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2022年中考英语话题阅读理解 学校与学习
（2021·北京西城区·模拟） We've all experienced failure. Whether we like it or not, failure is part of life. How people respond to it is of great importance both to their decisions and achievements. Some are likely to have such expectations: "If I should reach that goal, how happy would I feel " In a recent study, we wanted to understand how such expectations may change in the face of failure. Are people able to predict their own happiness
The old saying "the grass is always greener on the other side" suggests that people spend much of their time searching for things they can't have. In other words, the harder it is to achieve, the higher the valuation. But is this a good model for how ordinary people process failure According to the story The Fox and the Grapes, failure often leads us to drop our initial (最初的) plan. In the story, the fox jumps with all his strength, yet he fails to reach the grapes. Finally, he walks away, concluding that the grapes were sour (酸的) anyway.
So, which is it: greener grass or sour grapes We did an experiment to determine how people react to failure.
In the study, about 1,200 participants (参加者) received either good or poor feedback (反馈) on the practice trial of a test. Half of them were told that they had performed in the bottom 20 percent, while the other half, in the top 20 percent. They were then asked to predict how they would feel if they earned a high score on the actual test.
The research results showed that those who received poor feedback on the practice trial predicted that they would feel less happiness and less pride, compared to those who received strong feedback. However, when they received a top score on the actual test later, they were just as happy as the other half, and much happier than they had predicted before. This suggests that the initial failure made people undervalue how good it would feel to succeed in the future.
The question though, is why failure makes us downplay our future happiness. According to Professor Jon Elster, people don't always know what they want, and often change their wishes to match what appears within reach. When the outcome doesn't fit the one they have of themselves, they protect themselves by devaluing the goal—rather than devaluing themselves. In other words, when personal failure happens, one way of protecting our positive (积极的) sense of self is to refuse to accept the emotional importance of future achievements.
Detachment (超脱) from personal goals can be useful, if it helps people redirect their attention from the impossible to better and more achievable goals. However, if the sour-grape effect kicks in too early and people become fearful of failure, they could miss out on the chance to try again and realize that what once seemed impossible is now within reach.
(1) What does the story The Fox and the Grapes suggest
A．The outcome valuation depends on what goal is set.
B．Difficulties result in a higher achievement expectation.
C．Past performance doesn't help predict future happiness.
D．Initial failure makes future success appear less attractive.
(2) The word "downplay" in Paragraph 6 probably means "_____".
A．undervalue B．better understand
C．destroy D．discover
(3) What do we know from the passage
A．The participants cared more about strong feedback.
B．The happier people are those who predict less happiness.
C．The participants' performance failed to match their abilities.
D．People devalue the goal to keep a positive view of themselves.
(4) What is the writer trying to tell us
A．Failure is the mother of success.
B．Detachment stops people from changing wishes.
C．The seemingly impossible is worth trying sometimes.
D．The sour-grape effect pushes us to keep moving forward.
Listen to your heart
Do you always struggle (努力) to understand others' feelings Perhaps you should listen to your heart.
According to a team of scientists at Anglia Ruskin University in the UK, people who are more aware of their own heartbeat are better at understanding others' emotions.
Researchers have long suspected (怀疑) that this ability is important for understanding others' thoughts and feelings.
To test this theory, the British team asked 72 volunteers to count their own heartbeats without feeling a pulse. This aimed to see how aware they were of the feelings inside their own bodies.
Then, the volunteers were shown video clips of social interactions (互动), which tested their ability to read the minds of the characters.
During the clips, they were asked questions that required an understanding of the emotions of a certain character—for example, "What is Sandra feeling " In addition, they were asked questions that did not involve any emotions, such as "What is Michael thinking " They were also asked non-social questions, like "What was the weather like that evening "
The results showed that those who had counted their heartbeats most accurately were better at answering questions relating to the characters' emotions. However, there was no link between the ability to feel what's going on inside your body and questions that did not involve any emotions.
Punit Shah, lead author of the study, used an example to explain this: If your colleague Michael is rude toward Sandra in public, your body processes (处理) this by increasing your heart rate. This may make you feel anxious and allow you to understand that Sandra is embarrassed (尴尬的).
"If you do not feel your heart rate increase, it may reduce your ability to understand that situation and respond appropriately," Shah told The Telegraph.
Researchers believed their findings mean it could be possible to make people more empathetic by training them to listen to their hearts.
This also lends support to the argument that feelings are, at the very least, deeply rooted in physical sensations (感觉).
(1) What does the new study find
A．People are better at understanding others' emotions than thoughts.
B．People with quicker heartbeats are more sensitive to others' feelings.
C．The ability to feel your heartbeat is important for understanding others' thoughts.
D．Your ability to feel others' emotions is related to your ability to feel your own heartbeat.
(2) Which of the following is TRUE about the new study according to the article
A．The volunteers were asked to count their heartbeats while watching video clips.
B．Researchers designed emotional, non-emotional and non-social questions.
C．The volunteers were required to describe each other's thoughts and feelings.
D．Researchers trained the volunteers to listen to their hearts and observed them.
(3) The underlined word "empathetic" in Paragraph 10 probably means _____.
A．willing to accept ideas that are different from your own
B．not influenced in any way by other people or things
C．being able to understand others' feelings
D．willing to help those in trouble
(4) What can we learn from the last four paragraphs
A．We react to a situation more slowly when our heart rates increase.
B．Physical sensations in our bodies are believed to cause emotional changes.
C．Our ability to feel emotions is part of us and can't be changed.
D．How we feel has nothing to do with the state of our bodies.
Is it difficult for you to remember things I'd like to tell you some ways to improve your memory, so you shouldn't feel upset.
My first advice is that if you want to remember something well, you have to review it regularly (有规律地). You might review the material two days after you learn it, then a week later, then two weeks later, and then a month later. After a month you will find that you can easily remember the material.
My second advice is to use a colored pen to highlight (标注) the important parts on your book. This will help you in two days. First, it will help you pay attention to the most important parts when you learn the language. It is always easier to remember only the key points. Second, this will make reviewing easier. When you open your book, the colored parts will show you the most important things quickly. In this way, you don't have to review all the material again.
Another piece of advice is to use the proper time well. First, review all the information in your mind right before you go to sleep. Your brain is working while you are sleeping. If you think about the information before you go to sleep, you might be able to remember it better. Another good time for memorizing information is in the morning because you have just rested and your brain is fresh and clear. So you might also try to review the important information in the morning.
(1) How long may it take you to remember the material easily if you review it regularly
(2) Is it easier to use a colored pen to help remember the key points
(3) What is the good time to review information
(4) How many pieces of advice does the writer give
(5) What is the passage mainly about
阅读短文，根据短文内容回答问题。
Reading for pleasure is the easiest way to become a better reader in English. It is also the most important way. Some students say they don't want to read for pleasure. They say they want to use their time to learn the rules of the language and new words. They say that pleasure reading is too easy.
Many experts (专家) say pleasure reading is very important for learning English. Dr. Stephen Krashen, a famous expert on learning languages, says that pleasure reading helps you learn many important things about English. Students learn more grammar and more words when they read for pleasure. They also learn more about good writing.
Dr. Krashen tells us that pleasure reading helps each student in a different way. Each student needs to learn something different. Pleasure reading makes it possible for each student to learn what he or she needs.
Reading for pleasure is not the same as studying. When you read for pleasure, you choose your own books, and you don't have to remember everything. There are no tests on your pleasure reading books. Pleasure reading will help you:
●learn how English speakers use English
●read faster in English
●find examples of good writing in English
●learn new words
●learn about the cultures (文化) of English speakers
(1) Is pleasure reading important for learning English
(2) Which is the easier way to become a better reader, pleasure reading or studying
(3) What do some students think of pleasure reading
(4) How can we become better readers
(5) What's the greatest advantage (优点) of pleasure reading
（2020·山东滨州市·真题）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容，从短文后各题所给的选项中，选择最佳选项。
How to fight against COVID-19 (新冠病毒) We choose some books to help you. The books were translated into 13 languages, including Japanese, French and Russian. They are convenient for readers to enjoy.
Virus, Virus, You Cannot Scare Me! (Writer: Mu Xiangzhen) The book makes parents and children be able to learn—in a fun way—about how viruses (病毒) spread and what people can do to protect themselves. It tells children not to fear about viruses. Besides, it also introduces the idea of getting well with nature, and hopes children can protect wild life and the natural environment.
A Special Spring Festival (Writer: Gao Jing) This book pictures children's special Spring Festival in China during the outbreak of COVID-19. It tells a story of a common family in China. It tries to answer the child's question "Why can't I be allowed to play outside " It tells the child what COVID-19 is, how it spreads, and how we can protect ourselves from it. The pictures show love between family members, friends and everyone.
Ten Tips to Fight Monsters (Writer: Dong Ruihan) Dad leaves 10 tips to help us fight the virus. Who will win the war The story will gently teach children how to prevent the disease (疾病) in a language that they can easily understand. It will help kids remain calm in the hard time, and encourage them to help family members to prevent the disease.
A Brief History of Viruses for Children (Writer: Changsha White-flag Dolphin Children's Book Workshop) This story book tells the beginning of the virus, so the readers can understand the history of the virus easily. The book sets up a "Ten Questions about COVID-19" section, which explains the knowledge of COVID-19 (including how it spreads), helping children readers to understand the virus basing on (基于) reason and science.
(1) All the four books are about _____.
A．children's daily activities
B．ten questions about COVID-19
C．fighting against COVID-19
D．love between family members, friends and everyone
(2) If you want to know the beginning of the virus, you can read _____
A．Virus, Virus, You Cannot Scare Me!
B．A Special Spring Festival.
C．Ten Tips to Fight Monsters.
D．A Brief History of Viruses for Children.
(3) Which writer hopes children can protect wild life
A．Mu Xiangzhen.
B．Gao Jing.
C．Dong Ruihan.
D．Changsha White-flag Dolphin Children's Book Workshop.
(4) The spread of the virus is mentioned in _____.
① Virus, Virus, You Cannot Scare Me!
② A Special Spring Festival
③ Ten Tips to Fight Monsters
④ A Brief History of Viruses for Children
A．①②③ B．①②④ C．①③④ D．②③④
(5) According to the passage, which one is NOT true
A．The books were translated into many languages.
B．Children can do something to protect themselves.
C．We can understand the virus basing on reason and science.
D．We have won the war against COVID-19 completely.
阅读短文，根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有一项是多余选项。
Many people may enjoy travelling by air, but few like airline food. Airlines have always tried to improve the food quality and the taste in order to attract more travelers. _____ According to some recent scientific researches, a part of the reason is that at high altitude (海拔), we can't actually taste things well we do on the ground.
Scientists have found that even before a plane takes off, _____ As the plane climbs, the air pressure changes and our noses become more and more senseless. When the plane goes 35,000 feet high, _____ They help explain why the tomato juice on airplanes tastes far less sour in the air than it does down on the ground. _____ Otherwise, the food would be tasteless. Astronauts also have to do with this problem on their journey for similar reasons. How to solve the problem The studies are going on! We are looking forward to any improvements.
(1)
A．the nose no longer knows just like being bitten (咬) by a snake.
B．It has a long way to go.
C．the air inside the plane dries out the nose.
D．Getting something tasty in the air is like a dream to the travelers.
E．It also helps to exploit why airlines like to have salty and spicy (辛辣的) food better.
(2)
A．the nose no longer knows just like being bitten (咬) by a snake.
B．It has a long way to go.
C．the air inside the plane dries out the nose.
D．Getting something tasty in the air is like a dream to the travelers.
E．It also helps to exploit why airlines like to have salty and spicy (辛辣的) food better.
(3)
A．the nose no longer knows just like being bitten (咬) by a snake.
B．It has a long way to go.
C．the air inside the plane dries out the nose.
D．Getting something tasty in the air is like a dream to the travelers.
E．It also helps to exploit why airlines like to have salty and spicy (辛辣的) food better.
(4)
A．the nose no longer knows just like being bitten (咬) by a snake.
B．It has a long way to go.
C．the air inside the plane dries out the nose.
D．Getting something tasty in the air is like a dream to the travelers.
E．It also helps to exploit why airlines like to have salty and spicy (辛辣的) food better.
（2019·淮安市淮安区·期中） Giving a speech in front of your class can be challenging (挑战性的). However, you can do something to make it success.
First of all, you need to do something about your topic. For example, choose a topic about something you like, such as something that interests you or someone who is close to you. Once you've chosen your topic, try to find useful information about it online or from the library. As you do this, write down the information that supports your ideas in a valuable way.
Rehearsing (排练) your speech is also important. For this, you'd better write the script (讲稿) just like talking to your friends. Keep your script simple. Use interesting examples or stories to show your ideas. Once you finish your script, read it out loud to yourself and remember it. After that, write down 2 to 3 points that you may forget on a note card. Finally, you have to practice your speech in front of something or someone until you don't have to look at your note card.
In the end, it's time to give the speech. At this time, stand straight and hold your head high. This will show that you're confident. Show your listeners that you're excited by smiling before you begin and throughout the speech. Pause (停顿) after finishing a sentence, or after saying an important point. It will allow you time to collect your thoughts.
If you're out of breath while speaking or if your words start running together, you're most probably speaking too fast. If this happens, take a breath and slow down. While talking, look at your listeners, like friends. What's more, if you don't remember the next word or line, pause for one or two seconds to look at your note card. Before you begin speaking, take a deep breath, smile at your listeners, and then go on.
(1) It can be challenging to in front of your class, but you can do something to give a successful speech.
(2) First of all, you need to about your topic. Once you've chosen your topic, try to find useful information about it online or from the library.
(3) It's better for you to write the script just like and keep practicing your speech in front of something or someone until you can remember it.
(4) To show that you're confident, you should while giving the speech.
(5) If you're speaking too fast, you can take a breath and slow down. When you the next word or line, you can look at your note card.
I am a schoolboy. I have a twin brother. We like the school. There are twenty-five boys and eighteen girls in our class.
We have no class on Saturday and Sunday. We usually get up at 6:00 a.m. and have breakfast at 6:30 a.m. We go to school at 7:00 a.m.
We have four classes in the morning and two in the afternoon. We have lunch at noon. At 3:50 in the afternoon we do sports.
We study Chinese, math, English, geography, history, P.E. and other subjects. But we are both good at Chinese. We go home at 5:00 p.m. We have supper at 6:00 p.m. and do our homework at 7:00 p.m. every evening. But sometimes we go to bed at about ten.
We study hard for a better tomorrow.
(1)
A．I like math best, and my brother's favorite subject is history.
B．We go to school from Monday to Friday.
C．We usually go to bed at 9:30 p.m.
D．We both study at No. 1 Middle School.
E．Classes begin at 8:00 a.m.
(2)
A．I like math best, and my brother's favorite subject is history.
B．We go to school from Monday to Friday.
C．We usually go to bed at 9:30 p.m.
D．We both study at No. 1 Middle School.
E．Classes begin at 8:00 a.m.
(3)
A．I like math best, and my brother's favorite subject is history.
B．We go to school from Monday to Friday.
C．We usually go to bed at 9:30 p.m.
D．We both study at No. 1 Middle School.
E．Classes begin at 8:00 a.m.
(4)
A．I like math best, and my brother's favorite subject is history.
B．We go to school from Monday to Friday.
C．We usually go to bed at 9:30 p.m.
D．We both study at No. 1 Middle School.
E．Classes begin at 8:00 a.m.
(5)
A．I like math best, and my brother's favorite subject is history.
B．We go to school from Monday to Friday.
C．We usually go to bed at 9:30 p.m.
D．We both study at No. 1 Middle School.
E．Classes begin at 8:00 a.m.
There are at least two methods. Induction (归纳法) (as described by Darwin), or deduction (演绎法) (as described by Einstein). Both methods can produce amazing result. But only when you know which "direction" to go.
The steps are the same. They include:
Theory (理论)=Explaining how things work
Experiment=A way to test what's happening
Observation=Something you notice
Together, these are called the scientific method.
Should you start from the "bottom" by collecting information and facts to prove and seeing where chat leads you That's induction. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) supported this method. He spent years observing the appearance and behavior of animals in different places. From this, he created his theory of natural selection: animal and plants can change because of their environment. Or should you start from the "top" by creating a theory and then seeing how it stands up to real life That's deduction. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was king here. He began with brave ideas. These theories often took years to prove by experiment.
A few of Einstein's ideas are still being examined.
In history, scientist have been solving problems using different methods. For example, while studying bacteria (细菌). Fleming found that something on bread could kill bacteria harmful to human health. This led him to discover a new medicine. Newton suggested that all objects attract each other. His idea was proved later.
So which way better That depends. Some researchers do experiment, and only later consider where their results may lead them. That's induction. But deduction needs you to suggest a theory that may or may not be supported by the information and facts. The best scientists are always ready to change methods when necessary.
(1) How many steps are there in the scientific method _____
A．2 B．3 C．4
(2) Deduction needs you to start from the _____
A．"bottom" B．"middle" C．"top"
(3) Fleming used _____ to discover a new medicine.
A．induction B．deduction C．theories
(4) The last paragraph (段) tells us _____
A．which way is better B．to get more facts
C．to use proper methods
(5) What can be the best title of the passage
A．Deduction and induction B．Darwin and Fleming
C．Theory and experiment
Writing a Short Story
Stephen King said, "If you don't have time to read, you don't have time to write. "That means, if you've never read a short story, it will be difficult to write one. Writing a short story is a popular hobby for a lot of people. Writing a good story is not easy, but it is certainly worth doing it. How to write a short story Here are some steps you should take to write a good story.
Step 1
Every story starts with an idea. Start by thinking about the things that you enjoy. Other ideas can come from thinking about subjects that you'd like to know more about.
Step 2
Once you have an idea, you can then decide who your main characters are going to be Consider having both a hero and villain ( 恶棍) in your story. This will help to keep your readers interested.
Step 3
Most writers plan their stories by creating an outline. It should describe the main events that happen. This will help anyone who reads the story to follow its events.
Step 4
Now that you have your outline, it is time to start writing. Follow your outline and write your short story. At this point, your story does not have to be perfect Then you can make some more detail information, this will help you understand what your story is about.
Step 5
The story you have written is your first draft (草稿), the next step is to read though it an revise (修改). After your self-revision, it's time to get some advice about your story. Finally, you should now have a well-written story.
(1)
A．You will go back and improve it later
B．Before you start, you need to plan your story
C．It is also an excellent way to express creative idea.
D．These activities are very good subjects to base your stories on.
E．Have others read your story so they can make suggestions for you to improve your story.
(2)
A．You will go back and improve it later.
B．Before you start, you need to plan your story.
C．It is also an excellent way to express creative idea.
D．These activities are very good subjects to base your stories on.
E．Have others read your story so they can make suggestions for you to improve your story.
(3)
A．You will go back and improve it later.
B．Before you start, you need to plan your story.
C．It is also an excellent way to express creative idea.
D．These activities are very good subjects to base your stories on.
E．Have others read your story so they can make suggestions for you to improve your story.
(4)
A．You will go back and improve it later.
B．Before you start, you need to plan your story.
C．It is also an excellent way to express creative idea.
D．These activities are very good subjects to base your stories on.
E．Have others read your story so they can make suggestions for you to improve your story.
(5)
A．You will go back and improve it later.
B．Before you start, you need to plan your story.
C．It is also an excellent way to express creative idea.
D．These activities are very good subjects to base your stories on.
E．Have others read your story so they can make suggestions for you to improve your story.
（2020·北京·模拟）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容，从短文后各题所给的选项中，选择最佳选项。
When you are sitting in class, have you ever drawn pictures in the margins (页边的空白处) of your notebooks If so, you are doodling. Many people think of doodling as a distraction (分心) from more important things. But it might be just the opposite. Doodling might help one focus on work.
One study shows that doodling may help you remember things you hear. In 2009 researchers asked two groups of people to listen to a phone message. One group was encouraged to doodle, but the other was not. Neither group knew that it would be asked to remember information from the message. But the group that doodled remembered 29% more.
Other people have suggested other uses for doodling. Jesse Prinz, a professor who studies doodling, says it can help you think creatively. Walking away from a problem to draw might actually help you solve it. When you come back, you'll have a fresh perspective (观点) and figure out an answer more quickly.
An author named Sunni Brown wrote a book on doodling. She argues that doodling is a tool that can help people think. She admits that people see doodling as doing nothing, but she wants to change that. In fact, she runs a business that helps companies improve organization and planning through doodling.
Brown believes doodling is helpful because it includes many ways of learning. You learn in four ways: seeing, hearing, reading or writing, and through movement. The more ways you use, the better you learn. And when you doodle while listening to a lecture, you use all four.
You might think that being good at drawing is important for doodling. But if the point of doodling is to help you think, then it doesn't matter what the picture looks like. Even if you're not an artist, doodling can help you. So next time you need help focusing, pick up a pen and doodle away!
(1) Which of the following is TRUE
A．Jesse Prinz thinks doodling can help people remember better.
B．Brown believes doodling involves four ways of learning.
C．One study shows doodling is a distraction from more important things.
D．Many people think that doodling may be good for your learning and thinking.
(2) According to the passage, when you have a problem, you might find a way to solve it by _____.
A．having a conversation B．watching a movie
C．drawing lines or shapes D．wondering in the park
(3) The writer probably agrees _____.
A．doodling has drawn more attention
B．doodling needs good drawing skill
C．doodling develop one's patience
D．doodling helps one focus attention
(4) What's the passage mainly about
A．The problemsof doodling. B．Thecauses of doodling.
C．The advantages of doodling. D．The side effects of doodling.
阅读短文，根据短文内容，从短文后的五个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。每个选项只能用一次。
Can you swim Do you like swimming Yes Well, how can you learn to swim I think the best way is to go into the water and learn. I'm afraid you'll never learn to swim just by reading books about swimming or looking at others swimming. _____. We must practice, practice and practice.
Listening and speaking are very important for beginners. The children in English-speaking countries first listen to others. Then they try to imitate them and speak. We can listen to English programs on the radio. You may just understand a few words. It doesn't matter. Just be relaxed and try to catch every word.
_____. But he dare not speak. He's afraid of making mistakes. You know we sometimes make mistakes when we speak Chinese. Don't be afraid. We must be brave. If you really want to learn English well, you must try to speak with everyone so long as he knows English. Whether you know him or not is not important. When there's nobody to talk with, you can talk to yourself in English. It's interesting and also a good way to practice your spoken English. Remember, the more you speak, the fewer mistakes you'll make.
Reading and writing are more important for senior school students. _____. A lot of reading will improve your language sense. This is the most important.
_____. We can also write English articles. You may even post them to English magazines. Don't be afraid of failure. Failure is the mother of success.
_____. Well, let's do more practice from now on. I'm sure you'll learn English well in this way.
(1)
A．Keep English diaries
B．First we must choose the books we're interested in
C．It's the same with the English study
D．It's easier said than done
E．Somebody may be a good listener
(2)
A．Keep English diaries
B．First we must choose the books we're interested in
C．It's the same with the English study
D．It's easier said than done
E．Somebody may be a good listener
(3)
A．Keep English diaries
B．First we must choose the books we're interested in
C．It's the same with the English study
D．It's easier said than done
E．Somebody may be a good listener
(4)
A．Keep English diaries
B．First we must choose the books we're interested in
C．It's the same with the English study
D．It's easier said than done
E．Somebody may be a good listener
(5)
A．Keep English diaries
B．First we must choose the books we're interested in
C．It's the same with the English study
D．It's easier said than done
E．Somebody may be a good listener
2022年中考英语话题阅读理解 学校和学习
答案
1. 【答案】
(1) D
(2) A
(3) D
(4) C
【解析】
(1) 失败是生活的一部分。人们对它的反应对他们的决定和成就都是非常重要的。通过实验证明，当个人失败发生时，保护我们积极的自我意识的一种方式就是拒绝接受未来成就的情感重要性，作者建议读者有时候，看似不可能的事情值得一试。
细节理解题。根据“According to the story The Fox and the Grapes, failure often leads us to drop our initial (最初的) plan”可推断，这个故事讲的就是狐狸在达不到自己最开始的计划时，它选择了放弃，失败让未来可能的成功显得并不那么吸引人。
(2) 词义猜测题。根据“The question though, is why failure makes us downplay our future happiness”及“When the outcome doesn't fit the one they have of themselves, they protect themselves by devaluing the goal—rather than devaluing themselves”可知，当结果不适合他们自己时，他们通过贬低目标来保护自己，而不是贬低自己，以至于人们会轻视未来的幸福，所以“downplay”与“undervalue”同义。
(3) 推理判断题。根据“In other words, when personal failure happens, one way of protecting our positive (积极的) sense of self is to refuse to accept the emotional importance of future achievements”可知，当人们失败时，人们通过贬低目标以保持对自己的积极看法。
(4) 推理判断题。根据“However, if the sour-grape effect kicks in too early and people become fearful of failure, they could miss out on the chance to try again and realize that what once seemed impossible is now within reach”可知，作者想告诉我们有时候，看似不可能的事情值得一试。
2. 【答案】
(1) D
(2) B
(3) C
(4) B
【解析】
(1) 文章介绍了英国科学家的一个研究成果，那些更加淸楚自己的心搏情况的人，能够很好地理解他人的情绪。文章介绍了他们是怎样进行研究，从而得出这一结论的。
细节理解题。根据 According to a team of scientists at Anglia Ruskin University in the UK, people who are more aware of their own heartbeat are better at understanding others' emotions 根据英国的一个大学研究，那些更清楚自己心搏情况的人能够很好地理解他人的情绪；故选 D。
(2) 推理判断题。根据 To test this theory, the British team asked 72 volunteers to count their own heartbeats without feeling a pulse. 和 Then, the volunteers were shown video clips of social interactions (互动) 以及 During the clips, they were asked questions that required an understanding of the emotions of a certain character 和 They were also asked non-social questions 为检验这一理论，这个英国小组让 72 名志愿者在不摸自己脉搏的情况下数一数自己的心跳次数，然后让志愿者观看了几段社交场景的视频，在看的同时，提问几个问题，需要他们对某个人物的情绪进行理解，他们还被测试了一些非社交性的问题，综上所述，可知科学家对他们设计了情绪性、非情绪性和非社交性问题；故选 B。
(3) 词义猜测题。根据 Researchers believed their findings mean it could be possible to make people more empathetic by training them to listen to their hearts 研究人员相信，他们的发现意味着，通过训练人们倾听自己的心搏，他们会更加感性，可知是“感性的”，也就是更加理解他人的情感；故选 C。
(4) 推理判断题。根据 This also lends support to the argument that feelings are, at the very least, deeply rooted in physical sensations 这一成果也支持这一论点，也就是无论如何。情绪深深根植于躯体的感受，即身体的感觉导致情绪的变化；故选 B。
3. 【答案】
(1) For a month.
(2) Yes, it is.
(3) In the morning.
(4) Three.
(5) How to improve your memory.
4. 【答案】
(1) Yes, it is.
(2) Pleasure reading.
(3) It's too easy. /It's not useful/helpful/important.
(4) Do pleasure reading. /Reading for pleasure.
(5) We can learn what we need.
5. 【答案】
(1) C
(2) D
(3) A
(4) B
(5) D
6. 【答案】
(1) D
(2) C
(3) A
(4) E
7. 【答案】
(1) give a speech
(2) do something
(3) talking to your friends
(4) stand straight and hold your head high
(5) forget；don't remember
【解析】
(1) 细节理解题。根据第一段“Giving a speech in front of your class can be challenging (挑战性的). However, you can do something to make it success.”，可知当着全班同学的面发表演讲是很有挑战性的。但是，你可以做一些事情使它成功。
(2) 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“First of all, you need to do something about your topic. For example, choose a topic about something you like, such as something that interests you or someone who is close to you.”，可知首先，你需要对你的话题做点什么。一且你选择了你的主题，试着在网上或从图书馆找到关于它的有用信息。
(3) 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Rehearsing (排练) your speech is also important. For this, you'd better write the script (讲稿) just like talking to your friends. Keep your script simple. Use interesting examples or stories to show your ideas.”，可知排练你的演讲也很重要。为此，你最好像和朋友聊天一样写剧本。
(4) 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句“In the end, it's time to give the speech. At this time, stand straight and hold your head high. This will show that you're confident. Show your listeners that you're excited by smiling before you begin and throughout the speech.”，可知最后，是发表演讲的时候了，站直，抬头挺胸。这将表明你有信心。
(5) 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“What's more, if you don't remember the next word or line, pause for one or two seconds to look at your note card. Before you begin speaking, take a deep breath, smile at your listeners, and then go on.”，可知更重要的是，如果你不记得下一个单词或下一行，暂停一两秒钟看看你的记事本。
8. 【答案】
(1) D
(2) B
(3) E
(4) A
(5) C
【解析】
(1) 作者和孪生兄弟在同一所学校，短文详细地介绍了他们一天的学习和生活情况。
根据后句“We like the school.”可知，这里说的是在一个学校，结合选项，应说我们都在第一中学学习。
(2) 根据后句“We have no class on Saturday and Sunday.”可知，这里说的是上学，结合选项，应说我们从星期一到星期五上学。
(3) 根据后句“We have four classes in the morning and two in the afternoon.”可知，这里说的是上课，结合选项，应说早上 8 点开始上课。
(4) 根据后句“But we are both good at Chinese.”可知，这里说的是喜欢的科目，结合选项，应说我最喜欢数学，但我哥哥最喜欢的科目是历史。
(5) 根据后句“But sometimes we go to bed at about ten.”可知，这里说的是睡觉，结合选项，应说我们通常晚上九点半去睡觉。
9. 【答案】
(1) B
(2) C
(3) A
(4) C
(5) A
【解析】
(1) 细节理解题。根据第三行句子 The steps are the same. They include：这个步骤是相同的。它们包括：Theory（理论）=Explaining how things work. 理论=解释它们是如何工作的。Experiment=A way to test what's happening. 实验=一种测试正在发生的事情的方法。Observation=Something you notice. 观察=你注意的东西。可知是三个步骤。故选 B。
(2) 细节理解题。根据 Or should you start from the"top" by creating a theory and then seeing how it stands up to real life That's deduction. 可知从顶部开始。故选 C。
(3) 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段句子 Fleming found that something on bread could kill bacteria harmful to human health. This led him to discover a new medicine. 弗莱明发现，面包上的东西可以杀死对人体健康有害的细菌，这使他发现了一种新药。和最后一段句子 Some researchers do experiment, and only later consider where their results may lead them. That's induction. 一些研究人员做实验，然后才考虑，其结果可能会导致他们的感应。这是归纳法。可知是归纳法。故选 A。
(4) 细节理解题。根据最后一段句子 The best scientists are always ready to change methods when necessary. 最好的科学家总是准备在必要时改变方法。可知告诉我们使用适当的方法。故选 C。
(5) 主旨归纳题。根据这篇文章内容及其第一段句子 There are at least two methods. Induction (归纳法) (as described by Darwin), or deduction(演绎法) (as described by Einstein). 至少有两种方法。感应（归纳法）（如达尔文），或扣除（演绎法）（如爱因斯坦）。可知主要说的是归纳法和演绎法。故选 A。
10. 【答案】
(1) C
(2) D
(3) B
(4) A
(5) E
11. 【答案】
(1) B
(2) C
(3) D
(4) C
12. 【答案】
(1) C
(2) E
(3) B
(4) A
(5) D

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