示进行书面表达，能够围绕主题准确使用一定的语法、词汇、短语和句型等，清楚连贯地表达自己的思想，进而完成写作任务．
6．（2019 北京）假如你是李华，你们学校正在开展"安全月"宣传活动，倡议大家制作关于安全教育的主题海报，你们班交换生Peter给你发邮件询问相关事情．请用英语回复一封邮件，告诉他海报上交的时间，并分享你设计海报的一些想法．
提示词语： design，safety rule，careful，protect，picture
提示问题： When should you hand in the poster？
What would you like to share with Peter about designing the poster？
Dear Peter，
I'm glad to receive your email． _________．
If there is anything more that I can help with， please let me know．
Yours，
Li Hua
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】高分句型一：
First ， the basic safety rules are of great importance， which should be included in your poster．
首先，基本安全规则非常重要，这应该包括在你的海报里．be of great importance非常重要，which should be included in your poster． 非限制性定语从句
高分句型二：
In addition， it is a good idea for you to draw a few pictures on your poster so as to make it more lively and acceptable．
另外，为了使之更生动、更可接受，在海报上画几张图片也是好想法．so as to 目的是，为了，make it +adj，make it more lively and acceptable使之更生动、更可接受
【解答】Dear Peter，
I'm glad to receive your email．As it is required， you are supposed to hand in the poster before next Friday．（海报上交的时间）
Being your close friend， I am extremely willing to share some ideas about designing the poster with you． First ， the basic safety rules are of great importance， which should be included in your poster． 【高分句型一】Second， following the safety rules is so meaningful and crucial that you had better remind your readers of its importance and advise them to be careful both in and out of school． Third， adding a few suggestions about safety awareness is necessary． In addition， it is a good idea for you to draw a few pictures on your poster so as to make it more lively and acceptable．【高分句型二】（设计海报的一些想法）
If there is anything more that I can help with， please let me know．
Yours，
Li Hua
【点评】在解答写作这类试题时，要根据短文的中心思想考虑如何开头、展开和结尾，设想几个承上启下的连词，将主要句型、关键词语草草记下，形成提纲，写时切忌结构分散，废话连篇，严重跑题．
7．（2018 北京）"静以修身，俭以养德"，勤俭节约是中华民族的传统美德，无论生活富足与否，我们都应该提倡节俭，拒绝浪费．
某英文网站在开展以"节约是美德"为主题的征文活动，假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿．谈谈生活中你是怎么做的，以及这样做的意义．
提示词语：thrifty（节约的），save，turn off，money，virtue（美德）
提示问题： What do you do in your daily life？
Why do you do so？
It's one of our traditional virtues to be thrifty．________________．
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】高分句型：
It's a good idea to start on in our daily life．在我们的日常生活中提倡它是个好主意．这里It's a good idea to do sth表示做某事是一个好主意．
I think everyone should take actions to stick to this virtue．我认为每个人都应该采取行动来坚持这一美德．这里think后面跟的是一个宾语从句．
【解答】It's one of our traditional virtues to be thrifty．Being thrifty is a good virtue which has been passed down from generation to generation． It's a good idea to start on in our daily life（高分句型）．（提出话题：节约是美德　　）
First of all ， I constantly check the lights and the taps to make sure that they are off when leaving the house ， Besides， never have I wasted any food， what's more， I don't spend too much money on unnecessary things and save money regularly．（介绍在日常生活中做了什么）
The reason why I do so is that I want to make a difference to my life， As the old saving goes， "Waste not， want not"I make up my mind to be thrifty as much as possible． I think everyone should take actions to stick to this virtue（高分句型）．（论述这样做的原因）
【点评】本篇为议论文话题作文，主题为"节约是美德"，考生需要从两个方面作答，第一个方面是介绍日常生活中你都做了什么？第二个方面 你为什么这样做？
8．（2018 北京）假如你是李华，你们学校要举办一场关于京剧的讲座，你打算邀请你们班交换生Peter参加，请用英语写一封电子邮件，告诉他讲座时间和地点以及需要做什么准备．
提示词语：lecture（讲座），invite，information，question，online
提示问题： When and where will you have the lecture？
What do you advise Peter to prepare for it？
Dear Peter，
How is it going？
There'll be a lecture on Peking Opera in our school． 　The Peking Opera will start at 10：00 this Friday morning in the school hall．I am writing to invite you to take part in the meaningful lecture．
In the lecture ，we can not only get some useful information about the Peking Opera，but also get close to the traditional Chinese culture，which can benefit us a lot．
There are some suggestions for you to prepare for it．First of all，remember to be there on time，what's more，don't forget to bring a camera with you ，which can record the precious moment，last but not least，it's a golden chance for you to come up with some questions that you are willing to learn about．　
If there is anything that I can do，please let me know．
Yours，
LiHua
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】高分句型：
I am writing to invite you to take part in the meaningful lecture．我写信是想邀请你参加这个有意义的演讲．这里invite sb to do sth表示邀请某人做某事．
If there is anything that I can do please let me know．如果有什么我能做的，请告诉我．这里let sb do sth表示让某人做某事．
【解答】Dear Peter，
How is it going？
There'll be a lecture on Peking Opera in our school．（引出话题）The Peking Opera will start at 10：00 this Friday morning in the school hall．I am writing to invite you to take part in the meaningful lecture．（高分句型）（讲座时间和地点）
In the lecture ，we can not only get some useful information about the Peking opera ，but also get close to the traditional Chinese culture，which can benefit us a lot．
There are some suggestions for you to prepare for it．First of all，remember to be there on time，what's more，don't forget to bring a camera with you ，which can record the precious moment，last but not least，it's a golden chance for you to come up with some questions that you are willing to learn about．（需要做的准备）
If there is anything that I can do ，please let me know．（高分句型）
Yours，
Li Hua
【点评】在解答写作这类试题时，要根据短文的中心思想考虑如何开头、展开和结尾，设想几个承上启下的连词，将主要句型、关键词语草草记下，形成提纲，写时切忌结构分散，废话连篇，严重跑题．
9．（2017 北京）宽容是一种美德．人与人之间难免会有磕磕绊绊．面对矛盾，多一份包容和谅解，生活就会多一缕阳光．
某英文网站正在开展以"包容、谅解"为主题的征文活动．假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿，谈谈生活中你原谅他人的一次经历，主要内容包括：你们之间发生了什么，你为什么原谅对方，以及原谅对方之后的感受．
提示词语：hurt，realize，forgive（原谅），happy
提示问题：What happened between you and him/her？
Why did you decide to forgive him/her？
How did you feel after forgiving him/her？
I still remember what happened between．
_____．
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】高分句型：
句型一：
My father bought it for me last year，and I like it very much．去年我爸爸给我买的，我非常喜欢它．
buy sth for sb为某人买某物
句型二：
Keeping something unpleasant in mind does no good to us．记住一些不愉快对我们没有好处．
keep sth in mind记住
does no good to sb对某人没有好处
【解答】Yesterday，I had a fight with my friend Tom．He took away my pen without my agreement．（我们之间发生的事）My father bought it for me last year，and I like it very much．【高分句型一】His behavior hurt me．I was very angry．For his sorry，he wrote a card："Sorry，please forgive me"．He felt ashamed for what he do．At last I realised that I was too stingy．I choose to forgive him．（我为什么原谅他）He was very happy for my forgiveness．I was very happy，too．（我的感受）Through this matter，we became good friends．
As the Chinese old saying goes"To err is human"．In our whole long life，I believe，nobody can make no mistakes．Children may broke bowls，students may cheat or do something against the teacher，and grown﹣ups may do something wrong on their work or even something against the law．Keeping something unpleasant in mind does no good to us．【高分句型二】Letting the unhappy matters go brings happiness and pleasure back to our life．（建议）
【点评】能够根据提示进行书面表达，能够围绕主题准确使用一定的语法、词汇、短语和句型等，清楚连贯地表达自己的思想，进而完成写作任务．
10．（2017 北京）从下面两个题目中任选一题，根据中文和英文提示，完成一篇不少于50 词的文段写作．文中已给出内容不计入总词数．所给提示词语仅供选用．请不要写出你的校名和姓名．
题目①
假如你是李华，正在美国参加一个交换生项目．今天下午你应邀和朋友Jim 一家外出，请用英语给接待家庭的妈妈Mrs．Smith 写一个留言条，告诉她你们要去哪里，去做什么，以及你回家的时间和方式．
提示词语：park，movie theater，go boating，watch a movie
提示问题：Where are you going？
What are you going to do？
When and how will you get home？
Dear Mrs．Smith，
My friend Jim asks me to go out with his family this afternoon．
Li Hua．
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】高分句型：
句型一：
Finally，we are going to go boating in the lake．最后，我们在湖里划船．
be going to do sth 打算做某事
go boating 划船
in the lake在湖里
句型二：
I'm sure to have a lot of fun．我肯定会玩得很开心．
be sure to do sth一定会做某事
have fun玩得开心
a lot of 许多
【解答】Dear Mrs．Smith，
My friend Jim asks me to go out with his family this afternoon． I'm writing to tell you that we will meet in the park．（在哪见面）Then we will go to the movie theater to watch a movie．Finally，we are going to go boating in the lake．【高分句型一】（做什么）Don't worry about me．We will be back at 6：00 p．m.． Jim's father will send me home by taxi．（回家时间和方式）I'm sure to have a lot of fun．【高分句型二】Waiting for my back．
Yours，
Li Hua
【点评】写作主要考查学生综合运用英语语言的能力，涉及学生的词汇量，正确运用单词的能力，对所学语法的掌握程度，能否按照英语习惯正确表达所要表达的意思的能力等等．
考点卡片
1．提纲作文
【概念】
提纲作文是近几年中考英语书面表达的热点题型．命题者通常把提纲作文与其他常用文体形式（如书信、报道、通知、日记等）有机结合在一起进行考查，使该类书面表达试题综合性越来越强．
1．提纲作文的特点
提纲作文就是把文章的情景和内容要求分成块，以条目的形式列出，请考生据此进行写作．这实际上是对考生思路和文章写作范围所作的明确限定．因此，提纲中所列举的要点要全部涉及到，一个也不能遗漏．
2．思维空间灵活、开放
为了提高文章档次，考生应在保证内容要点齐全的同时进行合理而又紧扣主题的发挥．因此，该类型的书面表达具有一定的灵活性，能较好地体现考生的英语思维能力．
3．提纲作文的写作步骤一般分为：审题，明确文体形式；构思，根据提纲全面构思文章内容，根据内容构思词语和句型结构；写作完稿，根据构思的词语和句型结构，按照合理的顺序和语言要求，连句成文．注意句子间的正确联系，注意词语的丰富和句型的多样．
【写作举例】
假定你们学校英语报社征集以"我最感激的人﹣﹣妈妈"为主题的英语作文，请你根据要求写一篇英语短文，谈谈你的妈妈．
要点：1、简单介绍妈妈．
2、感激妈妈的理由．
3、如何感激．
注意：1、词数100左右．
2、可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯．
3、开头已为你写好，但不计入总词数．
Everyone has a person he wants to say thank﹣you to in his
deep heart．I owe my great gratitude to my mother． ．
案例分析
第一步：审题
本篇书面表达属于提纲类作文，根据提示信息假定你们学校英语报社征集以"我最感激的人﹣﹣妈妈"为主题的英语作文，请你根据要求写一篇英语短文，谈谈你的妈妈， 写作时注意以下几点：一、仔细阅读有关提示，弄清试题提供的所有信息，要点包括：1、简单介绍妈妈． 2、感激妈妈的理由． 3、如何感激． 二、提纲是文章的总体框架，要在提纲的范围内进行分析、构思和想象．要依据提示情景或词语，按照一定逻辑关系来写．本文写作时可以按照要点所给的顺序写．三、根据要表达的内容确定句子的时态、语态．四．注意使用高级词汇和句式，以增加文章的亮点．
第二步：构思
文章应该按照"总述﹣﹣分述"的结构分为四段段．
第一段：点题，说明要感激的人．
第二段：简单介绍妈妈．
第三段：感激妈妈的理由．
第四段：如何感激．
第三步：完稿
根据要点，按照逻辑顺序重新组织材料，力求拼写正确，行文连贯，连接自然，语言规范，词语丰富，句型多样，语法结构准确无误，表达简明扼要，慎用长难句．
高分范文
Everyone has a person he wants to say thank﹣you to in his deep heart．I am very grateful to my mother．
My mother is a primary school teacher who graduated from a normal university．（高分句型一）She is a devoted mother as well as a kind and patient teacher．（简单介绍妈妈）She takes good care of me every day，especially this year when I am in Junior Three．She often cooks delicious food for me and helps me clean up my room．
What's more，she even accompanies me deep into the night every time I am doing my homework．（高分句型二）Most important of all，whenever I get upset or lose heart，she will encourage me until I have been cheered up．She always says， "Heaven will always leave a door open．As long as you work hard，you will definitely succeed．"（感激妈妈的理由）
Now I try my best to study and spend almost all my time on my lessons in order to get into a good high school next year．This is the best way for me to thank my mother．（如何感激）2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之时态&语态
一．选择题（共20小题）
1．（2021 北京）Today，many winter Olympic sports__________ even by children.（ ）
A．enjoyed B．enjoy
C．were enjoyed D．are enjoyed
2．（2020 北京）The kite in China more than 2，000 years ago．（ ）
A．invents B．invented
C．is invented D．was invented
3．（2019 北京）My advice on how to save paper by my class last Monday．（ ）
A．accepts B．accepted
C．was accepted D．is accepted
4．（2018 北京）A new international airport in the city next year．（ ）
A．completes B．is completed
C．will complete D．will be completed
5．（2018 毕节市）The mobile phone in 1973．（ ）
A．invents B．is invented
C．invented D．was invented
6．（2021 北京）—Peter，what are you doing？
—Oh，I_________a report about national heroes.（ ）
A．will write B．am writing
C．wrote D．have written
7．（2021 北京）Mr.Smith______ Chinese for two years.He's much better at it now.（ ）
A．learns B．was learning
C．has learned D．will learn
8．（2021 北京）—Lily，what do you usually do after school？
—I_________exercise with my friends.（ ）
A．do B．did C．will do D．was doing
9．（2020 北京）We each other since I came to Beijing， but we send emails very often．（ ）
A．don't see B．didn't see
C．won't see D．haven't seen
10．（2020 北京）I on the computer when Frank called me last night．（ ）
A．work B．will work
C．was working D．am working
11．（2020 北京）﹣What's that noise，Sam？
﹣My little brother with his toy car now．（ ）
A．will play B．is playing C．plays D．played
12．（2019 北京）﹣ Tom， what's your dad doing？
﹣ He my bike．（ ）
A．repairs B．will repair
C．has repaired D．is repairing
13．（2019 北京）Our school life a lot since 2017． We have more activities now．（ ）
A．changes B．changed
C．will change D．has changed
14．（2018 北京）Bill likes reading． He picture books with his dad every evening．（ ）
A．read B．reads C．is reading D．has read
15．（2018 北京）﹣﹣Lucy，is your uncle a teacher？
﹣﹣Yes，he is．He history for nearly 20 years．（ ）
A．teaches B．has taught
C．is teaching D．will teach
16．（2018 北京）David is a tennis player．He to play tennis when he was six years old．（ ）
A．begins B．will begin C．began D．has begun
17．（2018 北京）﹣﹣Paul， what were you doing at nine last night？
﹣﹣I a movie in the cinema with my friends．（ ）
A．was watching B．watch
C．have watched D．will watch
18．（2017 北京）My mother some washing when the telephone rang．（ ）
A．does B．did C．is doing D．was doing
19．（2017 北京）Lily is my classmate．We each other since she came to our school．（ ）
A．know B．knew C．have known D．will know
20．（2017 北京）﹣﹣﹣How do you usually go to school？
﹣﹣﹣I to school on foot．（ ）
A．go B．went C．was going D．will go
2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之时态&语态
参考答案与试题解析
一．选择题（共20小题）
1．（2021 北京）Today，many winter Olympic sports__________ even by children.（ ）
A．enjoyed B．enjoy
C．were enjoyed D．are enjoyed
【考点】一般现在时的被动语态．
【分析】今天，许多冬奥会项目甚至连孩子们都喜欢。
【解答】句子表述的是一般性的事实，所以用一般现在时，主语 winter Olympic sports是动作enjoy 的承受者，所以用被动语态，一般现在时被动语态的构成是：主语+am/is/are+动词的过去分词。
故选：D。
【点评】本题考查时态和语态．每个时态都有标志词，熟记这些标志词是做题的关键．在没有时间状语的情况下可以根据语境来对时态做出判断．判断语态的关键则是观察主语是谓语动词的执行者还是承受者。
2．（2020 北京）The kite in China more than 2，000 years ago．（ ）
A．invents B．invented
C．is invented D．was invented
【考点】一般过去时的被动语态．
【分析】2000多年前中国就有风筝了．
【解答】invents，invent的第三人称单数形式，意为"发明"，用于一般现在时；invented，invent的过去式，意为"发明了"，用于一般过去时；is invented，意为"被发明"，用于一般现在时的被动语态；was invented，意为"被发明"，用于一般过去时的被动语态．根据题干可知主语"The kite"是动作的承受者，因此谓语动词应用被动语态，排除A、B选项．由时间状语"more than 2，000 years ago"可知此处应用一般过去时的被动语态，排除C．
故选：D。
【点评】熟知一般过去时的被动语态的含义及用法，再结合选项，排除错误选项，选出正确的答案．
3．（2019 北京）My advice on how to save paper by my class last Monday．（ ）
A．accepts B．accepted
C．was accepted D．is accepted
【考点】一般过去时的被动语态．
【分析】我关于如何节约纸张的建议上星期一被我的班级接受了．
【解答】主语my advice与动词accept是被动关系，根据last Monday用一般过去时的被动语态，was/were +过去分词，句意：我关于如何节约纸张的建议上星期一被我的班级接受了．
故选：C。
【点评】解答此类试题时，务必根据题目的要求，在准确理解句子意思的前提下，结合时态准确作答
4．（2018 北京）A new international airport in the city next year．（ ）
A．completes B．is completed
C．will complete D．will be completed
【考点】一般将来时的被动语态．
【分析】一座新的国际飞机场明年将要在城市完工．
【解答】completes一般现在时；is completed 一般现在时的被动语态；will complete一般将来时； will be completed一般将来时的被动语态．根据句子的主语是"A new international airport"以及时间状语"next year"所以要用一般将来时的被动语态来填空，因此可知这句话的意思是"一座新的国际飞机场明年将要在城市完工．"
故选：D．
【点评】首先要掌握各种时态以及语态的用法，然后结合具体的题目，就可以确定正确答案．
5．（2018 毕节市）The mobile phone in 1973．（ ）
A．invents B．is invented
C．invented D．was invented
【考点】语态的辨析．
【分析】手机是1973发明的．
【解答】答案：D．考查被动语态．句意"手机是1973发明的．"．A第三人称单数．B一般现在时态的被动语态．C过去时．D一般过去时态的被动语态．结合语境1973年，可知应该是一般过去时态，因此A，B不正确．主语mobile phone手机，是动词invent"发明"动作的承受者，因此用一般过去时态的被动语态，结构是was/were+动词的过去分词，C不正确．答案是D．
【点评】被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，被动语态由"be动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成，be动词的单复数要与主语的单复数保持一致，还要注意时态及过去分词的变法．
6．（2021 北京）—Peter，what are you doing？
—Oh，I_________a report about national heroes.（ ）
A．will write B．am writing
C．wrote D．have written
【考点】现在进行时．
【分析】﹣皮特，你正在做什么？
﹣哦，我正在写一篇关于民族英雄的报道。
【解答】根据"what are you doing"可知，事情正在发生，应用现在进行时。
故选：B。
【点评】正确辨析四个选项的时态，结合语境分析作答。
7．（2021 北京）Mr.Smith______ Chinese for two years.He's much better at it now.（ ）
A．learns B．was learning
C．has learned D．will learn
【考点】现在完成时．
【分析】史密斯先生学习汉语已经两年了，他现在更加擅长汉语了。
【解答】因为句中有for two years，所以要用现在完成时，其结构是have/has+done，A一般现在时，B过去进行时，C现在完成时，D一般将来时。
故选：C。
【点评】考查句子时态。时态考查的题目需要先找准时间标志词，根据时间标志词判断时态，没有标志词的可以根据翻译判断语境，再根据时态的结构进行选择。
8．（2021 北京）—Lily，what do you usually do after school？
—I_________exercise with my friends.（ ）
A．do B．did C．will do D．was doing
【考点】一般现在时．
【分析】﹣莉莉，放学后你通常做什么？
﹣我和朋友一起锻炼身体。
【解答】根据问句标志词usually可知，该句应为一般现在时，谓语为行为动词，且主语为第一人称，后接动词原形。
故选：A。
【点评】要求熟悉课本所学，掌握句意，结合语法知识，确定时态，句式，辨析选项，确定答案，完成题目。
9．（2020 北京）We each other since I came to Beijing， but we send emails very often．（ ）
A．don't see B．didn't see
C．won't see D．haven't seen
【考点】现在完成时．
【分析】自从我离开北京后我们就没见过面，但我们经常发电子邮件．
【解答】从 since I came to Beijing判断句子使用现在完成时，构成have/has+动词的过去分词，主语是we，用have．
故选：D．
【点评】本题考查现在完成时，基础题，掌握每个时态常用的时间状语是解题的关键，再根据题干即可作出选择．
10．（2020 北京）I on the computer when Frank called me last night．（ ）
A．work B．will work
C．was working D．am working
【考点】过去进行时．
【分析】弗兰克昨晚给我打电话时，我正在用电脑工作．
【解答】根据题干when Frank called me last night，该句是when引导的时间状语从句，从句一般过去时，主句应用过去进行时，其结构是主语+was/were doing．
故选：C．
【点评】本题考查过去进行时，要求学生掌握该时态的用法是解题的关键，再根据题干即可作出选择．
11．（2020 北京）﹣What's that noise，Sam？
﹣My little brother with his toy car now．（ ）
A．will play B．is playing C．plays D．played
【考点】现在进行时．
【分析】那是什么噪音，山姆？我的弟弟正在玩他的玩具汽车．
【解答】A．will play一般将来时；B．is playing现在进行时；C．plays一般现在时；D．played一般过去时；根据 now，可知句子是现在进行时，结构为be+动词的现在分词，主语是My little brother第三人称单数．
故选：B．
【点评】仔细分析句子的结构，掌握现在进行时的用法．
12．（2019 北京）﹣ Tom， what's your dad doing？
﹣ He my bike．（ ）
A．repairs B．will repair
C．has repaired D．is repairing
【考点】现在进行时．
【分析】﹣﹣汤姆，你爸爸在干什么？
﹣﹣他在修自行车．
【解答】根据问句what's your dad doing？可知答句用现在进行时，be（am，is，are）+现在分词，句意：他在修自行车．
故选：D．
【点评】解答此类试题时，务必根据题目的要求，在准确理解句子意思的前提下，结合时态准确作答
13．（2019 北京）Our school life a lot since 2017． We have more activities now．（ ）
A．changes B．changed
C．will change D．has changed
【考点】现在完成时．
【分析】自2007年以来，我们的学校生活发生了很大变化．我们现在有更多的活动，
【解答】根据句意"自2007年以来，我们的学校生活发生了很大变化．我们现在有更多的活动 "和since 2017可知，要用现在完成时，其构成为have/ has done．
故选：D．
【点评】考查现在完成时，要牢记现在完成时的构成及用法．
14．（2018 北京）Bill likes reading． He picture books with his dad every evening．（ ）
A．read B．reads C．is reading D．has read
【考点】一般现在时．
【分析】比尔喜欢读书．他每天晚上和爸爸一起看图画书．
【解答】从every evening判断句子时态用一般现在时，主语是单数．
故选：B．
【点评】熟悉一般现在时的基本用法，结合题意，给出答案．
15．（2018 北京）﹣﹣Lucy，is your uncle a teacher？
﹣﹣Yes，he is．He history for nearly 20 years．（ ）
A．teaches B．has taught
C．is teaching D．will teach
【考点】现在完成时．
【分析】﹣﹣露西，你叔叔是老师吗？
﹣﹣是的，他教了将近20年的历史了．
【解答】根据for nearly 20 years可知，这是一个表示一段时间的时间状语，通常用于现在完成时，而且动词应该用延续性动词，现在完成时态结构为have/has+动词的过去分词．
故选：B。
【点评】本题主要考查现在完成时，用法：表示过去发生或完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，还表示过去发生动作一直持续到现在．其结构是have/has+及物动词的过去分词．此题注意短暂性动词和延续性动词区别．
16．（2018 北京）David is a tennis player．He to play tennis when he was six years old．（ ）
A．begins B．will begin C．began D．has begun
【考点】一般过去时．
【分析】戴维是个网球运动员，六岁时就开始打网球了．
【解答】从when he was six years old判断句子时态用一般过去时．
故选：C．
【点评】熟悉一般过去时的基本用法，结合题意，给出答案．
17．（2018 北京）﹣﹣Paul， what were you doing at nine last night？
﹣﹣I a movie in the cinema with my friends．（ ）
A．was watching B．watch
C．have watched D．will watch
【考点】过去进行时．
【分析】﹣保罗，你昨晚九点在干什么？
﹣我和我的朋友正在电影院看电影．
【解答】根据﹣﹣Paul， what were you doing at nine Last night？，可知 at nine Last night是过去比较具体的时间点，动作用过去进行时were/was+doing．
故选：A．
【点评】熟悉过去进行时的用法，结合题意，给出答案．
18．（2017 北京）My mother some washing when the telephone rang．（ ）
A．does B．did C．is doing D．was doing
【考点】时态辨析．
【分析】电话铃响时，我妈妈正在洗衣服．
【解答】答案：D．考查时态．句意"电话铃响时，我妈妈正在洗衣服．"．A第三人称单数．B过去时．C现在进行时态．D过去进行时态．由rang过去式，可知表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作，这里指电话铃响时，我妈妈正在洗衣服，用过去进行时态，结构是was/were+动词的现在分词．主语是mother单数，用was．do的现在分词是doing．答案是D．
【点评】考查时态，英语中时态包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，一般过去时态，一般将来时态，现在完成时态等，好结合所给时间状语，认真分析选择正确时态．
19．（2017 北京）Lily is my classmate．We each other since she came to our school．（ ）
A．know B．knew C．have known D．will know
【考点】现在完成时．
【分析】莉莉是我的同学，自从她来我们学校我们就认识彼此了．
【解答】答案：C．结合可知动作发生在过去，对现在造成一定的影响，故用现在完成时have/has+过去分词，主语we．故have，故答案是C．
【点评】现在完成时有两种用法：
1．过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果或到现在为止已经发生或完成的动作．
2．表示过去发生的、持续到现在的动作或状态．
20．（2017 北京）﹣﹣﹣How do you usually go to school？
﹣﹣﹣I to school on foot．（ ）
A．go B．went C．was going D．will go
【考点】时态辨析．
【分析】﹣﹣你通常怎样去上学？
﹣﹣我步行去上学．
【解答】答案：A．考查时态．句意"﹣﹣你通常怎样去上学？﹣﹣我步行去上学．"．A动词原形．B过去时．C过去进行时态．D一般将来时态．由usually通常，可知表示习惯性动作用一般现在时态主语是I我，第一人称，谓语动词用原形go．答案是A．
【点评】考查时态，英语中时态包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，一般过去时态，一般将来时态，现在完成时态等，好结合所给时间状语，认真分析选择正确时态．
考点卡片
1．一般过去时
【概念】
（1）时态
时态是动词的一种形式，分为时间和状态．时间即过去、现在、未来．态有一般状态、进行状态、完成状态、完成进行状态．它是表示行为、动作、状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式．
（2）一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态，过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为，过去主语所具备的能力和性格．
【结构】
（1）主谓宾结构：主语+谓语（动词过去式）+句子其他成分．
He did his homework yesterday．
（2）主系表结构：主语+was/were+其它．
She was a student ten years ago．
There were many flowers 2 days ago．
【用法】
（1）一般过去时，表示过去某个时间里发生的非持续性动作或存在的状态，也表示经常或反复发生的动作．用动词的过去式表示，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday，last night，in+过去的年份，two days ago，before，the age of等．
He ____a book yesterday．It ____him 50 yuan．
A．bought，paid B．spent，took
C．paid，spent D．bought，cost
分析：昨天他买了一本书，它花了他50元．
解答：D．根据关键词yesterday可知，本句是一般过去时态，bought，买，是瞬间动词，表示过去的动作；第二个空it做主语，代指a book，所以动词用cost．故选D．
点评：本题考查动词的时态，解决此类问题是根据关键词和标志词来确定动词的形式，在不同的语言环境中达到熟练掌握的目的．
（2）一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often，always等表示频率的时间状语连用．表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格．
Dad，did you ride a bike to school when you _________ a boy？No，my family was poor，so I usually _________ to school on foot．（ ）
A．are，go B．were，go C．was，went D．were，went
分析：﹣﹣﹣爸爸，当你是个小孩的时候你骑车去上学吗？
﹣﹣﹣不，我家里穷，所以我经常走路上学．
解答：D．结合句意是表达的过去的事情用一般过去时，主语you，故were，主语I，故went，故答案是D．
点评：一般过去时，表示过去某个时间里发生的非持续性动作或存在的状态，也表示经常或反复发生的动作．用动词的过去式表示，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，例如：yesterday，last night，in+过去的年份，two days ago，before，the age of，the day before yesterday等．
【易混淆点】
一般过去时与现在完成时
（1）一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作．说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对"现在"产生的影响．如：
（2）现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果．不与确定的过去时间状语连用．如：
How long____？
Let me see．We ____in 2008，that is，for 7 years．（ ）
A．have you been married，have married
B．have you got married，got married
C．did you get married，married
D．have you been married，got married
分析：
﹣﹣﹣﹣你们结婚多久了？
﹣﹣﹣﹣让我想想．我们2008年结婚，也就是，七年了．
解答：D．
how long表示多久，根据句意可知get married动作发生在过去，持续了一段时间故用现在完成时have/has+过去分词，主语you，get married是短暂性动词不能与how long连用，换成be married表示状态，be的过去分词been，故How long have you been married？结合时间状语in 2008是过去的时间，故用一般过去时，get的过去式got，故答案是D．
点评：动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与短暂性动词． 延续性动词可以与以since，for，how long等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用． 例如：He has lived here for 6 years．How long did you stay there last year？
短暂性动词也称终止性动词、非延续性动词或瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束．如：open，die，close，begin，finish，come，go，join，borrow，lend，buy，arrive，reach，start，marry，end等．
2．现在进行时
【概念】
（1）现在进行时
现在进行时表示正在进行或正在发生的动作或状态；也表示当前一段时间内一直从事的动作．
（2）概念点拨
现在：动作发生的时间是"现在"．
进行性：动作目前的状态是"正在进行中"．
持续性：当前一段时间内持续进行的动作．
【结构】
（1）现在进行时的构成：主语+be+动词ing〔现在分词〕形式．
①第一人称+am+doing+sth，I am doing my homework．
②第二人称+are+doing +sth，We are waiting for you．
③第三人称+is+doing+sth，Mr． Green is writing another novel．
（2）现在分词变化规则：
①直接+ ing．
②去e+ing．
③重读闭音节，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写辅音字母+ing．
④特殊变化：die﹣dying，lie﹣lying，tie﹣tying．
⑤不规则变化．
【用法】
（1）表示现在正在进行的动作或发生的事．
例：Look! The student in front you ______ with her friends happily．（ ）
A． is talking B． are talking C． is talk D． are talk
分析：看，你前面的学生正跟她的朋友开心地聊天．
解答：A，由Look!一词可知此处应该使用现在进行时态，又主语为 The student 为单数，因此be动词用is．故选A．
点评：熟练掌握现在进行时态与主语单复数是答题要领．
（2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事．
例：Joan can't join us．She for the lesson she will have next week．
A． prepares B． will prepare C． is preparing D． prepared
分析：琼不能加入我们，她正在准备下周要上的课．
解答：C．
现在进行时表示此时此刻正在进行的动作，其构成是：am/is/are+现在分词．根据"Joan can't join us．"琼不能加入我们，结合给出的四个选项，因此可知这句话的意思是"琼不能加入我们，她正在准备下周要上的课．"故选C．
点评：首先要掌握这个句子的意思，然后结合具体的题目，就可以确定正确答案．
（3）表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始/结束的动作．常用的这类的词有：go，leave，come，arrive，land，meet，move，return，start，stay，stop，do，dine，give，have，pay，join，punish，spend，sleep，take，change，fly，work，wear，see，lunch，play等．
例：﹣Jack，I'm worried．You don't know the way．
﹣Don't worry，mum．Mr．Green ________ me at the airport．（ ）
A． met B． was meeting C． is meeting D． has met
分析：﹣﹣杰克，我很担心，你不知道路．
﹣﹣别担心，妈妈．格林先生在机场接我．
解答：C．
根据Mr．Green ________ me at the airport．可知一些"位移动词"的现在进行时可以表将来的动作．常见的有leave，go，come等，这里句子说的是现在的情况，应该用现在进行时，现在进行时的构成be+Ving．选项B是过去进行时．故选C．
点评：首先要掌握这个句子的意思，然后结合具体的题目，就可以确定正确答案．
（4）动作动词的进行时与always，forever，continually，constantly等连用，表示重复的动作，这种动作可能使人感到不满、厌倦或觉得不合情理，有时表示赞赏、满意．
例：
Tom is always coming late for class．汤姆上课总是迟到．
He's constantly changing his mind．他老是改变主意．
The man is always boasting．那人老爱吹牛．
The students are making progress constantly．学生们在不断进步．
【易混淆点】
现在进行时与一般现在时：
（1）这两个时态都与现在有关，现在进行时指现在此刻或现在这一时期内正在进行的动作，强调暂时性、不稳定性．而一般现在时表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作或现在的状态，强调长期性、稳定性．
She is going to school now．（现在此刻正在发生的动作）
She usually goes to school at seven o'clock．（经常性、习惯性动作）
（2）现在进行时最容易出现错误的地方在动词的现在分词形式，我们在复习的时候要特别注意不规则动词的变化形式．
【解题方法点拨】
①根据时间状语确定时态，如：now，at the moment．
②根据关键词判断时态，如：look， listen．
③根据语境判断句子时态．
【中考命题方向】
对于现在进行时的考查，多以单选、句型转换、语法填空或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力．在考试中，现在分词的构成是易错的地方，也是考试的重点部分．在平时训练中应该应注重现在分词构成的细节问题．
3．过去进行时
【概念】
（1）过去进行时
过去进行时主要表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作．如：
I was having a talk with Li Hua at that time． 那时，我正在跟李华谈话．
I was watching TV at home last night． 昨晚我一直在看电视．
（2）概念点拨：
发生在过去：指动作发生在过去某个时间．
进行性：指动作正在进行．
【结构】
（1）过去进行时由"主语+was/were + 现在分词"构成．
例： We were having supper when the phone rang． 我们正在吃晚饭时电话响了．
（2）过去进行时的否定式由"was/were not +现在分词"构成．
例： This time yesterday Jack was not watching TV． He was repairing his bike．昨天这个时候，杰克不是在看电视，而是在修理自行车．
（3）过去进行时的疑问式由"was/were +主语+ 现在分词"构成
例： Were you playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon？ 昨天下午四点你们在打篮球吗？
【用法】
①过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作．
如：He fell asleep when he was reading． 他看书时睡着了．
②过去进行时表示感彩与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感彩，也通常与 always， forever， continually等副词连用．
如：They were always quarrelling． 他们老是吵架．
③常用的时间状语this morning， the whole morning， all day ，yesterd ay， from nine to ten last evening， when， while ，at that time，．just now，a moment ago．
【易混淆点】
过去进行时与一般过去时的区分：
（1）一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成．（延续性动词）
She wrote a letter to her friend last night． 她昨晚给朋友写了封信．（信写完了）
She was writing a letter to her friend last night． 她昨晚一直在给朋友写信． （信不一定写完）
（2）一般过去时表示只做一次动作，而过去进行时却表示动作反复地进行．（短暂性动词）
She waved to me． 她朝我挥了挥手．
（3）句中有a moment ago之类的笼统的时间短语一般用一般过去时．
（4）句中有at this time last Sunday， from 8 to 9 yesterday 之类的具体的时间状语一般用过去进行时．
【解题方法点拨】
①根据时间状语确定时态．
②根据语境判断句子时态．如：动作发生的背景表示过去正在进行的动作，就用过去进行时．
③根据复合句中的宾语从句．如：含有when引导的宾语从句的复合句中，主句往往用过去进行时．
【中考命题方向】
对于过去进行时的考查，多以单选、词语运用或完形填空的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力．在考试中，会让大家判断是否该用过去进行时．
4．现在完成时
【概念】
（1）现在完成时：
①过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果．到现在为止已经发生或完成的动作．
②表示过去发生的、持续到现在的动作或状态．
（2）概念点拨：
①影响性：指过去的某个动作对现在造成的影响或结果．
②持续性：指从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，还有可能继续延续下去．
【结构】
现在完成时的结构：have / has + 过去分词．
例：
①He has seen the film several times． 这部电影他已看了好几次．
②I have known her for a long time． 我认识她很长时间了．
句中的 has seen 和 have known 均为现在完成时，第一句属影响性用法，其影响是"他对电影内容非常熟悉了"；第二句属持续性用法，指"认识她"已持续了很长一段时间．
【用法】
（1）影响性用法实例分析：
①． I have lost my pen． 我把钢笔丢了．
根据句意可知，"丢钢笔"这个动作发生在过去，同时也在过去已经完成，但这个在过去发生和完成的动作对现在有影响→我现在无钢笔用，或我得去买支新的．
②． We have finished the work． 我们已把工作干完了．
显然"完成工作"这个动作发生在过去，同时也在过去已经完成，但这个在过去发生和完成的动作对现在有影响→我们可以休息了，或可以回家了，或可以做别的事了．
（2）持续性用法实例分析：
①． I've waited a week for your answer． 等你的答复我已等了一个星期．
根据句意可知，"等"这个动作发生在过去，但它在过去并没有完成，而是一直等到现在，已持续了一个星期．
②． We have lived here quite a number of years． 我们在这里住了很多年了．
根据句意可知，"住在这儿"是从过去开始的，但它在过去并没有完成，而是一直等到现在，已持续了好几年．
【易混淆点】
（1）现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：
它们的动作都是发生在过去，不同之处在于，说话者是否强调这个影响：①如果强调对现在的影响，就用现在完成时；②如果不强调对现在的影响，而是强调动作发生的过去时间，就用一般过去时．体会下面的句子：
①． I've washed the car． 我已经洗过车了．（车现在是干净的）
②． I washed the car yesterday． 我洗了车子．（强调车子昨天洗的）
第一句用的是现在完成时，它强调的是洗车对现在的影响→车现在是干净的；第二句用的是一般过去时，它不强调洗车对现在的影响，只表明车昨天洗过，至于它现在是否干净说话人并不关心．
（2）have been to和have gone to的区别：
①have been to表示曾经去过某地，但现在不在那儿．
②have gone to表示现在已去某地，现在不在这儿．
例：
Have you ever been to Greece？ 你去过希腊吗？
The Smiths have gone to Canada for a holiday． 史密斯全家都到加拿大度假去了．
③与表示次数的once， twice， three times等连用时，只能用have been to，不能用have gone to．
例：She has been to Europe twice． 她到欧洲去过两次．
④have been to除可后接地点表示去过某地外，有时还可以接表示活动的名词，表示去参加过某种活动，或接动词原形（尤其是动词see），表示去做过某事．如：
She's just been to a party． 她刚参加一个晚会回来．
He has never been to see me since I have been ill． 我生病以来他从未来看过我．
【解题方法点拨】
①根据标志词判断现在完成时．如since，so far，in the last/past five years，over the years，It's the first [second， third…] time that…等．
②根据语境判断现在完成时．看句子表达的意思是否强调现在．
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查动词的辨析用法和常用时态，即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时五种时态是考查的重点．对于现在完成时的考查，多以单选、句型转换或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力．因此，学生练题时一定要注意时态细节．
5．时态辨析
【概括】
所谓时态，在英语中，就是通过动词的不同形式变化来表达不同时间内以不同的方式发生的动作或存在的状态．在初中阶段，学生必须了解和掌握的时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时．其中过去将来时和现在完成进行时不作重点要求．
【辨析列表】
时态 辨析种类
现在时 一般现在时和现在进行时现在完成时和现在完成进行时现在完成时和一般过去时
过去时 一般过去时和过去进行时一般过去时和过去完成时
．
【一般现在时和现在进行时】
①一般现在时表示现在的状态，经常发生的动作．现在进行时表示说话时刻或现在一段时间里正在进行的动作．
②一般现在时表示一个持久的动作，现在进行时表示一个暂时性的动作．
③一般现在时与现在进行时在表示将来上有区别．如果用一般现在时表示将来，主要是根据时间表的安排一定要发生的将来的动作，而不是个人主观的安排．如果用进行时表示将来，主要是指一个已经计划好的动作．
【现在完成时和现在完成进行时】
用法：现在完成时和现在完成进行时都可以表示一个从过去的某一个时刻开始，一直延续到现在（说话时刻），并且可能继续下去的动作．
①如果句子中有表示一段时间的状语，两种时态可以互换．
例：
I have read all day．
I have been reading all day．
以上两句话都表示我读了一天的书
②在没有表示一段时间的状语的句子中，多数动词在两种时态中表示的意思不同．
例：
I have been writing my term paper． 我一直在写我的学期论文．（表示动作还在继续）
I have written my term paper． 我的学期论文写完了． （表示动作已经结束）
③现在完成时表示动作已经结束，强调动作的结果和影响．现在完成进行时表示动作有可能还会继续下去，强调动作的过程．
例：
He has been writing articles for our magazine these few years， and he has written about twenty articles．
【现在完成时和一般过去时】
①一般过去时和现在完成时都表示一个在过去完成了的动作．一般过去时通常说明动作是哪一个具体时间内完成的，与现在没有任何关系．现在完成时强调的是完成了的动作对现在的影响，或是动作的结果．
例：
I saw that film last week．我上周看的那个电影．（强调看电影的时间是"上周"）
I have seen that film． 我看过那个电影了．（强调结果是"我看过了"）
She studied in Beijing last year．她去年在北京学习． （不涉及现在是否还在北京）
She has studied in Beijing for two years． 她在北京学习两年了． （说明她现在还在北京学习）
②现在完成时可以用来表示一种结果，也就是提供或宣布新信息．但是如果要继续谈论这个话题，则要用过去时．
例：
I have found many ways to improve my vocabulary． The first thing I did was to try to spend half an hour each day reading the newspaper．
（这里have found many ways是宣布信息，the first thing I did是继续谈论这个话题）
【一般过去时和过去进行时】
①过去进行时强调动作正在进行之中，表达的是一个还没有完成的动作．而一般过去时说明过去发生的一个动作，往往表示动作已经完成了．
例：
He was watching that TV program last night．昨晚他正在看那个电视节目．（表示正在看的过程中，还没看完）
He watched that TV program last night．昨晚他看了那个电视节目．（表示动作已经结束了）
②有时一个句子用一般过去时或者过去进行时，意思上并没有区别，只是侧重点不同．一般过去时侧重事实，说明过去某时发生了某事，而过去进行时侧重在动作持续时间的长度上．
例：
It snowed last night． 昨晚下雪了．
（说明昨晚下过雪这件事）
It was snowing all last night．昨晚一直在下雪．
（强调雪下的时间长）
③在有时间状语从句的复合句中，如果主句和从句表示两个动作持续的时间大致相等，可以都用过去进行时．如果动作持续时间有长有短，持续时间长的动作用过去进行时，持续时间短的用一般过去时．
例：
He was watching TV while I was cooking the dinner．我做饭的时候他在看电视．
（was watching和was cooking两个动作同时延续着，不分时间长短）
While he was eating， I asked him to lend me some money 他吃饭时，我叫他借给我点钱．
（eat这一动作持续时间长，所以用过去进行时．ask这个动词只表示一个短暂行为，应该用一般过去时）
【一般过去时和过去完成时】
用法：过去完成时并不是表示过去完成的动作，而是表示在过去某一时刻之前完成的动作．
例：
We had visited the zoo last week．（错误）
We visited the zoo last week．（正确）
（因为这是一个过去完成的动作，且只有一个动作，所以用一般过去时）
We had visited the zoo before we left Beijing．（正确）
因为这里有两个动作："离开"和"参观"，"参观"这一动作发生在"离开"之前，因此应该用过去完成时．
注意：只有一个动作发生在过去某一时刻之前，或一个已经发生了的动作之前，才能用过去完成时来表示．所以过去完成时是一种表示过去的过去的动作的时态．
6．一般现在时
【概念】
（1）一般现在时：
一般现在时，是描述现在或经常性的性质、动作或状态的时态，表示通常性、规律性、习惯性、真理性的状态或者动作有时间规律发生的时间的一种时间状态．
（2）概念点拨：
①经常性：指经常发生的动作，比如每天起床、吃饭、上学、工作，一个月去几次超市或书店等．
②规律性：强调事情的规律性，例如偶尔做几次的事情等．
③习惯性：强调动作经常发生，是一般的情况而不是具体的某一次．
【结构】
①be动词的一般现在时：主语+am/is/are+其它．
I am a student． He is a student． They are students．
②实义动词的一般现在时：主语+动词原形/第三人称单数形式+其它．
I like apples． He likes apples．
【用法】
①表示习惯性、经常性或者反复出现的动作、状态，常与表示频度的时间状语连用．如：always， sometimes， every day， every morning， once a week， hardly， ever， never…
例：I usually go to school at seven o'clock．
我通常在七点钟上学．
②描述现在的特征、状态、能力、性格等，是为了表示现阶段的动作或状态．
例：This job calls for great patience．
这份工作需要极大的耐心．
③表示客观真理、客观事实．
例：The earth moves around the sun．
地球绕着太阳转．
④表示名言警句．
Actions speak louder than words．
身教胜于言传．
⑤一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或时间表要发生的事情，通常有一个表示未来的时间状语．
The plane takes off at 8：00．
飞起8点钟起飞．
⑥在时间状语或条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来动作．
If I see Kate I'll tell her．
如果我看到凯特我会告诉她．
I'll tell her after you leave．
你走之后我再告诉她．
【易混淆点】
一般现在时与现在进行时：
一般现在时表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作或现在的状态，强调长期性、稳定性．现在进行时指现在、此刻或现在这一时期内正在进行的动作，强调暂时性、不稳定性．
She usually goes to school at seven o'clock．（经常性、习惯性动作）
She is going to school now．（现在此刻正在发生的动作）
【解题方法点拨】
①如果题干有时间状语，可以根据时间状语确定时态．
②没有时间状语，则根据语境判断句子时态．
③掌握复合句中谓语动词时态的用法．例如主将从现原则．
【中考命题方向】
对于一般现在时的考查，多以单选、句型转换、语法填空或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力．在考试中，一般现在时的第三人称单数形式会作为重点，尤其在助动词does后的动词形式，往往是学生容易忽略的地方．因此，学生在平时训练中应该注重时态的细节问题．
7．一般现在时的被动语态
【概念】
（1）一般现在时的被动语态：
表示习惯性，经常性或者反复出现的被动动作．
（2）被动语态：
被动语态（passive voice）是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系．英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态．主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者．被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态．汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等被动词来表示被动意义．被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成．
（3）及物动词：
在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词分成两种：及物动词与不及物动词．字典里词后标有vt．的就是及物动词，字典里词后标有vi．的就是不及物动词．不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语），若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to，of，at后方可跟上宾语．及物动词可直接跟宾语．
【结构】
一般现在时的被动语态结构形式：主语+am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词．
①助动词am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词+（by+宾语），其中by意为"被…；由…"，表动作的执行者．
如：The plants in his garden are watered by the gardener every day．
花园里的植物每天被园丁浇水．
②其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样．
如：The plants in his garden are watered by the gardener every day（肯定式）．
The plants in his garden are not watered by the gardener every day．（否定式）
Are the plants in his garden watered by the gardener every day？（疑问式）
Yes，they are．/No，they aren't．
【用法】
（1）一般现在时态，在没有指明动作的执行者或者不知道动作执行者的情况下，可用被动语态．
例：What a nice classroom!
It ____every day．（ ）
A．is cleaning B．has cleaned C．is cleaned
分析：﹣﹣多么好的教室啊！﹣﹣它每天都被打扫．
解答：C．考查被动语态．句意"﹣﹣多么好的教室啊！﹣﹣它每天都被打扫．"．A正在打扫．B已经打扫．C被打扫．主语it代指classroom教室．it是动词clean打扫，的承受者，表示被打扫，用一般现在时态的被动语态．结构是is/am/are+动词的过去分词．主语it．用is．clean的过去分词是cleaned．选C．
点评：
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，被动语态由"be动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成，be动词的单复数要与主语的单复数保持一致，还要注意时态及过去分词的变法．
（2）一般现在时态，要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，用被动语态．
例：As China grows stronger and stronger，Chinese ______ in more and more schools out of our country．（ ）
分析：因为中国变得越来越强大，国外越来越多的学校里都教汉语．
解答：B
根据As China grows stronger and stronger可知，此句为一般现在时态，又因为主语是Chinese是动词teach的承受者，应该用一般现在时态的被动语态．一般现在时态的被动语态的构成是：am/is/are+动词的过去分词，主语是名词单数，所以用助动词用is，故选B．
点评：判断动词的时态，要通过所给的时间状语或语境去判断动词存在的状态；判断动词的语态，要看看主语是谓语动词的执行者还是承受者，要记住各种时态和语态的结构形式．注意主语的单复数情况．
例：We call maths the language of science．（改为被动语态）
Maths is called the language of science．
分析：我们把数学称为科学的语言．
数学被称为科学的语言．
解答：is called
本题考查一般现在时被动语态的句子结构．一般现在时的被动语态谓语部分：am/is/are+动词的过去分词，主语是maths中的s不表示复数．为单数名词，即主语为第三人称单数形式故填is called
点评：熟悉被动语态的句子结构．主动语态改成被动语态方法．可以遵循以下几个步骤：1．将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语；2．谓语动词变为"be+及物动词的过去分词"，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态；3．主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后．（本题by+施动者的短语已经省略）
【易混淆点】
一般现在时与现在进行时的被动语态：
一般现在时的被动语态表示现在经常性、习惯性的被动动作或现在的状态，强调长期性、稳定性．现在进行时的被动语态指现在此刻或现在这一时期内正在进行的被动动作，强调暂时性、不稳定性．
She is usually woken up at six o'clock．（经常性、习惯性的被动动作）
She is being woken up now．（现在此刻正在发生的被动动作）
【解题方法点拨】
①当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，如果题干有时间状语often、usually、always、sometimes等频率副词，或者on Saturdays、in the morning/afternoon/evening，every day 等．可以根据这些时间状语来确定为一般现在时态的被动语态．②如果没有时间状语，则根据语境判断句子时态和语态．
③掌握复合句中谓语动词时态语态的用法，特别是if引导的条件状语从句，用一般现在时态表示将来．
【中考命题方向】
一般现在时的被动语态，中考英语试题常考，并且是中考考查的重点，经常在单选题，词汇运用，翻译，句型转换，动词应用题，完形填空等题型中出现，几乎各种题型都曾出现过．值得大家重视．
8．一般过去时的被动语态
【概念】
（1）一般过去时的被动语态：
表示过去某一时间的被动动作或过去经常性、习惯性的被动动作．
（2）被动语态：
被动语态：（passive voice）是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系．英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态．主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者．被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态．汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等被动词来表示被动意义．被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成．
（3）及物动词：
在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词分成两种：及物动词与不及物动词．字典里词后标有vt．的就是及物动词，字典里词后标有vi．的就是不及物动词．不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语），若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to，of，at后方可跟上宾语．及物动词可直接跟宾语．
【结构】
一般过去时的被动语态结构形式：主语+was/were+及物动词的过去分词．
①助动词was/were+及物动词的过去分词+（by+宾语），其中by意为"被…；由…‘'表动作的执行者．
如：Two books were written by Mr．Green last year．
格林先生去年写了两本书．
②其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为连系动词时一样．
例：Two books were written by Mr．Green last year．（肯定式）
Two books were not written by Mr．Green last year． （否定式）
Were two books were written by Mr．Green last year？（疑问式） Yes，they were．/No，they weren't．
【用法】
①一般过去时，在没有指明动作的执行者或者不知道动作执行者的情况下，可用被动语态．
如：I was invited to Anna's birthday party last month．
上个月我被邀请去参加安娜的生日聚会了．
②一般过去时，要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，用被动语态．
例：I cleaned my teeth twice before I got to bed last night．（变被动语态）
My teeth were cleaned twice before I got to bed last night．
分析：昨晚上床睡觉前我刷了两次牙．
昨晚上床睡觉前，我的牙齿刷了两次．
解答：My teeth were cleaned twice before I got to bed last night．my teeth是动词clean的承受者，够成被动关系，结合时态一般过去时用一般过去时的被动语态was/were+过去分词，主语my teeth复数，故were，clean的过去分词cleaned，故答案是My teeth were cleaned twice before I got to bed last night．
点评：一般过去时的被动语态was/were+过去分词的呈现，课下要理解记忆各种被动语态的构成．
【易混淆点】
一般过去时的被动语态与现在完成时的被动语态的区别：
一般过去时的被动语态表示一个被动的动作发生在过去的某个时候，其结果对现在没有影响；而现在完成时的被动语态的动作或状态尽管发生在过去，但侧重说明该动作或状态对现在造成的影响和结果．
A new school was built by them last year．（发生在去年的被动动作）
A new school has been built by them for two years．（表示结果已经被建成）
【解题方法点拨】
①当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，如果题干有时间状语yesterday（昨天），the day before yesterday（前天），last …（上一个…），just now（刚刚）a moment ago（刚刚），at the age of（当…岁时），long ago（早已），once upon a time（很久以前），（如：two days）+ago（…之前），准确时间（如：June25th 2010等），when（当…的时候） when I was five（当我五岁时）等．可以根据这些时间状语来确定为一般过去时态的被动语态．
②如果没有时间状语，则根据语境判断句子时态和语态．
③掌握复合句中谓语动词时态语态的用法，特别是含有宾语从句的复合句中．
【中考命题方向】
一般过去时态的被动语态是中考考查的重点，经常在词汇填空，单选题，英汉互译，动词应用题，完形填空等中考查，题型灵活多样．
9．一般将来时的被动语态
【概念】
（1）一般将来时的被动语态：
表示将要发生的被动动作．
（2）被动语态：
被动语态：（passive voice）是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系．英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态．主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者．被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态．汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等被动词来表示被动意义．被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成．
（3）及物动词：
在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词分成两种：及物动词与不及物动词．字典里词后标有vt．的就是及物动词，字典里词后标有vi．的就是不及物动词．不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语），若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to，of，at后方可跟上宾语．及物动词可直接跟宾语．
【结构】
一般将来时的被动语态结构形式：主语+be going to/will/shall（第一人称）+be+及物动词的过去分词．
例：The problem will be discussed one by one at the meeting．
会议上我们将会一个一个的讨论这些问题．
①主语+be going to/will/shall（第一人称）+be+（by+宾语），其中by意为"被…；由…"，表动作的执行者．
例：The results of the survey will be published in the newspapers．
调查的结果将会在报纸上被公布．
②其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则．
如：The results of the survey will be published in the newspapers．（肯定式）
The results of the survey will not be published in the newspapers．（否定式）
Will the results of the survey be published in the newspapers？（疑问式）
Yes，they will．/No，they won't．
【用法】
（1）一般将来时态，在没有指明动作的执行者或者不知道动作执行者的情况下，可用被动语态．
例：A new school will be built here next year．
明年一所新学校将会在这里建成．
（2）一般将来时，要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，用被动语态．
例：We will invite Mr．Black to our fashion show．（改为被动语态）
Mr．Black will be invited to our fashion show．
分析：布莱克先生将被邀请去我们的时装展．
解答：be invited．主语Mr．Black是动词invite的承受者，构成被动关系，结合时态是一般将来时，故用一般将来时的被动语态will+be+过去分词，故答案是be invited．
点评：被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成．被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变．疑问式和否定式的变化也如此．
（3）用于时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，此时应用一般现在时的被动语态形式代替一般将来时被动语态．
如：She won't go to the party if she isn't be allowed by his mother．
如果没被妈妈允许，她将不去参加聚会．
【易混淆点】
使用一般将来时被动语态时，易遗漏被动结构中的be．
例如：
[误]A new film will shown at the cinema next week．
[正]A new film will be shown at the cinema next week．
[误]Is this bridge going to completed before the end of this year？
[正]Is this bridge going to be completed before the end of this year？
【解题方法点拨】
①当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，如果题干有时间状语tomorrow明天，the day after tomorrow后天，tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening 明天的什么时间，next year/week/month/hour 明年，in+段时间；in the future 未来，this afternoon/Sunday/evening； from now on 从现在开始，one day （未来的）某天；soon不久等．可以根据这些时间状语来确定为一般将来时态的被动语态．
②没有时间状语，则根据语境判断句子时态和语态．
③时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，此时应用一般现在时的被动语态形式代替一般将来时被动语态，应该注意．
【中考命题方向】
一般将来时态的被动语态，中考英语试题常考，并且是中考考查的重点，经常在单选题，动词应用题，完形填空等题型中出现．
10．语态的辨析
【概念】
（1）语态：
英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态．主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者．
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态．汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等被动词来表示被动意义．
被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成．被动语态（passive voice）是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系．
（2）及物动词：
在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词分成两种：及物动词与不及物动词．字典里词后标有 vt．的就是及物动词，字典里词后标有vi．的就是不及物动词．不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语），若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to，of，at后方可跟上宾语．及物动词可直接跟宾语．
【结构】
（1）被动语态：主语+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词．
（2）主动语态：主语+谓语动词+其他．
【用法】
①被动语态：主语是动作的执行着．
Uncle Tom was woken up by the noise outside at midnight．（改为主动语态）
The noise outside woke up Uncle Tom at midnight．
分析：﹣﹣在午夜汤姆叔叔被外面的吵闹声吵醒了．
﹣﹣在午夜外面的吵闹声吵醒了汤姆叔叔．
解答：woke up．考查主动语态．原句是一般过去时态的被动语态，结构是was/were+动词的过去分词．变为主动语态要用一般过去时态，谓语动词用wake的过去式woke．wake up醒来．答案是woke up．
点评：这里考查被动语态变为主动语态，注意时态及谓语动词的用法．结合语境完成试题．
②被动语态：主语是动作的承受者．
We must finish the work this afternoon．（改为被动语态）
The work must be finished this afternoon．
分析：﹣﹣我们今天下午必须完成这项工作．
﹣﹣今天下午必须完成这项工作．
解答：must be finished．考查被动语态．含有情态动词的句子，变被动语态的结构是情态动词+be+动词的过去分词，这里用情态动词must．finish的过去分词是finished完成．答案是must be finished．
点评：被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，被动语态由"be动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成，be动词的单复数要与主语的单复数保持一致，还要注意时态及过去分词的变法．
【易混淆点】
只有及物动词，才有被动语态．
【解题方法点拨】
分清主语是动作的执行者，还是承受着者是关键．
【中考命题方向】
（1）被动语态：即一般现在时的被动态、一般过去时的被动语态、一般将来时的被动语态和含有情态动词的被动语态，四种时态的语态是中考考查的重点．
（2）主动语态：即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时五种时态是考查的重点．2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之复合句
一．选择题（共7小题）
1．（2021 北京）—Could you please tell me_________？
—Next Thursday morning.（ ）
A．when we visited the Capital Museum
B．when did we visit the Capital Museum
C．when we will visit the Capital Museum
D．when will we visit the Capital Museum
2．（2020 北京）﹣Do you know ？
﹣At 9：00 tomorrow morning．（ ）
A．when the video meeting began
B．when did the video meeting begin
C．when the video meeting will begin
D．when will the video meeting begin
3．（2019 北京）﹣ Did you notice in her office？
﹣ Yes． She was going over our writing．（ ）
A．what was Miss Lin doing
B．what Miss Lin was doing
C．what does Miss Lin do
D．what Miss Lin does
4．（2018 北京）﹣﹣Alice， could you tell me London？
﹣﹣Sure． Last Sunday．（ ）
A．when Mr．Smith left
B．when Mr．Smith will leave
C．when did Mr．Smith leave
D．when will Mr．Smith leave
5．（2017 北京）﹣﹣﹣Judy，could you tell me_______the schoolbag？
﹣﹣﹣Oh，yes．I bought it in a store on the Internet．（ ）
A．where did you buy B．where will you buy
C．where you bought D．where you will buy
6．（2020 北京）If you take this train， you in Shanghai in five hours．（ ）
A．arrive B．will arrive
C．arrived D．have arrived
7．（2019 北京）If you want to visit the Palace Museum， I tickets for you tomorrow．（ ）
A．will book B．booked
C．have booked D．was booking
2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之复合句
参考答案与试题解析
一．选择题（共7小题）
1．（2021 北京）—Could you please tell me_________？
—Next Thursday morning.（ ）
A．when we visited the Capital Museum
B．when did we visit the Capital Museum
C．when we will visit the Capital Museum
D．when will we visit the Capital Museum
【考点】宾语从句．
【分析】﹣﹣﹣你能告诉我们何时去参观首都博物馆吗？
﹣﹣﹣下周四早上。
【解答】根据题干答句Next Thursday morning可知是提问句应用一般将来时，再结合宾语从句的陈述句语序规则，只有C项语序和时态均正确。
故选：C。
【点评】考查宾语从句，做题时一般先观察是否使用陈述语序，结合语境确定句子使用的时态，最后根据答句确定最终答案。
2．（2020 北京）﹣Do you know ？
﹣At 9：00 tomorrow morning．（ ）
A．when the video meeting began
B．when did the video meeting begin
C．when the video meeting will begin
D．when will the video meeting begin
【考点】宾语从句．
【分析】你知道视频会议什么时候开始吗？
明天早上九点．
【解答】根据题干" Do you know______ ？"可知句子缺少宾语成分，结合选项，此处应填宾语从句．宾语从句在句中用陈述语气，排除BD．由答语" tomorrow morning"可知从句应用一般将来时，排除A．
故选：C．
【点评】牢记宾语从句在句中用陈述语气的规则，再结合具体语境，最终得出正确选项．
3．（2019 北京）﹣ Did you notice in her office？
﹣ Yes． She was going over our writing．（ ）
A．what was Miss Lin doing
B．what Miss Lin was doing
C．what does Miss Lin do
D．what Miss Lin does
【考点】宾语从句．
【分析】﹣﹣你注意到林小姐在办公室里干什么了吗？
﹣﹣是的．她正在看我们的作品．
【解答】考查宾语从句．宾语从句中，从句通常用陈述语序，排除AC．从She was going over our writing．判断句子使用过去进行时，构成were/was+V﹣ing．
故选：B。
【点评】此题考查宾语从句，在熟知宾语从句法的基础上，结合具体题目，仔细分析，便可得出正确答案．
4．（2018 北京）﹣﹣Alice， could you tell me London？
﹣﹣Sure． Last Sunday．（ ）
A．when Mr．Smith left
B．when Mr．Smith will leave
C．when did Mr．Smith leave
D．when will Mr．Smith leave
【考点】宾语从句．
【分析】﹣﹣爱丽丝，你能告诉我史米斯先生什么时候离开伦敦的吗？
﹣﹣当然可以．上星期天．
【解答】根据could you tell me 可知，本题考查宾语从句，宾语从句中一般为陈述语序，选项CD是疑问语序，所以排除掉；再根据Last Sunday，可知这里指的是过去的时间，时态用一般过去时．
故选：A．
【点评】本题考查宾语从句，做题时注意三要素时态、语序和引导词．本题先考虑语序问题，再根据句子的上下文的意思，做出选择．
5．（2017 北京）﹣﹣﹣Judy，could you tell me_______the schoolbag？
﹣﹣﹣Oh，yes．I bought it in a store on the Internet．（ ）
A．where did you buy B．where will you buy
C．where you bought D．where you will buy
【考点】宾语从句．
【分析】﹣﹣朱蒂，你能告诉我你在哪里买的书包吗？
﹣﹣哦，是的．我在网上的一家商店买的．
【解答】答案：C．
根据Could you tell me ？再结合选项，可知could you tell me后面是跟一个宾语从句，宾语从句中应该用陈述语序，即主语+谓语，所以排除AB．再根据I bought it in a store on the Internet．是说我在网上的一家商店买的．可知是一般过去时，排除D，
故选：C。
【点评】主要考查宾语从句，一定要注意宾语从句的引导词，以及宾语从句的时态和语序问题．把握好这几点，是做好此类题目的关键！
6．（2020 北京）If you take this train， you in Shanghai in five hours．（ ）
A．arrive B．will arrive
C．arrived D．have arrived
【考点】主从复合句．
【分析】如果你坐这趟火车，你将在五小时内到达上海．
【解答】arrive到达，动词原形．will arrive一般将来时．arrived过去式．have arrived现在完成时．If引导的条件状语从句，主句一般将来时态，从句一般现在时态．一般将来时态结构是will（或be going to）后跟动词原形．这里用will arrive．
故选：B．
【点评】掌握If引导的条件状语从句，主句一般将来时态，从句一般现在时态的知识点．注意一般将来时态结构，分析选项，选择合适答案．
7．（2019 北京）If you want to visit the Palace Museum， I tickets for you tomorrow．（ ）
A．will book B．booked
C．have booked D．was booking
【考点】主从复合句．
【分析】如果你想去故宫博物院，我明天就给你订票．
【解答】根据句意"如果你想去故宫博物院，我明天就给你订票"和时间状语tomorrow可知，主句要用一般将来时，条件状语从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时，选项BCD都不符合语法．
故选：A。
【点评】考查主从复合句，要根据句意或提示词，判断时态，选用合适的引导词．
考点卡片
1．主从复合句
【概念】
主从复合句：
主从复合句是指含有两个或更多主谓结构的句子，其中有一个（或更多）主谓结构充当整个句子的某一（些）成分．主句与从句之间用关联词连接起来．关联词除了在主句与从句之间起连接作用外，绝大多数不但本身有意义，而且还要在从句中充当句子成分．但是，引导名词性从句的whether或if虽有"是否"之意，但不在从句中充当句子成分，引导名词性从句的that没有任何意义，也不在从句中充当句子成分．
【分类】
主从复合句的分类：
（1）主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成．主句为句子的主体，从句只用作句子的一个次要成分，不能独立存在．
（2）主从复合句按从句充当的句子成分可分为：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句．
（3）其中名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句．
（4）定语从句是形容词性从句，包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句．
（5）状语从句根据其作用一般可分为九种，分别是时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句和方式状语从句．
2．宾语从句
【概念】
（1）宾语从句：宾语从句是名词性从句的一种．宾语从句在主从复合句中充当宾语，位于及物动词、介词或复合谓语之后的从句称为宾语从句．宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句．但是在初中阶段，主要要求学生掌握动词的宾语从句．
例如：
John said that he was good at swimming．
约翰说他擅长游泳．
My teacher asked me why I was late for school．
我的老师问我为什么上学迟到了．
（2）连接词
引导宾语从句的连接词分为：从属连词，连接代词、连接副词．
①从属连词：that，whether，if．
②连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whomever，whosever，whatever．
③连接副词：when，where，why，how，whenever，however．
【用法】
（1）宾语从句的引导词
①由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句．用在如say，think，wish，hope，see，believe，agree，expect，hear，feel等动词后．连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略．例如：
The radio says （that） it will be cloudy tomorrow．
无线电报道明天将要阴天．
Tom's mother told him （that） Mary was a good girl．
汤姆的妈妈告诉他玛丽是个好姑娘．
②由连词if、whether 引导的宾语从句．if、whether主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句同样是陈述语序．whether，if 意思是"是否"，在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换．例如：
I don't know if/whether the sports meeting will be put off．
我不知道是否运动会将会推迟．
The teacher asked if/whether they could hand in their homework on time．
老师问是否他们能准时交上作业．
③以连接代词which，what，who等或连接副词how，where，why 等引导的宾语从句，从句要用陈述语序．例如：
I want to know what he has told you．
我想知道他告诉了你什么．
She always thinks of how she can work well．
她总是在想怎样能把工作做好．
（2）宾语从句的时态
①当主句为一般现在时态、现在进行时态、或一般将来时态时，从句可用所需要的任何时态．例如：
I want to know what time he got up this morning．
我想知道他今天早上什么时候起床的．
I know she has studied English since 2010．
我知道她自从2010年以来已经学英语了．
②当主句为一般过去时态时，从句要用于过去有关的时态．例如：
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
老师告诉我们汤姆已经离开我们去美国了．
He asked what Jim was doing now．
他问吉姆现在在做什么．
③当从句表述的是客观真理或自然现象时，宾语从句要使用一般现在时．例如：
My brother asked whether light travels faster than sound．
我弟弟问光是否比声音传播得快．
Mary said no news is a good news．
玛丽说没有消息就是好消息．
【易混淆点】
★注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外．
①当从句做介词的宾语时，只用whether不用if．
We are talking about whether we'll go shopping．
我们正在谈论我们是否将去购物．
②引导词与动词不定式或 not连用时，只用whether．
Please let me know what we can do next．
请让我知道我们下一步能做什么．
Could you tell me whether you have a beautiful dog or not？
你能告诉我你是否你又一条漂亮的狗吗？
③if当如果讲时，引导的是条件状语从句，这时不能用whether．
We can go by bus if it rains heavily tomorrow．
如果明天下大雨，我们可以乘公交车去．
【解题方法点拨】
1、牢记所有的宾语从句要陈述语序，这也是考试的重点和难点．例如：
①The teacher asked the students ________．
A．if they were interested in dinosaurs B．when was Albert Einstein born
C．what they will do with the computers D．how many trees they have planted
答案：A 解析：宾语从句中从句应保持陈述语序，答案B首先删去，主句一般过去式，从句要用于过去有关的时态，删去答案C和D，答案A中的if 意为如果．
②It makes no difference __________．
A．whether will you come tomorrow．
B．Whether or not will be pass the exam
C．If he will come to the meeting or not
D．Whether he will come to the meeting or not
答案：D 解析：答案A和B从句不是陈述语序先删掉，if不能与not连用．因此此题选D．
2、根据主句的时态，正确使用宾语从句的时态．例如：
①We didn't know which room ________．
A．he lived B．he lived in C．did he live D．he lives in
答案：B 解析：主句是一般过去时态，从句要用相应的过去时态，排除D；宾语从句要用陈述语序，排除C；live是不及物动词，不能省略介词in，排除A．故选 B．
②Our teacher told us that the moon _________ round the earth．
A．went B．turned C．go D．turns
答案：D 解析：从句是一个客观真理，因此从句的时态不受主句影响．故选 D．
3、准确把握宾语从句的引导词．例如：
①He asked me _______ I could sing the song"My Heart will Go On．"
A．if B．weather C．what D．that
答案：A 解析：此句应选含有疑问意思的关系代词，故删去D；weather 意为天气，根据句意应选A．
②I am sure _______ you said is true．
A．what B．that C．which D．who
答案：A 解析：根据句意应用what，做said 的内容，意思是"你所说的话"．故选A．
【中考命题方向】
宾语从句在中考是考查的重点，主要考查引导宾语从句的连词和代词的选择，宾语从句的语序，宾语从句的时态三个方面．考查方式灵活多样，经常以单项选择、完形填空、动词填空、完成句子的形式考查，甚至书面表达也可以考查宾语从句．2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之动词
一．选择题（共7小题）
1．（2021 北京）—Sam，_________I join you in the community service？
—Of course you can.（ ）
A．can B．must C．should D．need
2．（2020 北京）﹣ you give me a hand？ I can't move the box by myself．
﹣No problem．（ ）
A．Could B．Should C．Must D．Need
3．（2019 北京）﹣ Lily， _____ you finish the letter in ten minutes？
﹣ Yes， I can．（ ）
A．must B．should C．need D．can
4．（2018 北京）I go now， or I'll miss my train．（ ）
A．can B．might C．must D．could
5．（2017 北京）﹣﹣﹣ I hand in the report today？
﹣﹣﹣No，you needn't．（ ）
A．Can B．Must C．Shall D．Could
6．（2019 北京）Sam with his friends every weekend．（ ）
A．skates B．is skating
C．has skated D．was skating
7．（2021 北京）My parents and I_________ trees last Sunday.（ ）
A．plant B．will plant
C．are planting D．planted
2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之动词
参考答案与试题解析
一．选择题（共7小题）
1．（2021 北京）—Sam，_________I join you in the community service？
—Of course you can.（ ）
A．can B．must C．should D．need
【考点】情态动词．
【分析】—山姆，我能和你一起参加社区服务吗？
—你当然可以。
【解答】A能，B必须，C应该，D需要，根据问答一致原则，答语是：Of course you can，所以问句里要有can能，
故选：A。
【点评】主要考查的是对句子意思的理解和对情态动词用法的掌握。
2．（2020 北京）﹣ you give me a hand？ I can't move the box by myself．
﹣No problem．（ ）
A．Could B．Should C．Must D．Need
【考点】情态动词．
【分析】你能帮我一下吗？ 我一个人搬不动箱子．
没问题．
【解答】could能，会，是can的过去式，用在问句中表示委婉语气时，不是一般过去时；should应该；must必须，一定；need需要；根据后句句意"没问题"和语法可知，前句为"你能帮我一下吗？ 我一个人搬不动箱子"，要填"could"表示委婉语气，其它选项语意不通，也不符合语法．
故选：A．
【点评】考查情态动词，牢记情态动词的含义和用法，进行对比，排除错误的答案，从而做出正确的答案．
3．（2019 北京）﹣ Lily， _____ you finish the letter in ten minutes？
﹣ Yes， I can．（ ）
A．must B．should C．need D．can
【考点】情态动词．
【分析】﹣﹣莉莉，你能在十分钟内写完这封信吗？
﹣﹣是的，我能．
【解答】根据回答Yes， I can可知疑问句以can开头，句意：莉莉，你能在十分钟内写完这封信吗？
故选：D。
【点评】情态动词的考查是初中英语考查的重点，平时学习中一定要熟记这些词的基本词义及用法上的不同，注意其用法及在句子中表达语气的不同．考试中结合语境选择合适答案．
4．（2018 北京）I go now， or I'll miss my train．（ ）
A．can B．might C．must D．could
【考点】情态动词．
【分析】我必须走了，否则我就赶不上火车了．
【解答】考查情态动词．A能．B可能．C必须．D能．结合语境"我__走了，否则我就赶不上火车了．"．可知，应该是"必须"．
故选：C．
【点评】情态动词无人称和数的变化；不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语．否定形式通常在后面加not．要注意情态动词的不同用法．
5．（2017 北京）﹣﹣﹣ I hand in the report today？
﹣﹣﹣No，you needn't．（ ）
A．Can B．Must C．Shall D．Could
【考点】情态动词．
【分析】﹣﹣﹣我必须今天交报告吗？
﹣﹣﹣﹣不，没有必要．
【解答】答案：B．结合下文No，you needn't和上下文语境可知上文是说我必须上交吗？故用must开头的一般疑问句，故答案是B．
【点评】由must引出的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn't，don't need to或don't have to均可，但不用mustn't，因为mustn't表示"不许、禁止"的意思，与问句的原意不符．如：
﹣Must I stay at home？我必须留在家里吗？
﹣Yes，you must．是的，你必须留在家里．
（No，you needn't．或No，you don't have to．）（不，不用了．）
6．（2019 北京）Sam with his friends every weekend．（ ）
A．skates B．is skating
C．has skated D．was skating
【考点】实义动词的单数第三人称形式．
【分析】Sam 每个周末都跟他的朋友们滑冰．
【解答】根据句意：Sam 每个周末都跟他的朋友们滑冰．可知时态是一般现在时，主语Sam用动词三单式．
故选：A．
【点评】熟悉实义动词三单式用法，结合题意，给出答案．
7．（2021 北京）My parents and I_________ trees last Sunday.（ ）
A．plant B．will plant
C．are planting D．planted
【考点】实义动词的过去式．
【分析】我父母和我上星期天植树了。
【解答】last Sunday上周日，要用于一般过去时态，动词要用过去式，plant的过去式是planted，
故选：D。
【点评】主要考查的是对句子意思的理解和对实义动词过去式的掌握。
考点卡片
1．实义动词的单数第三人称形式
1．一般情况：+s
let﹣lets；get﹣gets
2．以s、x、ch、sh和o结尾：+es
pass﹣passes；
fix﹣fixes；
watch﹣watches；teach﹣teaches
wash﹣washes；
go﹣goes；do﹣does
3．以辅音字母+y结尾：变y为i +es
study﹣studies
4．以元音字母+y结尾 直接+s play﹣plays
5．特殊情况：不规则
have﹣has
be﹣is
2．实义动词的过去式
【规则动词】
1．一般动词直接加﹣ed，e．g．look﹣looked；
2．以e结尾的动词直接加﹣d，e．g．dance﹣danced；
3．辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i再加ed，e．g．study﹣studied；
4．以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母（字母w，y，x除外），双写这个辅音字母加﹣ed，e．g．skip﹣skipped；
5．以l结尾的动词，若以非重读音节结尾，则末尾的字母l双写与不双写均可．其中不双写的是美式拼写．e．g．travel﹣travelled/traveled（U．S．）．
6．部分以﹣p结尾的动词同样遵循第5条，这类词多由"前缀+名词"构成．e．g．worship﹣worshipped/worshiped（U．S．）、handicap﹣handicapped/handicaped（U．S．）．
注：英语26个字母中，除了a，e，i，o，u 这几个元音字母外，其他都是辅音字母．
【不规则动词】
动词过去式与原形相同；
动词过去式以﹣ought或﹣aught结尾；
动词过去式由原形结尾的﹣end变为﹣ent；
动词过去式以﹣elt，﹣eft，﹣ept结尾；
动词过去式与原形比较，其中一个元音字母发生改变；
动词过去式以﹣ew结尾；
动词过去式﹣ee﹣变为﹣e﹣．
【情态动词】
不规则情态动词
is﹣was
are﹣were
am﹣was
3．情态动词
【概念】
情态动词：可以用来表示说话人的语气和情态，如需要、可能、意愿和怀疑等，有一定的意义，但不完整，不能独立作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语．2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之代词&介词&连词
一．选择题（共14小题）
1．（2021 北京）The doctors worked for ten hours，___________nobody took a break.（ ）
A．so B．for C．but D．or
2．（2020 北京）Wash your hands before meals， you may get ill．（ ）
A．and B．but C．or D．so
3．（2019 北京）This cap is nice， it doesn't look good on me．（ ）
A．for B．so C．but D．or
4．（2018 北京）Many people like pandas they are cute．（ ）
A．though B．if C．while D．because
5．（2021 北京）Space Day of China falls________ April 24th every year.（ ）
A．on B．by C．at D．in
6．（2020 北京）Usually I make breakfast for my family Saturdays．（ ）
A．at B．in C．on D．to
7．（2019 北京）We planted some flowers the garden yesterday．（ ）
A．on B．to C．in D．of
8．（2018 北京）Happy birthday， Peter! Here's a gift you．（ ）
A．for B．in C．with D．from
9．（2017 北京）More and more young people go skating winter．（ ）
A．at B．in C．on D．to
10．（2021 北京）Mary's birthday is coming.We've decided to make a cake for_________.（ ）
A．him B．her C．you D．them
11．（2020 北京）Mr．Jackson is a popular writer， and we all like reading books．（ ）
A．his B．her C．their D．your
12．（2019 北京）Mr． Wang is coming to our school． I can't wait to see ．（ ）
A．her B．him C．it D．them
13．（2018 北京）My brother and I like football． play it together once a week．（ ）
A．I B．They C．We D．You
14．（2017 北京）My father is a worker． is very kind．（ ）
A．He B．She C．His D．It
2017-2021年北京中考英语真题分类汇编之代词&介词&连词
参考答案与试题解析
一．选择题（共14小题）
1．（2021 北京）The doctors worked for ten hours，___________nobody took a break.（ ）
A．so B．for C．but D．or
【考点】连词辨析．
【分析】医生们工作了十个小时，但是没有人休息。
【解答】A所以，B因为，C但是，D否则，根据汉语意思：医生们工作了十个小时，___________没有人休息。前后意思相反，表示转折，but但是，表示转折，
故选：C。
【点评】主要考查的是对句子意思的理解和对常用连词词义的辨析。
2．（2020 北京）Wash your hands before meals， you may get ill．（ ）
A．and B．but C．or D．so
【考点】连词辨析．
【分析】吃饭前洗手，否则你会生病．
【解答】A表示和，B表示但是，C表示或者、否则，D表示所以．根据题干可知吃饭前洗手，否则你会生病，应用连词or．
故选：C．
【点评】本题考查连词辨析，基础题，熟悉常见连词的含义，再根据题干即可作出选择．
3．（2019 北京）This cap is nice， it doesn't look good on me．（ ）
A．for B．so C．but D．or
【考点】连词辨析．
【分析】这个帽子很好看，但是我戴上不好看．
【解答】A表示为了，B表示所以，C表示但是，D表示或者、否则．根据题干可知这个帽子很好看，但是我戴上不好看，句子前后是转折关系．
故选：C．
【点评】本题考查连词辨析，基础题，熟悉所给连词的含义，再根据题干即可作出选择．
4．（2018 北京）Many people like pandas they are cute．（ ）
A．though B．if C．while D．because
【考点】从属连词．
【分析】很多人喜欢熊猫，因为它们很可爱．
【解答】选项A意为：虽然，选项B意为：如果，选项C意为：当……时候．选项D意为：因为．结合句意：很多人喜欢熊猫，因为它们很可爱．
故选：D。
【点评】本题考查连词的辨析，熟记词的用法及结合语境是解答本题的关键．
5．（2021 北京）Space Day of China falls________ April 24th every year.（ ）
A．on B．by C．at D．in
【考点】时间介词．
【分析】每年的4月24日是中国的太空日。
【解答】on后接具体到某一天的时间或具体某一天的早晨、下午和晚上；at后接钟点或中午、夜间；in后加没有具体到某一天的时间（世纪、年、季节、月）或者早晨、下午和晚上；by由。根据空后April 24th 可知，表示具体某一天的早晨，用on。
故选：A。
【点评】掌握时间介词的用法是解题关键。
6．（2020 北京）Usually I make breakfast for my family Saturdays．（ ）
A．at B．in C．on D．to
【考点】时间介词．
【分析】通常我在星期六给家人做早餐．
【解答】at在几点．in在某年某月．on在具体某一天．to朝、向．根据Saturdays"星期六"可知，在具体某一天用介词on．
故选：C．
【点评】考查介词用法，这个知识点很广泛，有一些固定用法，需要日常积累，结合语境选择正确介词完成习题．
7．（2019 北京）We planted some flowers the garden yesterday．（ ）
A．on B．to C．in D．of
【考点】方位介词．
【分析】昨天我们在花园里种了一些花．
【解答】on"在…之上、在…时候"；in"在…之内"；of"…的、由…组成的"；to"朝、到、对于"，四者都是介词．on用于具体的时间．由题干"昨天我们在花园里种了一些花．"可知，空格是"在…之内"，用in，因此答案应是in．
故选：C．
【点评】本题考查时间介词的用法，在熟知所供词的含义基础上，根据句意，从而判断出正确答．
8．（2018 北京）Happy birthday， Peter! Here's a gift you．（ ）
A．for B．in C．with D．from
【考点】常用介词的辨析．
【分析】生日快乐，彼得！这是送给你的礼物．
【解答】考查介词．A为了．B在…里．C和…D来自．结合语境"生日快乐，彼得！这是送给你的礼物．"．表示给…的生日礼物．用for．
故选：A．
【点评】考查介词用法，这个知识点很广泛，有一些固定用法，需要日常积累，结合语境选择正确介词完成习题．
9．（2017 北京）More and more young people go skating winter．（ ）
A．at B．in C．on D．to
【考点】常用介词的辨析．
【分析】越来越多的年轻人在冬天滑冰．
【解答】答案：B
当表示时间时，at 用于具体的时刻前；in 用于年、月、季节和泛指的早上、下午、晚上前；on 用于日期、星期、具体的早上、下午、晚上前．to 用于分钟数和整点间，表示差…分到…点．此处的winter是季节，选B．
【点评】此题首先要熟悉每个时间介词的意思与用法，再结合题意选择正确的答案．
10．（2021 北京）Mary's birthday is coming.We've decided to make a cake for_________.（ ）
A．him B．her C．you D．them
【考点】人称代词．
【分析】玛丽的生日即将到来了。我们已经决定为她制订了一个蛋糕。
【解答】根据语境"玛丽的生日即将到来了。我们已经决定为____制订一个蛋糕。"可知，是玛丽的生日，我们为她制订了蛋糕，在句子中做介词for的宾语，因此用人称代词宾格her。
故选：B。
【点评】掌握人称代词的用法，结合语境，给出答案。
11．（2020 北京）Mr．Jackson is a popular writer， and we all like reading books．（ ）
A．his B．her C．their D．your
【考点】物主代词．
【分析】杰克逊先生是个受欢迎的作家，我们都喜欢读他的书．
【解答】his他的．her她、她的．their他（她、它）们的．your你的、你们的．根据Mr．Jackson"杰克逊先生"可知，应该是"他的"his．
故选：A．
【点评】考查代词．分析选项代词意思及用法，结合语境，找到关键词，选择合适答案．
12．（2019 北京）Mr． Wang is coming to our school． I can't wait to see ．（ ）
A．her B．him C．it D．them
【考点】人称代词．
【分析】王先生要来我们学校．我等不及要见他．
【解答】根据I can't wait to see 可知用宾格作see的宾语，Mr． Wang 指男性单数，用him代替，句意：王先生要来我们学校．我等不及要见他．
故选：B．
【点评】解答此类试题时，务必根据题目的要求，在准确理解句子意思的前提下，结合时态准确作答
13．（2018 北京）My brother and I like football． play it together once a week．（ ）
A．I B．They C．We D．You
【考点】人称代词．
【分析】我哥哥和我喜欢足球，我们每周一起玩一次．
【解答】考查代词．我．B他们．C我们．D你们．结合语境"我哥哥和我喜欢足球，__每周一起玩一次．"．可知．应该是"我们"．
故选：C．
【点评】本题考查人称代词，人称代词为单数时，按第二人称、第三人称、第一人称排列．人称单词分单复数，要根据语境，仔细分析，选择正确答案．
14．（2017 北京）My father is a worker． is very kind．（ ）
A．He B．She C．His D．It
【考点】人称代词．
【分析】我爸爸是一名工人．他非常善良．
【解答】答案：A．考查人称代词．句意：我爸爸是一名工人．他非常善良．根据题干My father is a worker． is very kind．可知My father是男性，空后有is，所以用he，即我爸爸是一名工人．他非常善良．故选：A。
【点评】仔细分析句子的内容，根据具体内容作答．
考点卡片
1．人称代词
【概念】
人称代词：
人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词．是表示自身或人称的代词．人称代词不仅指人，也可以指物，有人称、数和格的变化．
【分类】
人称代词的单数、复数、主格、宾格：
单数 复数
主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I 我 me 我 we 我们 us 我们
第二人称 you 你 you 你 you 你们 you 你们
第三人称 he他 him他 they他们/她们/它们 them他们/她们/它们
she她 her她
it它 it它
．
【用法】
（1）人称代词做主语用主格，宾格做宾语放在及物动词或介词之后．
①人称代词主格做主语．
﹣Is Mr．Wang your teacher？（ ）
﹣Yes，and ____ is an good English teacher．
A．he B．she C．it．
分析：﹣王先生是你的老师吗？﹣是，他是一个很好的英语老师．
解答：A．根据题意"王先生是你的老师吗？是的，他是一个很好的英语老师"，可知Mr．Wang对应的人称代词是he，故选A．
点评：熟悉人称代词的基本用法，结合题意，给出答案．
②人称代词宾格作宾语．
（介词宾语）Please give this letter to ____．OK，I will．（ ）
A．she B．her C．he．
分析：﹣请把这封信给她．﹣好的，我会的．
解答：B．根据题意"﹣请把这封信给她．﹣好的，我会的．"，可知考查句型give sth to sb把某物给某人，介词后接宾格代词，故选B．
点评：熟悉人称代词的基本用法，结合题意，给出答案．
（动词宾语）Please call _______ at 362﹣5879．（ ）
A．she B．she's C．her D．hers．
分析：请给她拨打电话，号码是362﹣5879．
解答：C．
根据语境推测句意是"请给她拨打电话，号码是362﹣5879"，由句意判断设空处的代词在句中放在动词call 后面作宾语，所以应该使用宾格代词，故选C．
点评：本题考查人称代词和物主代词，要求必须看清句子结构，找出句子缺失的成分，再根据代词的分类和用法来确定正确选项．
（2）人称代词并列用法的排列顺序．
①单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称＞第三人称＞第一人称，即：you＞he/she/it＞I．
例：____ are good friends．（ ）
A．You，I and he B．I，he and you
C．You，he and I D．He，you and I
分析：你，他和我都是好朋友．
解答：C．英文中单数人称代词并列时按照"二三一"的顺序排列，即第二人称，第三人称和第一人称，故根据题干选择C．
点评：本题考查人称代词排序，基础题，记住其排序即可作出选择．注意复数人称代词排序则是"一二三"．
②复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称＞第二人称＞第三人称，即：we＞you＞they．
例：____ go to movies，_______go to the park，_______go swimming this morning（ ）
A． they，you and we
B．we，you and they
C．we，they and you
分析：今天早上我们去看电影，他们去公园，你们去游泳．
解答：B．考查人称代词．句意"今天早上我们去看电影，他们去公园，你们去游泳"．复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称＞第二人称＞第三人称．也就是we，you，they．答案是B．
点评：人称代词是必须掌握的知识，知识点也比较广泛，要分清每个人称代词的用法，再根据语境仔细分析，完成试题．
③第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后．
例：____and____still don't agree to the plan．
A．he，she B．She，he C．He，she
分析：他和她仍然不同意这个计划．
解答：C．英文中第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后，故根据题干选择C．
点评：本题考查人称代词排序，基础题，记住其排序即可作出选择．注意英文中第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后．
【易混淆点】
人称代词主格形式和宾格形式的用法：
人称代词的主格在句中作主语，宾格在句中作动词或介词的宾语或表语．（一般动词前用主格，动词（或介词）后用宾格．巧记口诀：主在谓语前，宾在动介后．）
【解题方法点拨】
①掌握人称代词主格的用法和宾格的用法．
②根据语境判断句子所缺少或需要的人称代词．
③掌握人称代词在句子中所做的成分，从而判断考点．
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查人称代词的用法和在句子中做的成分，即人称主格和宾格的用法，单复数的用法是考查的重点．
2．物主代词
【概念】
物主代词：
表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词．物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种．
【分类】
物主代词：
我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他们的
形容词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their
名词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
．
【用法】
（1）形容词性物主代词：
①形容词性物主代词后跟名词，不能独立使用，表示所属关系．如：my pen我的钢笔；your bag你的书包；his bike他的自行车；her desk她的书桌；its name它的名字．
例：Miss Li is____teacher．
A．they B．their C．them
分析：李老师是他们的老师．
解答：B．they意思是"他们"，主格，作主语；their意思是"他们的"形容词形物主代词，后面跟名词；them意思是"他们"宾格，作宾语．根据空格后面的词语是teacher，是名词，所以空格处需要填物主代词，综上所述，故选B．
点评：首先要掌握这个句子的意思，然后结合具体的题目，就可以确定正确答案．
注意：如果名词前有形容词性物主代词，就不能同时用冠词（a，an，the）或指示代词（this，that，these，those）修饰此名词．
[正]This is my pen．[误]This is my a pen．
[正]This is a pen．[误]This is a my pen．
②形容词性物主代词与形容词一起修饰名词时，要放在形容词之前． 如：his English books 他的英语书，their Chinese friends 他们的中国朋友．
例：Fu Yuanhui is ________ favorite swimmer because she's so funny．（ ）
A．I B．my C．me D．mine
分析：傅园慧是我最喜欢的游泳运动员，因为她是那么有趣．
解答：B．考查物主代词．句意：傅园慧是我最喜欢的游泳运动员，因为她是那么有趣．根据题干Fu Yuanhui is ________ favorite swimmer because she's so funny．可知后有favorite swimmer，所以用形容词性物主代词my，即傅园慧是我最喜欢的游泳运动员，因为她是那么有趣．故选B．
点评：仔细分析句子的结构，掌握一些固定用法，根据具体内容作答．
（2）形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词之间的关系为：
名词性物主代词＝相应的形容词性物主代词+名词．
例：Your bedroom（＝Yours） is big．Mine （＝My bedroom） is big，too．
例：﹣Is this____computer？
﹣Yes，it's____．My mother bought it for me．（ ）
A．you； me B．your； my
C．yours； mine D．your； mine
分析：﹣﹣这是你的电脑吗？﹣﹣是的．它是我的．我的妈妈为我买的．
解答：D．考查物主代词．句意：﹣﹣这是你的电脑吗？﹣﹣是的．它是我的．我的妈妈为我买的．根据题干Is this___computer？﹣Yes，it's____．My mother bought it for me．可知第一空后有名词，所以用形容词性物主代词your；第二空后没有名词，所以名词性物主代词mine．故选D．
注意：在使用名词性物主代词时，必须有特定的语言环境，也就是要省略的名词大家已经知道，已经提起过．
（3）双重所有格
物主代词不可与this，that，these，those，some，any，several，no，each，every，such，another，which等词一起前置，修饰名词，而必须用双重所有格．公式为：a，an，this，that+名词+of+名词性物主代词．如：a friend of mine，Each brother of his．
【易混淆点】
形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法：
①形容词性物主代词后跟名词，不能单独使用，表示所属关系．而名词性物主代词应独立使用，后不跟名词．
②形容词性物主代词与形容词一起修饰名词时，要放在形容词之前．
③名词性物主代词＝相应的形容词性物主代词+名词．
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查物主代词的用法，即形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法及其它们之间的区别是考查的重点．
3．时间介词
【概念】
1．介词：
介词是一种虚词，是英语中最活跃的词类之一，也是中考中经常涉及的考点，其用法变化多样．英语里大部分用语都是由介词和其他词构成的，因此掌握好介词是学好英语的关键之一．
2．介词的功能：
介词不能单独使用，必须和名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语，在句中做表语，定语、状语、宾语补足语等成分．中考对介词的考查主要是介词的基本用法和习惯搭配．
（1）作表语
Our English teacher is from Australia．我们的英语老师来自澳大利亚．
（2）作定语
The girl in red is my sister．穿红色衣服的那个女孩是我的妹妹．
（3）作状语
The girl will be back in two hours．这位姑娘过两个小时回来．
（4）作宾语补足语
Help yourself to some fish．请吃些鱼．
【时间介词的辨析】
（1）表时间的介词
①at，in on
at 表示时间点或固定用法．
例如：at six o'clock，at noon，at midnight．
in 表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上．
例如：in the nineteenth century，in 2002，in May，in winter，in the morning等．
on 表示特定的日子，具体的某一天，星期，节日，某一天的上午，下午，晚上等．
例如：on Monday，on July 1st，on Sunday morning等．
②since，after，for
由since和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用．而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用．for引导一段时间，可于多种时态连用，但必须是延续性动词．
例如：
I haven't heard from him since last summer．自从去年夏天，我再也没有收到他的信．
After five days the boy came back．五天后，这男孩回来了．
We have an art lesson for two hours in the afternoon．我们下午有节美术课要上两个小时．
I have had this bike for three years．我买这辆自行车三年了．
③in，after
In与将来时态连用时，表示"过多长时间以后"的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语．After与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语．After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语．
例如：
He will be back in two months．他在两个月后回来．
He will arrive after four o'clock．四点钟后，他到达．
He returned after a month．一个月后，他回来了．
4．方位介词
【地点介词的辨析】
表示地点的介词
①at，in，on
at 一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示"在某个物体的表面"．例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday．他昨天到达上海．
They arrived at a small village before dark．他们在天黑前到达一个小村庄．
There is a big hole in the wall．墙上有一个大洞．
The teacher put up a picture on the wall．老师把一幅画挂在墙上．
②over，above，on
over，on和above都可表示"在…上面"，但具体含义不同．over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under． above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below．On指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面．
例如：
There is a bridge over the river．河上有一架桥．
We flew above the clouds．我们飞越云层．
They put some flowers on the teacher's desk．他们把一些花放在讲桌上．
③across，through
across和through均可表示"从这一边到另一边"，但用法不同．Across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行．Through的含义与in有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行．
例如：
The dog ran across the grass．狗跑过草地．
The boy swam across the river．那男孩游过河．
They walked through the forest．他们穿过森林．
④in front of，in the front of
in front of 表示"在某人或某物的前面"，在某个范围以外；in the front of 表示"在…的前部"，在某个范围以内．
例如：
There are some tall trees in front of the building．在大楼前有一些高树．
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom．老师坐在教室前面．
5．常用介词的辨析
【常用介词的辨析】
一、表示计量的介词：at，for，by
1．at表示"以…速度""以…价格"．如：
It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour．它以每小时900公里的速度飞行．
2．for表示"用…交换，以…为代价"．如：
He sold his car for 500 dollars．他以五百元把车卖了．
二、表示材料的介词：of，from，in
1．of成品仍可看出原料．如：
This box is made of paper．这个盒子是纸做的．
2．from成品已看不出原料．如：
Wine is made from grapes．葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的．
3．in表示用某种材料或语言．如：
Please fill in the form in pencil first．请先用铅笔填写这个表格．
三、表示关于的介词：of，about，on
1．of仅是提到或谈到过某人或某事．如：
He spoke of the film the other day．他前几天提到了这部影片．
2．about指"关于"某人或某事物的较详细的情况．如：
Can you tell me something about yourself？你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗？
3．on指"关于"学术性的或严肃的事．如：
It's a textbook on the history of china．它是一本有关中国历史的教科书．
四、表示好像或当作的介词：like，as
1．like表示"像…一样"，其实不是．如：
Peter the Great，like his country，was strong and proud．
彼得大帝像他的国家一样强健和自豪．
2．as表示"作为，以…身份"，其实也是．如：
He talked to me as a father．他以父亲的身份跟我谈话．
五、表示支持或反对的介词：against，for
against反对，for支持，互为反义词．如：
Are you for my idea or against it？你赞同还是反对我的想法？
六、表示除某人某物外的介词：besides，except
1．besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的"除…外，还"．如：
Thirty students went to the cinema besides him．
除他以外，还有30个学生去看了电影．（他和另外30人都去了）
He is interested in tennis besides football．除了足球，他还对网球感兴趣．
2．except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的"除去"．如：
Everyone is excited except me．除我以外的每个人都很激动．（他们激动，而我却不激动）
6．从属连词
【概念】
用来引导名词从句和各类的状语从句的连词叫从属连词，由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句，而含有从句的句子叫作复合句，从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句，形成复合句中的从属分句．
【结构】
1．引导时间状语从句的从属连词
（1）表示"当…时候"或"每当"的时间连词．主要用 when， while， as， whenever：
He jumped up when the phone rang． 电话铃响时他吓了一跳．
（2）表示"在…之前（或之后）"的时间连词．主要用before， after：
Turn the lights off before you leave． 离开前请关灯．
（3）表示"自从"或"直到"的时间连词．主要用since， until， till：
He has lived here since he got married． 他结婚后就一直住在这儿．
（4）表示"一…就"的时间连词．主要用as soon as， the moment， the minute， the second， the instant， immediately， directly， instantly， once， no sooner…than， hardly…when等：
Tell him the news as soon as you see him． 你一见到他就把这消息告诉他．
（5）表示"上次"、"下次"、"每次"等的时间连词．主要用every time（每次），each time（每次），（the） next time（下次），any time（随时），（the） last time（上次），the first time（第一次）：
Last time I saw him， he looked ill． 上次我见到他的时候，他好像有病．
注：every time， each time， any time前不用冠词，（the） next time， （the） last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略．
2．引导条件状语从句的从属连词
这类连词主要有if， unless， as/so long as， in case 等：
If anyone calls tell them I'm not at home． 要是有人打电话来，就说我不在家．
注：在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态．
3．引导目的状语从句的从属连词
主要的有 in order that， so that等：
We used the computer in order that we might save time． 我们使用计算机是为了节约时间．
4．引导结果状语从句的从属连词
主要的有so that， so…that， such…that等：
We're all here now， so that the meeting can begin at last． 我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了．
5．引导原因状语从句的从属连词
主要的有because， as， since等：
He couldn't got to school because he had a cold． 他因患感冒而未能去上学．
6．引导让步状语从句的从属连词
主要的有although， though， even though， even if， while， however， whatever， whoever， whenever， wherever等：
Though /Even though it's hard work， I enjoy it． 尽管是苦活，但我乐意干．
7．引导地点状语从句的从属连词
主要的有where， wherever， everywhere等：
There were lots of parks where I lived． 我住的地方有许多公园．
Sit wherever you like． 你想坐在那儿就坐在那儿．
8．引导比较状语从句的从属连词
主要的有than和as…as：
It's easier than I thought． 这比我想像的要容易．
They are as often wrong as they are right． 他们错对各半．
9．引导名词性从句的从属连词
主要的有that， if， whether，who，whom，whose，what，which：
It is clear enough what he meant． 他是什么意思很清楚．
例：（ ）﹣﹣What are you looking for？
﹣﹣I'm looking for the pen _______ my father gave me last week．
A． who B． which C． whose D． whom
考点：从属连词
分析：﹣﹣你在找什么？
﹣﹣我在找我爸上一周给我的那支钢笔．
解答：B．who意思是"谁"指人，在定语从句中作主语；which意思是"哪一个"指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；whose意思是"谁的"指物或指人，在定语从句中作定语；whom意思是"谁"指人，在定语从句中作宾语．根据"the pen"可知先行词是物，要用which或者whose来引导，另外根据"____ my father gave me last week"可知空格处的引导词要在定语从句中作宾语，所以要用which来引导定语从句，故选B．
点评：首先要掌握这几个关系代词的意思以及在定语从句中作的成分，然后结合先行词以及在定语从句需要的成分，就可以确定正确答案．
【易混淆点】
1．并列连词和从属连词区别：
（1）由从属连词引导的状语从句，其位置通常是可变的．
（2）并列连词之间之前不可以加其它连词，而从属连词之前可以加并列连词；连接副词．
2．because， for， since， as 的区别
because语气强， 表示客观必然原因：例如： He is absent， because he is ill． 因为生病，所以他没来．
比较：He is absent， for he is busy． （"生病"是"缺席"的必然原因，"忙"不是必然原因．）
for 语气轻，表示非客观必然的原因，是主观可改变结果的原因，甚至是猜测可能的原因：
He must be ill， for he is absent． "缺席"不一定是"生病"，只是交流猜测．
for 不能放句首，它是并列连词．
since， as 都是不讲自明的原因， 是已知的原因．
Since I am a boy， let me carry the case．
As you don't feel well，you had better stay at home．
【解题方法点拨】
当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时，以下类型的状语从句可以用一般现在时表将来：
1．时间状语从句
I'll write to her when I have time． 我有空会给她写信．
2．条件状语从句
If we hurry， we may catch the bus． 如果赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车．
3．让步状语从句
I'll follow him wherever he goes． 他去哪儿，我就跟着去哪儿．
4．比较状语从句
I will come earlier than you do． 我会比你先到．
5．比例状语从句
The more you eat， the fatter you will become． 你吃得越多就会越胖．
【中考命题方向】
在中考中，从属连词常出现在听力题、单项选择、完形填空、阅读理解、任务型阅读补全对话等中，几乎每种题型都从不同角度来考查，因而大家一定要熟练掌握．
7．连词辨析
【概念】
不同连词在意义或用法上的不同进行辨别分析叫连词辨析．
例：（ ）﹣﹣Would you like to go to the party with me？
﹣﹣I'd love to， I'm afraid I have no time．
A． so B． or C． but
考点：连词辨析．
分析：﹣﹣你愿意和我一起去参加晚会吗？
﹣﹣我愿意．但是恐怕我没有时间．
解答：C；根据语境以及上下文，本题考查的是连词的用法．根据语境推测句意是"我愿意．但是恐怕我没有时间．"，可知前后句之间是转折关系，所以用连词but；故选C．
点评：本题主要考查连词的用法，连词在句子中主要起联系上下文的作用，他们之间的区别就是表示逻辑关系的不同，所以在解题时先要理解上下文含义，然后根据上下文逻辑关系选择合适的连词．连词的用法都比较多，语义之间还有交叉，熟记其基本应用规则，了解其区别，注意固定搭配对象，是做好此类题型的关键．
【易混淆点】
1． such…that…与so…that…都可以用来引导结果状语从句，意为"如此…以致…"．
（1）such是形容词，它所修饰的名词可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可以不带．如果其后是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an．
She is such a good teacher that all of us love and respect her．
（2）so是副词，与形容词或副词连用，其结构是：so+adj．（adv．）+that从句．如：
He ran so fast that I couldn't catch up with him．
注意：当名词前面有many，much，few，little等表示数量多少的限定词时，应该用so，而不能用such．如：
There were so many people in the street that firefighters could not get close to the building．
2．and 和or表示"和，与"的区别
and用于肯定句和问句中，例如：I have a sister and a brother．
or用于否定句中，例如：
There isn't any air or water on the moon．月球上既没有空气也没有水．
3．because， for， since， as 表示"原因"的区别
because语气强， 表示客观必然原因，例如：
He is absent， because he is ill． 因为生病，所以他没来．
for 语气轻，表示非客观必然的原因，是主观可改变结果的原因，甚至是猜测可能的原因，不能放句首，它是并列连词．例如：
He must be ill， for he is absent． "缺席"不一定是"生病"，只是交流猜测．
since， as 都是不讲自明的原因， 是已知的原因．
Since I am a boy， let me carry the case．
4．when和while表示"当…的时候"的区别：
when意为"在……时刻或时期"，它可兼指"时间点"与"时间段"，所引导的从句的动词既可以是终止性动词，也可是持续性动词；while只指"时间段"，不指"时间点"，从句的动词只限于持续性动词．
（1）when从句与主句动作先后发生时，不能与while互换．如：
When he has finished his work， he takes a short rest．每当他做完工作后，总要稍稍休息一下．（when ＝ after）
When I got to the cinema， the film had already begun．当我到电影院时，电影已经开始了．（when＝before）
（2）when从句动词为终止性动词时，不能由while替换．如：
When he came yesterday， we were playing basketball．昨天他来时，我们正在打篮球．
（3）当从句的谓语是表动作的延续性动词时，when， while才有可能互相替代．如：
While / When we were still laughing， the teacher came in．正当我们仍在大声嬉笑时，老师进来了．
【解题方法点拨】
在解题时，根据逻辑关系的不同，先要理解上下文含义，然后根据上下文逻辑关系选择合适的连词，了解其区别，注意固定搭配对象，是做好此类题型的关键．
【中考命题方向】
在中考中，特殊疑问句常出现在单项选择、完形填空、阅读理解、任务型阅读 完成句子等中，几乎每种题型都从不同角度来考查，因而大家一定要熟练掌握．

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