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备考2019年高考英语二轮专题复习：阅读理解（真题）
一、阅读理解
1．（2018·江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
C
If you want to disturb the car industry, you'd better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems(生态系统）, small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys. As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (NYFC, 美国青年农会）and a family farmer myself. I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry.
For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn't touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business.
The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won't happen without fundamental changes to the industry. One crucial factor is secure access to petition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one's own land unattainable for many new farmers. From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions.
Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering(多于）farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with two-thirds of the nation's farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation's food.
There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy, but farmers can't clumsily put them together before us. We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers.
（1）The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce .
A．the progress made in car industry
B．a special feature of agriculture
C．a trend of development in agriculture
D．the importance of investing in car industry
（2）What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2
A．Loans to small local farmers are necessary.
B．Technology is vital for agricultural development.
C．Competition between small and big farms is fierce
D．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones.
（3）What is the difficulty for those new farmers
A．To gain more financial aid. B．To hire good farm managers.
C．To have farms of their own. D．To win old farmers' support.
（4）What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy
A．Seek support beyond NYFC B．Expand farmland conservation.
C．Become members of NYFC D．Invest more to improve technology.
【答案】（1）B
（2）D
（3）C
（4）A
【考点】推理判断题；细节理解题；社会现象类；议论文
【解析】【分析】这是一篇关于美国农业发展的议论文。介绍了美国的小农场主所持有的优势，同时也分析了目前美国农业发展所面临的问题， 以及提出的相应的解决办法。
（1）推理判断。文章开头提出与汽车寡头竞争几乎不可能，为了引出下文small farmers can get the best of the major players小农场主可以与大对手竞争，作者这样写是为了让读者理解农业的特点，故答案为B。
（2）推理判断。举例是为了证明某种观点，这是写作的基本首发。所以第二段开头就用了for example，当然是为了证明第一段的观点small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys，即小农场主可以比大农场主领先一步，故答案为D。
（3）细节理解。将题干中的new farmers定位在第三段第二、三句One crucial factor is secure access to petition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one's own land unattainable for many new farmers. 可知，一个关键性的因素是安全的获取耕地，来自投资者、开发者和已经成规模的大农场主的竞争使得拥有自己的耕地对许多新的农场主来说是可望而不可及的。所以new farmers面临的问题就是耕地问题，故答案为C。
（4）细节理解。将题干中sustainable and fair farm economy定位在最后一段，作者提出了三种解决方案：NYFC提供帮助；敦促国会加强土地保护；消费者与新农民组成同一战线。所以要维持可持续的公平的农业经济，农民还要得到NYFC以外的帮助。故答案为A。
【点评】本文属于议论文，文章较难。阅读时首先要弄清楚作者要证明什么观点，然后用什么样的论据进行怎样的分析，最后得出了什么样的结论，理清了线索，理解文章就不是问题。看题时注意确定关键词，然后在文章中定位，找到与选项一致的内容，就可以轻松的确定答案。
2．（2018·江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
D
Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.
It found many youngsters(少年）now measure their status by how much public approval they get online, often through "like". Some change their behavior in real life to improve their image on the web.
The report into youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Children's Commissioner (专员）Anne Longfield. She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.
Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13.The youngsters admitted planning trips around potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friends—and friends of friends — to demand "likes" for their online posts.
The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media posts quickly, and around the clock.
Children aged 8 to 10 were "starting to feel happy" when others liked their posts. However, those in the 10 to 12 age group were "concerned with how many people like their posts", suggesting a "need" for social recognition that gets stronger the older they become.
Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up "worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media.
She said: "Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games when they are in primary school. But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real social media interaction at secondary school."
As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves".
Miss Longfield added: "Then there is this push to connect—if you go offline, will you miss something, will you miss out, will you show that you don't care about those people you are following, all of those come together in a huge way at once."
"For children it is very, very difficult to cope with emotionally." The Children's Commissioner for England's study—life in Likes—found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for play.
However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.
By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.
However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities(名人）or more brilliant friends online. The report said they also faced pressure to respond to messages at all hours of the day—especially at secondary school when more youngsters have mobile phones.
The Children's Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional minefield(雷区）they faced online. And she said social media companies must also "take more responsibility". They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users.
Javed Khan, of children's charity Bamardo's, said: "It's vital that new compulsory age-appropriate relationship and sex education lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media.
"It's also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using."
（1）Why did some secondary school students feel too much pressure
A．They were not provided with adequate equipment.
B．They were not well prepared for emotional risks.
C．They were required to give quick responses.
D．They were prevented from using mobile phones.
（2）Some social app companies were to blame because .
A．they didn't adequately check their users' registration
B．they organized photo trips to attract more youngsters
C．they encouraged youngsters to post more photos
D．they didn't stop youngsters from staying up late
（3）Children's comparing themselves to others online may lead to .
A．less friendliness to each other B．lower self-identity and confidence
C．an increase in online cheating D．a stronger desire to stay online
（4）According to Life in Likes, as children grew, they became more anxious to .
A．circulate their posts quickly B．know the qualities of their posts
C．use mobile phones for play D．get more public approval
（5）What should parents do to solve the problem
A．Communicate more with secondary schools.
B．Urge media companies to create safer apps.
C．Keep track of children's use of social media.
D．Forbid their children from visiting the web.
（6）What does the passage mainly talk about
A．The influence of social media on children.
B．The importance of social media to children.
C．The problem in building a healthy relationship.
D．The measure to reduce risks from social media.
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）B
（4）D
（5）C
（6）A
【考点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；社会文化类；议论文
【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文，介绍了社交媒体与青少年面临的压力之间的关系：青少年对社交媒体的依赖是为了获得自我价值。
（1）细节理解。根据题干中的secondary school students、 pressure定位到第二段social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, 可知，学生感受到巨大压力是因为媒体将他们暴露在情感危机中，一些孩子不具备处理这种网上面临的巨大情感压力的能力，故答案为B。
（2）推理判断。将题干中的Some social app companies定位到第三段Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13，可知，一些社交软件公司在孩子们当中很受欢迎，即使他们应该要求用户年龄至少13岁，所以可以推断社交媒体对用户年龄没有监管到位i，故答案为A。
（3）细节理解。根据第八段hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves可以看出，孩子们在在网上的攀比会影响他们的自我认同、自信和发展自我的能力，故答案为B。
（4）推理判断。将题干中的Life in Likes和anxious定位到第10段和11段，children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular可知孩子们担心自己的帖子不够受欢迎，故答案为D。
（5）推理判断。将题干中的parents定位到倒数三段，但是此处未提及父母要做什么，实际答案在最后一段提到：It's also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using对于父母，知道孩子在用什么app非常重要，即选项C：追踪孩子们使用的社交媒体。故答案为C。
（6）主旨大意。根据标题：小到10岁的孩子们都在越来越依赖社交媒体以实现自我价值，以及全文都在讲社交媒体对孩子们的各种影响，所以答案为A。
【点评】本文篇幅较长，题目较多，对词汇量和读速都是一个考验。阅读时确定文章中心很重要，学会找到题干中的关键词在文章中定位很重要，然后认真分析关键内容，以更快的确定答案。
3．（2018·江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1000 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10028
211-535-7710 www.metmuseum.org
Entrances
Fifth Avenue at 82nd Street
Hours
Open 7 days a week.
Sunday-Thursday 10:00-17:30
Friday and Saturday 10:00-21:00
Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25,
January 1,and the first Monday in May.
Admission
$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters(回廊）on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.
Free with Admission
All special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours, concerts, gallery talks, and family/children's programs are free with admission.
Ask about today's activities at the Great Hall Information Desk.
The Cloisters Museum and Gardens
The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages. The extensive collection consists of masterworks in sculpture, colored glass, and precious objects from Europe dating from about the 9th to the 15th century.
Hours: Open 7 days a week.
March-October10:00-17:15
November-February 10:00-16:45
Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25, and January 1.
（1）How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum
A．$12. B．$37. C．$ 50. D．$ 62
（2）The attraction of the Cloisters museum and gardens lies in the fact that ________.
A．it opens all the year round
B．its collections date from the Middle Ages
C．it has a modern European-style garden
D．it sells excellent European glass collections
【答案】（1）C
（2）B
【考点】细节理解题；数字计算题；时文广告类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文介绍了Metropolitan 艺术博物馆基本信息、门票价格及突出的特点等情况。
（1）数字计算。由题干中的how much可定位在$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, free for children under 12 with an adult.所以11岁的小孩免费，两个大人应该是50美元，故答案为C。
（2）细节理解。将题干中的Cloisters museum and gardens定位在最后一段，根据devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages可知收藏的是中世纪欧洲的艺术和建筑，故答案为B。
【点评】本文属于应用文阅读，此类文章重在考查对细节信息的查找和分析，答题时注意根据问题中的关键词在文章中定位，然后分析关键词所在句子的信息，与选项进行比对，答案就显而易见了。
4．（2018·江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
B
In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有）a special meat soup called consomme. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.
Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食）when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn't tell how much they'd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser—they didn't feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.
Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）.When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.
Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding, high prices — don't necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about 'bad' tables," given that they're profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
（1）The underlined phrase "none the wiser" in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .
A．not aware of eating more than usual
B．not willing to share food with others
C．not conscious of the food quality
D．not fond of the food provided
（2）How could a fine dining shop make more profit
A．playing classical music. B．Introducing lemon scent.
C．Making the light brighter, D．Using plates of larger size.
（3）What does the last paragraph talk about
A．Tips to attract more customers.
B．Problems restaurants are faced with.
C．Ways to improve restaurants' reputation.
D．Common misunderstandings about restaurants.
【答案】（1）A
（2）A
（3）D
【考点】词义猜测题；细节理解题；段落大意题；社会文化类；说明文
【解析】【分析】介绍影响顾客就餐和消费的多种因素。通过对比，现代餐饮业可以通过餐具与食物的颜色搭配、就餐环境的味道、灯光的明暗以及音乐的种类等方式来增加顾客的消费，从而获取更大的收益。
（1）词义猜测。A.没有意识到比平时吃的多；B。不愿意与人共享；C.对食物的品质没有知觉；D.不喜欢所提供的食物。通过表达符合的功能判断答案。none the wiser后的破折号是对前文的解释，所以通过理解they didn't feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert可知，在较暗的光线环境中就餐，人们就变得不那么聪明了——他们没有了饱腹感，而且还要再吃甜点。故答案为A。
（2）细节理解。根据第四段中When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more可知古典音乐比流行音乐更能吸引人消费，所以A正确；选项B定位在第四段最后一句diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent中，所以柠檬的香味不如熏衣草的香味吸引顾客消费；C项在第三段，与文章描述的恰恰相反；D项提到的盘子涉及的是与食物颜色的搭配。故答案为A。
（3）段落大意。最后一段是”总——分“结构，第一句话是主题句：你认为会阻止消费的事情不一定会阻止消费。下文就bad tables、crowding和high prices三个方面举出列子来论证这个观点，推翻了人们对于餐厅的一些误解。故答案为D。
【点评】这是一篇说明文。介绍现代餐馆面临的经营困境和解决方案，阅读时确定文章的中心，然后快速浏览文章内容。阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。在文章中定位问题中的关键词，答案就在关键词附近。
5．（2018·北京）阅读理解
A
My First Marathon（马拉松）
A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.
I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂.
The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂ stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!
The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.
Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!
At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂
By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.
By mile 21, I was starving!
As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.
I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.
Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.
（1）A month before the marathon, the author ____________.
A．was well trained B．felt scared
C．made up his mind to run D．lost hope
（2）Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year
A．To acknowledge the support of his teacher.
B．To amuse the readers with a funny story.
C．To show he was not talented in sports.
D．To share a precious memory.
（3）How was the author's first marathon
A．He made it. B．He quit halfway.
C．He got the first prize. D．He walked to the end.
（4）What does the story mainly tell us
A．A man owes his success to his family support.
B．A winner is one with a great effort of will.
C．Failure is the mother of success.
D．One is never too old to learn.
【答案】（1）C
（2）C
（3）A
（4）B
【考点】主旨大意题；细节理解题；人物故事类；人生百味类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文，作者在参加马拉松前一个月受了伤，训练时间不足，且在初一时就被体育老师说没有运动天赋，但是30多岁的他依然坚持跑完马拉松，突破自我，挑战不可能。
⑴细节理解。根据题干中的a month before the marathon可知答案在第一段，由最后一句Yet, I was determined to go ahead可知作者决定参加比赛，故答案为C。
⑵细节理解。将题干中的P.E. class in his 7th year定位在第二段，作者自己在7年纪的时候做得不是很好，后来被老师认为不是一个擅长运动的人，并且第三段提到老师的not athletic一直影响着他，故答案为C。
⑶细节理解。从文章倒数第二段 I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal可知作者坚持到最后，终于做到了，故答案为A。
⑷主旨大意。这是一篇记叙文，在最后一段点题：Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂可知，作者是一个意志坚定，通过不懈努力，最终获得了成功的胜利者，故答案为B。
【点评】本文属于励志的故事类阅读，阅读时要通读文章，弄清文章的主旨大意。答题时注意问题中的关键词在文章中的准确定位，根据关键词定位并查找信息，切忌凭感觉做题。
6．（2018·北京）阅读理解
B
Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) Center
If you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.
More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they're studying in the classroom.
For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂ pilot.
With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.
All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.
Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!
For more details, please visit us online at www.oursac.com.
（1）Why do people come to SAC
A．To experience adventures. B．To look for jobs in aviation.
C．To get a degree in engineering. D．To learn more about medicine.
（2）To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .
A．fly to space B．get an Aviation badge first
C．study the principles of flight D．build and fire model rockets
（3）What is the most important for trainees
A．Leadership. B．Team spirit.
C．Task planning. D．Survival skills.
【答案】（1）A
（2）D
（3）B
【考点】细节理解题；时文广告类；说明文
【解析】【分析】这是一篇广告，介绍一个寻求冒险的乐园—— Space and Aviation Center (SAC)。
⑴细节理解。根据第一句 If you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be可在SAC的目的是为了体验冒险的经历，故答案为A。
⑵细节理解。题干中的Space Exploration badge和trainee 定位在第三段第二句At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets，故答案为D。
⑶细节理解。根据第四段With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task可知，对于受训者来说，团队精神与协作是最为重要的，故答案为B。
【点评】本文属于应用文阅读，此类文章重在考查对细节信息的查找和分析，答题时注意根据问题中的关键词在文章中定位，然后分析关键词所在句子的信息，与选项进行比对，答案就显而易见了。
7．（2018·北京）阅读理解
D
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way panies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
（1）According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A．help deal with transportation-related problems
B．provide better services to customers
C．cause damage to our environment
D．make some people lose jobs
（2）As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern
A．Safety. B．Side effects. C．Affordability. D．Management.
（3）What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Employed. B．Replaced. C．Shared. D．Reduced.
（4）What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars
A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic.
【答案】（1）A
（2）D
（3）A
（4）B
【考点】词义猜测题；细节理解题；观点态度题；科普环保类；议论文
【解析】【分析】这一篇科普类议论文，主要谈论在城市里推广无人驾驶汽车会面临哪些问题以及该作何准备。
⑴细节理解。题干中的attention should be paid to可被定位到第二段第一句much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars中，可知人们关注的是无人汽车的安全问题，另外在下文中提到的减少交通拥堵、减少尾气排放以及提供更加便捷的经济的选择都是“与交通相关的问题”，故答案为A。
⑵细节理解。根据第一段But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated可知，技术对于交通系统和城市的改变是更好还是更差取决于这种转换如何被管理。regulate管理，是manage的同义词，故答案为D。
⑶词义猜测。employ使用；replace代替；share分享；reduce减少。本词所在句子的后一句的but说明前后是转折关系，通过理解后一句来倒推前一句的意思。“随着价格的降低，无人驾驶汽车的个人占有率会越来越高。”所以可以推断前一句的意思是“第一批商用的无人驾驶汽车将会首先被叫车服务公司所使用。”所以答案为A。
⑷观点态度。doubtful怀疑的；positive积极的；disapproving不赞成的；sympathetic同情的。文章最后一句话The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it（未来的汽车即将到来，我们得为之做好计划）说明未来无人驾驶汽车是不可阻挡的趋势，所以作者是积极的态度，故答案为B。
【点评】本文属于科技类议论文，阅读时首先要弄清楚作者要证明什么观点，然后用什么样的论据进行怎样的分析，最后得出了什么样的结论，理清了线索，理解文章就不是问题。看题时注意确定关键词，然后在文章中定位，找到与选项一致的内容，就可以轻松的确定答案。
8．（2018·北京）阅读理解
C
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂
（1）What can we learn about the worms in the study
A．They take plastics as their everyday food.
B．They are newly evolved creatures.
C．They can consume plastics.
D．They wind up in landfills.
（2）According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .
A．identify other means of the breakdown
B．find out the source of the enzyme
C．confirm the research findings
D．increase the breakdown speed
（3）It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A．help to raise worms B．help make plastic bags
C．be used to clean the oceans D．be produced in factories in future
（4）What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To explain a study method on worms.
B．To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C．To present a way to break down plastics.
D．To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
【答案】（1）C
（2）B
（3）D
（4）C
【考点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文，介绍吃塑料的虫子的工作原理及应用设想。
⑴细节理解。将题干中的worms in the study定位在第二段第二句，the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams可知这些虫子吃塑料，故答案为C。
⑵细节理解。将题干中的关键词Jennifer DeBruyn定位在第四段，找到the next step出现在倒数第二句The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown，可知，下一步将是确定这种分解的原因，即找到酶的来源，故答案为B。
⑶推理判断。确定题干中chemical最后一段的最后一句 But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.，可知，她期望把化学物质用于某种工业生产中，而不是仅仅把虫子扔到塑料上，故答案为D。
⑷主旨大意。通过文章标题Plastic-Eating Worms以及首尾段落的理解，可知全文在介绍虫子与塑料的降解之间的关系，所以C项：介绍一种分解塑料的方法，即“吃塑料的虫子”是本文的中心，故答案为C。
【点评】本文属于科普类说明文，阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句，然后快速浏览文章内容。阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。在文章中定位问题中的关键词，答案就在关键词附近。
9．（2018·天津）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Fire Prevention Information
The University of Adelaide employs a full-time staff of fire prevention professionals. They inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(喷水灭火装置）systems, fire alarms, and fire extinguishers (灭火器). They also provide educational programs or fire safety in the residence hall. Whenever you move to a new area, you should locate the fire alarm pull stations and the two exits nearest your room.
Fire Alarms
The floors of all campus buildings are equipped with manual(手动的）fire alarm systems which include fire alarm pull stations and pipes. Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers. For your safety, never tamper with(胡乱摆弄）these systems. False fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprisonment.
Fire Drills
A fire drill will be conducted in your residence hall every semester. During a fire drill, please do the following:
Take your room key and ID, close and lock the door to your room.
Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit do not use a lift.
Meet outside of your residence hall and wait for further instructions.
Fire Extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are located on each floor and in each apartment. Use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained to do so. Irresponsible use of a fire extinguisher can create a dangerous situation for other residents and could result in damage to personal property. Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines.
Smoke Detector
A smoke detector is on the ceiling in your room. Some buildings also have heat detectors on the ceilings. Do the following to ensure the safe operation of your smoke detector:
If your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on. If the red light is not blinking（闪动），contact residence hall staff immediately.
Do not cover or block your smoke detector in any way.
If a smoke detector sets off an alarm and there is no fire or smoke, inform your hall staff.
（1）What is the main duty of the fire prevention professionals
A．To provide part-time jobs for students.
B．To lead the students to the nearest exits.
C．To check and maintain fire prevention equipment.
D．To train teachers to be fire prevention professionals.
（2）What do the automatic fire alarm systems include
A．Pipes and smoke detectors.
B．Smoke detectors and sprinklers.
C．Fire alarm pull stations and pipes.
D．Sprinklers and fire alarm pull stations.
（3）In a fire drill, the students should .
A．rush quickly to a lift B．gather at the nearest exit
C．shut the door and leave at once D．wait for instructions in the hall
（4）What do we know about the use of fire extinguishers
A．Using them wrongly results in punishment.
B．Irresponsible use of them can damage them.
C．Improper use of them can destroy the apartment.
D．Using them without a trainer present is forbidden.
（5）To ensure the safe operation of the smoke detector, one should_________.
A．contact the hall staff regularly
B．cover the things that burn easily
C．start the smoke detector in a fire
D．make certain the red light is working
【答案】（1）C
（2）B
（3）C
（4）A
（5）D
【考点】细节理解题；日常生活类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，从火警、消防训练、灭火器和烟雾探测器的使用等方面介绍了一些防火信息。
⑴考查细节理解。根据Fire Prevention Information部分中的“They inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(喷水灭火装置）systems fire alarms and fire extinguishers (灭火器).”可知，专职消防人员主要职责是检查、测试和维护所有的校园建筑物防火装备。故选C。
⑵考查细节理解。根据Fire Alarms部分中的“Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers.”可知，火灾自动报警系统由热探测器、烟雾探测器和喷头组成。故选B。
⑶考查细节理解。根据Fire Drills部分中的“Take your room key and ID, close and lock the door to your room.和Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit do not use a lift.”可知，在消防演习中，学生锁好门并立即从最近的紧急出口离开。故选C。
⑷考查细节理解。根据Fire Extinguishers部分中的“Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines.”可知，误用灭火器会导致罚款。故选A。
⑸考查细节理解。根据Smoke Detector部分中的“If your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on. If the red light is not blinking（闪动），contact residence hall staff immediately.”可知，烟雾探测器是否安全运行，看红灯是否闪动。故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇生活类阅读，要求考生准确掌握细节信息细节信息，结合题目要求，选出正确答案。
10．（2018·天津）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
C
There's a new frontier in 3D printing that's beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn't stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to "re-create forms and pieces" of food that are "exactly the same," freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.
Sustainability(可持续性）
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, "Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday's bread from the supermarket, you'd eat something baked just for you on demand."
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.
（1）What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production
A．It helps cooks to create new dishes.
B．It saves time and effort in cooking.
C．It improves the cooking conditions.
D．It contributes to restaurant decorations.
（2）What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3
A．It solves food shortages easily.
B．It quickens the transportation of food.
C．It needs no space for the storage of food.
D．It uses renewable materials as sources of food.
（3）According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food _____________.
A．is more available to consumers
B．can meet individual nutritional needs
C．is more tasty than food in supermarkets
D．can keep all the nutrition in raw materials
（4）What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely
A．The printing process is complicated.
B．3D food printers are too expensive.
C．Food materials have to be dry.
D．Some experts doubt 3D food printing.
（5）What could be the best title of the passage
A．3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B．A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C．The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D．3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
【答案】（1）B
（2）D
（3）B
（4）C
（5）A
【考点】主旨大意题；推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，对3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得的进步进行了介绍了，但仍面临着许多方面的挑战。
⑴考查推理判断。Food production部分中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。
⑵考查细节理解。根据Sustainability(可持续性）部分中的“Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).”可知，3D打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。
⑶考查推理判断。根据Nutrition部分中的“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.”食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物，从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。
⑷考查细节理解。根据Challenges部分中的“most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.”可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。
⑸考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
11．（2018·天津）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
B
When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay. She had requested the community to tum it into a museum upon her death. On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum. She asked, "Do you have the address ""No, but I'll recognize it, there was a picture in the magazine. "
"Oh, stop. There it is!"
The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us.
"May I help you " a man asked. "No," I said. "We're fine." Tour guides got on my nerves. What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren't that interested in Sally had gone upstairs. The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem I saw some nice sculptures in one room. Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me. "Where do you think you are " he asked. I turned sharply. "The McNay Art Museum!" He smiled, shaking his head. "Sorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street." "What's this place " I asked, still confused. "Well, it's our home." My heart jolted(震颤). I raced to the staircase and called out, "Sally! Come down immediately! "
"There's some really good stuff(艺术作品）up there."She stepped down, looking confused. I pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying, "Sorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place." Outside, when I told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing. She couldn't believe how long they let us look around without saying anything.
The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there. Van Gogh, Picasso. This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.
Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place. "Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence, long ago, thinking it was the McNay Museum "
"Yes. But how do you know We never told anyone. "
"That was my home. I was a teenager sitting in the hall. Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in. I never felt lucky before. You thought it was a museum. My feelings about my home changed after that. I've always wanted to thank you."
（1）What do we know about Marian McNay
A．She was a painter. B．She was a community leader.
C．She was a museum director. D．She was a journalist.
（2）Why did the author refuse the help from the man in the house
A．She disliked people who were nosy.
B．She felt nervous when talking to strangers.
C．She knew more about art than the man.
D．She mistook him for a tour guide.
（3）How did the author feel about being stared at by the people in the hall
A．Puzzled. B．Concerned. C．Frightened. D．Delighted.
（4）Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words
A．The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her.
B．She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum.
C．The McNay was disappointing compared with the house.
D．The event happening in the house was more significant.
（5）What could we learn from the last paragraph
A．People should have good taste to enjoy life.
B．People should spend more time with their family.
C．People tend to be blind to the beauty around them.
D．People tend to educate teenagers at a museum.
【答案】（1）A
（2）D
（3）A
（4）D
（5）C
【考点】推理判断题；细节理解题；人物故事类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者和朋友原想参观McNay博物馆，却误将一个私人住宅当成McNay博物馆。30年后，一位女士认出误撞入自己住宅的作者，指出正是因为作者的误撞入才让她意识到自己住的地方有多么美丽。
⑴考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay.”可知，Marian McNay是一名水彩画家。故选A。
⑵考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“‘May I help you ’ a man asked. ‘No’ I said. ‘We're fine.’ Tour guides got on my nerves.”可知，导游令作者心烦，作者误认为屋子里的男人是位导游。故选D。
⑶考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem ”大厅的人看起来都非常爱窥探的，眼睛不停的好奇的看着我。他们有什么问题？，可以推断出，作者当时感到困惑不解。故选A。
⑷考查推理判断。根据全文可知，作者主要在叙述参观误当成McNay博物馆的私人住宅上，这才是文章的重心，所以将真正的McNay博物馆叙述一带而过。故选D。
⑸考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in.”可知，在作者未造访她家之前，这位女士从未意识到自己住的地方多么美丽，从而可以推断出，人们往往对周围的美而不见。故选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
12．（2018·天津）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
D
Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you'll have no trouble answering these questions.
Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child's day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的）to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they'd felt cold water at first.
Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.
The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what's around them. I asked them what they'd seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.
Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.
（1）According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more ____________.
A．anxious to do wonders
B．sensitive to others' feelings
C．likely to develop unpleasant habits
D．eager to explore the world around them
（2）What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3
A．To avoid jumping to conclusions. B．To stop complaining all the time.
C．To follow the teacher's advice. D．To admit mistakes honestly.
（3）The bird watchers' behavior shows that they __________.
A．are very patient in their observation
B．are really fascinated by nature
C．care only about the names of birds
D．question the accuracy of the field guides
（4）Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey
A．The natural beauty isn't attractive to them.
B．They focus on arriving at the camp in time.
C．The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.
D．They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.
（5）In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should __________.
A．fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world
B．get rid of some bad habits in our daily life
C．open our mind to new things and ideas
D．try our best to protect nature
【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）C
（4）B
（5）A
【考点】推理判断题；细节理解题；人生百味类；夹叙夹议
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，通过此文作者要告诉我们：放慢脚步，用我们所有的感官从不同的角度来感受周围世界的奇妙和美好。
⑴考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child's day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder.”可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，孩子的一天充满了魔力、新奇和惊奇。从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选D。
⑵考查推理判断。根据第三段中作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小溪的时候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传递这样的观念：避免过早下结论。故选A。
⑶考查细节理解。根据第四段全段及“Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things.“可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选C。
⑷考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what's around them.”可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选B。
⑸考查写作意图。纵观全文可知，作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，利用我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和写作意图三个题型的考查，是一篇人生感悟类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
13．（2018·浙江）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy（识字） rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like "By a lady." Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.
In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim— were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens' greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon（名人堂） of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.
How did Dickens get to the top For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. It's partly true that Dickens' style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It's partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it's also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a singular writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
（1）Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century
A．They were difficult to understand.
B．They were popular among the rich.
C．They were seen as nearly worthless.
D．They were written mostly by women.
（2）Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress________.
A．his reputation in France B．his interest in modern art
C．his success in publication D．his importance in literature
（3）What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To remember a great writer.
B．To introduce an English novel.
C．To encourage studies on culture.
D．To promote values of the Victorian age.
【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）A
【考点】推理判断题；人物故事类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是在纪念狄更斯的诞辰200周年到来之际，对狄更斯对英国小说的蓬勃发展的深远影响和在英国文学发展中的重要作用的肯定。
⑴推理判断。由题干中的in the 18th century将信息定位在第一段的1719，但是人们当时对英国小说的看法在最后一段Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad，可知当时小说被人们看作是silly（傻的）, immoral（不道德的）, or just plain bad（完全是不好的），选项C中的worthless是这些词的总结，故答案为C。
⑵推理判断。由题干中的Mona Lisa可将信息定位在第二段最后两句，理解Today Dickens' greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon（名人堂） of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.可知狄更斯的伟大是毫无争议的，要把他从英国文学名人堂中拿掉就像要把蒙娜丽莎从卢浮宫卖掉一样让人能够理解。所以通过两者进行对比，旨在强调狄更斯在英国文学中的重要地位。故答案为D。
⑶写作意图。根据文章最后一句中的as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible可知本文是在纪念狄更斯诞辰200周年即将到来之际所作，是为了纪念他对英国文学的不可磨灭的贡献。故答案为A。
【点评】这是一篇人物传记性质的说明文，把握文章结构和人物传记文章的特点，根据问题确定关键词，对关键词所在文字认真分析研读，注重平时阅读中的推理判断能力的培养。
14．（2018·浙江）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
C
As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line（装配线） on September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.
Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger. For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward at high speed to find new worlds. The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public works project in history.
In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with "a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage." Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America from a farm-based society into an industrial power.
The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster. In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.
The problems of excessive（过度的）energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.
Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to keep American strength. "The ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century."
（1）Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2
A．To explain Americans' love for travelling by car.
B．To show the influence of cars on American culture.
C．To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D．To praise the effectiveness of America's road system.
（2）What has the use of cars in America led to
A．Decline of economy. B．Environmental problems.
C．A shortage of oil supply. D．A farm-based society.
（3）What is Friedman's attitude towards America's future
A．Ambiguous. B．Doubtful. C．Hopeful. D．Tolerant.
【答案】（1）B
（2）B
（3）C
【考点】推理判断题；细节理解题；科普环保类；社会文化类；议论文
【解析】【分析】汽车作为美国的文化符号，反映了美国人生活的方方面面。但是汽车也造成了能源的过度消耗、天气变化、污染增长等环境问题。因此，绿色革命，绿色经济是新世纪的趋势。
⑴细节理解。根据题干中的hamburger in paragraph 2可知答案为第二段第二句The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture（汽车形成了美国文化中一些最持久的方面），因此举例是为了说明 汽车对美国文化的影响。故答案为B。
⑵推理判断。题干中lead to暗示的是“导致的问题”，在第四段中的create呼应，作者提到汽车的使用造成了全球生态灾难，第五段提到了能源的过度消耗、气候变化以及人口增长等问题。A经济下降、C石油供应的短缺和D以农业为基础的社会在文章中都没有提到，故答案为B。
⑶推理判断。询问Friedman对美国未来的态度，Ambiguous模棱两可的；Doubtful怀疑的；Hopeful满怀期望的；Tolerant宽容的，根据He fears the worst, but hopes for the best可知“他作最坏的打算，作最好的期望。”故答案为C。
【点评】这是一篇环保类议论文，通过对美国的文化符号——汽车的利弊的陈述，作者表达了对绿色经济、绿色技术、干净的水、空气和健康的食物的渴望。看题时注意确定关键词，然后在文章中定位，找到与选项一致的内容，就可以轻松的确定答案。
15．（2018·浙江）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
B
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台). The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers' arguments: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
（1）What has Steven Stein been hired to do
A．Help increase grocery sales. B．Recycle the waste material.
C．Stop things falling off trucks. D．Argue for the use of plastic bags.
（2）What does the word "headwinds" in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Bans on plastic bags. B．Effects of city development.
C．Headaches caused by garbage. D．Plastic bags hung in trees.
（3）What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers
A．They are quite expensive.
B．Replacing them can be difficult.
C．They are less strong than plastic bags.
D．Producing them requires more energy.
（4）What is the best title for the text
A．Plastic, Paper or Neither
B．Industry, Pollution and Environment
C．Recycle or Throw Away
D．Garbage Collection and Waste Control
【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）D
（4）A
【考点】主旨大意题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；科普环保类；议论文
【解析】【分析】这是一篇环保类文章。通过喜欢跟在垃圾车后面的环境科学家Steven Stein引出话题，指出更为有趣的是，他被聘请为被禁止使用的塑料购物袋背后的行业而辩护。塑料袋因为污染环境而遭到禁止，但是纸质购物袋却消耗了大量能源，同样越是用的时间长的袋子消耗的能源越多。
⑴细节理解。题干中的hire可以定位到第二段最后一句plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume可知塑料袋制造商雇请Stein是为了说明他们的产品不是大部分人想象的那样对地球有害。另外根据第一段最后一句one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags可知Stein的工作是为塑料袋背后的行业辩护，故答案为D。
⑵词义猜测。由headwinds前的these可知该词指前文提到内容。所以前一句The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles（塑料袋在加利福尼亚90个城市被禁用），prohibit与ban同义，故答案为A。
⑶细节理解。由题干中的reusable bags可知答案登录二一教育在线组卷平台 助您教考全无忧
备考2019年高考英语二轮专题复习：阅读理解（真题）
一、阅读理解
1．（2018·江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
C
If you want to disturb the car industry, you'd better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems(生态系统）, small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys. As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (NYFC, 美国青年农会）and a family farmer myself. I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry.
For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn't touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business.
The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won't happen without fundamental changes to the industry. One crucial factor is secure access to petition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one's own land unattainable for many new farmers. From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions.
Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering(多于）farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with two-thirds of the nation's farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation's food.
There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy, but farmers can't clumsily put them together before us. We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers.
（1）The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce .
A．the progress made in car industry
B．a special feature of agriculture
C．a trend of development in agriculture
D．the importance of investing in car industry
（2）What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2
A．Loans to small local farmers are necessary.
B．Technology is vital for agricultural development.
C．Competition between small and big farms is fierce
D．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones.
（3）What is the difficulty for those new farmers
A．To gain more financial aid. B．To hire good farm managers.
C．To have farms of their own. D．To win old farmers' support.
（4）What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy
A．Seek support beyond NYFC B．Expand farmland conservation.
C．Become members of NYFC D．Invest more to improve technology.
2．（2018·江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
D
Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.
It found many youngsters(少年）now measure their status by how much public approval they get online, often through "like". Some change their behavior in real life to improve their image on the web.
The report into youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Children's Commissioner (专员）Anne Longfield. She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.
Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13.The youngsters admitted planning trips around potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friends—and friends of friends — to demand "likes" for their online posts.
The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media posts quickly, and around the clock.
Children aged 8 to 10 were "starting to feel happy" when others liked their posts. However, those in the 10 to 12 age group were "concerned with how many people like their posts", suggesting a "need" for social recognition that gets stronger the older they become.
Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up "worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media.
She said: "Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games when they are in primary school. But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real social media interaction at secondary school."
As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves".
Miss Longfield added: "Then there is this push to connect—if you go offline, will you miss something, will you miss out, will you show that you don't care about those people you are following, all of those come together in a huge way at once."
"For children it is very, very difficult to cope with emotionally." The Children's Commissioner for England's study—life in Likes—found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for play.
However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.
By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.
However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities(名人）or more brilliant friends online. The report said they also faced pressure to respond to messages at all hours of the day—especially at secondary school when more youngsters have mobile phones.
The Children's Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional minefield(雷区）they faced online. And she said social media companies must also "take more responsibility". They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users.
Javed Khan, of children's charity Bamardo's, said: "It's vital that new compulsory age-appropriate relationship and sex education lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media.
"It's also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using."
（1）Why did some secondary school students feel too much pressure
A．They were not provided with adequate equipment.
B．They were not well prepared for emotional risks.
C．They were required to give quick responses.
D．They were prevented from using mobile phones.
（2）Some social app companies were to blame because .
A．they didn't adequately check their users' registration
B．they organized photo trips to attract more youngsters
C．they encouraged youngsters to post more photos
D．they didn't stop youngsters from staying up late
（3）Children's comparing themselves to others online may lead to .
A．less friendliness to each other B．lower self-identity and confidence
C．an increase in online cheating D．a stronger desire to stay online
（4）According to Life in Likes, as children grew, they became more anxious to .
A．circulate their posts quickly B．know the qualities of their posts
C．use mobile phones for play D．get more public approval
（5）What should parents do to solve the problem
A．Communicate more with secondary schools.
B．Urge media companies to create safer apps.
C．Keep track of children's use of social media.
D．Forbid their children from visiting the web.
（6）What does the passage mainly talk about
A．The influence of social media on children.
B．The importance of social media to children.
C．The problem in building a healthy relationship.
D．The measure to reduce risks from social media.
3．（2018·江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1000 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10028
211-535-7710 www.metmuseum.org
Entrances
Fifth Avenue at 82nd Street
Hours
Open 7 days a week.
Sunday-Thursday 10:00-17:30
Friday and Saturday 10:00-21:00
Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25,
January 1,and the first Monday in May.
Admission
$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters(回廊）on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.
Free with Admission
All special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours, concerts, gallery talks, and family/children's programs are free with admission.
Ask about today's activities at the Great Hall Information Desk.
The Cloisters Museum and Gardens
The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages. The extensive collection consists of masterworks in sculpture, colored glass, and precious objects from Europe dating from about the 9th to the 15th century.
Hours: Open 7 days a week.
March-October10:00-17:15
November-February 10:00-16:45
Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25, and January 1.
（1）How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum
A．$12. B．$37. C．$ 50. D．$ 62
（2）The attraction of the Cloisters museum and gardens lies in the fact that ________.
A．it opens all the year round
B．its collections date from the Middle Ages
C．it has a modern European-style garden
D．it sells excellent European glass collections
4．（2018·江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
B
In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有）a special meat soup called consomme. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.
Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食）when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn't tell how much they'd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiser—they didn't feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.
Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）.When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.
Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding, high prices — don't necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about 'bad' tables," given that they're profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
（1）The underlined phrase "none the wiser" in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .
A．not aware of eating more than usual
B．not willing to share food with others
C．not conscious of the food quality
D．not fond of the food provided
（2）How could a fine dining shop make more profit
A．playing classical music. B．Introducing lemon scent.
C．Making the light brighter, D．Using plates of larger size.
（3）What does the last paragraph talk about
A．Tips to attract more customers.
B．Problems restaurants are faced with.
C．Ways to improve restaurants' reputation.
D．Common misunderstandings about restaurants.
5．（2018·北京）阅读理解
A
My First Marathon（马拉松）
A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.
I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was ＂not athletic＂.
The idea that I was ＂not athletic＂ stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!
The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.
Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!
At mile 3, I passed a sign: ＂GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!＂
By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.
By mile 21, I was starving!
As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.
I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.
Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a ＂marathon winner＂.
（1）A month before the marathon, the author ____________.
A．was well trained B．felt scared
C．made up his mind to run D．lost hope
（2）Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year
A．To acknowledge the support of his teacher.
B．To amuse the readers with a funny story.
C．To show he was not talented in sports.
D．To share a precious memory.
（3）How was the author's first marathon
A．He made it. B．He quit halfway.
C．He got the first prize. D．He walked to the end.
（4）What does the story mainly tell us
A．A man owes his success to his family support.
B．A winner is one with a great effort of will.
C．Failure is the mother of success.
D．One is never too old to learn.
6．（2018·北京）阅读理解
B
Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) Center
If you're looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.
More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they're studying in the classroom.
For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of ＂downed＂ pilot.
With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.
All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.
Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!
For more details, please visit us online at www.oursac.com.
（1）Why do people come to SAC
A．To experience adventures. B．To look for jobs in aviation.
C．To get a degree in engineering. D．To learn more about medicine.
（2）To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .
A．fly to space B．get an Aviation badge first
C．study the principles of flight D．build and fire model rockets
（3）What is the most important for trainees
A．Leadership. B．Team spirit.
C．Task planning. D．Survival skills.
7．（2018·北京）阅读理解
D
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn't leading the way panies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
（1）According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A．help deal with transportation-related problems
B．provide better services to customers
C．cause damage to our environment
D．make some people lose jobs
（2）As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern
A．Safety. B．Side effects. C．Affordability. D．Management.
（3）What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Employed. B．Replaced. C．Shared. D．Reduced.
（4）What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars
A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic.
8．（2018·北京）阅读理解
C
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂
（1）What can we learn about the worms in the study
A．They take plastics as their everyday food.
B．They are newly evolved creatures.
C．They can consume plastics.
D．They wind up in landfills.
（2）According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .
A．identify other means of the breakdown
B．find out the source of the enzyme
C．confirm the research findings
D．increase the breakdown speed
（3）It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A．help to raise worms B．help make plastic bags
C．be used to clean the oceans D．be produced in factories in future
（4）What is the main purpose of the passage
A．To explain a study method on worms.
B．To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C．To present a way to break down plastics.
D．To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
9．（2018·天津）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Fire Prevention Information
The University of Adelaide employs a full-time staff of fire prevention professionals. They inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(喷水灭火装置）systems, fire alarms, and fire extinguishers (灭火器). They also provide educational programs or fire safety in the residence hall. Whenever you move to a new area, you should locate the fire alarm pull stations and the two exits nearest your room.
Fire Alarms
The floors of all campus buildings are equipped with manual(手动的）fire alarm systems which include fire alarm pull stations and pipes. Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors, smoke detectors and sprinklers. For your safety, never tamper with(胡乱摆弄）these systems. False fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprisonment.
Fire Drills
A fire drill will be conducted in your residence hall every semester. During a fire drill, please do the following:
Take your room key and ID, close and lock the door to your room.
Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit do not use a lift.
Meet outside of your residence hall and wait for further instructions.
Fire Extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are located on each floor and in each apartment. Use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained to do so. Irresponsible use of a fire extinguisher can create a dangerous situation for other residents and could result in damage to personal property. Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines.
Smoke Detector
A smoke detector is on the ceiling in your room. Some buildings also have heat detectors on the ceilings. Do the following to ensure the safe operation of your smoke detector:
If your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on. If the red light is not blinking（闪动），contact residence hall staff immediately.
Do not cover or block your smoke detector in any way.
If a smoke detector sets off an alarm and there is no fire or smoke, inform your hall staff.
（1）What is the main duty of the fire prevention professionals
A．To provide part-time jobs for students.
B．To lead the students to the nearest exits.
C．To check and maintain fire prevention equipment.
D．To train teachers to be fire prevention professionals.
（2）What do the automatic fire alarm systems include
A．Pipes and smoke detectors.
B．Smoke detectors and sprinklers.
C．Fire alarm pull stations and pipes.
D．Sprinklers and fire alarm pull stations.
（3）In a fire drill, the students should .
A．rush quickly to a lift B．gather at the nearest exit
C．shut the door and leave at once D．wait for instructions in the hall
（4）What do we know about the use of fire extinguishers
A．Using them wrongly results in punishment.
B．Irresponsible use of them can damage them.
C．Improper use of them can destroy the apartment.
D．Using them without a trainer present is forbidden.
（5）To ensure the safe operation of the smoke detector, one should_________.
A．contact the hall staff regularly
B．cover the things that burn easily
C．start the smoke detector in a fire
D．make certain the red light is working
10．（2018·天津）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
C
There's a new frontier in 3D printing that's beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn't stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to "re-create forms and pieces" of food that are "exactly the same," freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.
Sustainability(可持续性）
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, "Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday's bread from the supermarket, you'd eat something baked just for you on demand."
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.
（1）What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production
A．It helps cooks to create new dishes.
B．It saves time and effort in cooking.
C．It improves the cooking conditions.
D．It contributes to restaurant decorations.
（2）What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3
A．It solves food shortages easily.
B．It quickens the transportation of food.
C．It needs no space for the storage of food.
D．It uses renewable materials as sources of food.
（3）According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food _____________.
A．is more available to consumers
B．can meet individual nutritional needs
C．is more tasty than food in supermarkets
D．can keep all the nutrition in raw materials
（4）What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely
A．The printing process is complicated.
B．3D food printers are too expensive.
C．Food materials have to be dry.
D．Some experts doubt 3D food printing.
（5）What could be the best title of the passage
A．3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B．A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C．The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D．3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
11．（2018·天津）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
B
When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay. She had requested the community to tum it into a museum upon her death. On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum. She asked, "Do you have the address ""No, but I'll recognize it, there was a picture in the magazine. "
"Oh, stop. There it is!"
The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us.
"May I help you " a man asked. "No," I said. "We're fine." Tour guides got on my nerves. What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren't that interested in Sally had gone upstairs. The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem I saw some nice sculptures in one room. Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me. "Where do you think you are " he asked. I turned sharply. "The McNay Art Museum!" He smiled, shaking his head. "Sorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street." "What's this place " I asked, still confused. "Well, it's our home." My heart jolted(震颤). I raced to the staircase and called out, "Sally! Come down immediately! "
"There's some really good stuff(艺术作品）up there."She stepped down, looking confused. I pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying, "Sorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place." Outside, when I told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing. She couldn't believe how long they let us look around without saying anything.
The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there. Van Gogh, Picasso. This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.
Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place. "Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence, long ago, thinking it was the McNay Museum "
"Yes. But how do you know We never told anyone. "
"That was my home. I was a teenager sitting in the hall. Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in. I never felt lucky before. You thought it was a museum. My feelings about my home changed after that. I've always wanted to thank you."
（1）What do we know about Marian McNay
A．She was a painter. B．She was a community leader.
C．She was a museum director. D．She was a journalist.
（2）Why did the author refuse the help from the man in the house
A．She disliked people who were nosy.
B．She felt nervous when talking to strangers.
C．She knew more about art than the man.
D．She mistook him for a tour guide.
（3）How did the author feel about being stared at by the people in the hall
A．Puzzled. B．Concerned. C．Frightened. D．Delighted.
（4）Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words
A．The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her.
B．She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum.
C．The McNay was disappointing compared with the house.
D．The event happening in the house was more significant.
（5）What could we learn from the last paragraph
A．People should have good taste to enjoy life.
B．People should spend more time with their family.
C．People tend to be blind to the beauty around them.
D．People tend to educate teenagers at a museum.
12．（2018·天津）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
D
Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you'll have no trouble answering these questions.
Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child's day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的）to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they'd felt cold water at first.
Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off. They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.
The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see what's around them. I asked them what they'd seen. "Oh, a few birds," they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.
Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life.
（1）According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more ____________.
A．anxious to do wonders
B．sensitive to others' feelings
C．likely to develop unpleasant habits
D．eager to explore the world around them
（2）What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3
A．To avoid jumping to conclusions. B．To stop complaining all the time.
C．To follow the teacher's advice. D．To admit mistakes honestly.
（3）The bird watchers' behavior shows that they __________.
A．are very patient in their observation
B．are really fascinated by nature
C．care only about the names of birds
D．question the accuracy of the field guides
（4）Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey
A．The natural beauty isn't attractive to them.
B．They focus on arriving at the camp in time.
C．The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.
D．They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.
（5）In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should __________.
A．fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world
B．get rid of some bad habits in our daily life
C．open our mind to new things and ideas
D．try our best to protect nature
13．（2018·浙江）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy（识字） rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like "By a lady." Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral, or just plain bad.
In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim— were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens' greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon（名人堂） of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.
How did Dickens get to the top For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. It's partly true that Dickens' style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It's partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it's also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a singular writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
（1）Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century
A．They were difficult to understand.
B．They were popular among the rich.
C．They were seen as nearly worthless.
D．They were written mostly by women.
（2）Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress________.
A．his reputation in France B．his interest in modern art
C．his success in publication D．his importance in literature
（3）What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To remember a great writer.
B．To introduce an English novel.
C．To encourage studies on culture.
D．To promote values of the Victorian age.
14．（2018·浙江）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
C
As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line（装配线） on September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.
Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger. For most of the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward at high speed to find new worlds. The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public works project in history.
In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with "a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage." Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America from a farm-based society into an industrial power.
The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster. In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.
The problems of excessive（过度的）energy consumption, climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for the best.
Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to keep American strength. "The ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century."
（1）Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2
A．To explain Americans' love for travelling by car.
B．To show the influence of cars on American culture.
C．To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D．To praise the effectiveness of America's road system.
（2）What has the use of cars in America led to
A．Decline of economy. B．Environmental problems.
C．A shortage of oil supply. D．A farm-based society.
（3）What is Friedman's attitude towards America's future
A．Ambiguous. B．Doubtful. C．Hopeful. D．Tolerant.
15．（2018·浙江）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
B
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台). The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers' arguments: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
（1）What has Steven Stein been hired to do
A．Help increase grocery sales. B．Recycle the waste material.
C．Stop things falling off trucks. D．Argue for the use of plastic bags.
（2）What does the word "headwinds" in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Bans on plastic bags. B．Effects of city development.
C．Headaches caused by garbage. D．Plastic bags hung in trees.
（3）What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers
A．They are quite expensive.
B．Replacing them can be difficult.
C．They are less strong than plastic bags.
D．Producing them requires more energy.
（4）What is the best title for the text
A．Plastic, Paper or Neither
B．Industry, Pollution and Environment
C．Recycle or Throw Away
D．Garbage Collection and Waste Control
16．（2018·全国卷Ⅲ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Welcome to Holker Hall & Gardens
Visitor Information
How to Get to Holker
By Car： Follow brown signs an A590 from J36, M6. Approximate travel times: Windermere-20 minutes, Kendal-25 minutes, Lancaster-45 minutes, Manchester-1 hour 30 minutes.
By Rail: The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth, Lancaster Preston for connections to major cities & airports.
Opening Times
Sunday-Friday (closed on Saturday)11:00 am-4:00 pm,30th March-2nd November.
Admission Charges
Hall & Gardens Gardens
Adults: 12.00 8.00
Groups: 9 5.5
Special Events
Producers' Market 13th April
Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks. Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas.
Holker Garden Festival 30th May
The event celebrate its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making it one of the most popular events in gardening.
National Garden Day 28th August
Holker once again opens its gardens in aid of the disadvantaged. For just a small donation you can take a tour with our garden guide.
Winter Market 8th November
This is an event for all the family. Wander among a variety of shops selling gifs while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.
（1）How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester
A．20minutes. B．25 minutes. C．45 minutes. D．90 minutes.
（2）How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit to Hall & Cardens
A． 12.00. B． 9.00. C． 8.0 D． 45.50
（3）Which event will you go to if you want to see a live music show
A．Producers' Market. B．Holker Garden Festival.
C．National Garden Day. D．Winter Market.
17．（2018·全国卷Ⅲ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
B
Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.
（1）What attracted the early settlers to New York City
A．Its business culture. B．Its small population.
C．Its geographical position. D．Its favourable climate.
（2）What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson
A．Two-thirds of them stayed there. B．One out of five people got rich.
C．Almost everyone gave up. D．Half of them died.
（3）What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson
A．They found the city too crowded.
B．They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.
C．They were unable to stand the winter.
D．They were short of food.
（4）What is the text mainly about
A．The rise and fall of a city. B．The gold rush in Canada.
C．Journeys into the wilderness. D．Tourism in Dawson.
18．（2018·全国卷Ⅲ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
D
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金）(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)
For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.
（1）What do the words "more is more" in paragraph 1 probably mean
A．The more, the better. B．Enough is enough.
C．More money, more worries. D．Earn more and spend more.
（2）What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects
A．Saving up for her holiday B．Raising money for a poor girl
C．Adding the money to her fund D．Giving the money to a sick mother
（3）Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd
A．To try out an idea B．To show a parent's love
C．To train his attention D．To help him start a hobby
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Take It or Leave It B．A Lesson from Kids
C．Live More with Less D．The Pleasure of Giving
19．（2018·全国卷Ⅲ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
C
While famous foreign architects are invited to lead the designs of landmark buildings in China such as the new CCTV tower and the National Center for the Performing Arts, many excellent Chinese architects are making great efforts to take the center stage.
Their efforts have been proven fruitful. Wang Shu, a 49-year-old Chinese architect, won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prize — which is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architecture — on February 28. He is the first Chinese citizen to win this award.
Wang serves as head of the Architecture Department at the China Academy of Art (CAA). His office is located at the Xiangshan campus(校园) of the university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Many buildings on the campus are his original creations.
The style of the campus is quite different from that of most Chinese universities. Many visitors were amazed by the complex architectural space and abundant building types. The curves(曲线) of the buildings perfectly match the rise and fall of hills, forming a unique view.
Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素).
Wang's works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions. Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.
Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. "That is only evidence that traditions once existed," he said.
"Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created," he said.
"Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are, "said Wang.
The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said.
（1）Wang's winning of the prize means that Chinese architects are ___________.
A．following the latest world trend B．getting international recognition
C．working harder than ever before D．relying on foreign architects
（2）What impressed visitors to the CAA Xiangshan campus most
A．Its hilly environment. B．Its large size.
C．Its unique style. D．Its diverse functions.
（3）What made Wang's architectural design a success
A．The mixture of different shapes. B．The balance of East and West.
C．The use of popular techniques. D．The harmony of old and new.
（4）What should we do about Chinese traditions according to Wang
A．Spread them to the world. B．Preserve them at museums.
C．Teach them in universities. D．Recreate them in practice.
20．（2018·全国卷Ⅱ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Summer Activities
Students should read the list with their parents/carers, and select two activities they would like to do. Forms will be available in school and online for them to indicate their choices and return to school. Before choices are finalised, parents/carers will be asked to sign to confirm their child's choices.
Activity Description Member of staff Cost
Outdoor Adveature (OUT) Take yourself out of your comfort zone for a week, discover new personal qualities, and learn new skills. You will be able to take part in a number of activities from canoeing to wild camping on Dartmoot. Learn rock climbing and work as a team, and enjoy the great outdoor environment. Mr. Clemens 140
WWI Battlefields and Paris (WBP) On Monday we travel to London. After staying overnight in London, we travel on Day 2 to northern France to visit the World War I battlefields. On Day 3 we cross into Belgium. Thursday sees us make the short journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland Paris park, staying until late to see the parade and the fireworks. Our final day, Friday, sees us visit central Paris and tour the main sights. Mrs. Milson 425
Crafty Foxes (CRF) Four days of product design centred around textiles. Making lovely objects using recycled and made materials. Bags, cushions and decorations... Learn skills and leave with modern and unusual textiles. Mrs. Goode 30
Potty about Potter (POT) Visit Warner Bros Studio, shop stop to buy picnic, stay overnight in an approved Youth Hostel in Streatley-on -Thames, guided tour of Oxford to see the film locations, picnic lunch outside Oxford's Christchurch, boating on the River Cherwell through the University Parks, before heading back to Exeter. Miss Drake 150
（1）Which activity will you choose if you want to go camping
A．OUT. B．WBP. C．CRF. D．POT.
（2）What will the students do on Tuesday with Mrs. Wilson
A．Travel to London. B．See a parade and fireworks.
C．Tour Central Paris. D．Visit the WWI battleficlds.
（3）How long does Potty about Potter last
A．Two days B．Four days C．Five days D．One week
21．（2018·全国卷Ⅱ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
B
Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia's fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares However, they are rich in vitamin C.
When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat "ice cream". For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a "soft-serve" creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
（1）What does the author seem to like about cherries
A．They contain protein. B．They are high in vitamin A
C．They have a pleasant taste. D．They are rich in antioxidants.
（2）Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas
A．To make them smell better. B．To keep their colour.
C．To speed up their ripening. D．To improve their nutrition.
（3）What is "a juicer" in the last paragraph
A．A dessert. B．A drink. C．A container. D．A machine.
（4）From which is the text probably taken
A．A biology textbook. B．A health magazine.
C．A research paper. D．A travel brochure.
22．（2018·全国卷Ⅱ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
C
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children's lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.
According to the report's key findings, "the proportion (比例) who say they 'hardly ever' read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today."
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages2-8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.
When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议)parenst looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近)ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.
（1）What is the Common Sense Media report probably about
A．Children's reading habits. B．Quality of children's books.
C．Children's after-class activities. D．Parent-child relationships.
（2）Where can you find the data that best supports "children are reading a lot less for fun"
A．In paragraph 2. B．In paragraph 3.
C．In paragraph 4. D．In paragraph 5.
（3）Why do many parents limit electronic reading
A．E-books are of poor quality. B．It could be waste of time.
C．It may harm children's health. D．E-readers are expensive.
（4）How should parents encourage their children to read more
A．Act as role models for them.
B．Ask then to write book reports.
C．Set up reading groups for them.
D．Talk with their reading class teachers.
23．（2018·全国卷Ⅱ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
D
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What's the problem It's possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and challenging, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. "Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk," he explains. "The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them."
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. "It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband," says Dunn. "But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also."
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. "Small talk is the basis of good manners," he says.
（1）What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph
A．Addiction to smartphones.
B．Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C．Absence of communication between strangers.
D．Impatience with slow service.
（2）What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci
A．Showing good manners. B．Relating to other people.
C．Focusing on a topic. D．Making business deals.
（3）What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk
A．It improves family relationships.
B．It raises people's confidence.
C．It matters as much as a formal talk.
D．It makes people feel good.
（4）What is the best title for the text
A．Conversation Counts B．Ways of Making Small Talk
C．Benefits of Small Talk D．Uncomfortable Silence
24．（2018·全国卷Ⅰ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
B
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role-showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain prese

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