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句子成分与句子结构
每个句子里的词与词之间都有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的成分。在初中英语中,句子的成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语七种。
A)句子成分框架图：
1.主语
功能与位置 由……充当 例句
主语是一个句子的主体，表示所说的是谁或是什么。主语一般放在句首，有时在特殊句型中主语放在句中或句末。 名词或名词短语 Some students don't like doing homework.一些学生不喜欢做家庭作业。
代词 He is a doctor.他是一名医生。
数词 Three and five is eight.三加五等于八。
the＋形容词/过去分词 The rich should help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。
动词不定式 To see is to believe.眼见为实。
动名词 Eating more vegetables is good for your health.多吃蔬菜对你的健康有好处。
从句 What he said is not true.他说的不是实话。
(一)用横线画出下列句中主语的中心词。
1.The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
2.There is an old man coming here.
3.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
4.To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
2.谓语
功能与位置 由……充当 例句
谓语表述主语的行为动作或所处的状态，常位于主语之后，有人称、时态、语态、数的变化。 动词 She practises playing the piano every day.她每天练习弹钢琴。
动词短语 When did the Gulf War break out？海湾战争是何时爆发的？
情态动词＋动词原形 You should come here in person tomorrow.明天你应该亲自来这里。
(二)选出句中谓语的中心词。
( B )1.I don't like the picture on the wall.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
A.don't B.like C.picture D.wall
( A )2.The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A.get B.longer C.days D.summer
( C )3.Do you usually go to school by bus？
A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus
( A )4.There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A.will be B.meeting C.the library D.afternoon
( C )5.Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast？
A.Did B.twins C.have D.breakfast
3.表语
功能与位置 由……充当 例句
表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，位于系动词之后。 名词 He is my friend.他是我的朋友。
代词 This book isn't mine.这本书不是我的。
数词 The number of students in our class is thirty-six.我们的学生人数是36人。
形容词 The man looked worried.那个人看上去很着急。
现在分词 Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
过去分词 He was praised for his good marks.他由于成绩优良受到表扬。
动词不定式 His job is to answer the phone.他的工作是接电话。
介词短语 My house is between the school and the post office.我的房子在学校和邮局之间。
从句 This is where I first met her.这就是我第一次见到她的地方。
(三)用横线画出下列句中的表语。
1.The old man was feeling very tired.
2.Why is he worried about Jim？
3.The leaves have turned yellow.
4.Soon they all became interested in the subject.
5.She was the first to learn about it.
4.宾语
功能与位置 由……充当 例句
宾语表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容，是动作的承受者，一般放在及物动词或介词后面。 名词或名 词短语 I ride a bike to school.我骑车上学。
代词 You should take care of him.你应该照顾他。
数词 —How many pens do you have？你有几支钢笔？ —I have six.我有六支。
the＋形容 词/过去分词 They are ready to help the poor.他们愿意帮助穷人。
不定式或 不定式短语 Does anyone else want to come？还有人想来吗？
疑问词＋不定式 Could you tell me how to use the dictionary？你能告诉我怎么使用字典吗？
动名词 He enjoys playing basketball.他喜欢打篮球。
从句 I think he is right.我想他是对的。
拓展：(1)双宾语：指的是“动词＋间接宾语(往往指人)＋直接宾语(往往指物)”。
如：Could you lend me your bicycle？(＝Could you lend your bicycle to me？)你能把你的自行车借给我吗？
He bought his mother a handbag.(＝He bought a handbag for his mother.)他给他妈妈买了一个手提包。
(2)复合宾语：指的是“动词＋宾语＋宾补”(详见下面的“宾语补足语”栏)。
(四)用横线画出下列句中的宾语。
1.My brother hasn't done his homework.
2.People all over the world speak English.
3.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
4.How many new words did you learn last class？
5.Some of the students in the school want to go swimming，how about you？
5.定语
功能与位置 由……充当 例句
定语是修饰名词或代词的句子成分。形容词作定语时，一般放在名词前面；副词或副词短语作定语时，放在名词后面。 名词 Jack and Susan work in a shoe store.杰克和苏珊在一家鞋店工作。
代词 He has a friend whose father is a doctor.他有个朋友的父亲是医生。
数词 She spent seven days on the beach.她在海滩上度过了七天。
形容词 What a good idea it is！多好的主意！
副词 People there are very friendly.那里的人们很友好。
介词短语 The boy under the tree is John.在树下的那个男孩是约翰。
动名词 The reading room is bright.阅览室很明亮。
动词不定式 He has a lot of work to do today.今天他有大量的工作要做。
现在分词 The sleeping boy is only three years old.正在睡觉的那个男孩只有三岁。
过去分词 This university，founded in 1911，is very famous.建于1911年的这所大学很出名。
从句 The man who is speaking there is his father.正在那边说话的那个人是他的父亲。
(五)用横线画出下列句中的定语。
1.They use Mr，Mrs with the family name.
2.What is your given name？
3.On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
4.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
5.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
6.状语
功能与位置 由……充当 例句
状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分，说明时间、地点、目的、结果、条件、原因、方式、程度等，其位置不固定。 介词短语 They have lived in the city for ten years.他们已在这个城市生活了十年。
副词 Light travels faster than sound.光比声音传播得快。
形容词 They went home，cold and hungry.他们饥寒交迫地回家了。
动词不定式 He turned his head around to look at her.他转过头去看她。
现在分词 Leaving the office，I met him.离开办公室时，我遇见了他。
过去分词 Seen from here，the school is very beautiful.从这儿看，学校非常漂亮。
从句 Once you begin，you must continue.一旦开始，你就得继续。
(六)用横线画出下列句中的状语。
1.There was a big smile on her face.
2.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
3.He began to learn English when he was eleven.
4.The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
5.With the medicine box under her arm，Miss Li hurried off.
7.宾语补足语
功能与位置 由……充当 例句
简称宾补，是对宾语进行补充说明的成分，位置一般在宾语之后。 名词 Her father named her Li Yan.她的父亲给她取名李燕。
形容词 They painted their room orange.她们把房间漆成了橙色。
副词 Let the fresh air in.让新鲜的空气进来。
介词短语 He found everything in good order.他发现一切井然有序。
动词不定式 I saw him go into the shop.我看到他走进了商店。(省去to的不定式)
We asked him to come，but he refused.我们叫他来，可是他拒绝了。
现在分词 She noticed Tom teaching them patiently.她注意到汤姆正在耐心地教他们。
过去分词 I need to have my car repaired.我需要把我的汽车修理一下。
从句 We will make our city what your city is now.我们要把我们的城市变成你们城市目前的样子。
(七)用横线画出下列句中的宾语补足语。
1.She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
2.He asked her to take the boy out of school.
3.She found it difficult to do the work.
4.They call me Lily sometimes.
5.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
6.Did you see Li Ming playing football in the playground just now？
B) 简单句的五大基本句型结构
句型 例句
主语＋系动词＋表语 They are always very busy.他们总是很忙。 She has become a US citizen.她已成为一名美国公民。
拓展：be和become是常见的连系动词，后面接表语，表语通常由名词或形容词等来充当。此外，连系动词还有appear(显得)，seem(好像)，turn(变得＋颜色)，taste(尝起来)，feel(感觉)，smell(闻起来)，fall(变得＋asleep/ill)，keep(保持)，go(变得＋表不好的形容词)，get(变得＋温度形容词)，grow(变得＋young/old)，sound(听起来)，look(看起来)等。
主语＋不及物动词 The plane disappeared in the sky.飞机消失在天空中。
拓展：常见的不及物动词有：come(来)，go(去)，happen/take place(发生)，arrive(到达)，die(死亡)，rise(升起，提起)，laugh(笑)，stay(停留)，swim(游泳)，walk(走)，work(工作)等。
主语＋及物动词＋宾语 He likes swimming and fishing.他喜欢游泳和钓鱼。 He told his story as a reporter.他讲述了作为记者的经历。
主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 His mother bought him a set of novels.他母亲给他买了一套小说。 He gave me a lot of help in the past.在过去他给我很多帮助。
主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语 She often keeps the room clean and tidy.她经常保持房间干净整洁。 He soon made himself understood.他很快把自己的意思讲明白了。
注意：简单句是由一个主谓结构构成的句子。需要注意的是，主语可以是并列的，而且谓语也可以是并列的。
如：My brother and I went to the same school.我和我哥哥上的是同一所学校。(划线部分是并列主语)
He closed the book and went to bed.他合上书，上床睡觉。(划线部分是并列谓语)
【巧学妙记】
双宾语：间接宾语往往指人，直接宾语往往指物。“及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语”常可改成“及物动词＋直接宾语＋介词＋间接宾语”的形式。
如：give sb.sth.＝give sth.to sb.；buy sb.sth.＝buy sth.for sb.其中的介词，有的需要使用to，而有的需要使用for，可以结合顺口溜来记忆。
①用介词to的动词
带来带去让人看(bring，take，show)，传递借阅应归还(pass，lend，read，return)。
归功提供留给送(owe，offer，leave，give，send)，教你书写得付钱(teach，write，pay)。
②使用介词for的动词
匀出节省去拿来(spare，save，fetch)，找到制作又购买(find，get，make，buy)。
歌唱演奏加烹调(sing，play，cook)，挑选用for要记牢(choose，pick，select)。
拓展：复合宾语：可以接复合宾语(宾语＋宾补)的动词常用的有appoint(任命；指定)，believe(相信)，catch(抓住)，call(叫)，elect(选举)，feel(感觉；认为)，find(发现)，hear(听见；听说)，keep(保持)，leave(留下；使处于某种状态)，make(使得)，name(命名；取名)，notice(注意到)，prove(证明)，see(看见)，warn(警告；提醒)，watch(观察)等。

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