资源简介

(共33张PPT)
自然选择的证明
达尔文
目 录
CONTENTS
01
02
03
04
作者及作品介绍
主要观点及写作思路
选文的艺术特色
拓展练习
一、作者及作品介绍
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查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文(1809—1882)，英国博物学家，进化论的奠基人。曾经乘坐“贝格尔号”舰作了历时5年的环球航行，对动植物和地质结构等进行了大量的观察和采集。出版《物种起源》，提出了生物进化论学说，从而摧毁了各种唯心的神造论以及物种不变论。1882年4月19日，达尔文因病逝世，享年73岁，葬于威斯敏斯特大教堂。
1.1关于达尔文
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《物种起源》于1859年11月24日在伦敦出版。在书中，达尔文根据20多年积累的对古生物学、生物地理学、形态学、胚胎学和分类学等许多领域的大量研究资料，以自然选择为中心，从变异性、遗传性、人工选择、生存竞争和适应等方面论证物种起源和生命自然界的多样性与统一性。
1.2《物种起源》
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在书中，达尔文的《物种起源》非常有意义，这本书可以用来当做历史上的阶级斗争的自然科学根据。 ——马克思
我认为《物种起源》这本书的格调是再好也没有的，它可以感动那些对这个问题一无所知的人们。至于达尔文的理论，我准备即使赴汤蹈火也要支持。
——英国博物学家赫胥黎
1.3名家评价
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达尔文在《物种起源》中的主导思想，即“自然选择”，一定会被当做科学上的确定真理而为人们所接受。它有一切伟大的自然科学真理所具有的特征，变模糊为清晰，化复杂为简单，并且在旧有的知识上添加了很多新的东西。达尔文是本世纪的、甚至是一切世纪的博物学中最伟大的革命者。
——英国植物学家华生
1.3名家评价
二、主要观点及写作思路
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第一步：理解句意
地质学揭示，大陆经历过环境变迁，我们可望在自然条件下看到生物变异。
生物在自然状态下发生变异，说明自然选择发挥了作用。
有人认为自然条件下变异量小，但这种观点无法证实。
虽然变异结果难确定，但积累驯养生物个体的微小差异，短时间内也能产生大的效果。
大家公认物种存在个体差异，博物学家还承认自然变种的存在。
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第二步：分层
地质学揭示，大陆经历过环境变迁，我们可望在自然条件下看到生物变异。
生物在自然状态下发生变异，说明自然选择发挥了作用。
有人认为自然条件下变异量小，但这种观点无法证实。
虽然变异结果难确定，但积累驯养生物个体的微小差异，短时间内也能产生大的效果。
大家公认物种存在个体差异，博物学家还承认自然变种的存在。
╱╱
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第三步：概括段意
1.生物在自然状态下发生变异，说明自然选择发挥了作用。大家公认物种存在个体差异，博物学家承认自然变种的存在，都证明了自然选择的作用。
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活动一：小组合作，找到段落中心句
1.生物在自然状态下发生变异，说明自然选择发挥了作用。大家公认物种存在个体差异，博物学家承认自然变种的存在，都证明了自然选择的作用。
2.择优弃劣、适者生存的自然选择学说是可信的。
3.任何物种其实都是变种。
4.自然选择的结果就更倾向于保存物种中那些最为歧异的后代。
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活动一：小组合作，找到段落中心句
5.自然选择是渐变的。
6.渐变理论可以解释许多事实。
7.自然物种之美，应归功于自然选择。美感如何发生，目前尚不清楚。
8.但自然界设计并不是完美无缺的。
9.物种的本能可以根据自然选择学说加以解释。
10.连续杂交的物种后代，某些性质和程度彼此融合，酷似父母，遵循同样的法则。
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活动一：小组合作，找到各段落中心句
11.从地质角度说明“现存的和绝灭的类型通过世系关系紧密地联系在一起”；
12.从地理环境方面指出，“生物曾发生过从某一地区向另一地区的大规模迁移”，“在整个地质地理、时空分布上呈现着明显的平行现象”，“生物与生物之间的关系”最重要，如果两个地区长期隔离，那么“这两个地区中生物变异的过程也就必然是不同的”。
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活动一：小组合作，找到段落中心句
13.迁徙和变异理论可以解释海岛的物种。
14.两个地区若存在着有亲缘关系的物种，就暗示着相同的祖先类型曾经居住在这两个地区，“各地区的生物，必然与其最邻近的迁徙源区的生物有关。
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梳理各段之间的关系，通过组合、归类等方式，把文章分成几个部分；
归纳各部分内容，用自己的语言，形成文章的提要概括。
活动二、概括梳理，归类整合
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概括梳理、归类整合
物种在自然状态下发生变异，说明自然选择发挥了作用。择优弃劣、适者生存的自然选择学说是可信的。任何物种其实都是变种，自然选择的结果就更倾向于保存物种中那些最为歧异的后代。自然选择是渐变的，渐变理论可以解释许多事实，如物种的美感、物种的本能；地质考古的证据、生物迁移和地理分布的事实等等都可以证明自然选择中的遗传和变异理论。
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概括梳理、归类整合
物种在自然状态下发生变异，说明自然选择发挥了作用。择优弃劣、适者生存的自然选择学说是可信的。
任何物种其实都是变种，自然选择的结果就更倾向于保存物种中那些最为歧异的后代。
自然选择是渐变的，渐变理论可以解释许多事实，如物种的美感、物种的本能、变种的杂交后代与父母相似等；
地质考古的证据、生物迁移和地理分布的事实等等都可以证明自然选择中的遗传和变异理论。
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引起思考
自然条件下变异
自然
选择
解释
证明
结果
物种之美以及自然并非完美无缺
动物的本能
变种杂交后代酷似父母
特点
地质记录
地理分布
迁移理论
择优弃劣
适者生存
渐变缓慢
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选文首先提出论点，并初步论证了自然选择客观上存在可能性，事理上具有合理性，然后从物种最初的存在形式大量变种的存在、物种的演化与改良、生物的遗传性与变异性、生物的地理分布等方面，列举了大量科学考察所得到的事实，充分证明了自然选择决定了生物进化的方向这一观点，有力地驳斥了物种特创论的观点。
活动三、主旨归纳及观点明晰
（1）《物种起源》提出人类和动物的祖先是一样的，这一理念对西方社会和思想产生了深刻的影响，也是现代生物学和进化论的基础。
（2）《物种起源》第一次把生物学建立在完全科学的基础上，以全新的生物进化思想，推翻了“神创论”和物种不变的理论。
（3）《物种起源》是达尔文进化论的代表作，标志着进化论的正式确立，是一本划时代的科学巨著，是科学对宗教的胜利。
了解《物种起源》的意义
三、选文的艺术特色
①知识的科学性：
作者在文中援引了大量科学考察所得到的事实以及一些其他学科的研究成果，使自己的论证建立在科学的事实基础之上，结论无可辩驳。
②综述的完备性：
选文部分从生物物种的最初形态，到生物的习性、本能、遗传与变异，以及物种的灭绝与地理分布，做了全面的论证。
4.1归纳本文的艺术特色
③态度的严谨性：
作者在论证过程中，并没有摆出生物学权威的姿态，对不了解的内容坦然承认。比如在谈到自然选择让“自然界处处充满着美”时，对“某些颜色、声音和形态何以能给人及动物以愉悦”“最简单的美感，最初是如何获得的”等问题就没有给出答案，而是坦然地说“这是很难搞清楚的”。
④结论的明确性：
摆事实，讲道理，兼以与特创论的屡次对比，使结论鲜明而稳固。
4.2归纳本文的艺术特色
四、拓展研究
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达尔文最大的不足便是没有解释人类的起源这最重要的问题，达尔文的学说在其广义理论上也有许多缺陷。
——琼斯
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2.阅读下列观点，谈谈你的理解：
达尔文的生存竞争与自然选择的观点，可以解释社会的发展规律和人类之间的关系，优胜劣汰、适者生存的现象也存在于人类社会。因此，只有强者才能生存，弱者只能遭受灭亡的命运。
社会达尔文主义曾被其拥护者用来为社会不平等、种族主义和帝国主义正名，理由是赫伯特·斯宾塞所说的“适者生存”。
重点句子理解（第三段）
大属内的物种，为了在某种程度上保留变种的性状，就需要产生大量的变种或初期物种，因为它们之间的相互差别要比小属内的物种小。大属内亲缘关系密切的物种显然在分布上有明显的限制，它们按亲缘关系围绕着其他物种聚集成许多小的群体，这两点都与变种的特征相似。
以同在千屈菜科的紫薇属和水苋菜属为例：
植物界——被子植物门（2纲)——双子叶植物纲（42目）
——桃金娘目（12科）——千屈菜科（25属）
紫薇属（55种）：川黔紫薇、广东紫薇、桂林紫薇等；
水苋菜属（30种）：耳基水苋、水苋菜、多花水苋等；
云南紫薇
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