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Saddleworth Moor in the north of England is a deserted place. Though lying just a few miles from the city of Manchester, it feels remote. There is generally a strong wind blowing across the moor! It seemed almost ___1___to me, then, that anyone should be against the building of seven wind turbines （风力发电机） to produce clean, renewable energy. Surely this was the perfect place to situate them---basically dull, unattractive to tourists and--- ___2___---windy. Yet Saddleworth is becoming another ___3___in an increasingly confusing debate over wind farming and the future of the planet.
Typical of this ___4___ is hearing Professor David Bellamy leading the fight against wind farms. I had always thought of Professor Bellamy as an environmentalist and had made the ___5___ assumption that he would be a natural supporter of wind power. However, ___6___, Bellamy would be better described as a conservationist whose main aim is to preserve natural space for plants and animals from destruction, rather than a campaigner on climate change.
Bellamy, along with other opponents, has argued that the wind farms are in fact ___7___, and are only commercially feasible because they are so heavily subsidized （补贴）. This argument has been put forward by several newspaper commentators recently, who have then gone on to ___8___ the virtues of nuclear power. This is in the face of years of protests from greens who claim that nuclear power is both expensive and ___9___. And yet nuclear energy has recently been ___10___ by a leading green scientist, Professor James Lovelock, who was one of the first to draw attention to the problems of climate change. He argues that renewable energy such as wind simply cannot provide sufficient electricity for our energy needs.
But of course, it is ___11___to imagine that the good people of Saddleworth would prefer to see a nuclear power station on their doorstep rather than seven wind turbines. On average it takes six years to get planning permission for nuclear plants because of the inevitable protest. So what's the ___12___
Bellamy suggests reducing ___13___of fossil fuels if people want to control greenhouse gases. Certainly, he has much support for this from environmentalists. However, just a few years ago, the government was forced to ___14___ increases in taxes on petrol （汽油） because of a huge public outcry which saw the country almost brought to a stop. And at the heart of those protests were those who said they ___15___ their cars and were being fairly punished by high fuel taxes. These same people reject wind farms because they see the turbines as something that spoils the countryside.
1．A．clear B．odd C．important D．satisfactory
2．A．at last B．in other words C．above all D．as a matter of fact
3．A．battleground B．phenomenon C．experience D．dominance
4．A．energy B．production C．tourism D．confusion
5．A．basic B．widespread C．false D．realistic
6．A．on average B．on reflection C．in particular D．in detail
7．A．necessary B．outdated C．uneconomic D．public
8．A．forget B．question C．develop D．praise
9．A．clean B．safe C．irresistible D．dangerous
10．A．doubted B．advocated C．proved D．ignored
11．A．depressing B．possible C．difficult D．adequate
12．A．answer B．matter C．point D．cause
13．A．waste B．consumption C．price D．recycling
14．A．end B．mark C．consider D．sustain
15．A．relied on B．gave up C．made for D．picked out
When it comes to anxiety over online data privacy, the first and most common legal solution comes to mind: more transparency. If firms are required to tell people what information they collect, and do so in a simple and obvious manner, people would be able to _____16_____ doing business with those that adopt abusive privacy practices.
There is one _____17_____ with the transparency solution. There is no evidence that it works! (And there are mountains of evidence that it fails.) Even when the information people are asked to share is highly private and _____18_____, and even if the notices about the ways firms collect, use and share this information are delivered in the simplest and most concise manner, people still don’t read the notices and don’t change their _____19_____. A recent experiment tried to deliver the privacy notices to users in the format of a simple “nutrition facts” box, to no avail. The notice still went _____20_____ and people shared the same amount of sensitive personal information as they do when the notices are long and cluttered.
If simple notices are not read or used by people, the hopes for _____21_____ choice flee. Users are not going to _____22_____ Google’s personalized ads or to personalize the Facebook’s privacy setting. These consumers might comparison-shop among services based on various quality and service measures, but not on the basis of _____23_____ features.
It is also important to dispel a second perceived solution to privacy _____24_____: lawsuits. There are numerous class action lawsuits percolating in courts, alleging violations by websites of privacy statutes. Google,______25______, has long been defending against the complaints that its Gmail service, which scans the text of its users’ emails, is a violation of the Wiretap Act (窃听法). Many of these lawsuits eventually fail because they cannot prove a ______26______ injury. But even the few that succeed are not going to change the behavior of firms. They will only teach firms to write more ______27______ privacy notices and require more frequent clicks “I Agree” from users.
A third legal solution fueled by privacy anxiety is the “right to be forgotten”. It gives users the right to request search engines to ______28______ links to personal information that are no longer accurate or relevant. Viewed by its ______29______ as a major landmark in privacy protection, the right to be forgotten mandate is ultimately proving to be a storm in a tea cup. In one year, Google reported to have received only 218,000 requests (or which it granted about half). Only a minor number of users are ______30______ sensitive to privacy issues to exercise the cherished right.
16．A．avoid B．advise C．favor D．admit
17．A．proof B．problem C．possibility D．purpose
18．A．detailed B．sensitive C．adequate D．effective
19．A．mind B．decision C．behavior D．direction
20．A．invalid B．wrong C．round D．unread
21．A．preferred B．accepted C．informed D．obliged
22．A．opt out of B．make up for C．look forward to D．put up with
23．A．privacy B．advertising C．designer D．specific
24．A．policies B．protection C．risks D．terms
25．A．by contrast B．in particular C．on average D．for example
26．A．severe B．fatal C．concrete D．external
27．A．informal B．comprehensive C．informative D．unavailable
28．A．start B．attach C．remove D．build
29．A．initials B．advocates C．appeals D．motivates
30．A．sufficiently B．extremely C．comparatively D．appropriately
Artificial intelligence (AI) has amazing potential to change the world, and we’ve only just begun to scratch the surface. As AI matures and people move further away from distinct programming and monitoring of systems, unidentified bias (偏见) might make decisions continue for a long time that cause ___31___ harm for individuals and society. This bias might ___32___ input data or even the algorithms (算法) themselves.
All too often, data sets are incomplete and the sample represented in the data set does not ___33___the population that the AI model is making predictions about—this is known as coverage bias. Some other types of bias related to input data include sampling bias, where data is not collected randomly from the target group, and participation bias, where users from certain groups ___34___ surveys at different rates than users from other groups. Still, another more challenging bias to identify is confirmation bias that occurs when a decision maker or analyst has a strong ___35___ belief or experience that affects their ability to consider alternatives. This could lead one to more strongly ___36___ data that confirms a preexisting belief.
Bias resulting from AI algorithms themselves, or algorithmic bias, is equally ___37___. One example of algorithmic bias is implicit bias or unconscious bias, where data scientists ___38___ make associations or assumptions based on their mental models and memories that affect data modeling decisions. Implicit bias can ___39___ how data is collected and classified, or how systems are designed and developed. As machines learn, their conclusions and decisions affect people. Ethical (道德的) AI must understand these impacts and create governance and testing methods to ___40___ mistakes and inaccuracies.
To create ethical AI, companies need to put the ___41___ of the individual at the center of data innovation. This means thinking about ___42___ rights as human rights and developing a comprehensive approach to data, including how we use AI.
Having ___43___ data practices for AI means having good AI governance. This governance not only focuses on data and analytics but also understands the impacts of any given analysis and makes sure it’s ___44___ and accurate. Good AI governance includes data responsibility as well as a commitment to transparency (透明性).
None of this will be easy, but true innovation never is. By coming together and working on the problem of bias now, before it becomes a(n) ___45___ force, businesses can help bring out the best AI has to offer the world.
31．A．theoretical B．psychological C．disproportionate D．unintended
32．A．arise from B．contribute to C．take over D．make up
33．A．inspire B．match C．protect D．restrict
34．A．quit B．administer C．compare D．analyze
35．A．distinct B．predictable C．original D．widespread
36．A．restore B．imply C．miss D．favor
37．A．embarrassing B．dangerous C．relevant D．ridiculous
38．A．intentionally B．temporarily C．automatically D．appropriately
39．A．influence B．help C．attract D．predict
40．A．admit B．define C．address D．publicize
41．A．belongings B．expressions C．characteristics D．needs
42．A．civil B．digital C．legal D．natural
43．A．frequent B．responsible C．peculiar D．graceful
44．A．fair B．quick C．appealing D．adequate
45．A．leading B．innovative C．cultural D．destructive
There aren’t enough resources to identify and cure the factors that are causing populations of animals around the world to decline. Artificial intelligence might have the power to change that.
When an endangered seabird hits a power line, it ____46____ “very much like the laser noise from Star Wars,” says preservation biologist Marc Travers. He should know, as his team from the Endangered Seabird Recovery Project recorded thousands of hours of audio to determine if power lines ____47____ local seabirds. Travers was trying to establish how ____48____ birds were killed by power lines on the island of Kauai in Hawaii in 2011.
His team recorded 600 hours of audio and sent the recordings to Preservation Metrics, a company that assists preservation efforts with AI ____49____. Preservation Metrics used a program to “listen” to the recordings and check off the sounds that signified bird electrocutions (电击). The result was ____50____, as the number of bird electrocutions was in the thousands. ____51____ proof that power lines were killing a significant number of birds, the team worked with the local utility (公共设施) service to reduce bird deaths.
In science fiction stories such as The Matrix, AI-powered machines take over the world and end life on the planet as we know it. But ____52____, programs that use AI to sort through mountains of data might just save some species from disappearing permanently.
By many ____53____, humans have been poor keepers of the planet. Humans have altered as much as 97 percent of land ecosystems. Key populations of monitored animals have declined as much as 68 percent since 1970. The decline in ____54____ around the world has created a miserable situation. Preservation efforts ____55____ key resources they need to be effective.
Humans, ____56____, fortunately have AI-based tools that can help now. AI can quickly and accurately sort through large amounts of data created by observations in the field. Then other programs such as PAWS (Protection Assistant for Wildlife Security) can help analyse the data and suggest the most effective ways to focus preservation efforts.
In large national parks and wildlife reserves, ____57____ hunters are a danger for animals both big and small. Some animals are worth a lot of money on the black market. Park keepers are left with a(n) ____58____ task because there is too much land to cover. But the PAWS programme allows park keepers to focus their efforts. PAWS has even ____59____ the existence of trap lines in areas not yet watched by park keepers!
We still face many challenges to ____60____ the loss of wildlife, but AI-powered programs promise to be a powerful preservation tool.
46．A．makes a sound B．catches fire C．keeps the distance D．takes chances
47．A．affected B．preserved C．recorded D．attracted
48．A．unlawfully B．instantly C．frequently D．deliberately
49．A．fiction B．significance C．factors D．resources
50．A．deceiving B．doubtful C．desirable D．disturbing
51．A．Engaged in B．Qualified for C．Armed with D．Exposed to
52．A．in addition B．in reality C．in return D．in fact
53．A．measures B．programs C．services D．species
54．A．biodiversity B．production C．population D．economy
55．A．distribute B．pool C．lack D．exploit
56．A．meanwhile B．however C．otherwise D．besides
57．A．big-game B．professional C．local D．illegal
58．A．impossible B．dangerous C．urgent D．thankless
59．A．disproved B．explained C．predicted D．ignored
60．A．estimate B．reverse C．experience D．sustain
It was thought that Microbes (细菌) in sediments — solid material that settles at the bottom of a liquid beneath the seafloor died above 80°C, but scientists have found some that can survive up to 120°C and possibly higher temperatures. The discovery shows that life in seafloor sediments can survive higher temperatures than previously thought.
“I would think that wherever there’s energy that can be exploited by microorganisms, ____61____ find(s) a way.” says Tina Treude at the University of California, Los Angeles. It is possible that there is life at even higher temperatures. “The only way to find out is to go back and ____62____ deeper,” she says, though in lab experiments so far, no microbes have been found to grow above 122°C．
The researchers were also able to ____63____ out and count cells using a special device. Together, the findings show that relatively few cells survive at these temperatures, but those that do have very high metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates. “It was astonishingly high,” says Treude.
This surprised the team because it is the ____64____ of what has been found in shallower sediments, where it is much colder. Microbes are ____65____ there, but their metabolisms are extremely slow and individual microbes might live for millions of years. At 120°C, the heat is doing a lot of damage to cells, so microbes may need high metabolisms to generate enough energy to repair this damage. It is a(n) ____66____ to stay alive, says Treude.
It isn’t clear what these heat-loving, or thermophilic, microbes are, as the team was unable to ____67____ their DNA．Nor is it clear how they came to be in the sediments, given that this would have been a very cold environment for a long time after the sediments that the samples came from were first ____68____.
However, a few thermophilic microbes would have been present when the sediments were deposited, and they may have somehow ____69____ until temperatures began to rise due to being _____70_____ under more material, says team member Felix Beulig at Aarhus University in Denmark.
As the temperatures rose, all the microbes that weren’t _____71_____ of heat would gradually have died off, says team member Florian Schubert at the German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. “The microbes that cannot _____72_____, they just die,” he says.
Patrick Forterre at the Pasteur Institute in Paris says that while there are _____73_____ results showing microbe growth at 106°C, nobody has been able to exactly copy the two lab studies claiming growth at 122°C．“It’s very difficult to _____74_____ the upper temperature limit,” he says.
He is therefore _____75_____ of the idea of microbes living normally at 120°C, but he does think it is possible that they could somehow survive and became active again at lower temperatures.
61．A．life B．energy C．bacteria D．voyage
62．A．think B．research C．practise D．drill
63．A．spread B．figure C．separate D．reach
64．A．opposite B．evidence C．coincidence D．resemblance
65．A．moderate B．existent C．swift D．plentiful
66．A．game B．approach C．race D．solution
67．A．explode B．identify C．locate D．attack
68．A．formed B．deposited C．tagged D．covered
69．A．stuck on B．moved away C．died off D．run out
70．A．exposed B．removed C．buried D．washed
71．A．tolerant B．afraid C．tired D．careful
72．A．translate B．adapt C．escape D．furnish
73．A．various B．false C．reliable D．different
74．A．pass B．break C．outstep D．determine
75．A．capable B．doubtful C．sick D．Ignorant
参考答案：
1．B
2．C
3．A
4．D
5．C
6．B
7．C
8．D
9．D
10．B
11．A
12．C
13．B
14．A
15．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是要在Saddleworth Moor这个多风的地方建造风电场，从而引发了当敌人们的争议，不同的人对此持有不同的观点。
1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在我看来，居然有人反对建造七座风力涡轮机来生产清洁、可再生能源，这几乎有些奇怪。A. clear清楚的；B. odd奇怪的；C. important重要的；D. satisfactory满意的。根据前文的“There is generally a strong wind blowing across the moor.”可知，这里风能丰富，有人却反对建立风力产生可再生能源，这是让作者感觉到奇怪的。故选B。
2．考查介词短语辨析。句意：毫无疑问，这是放置它们的最佳地点——基本上是无趣的，对游客没有吸引力，最重要的是，风很大。A. at last最后；B. in other words换句话说；C. above all最重要的是；D. as a matter of fact 事实上。根据后文的“windy”可知，这个地方最重要的是风很大，即风能丰富。故选C。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，萨德尔沃思正成为关于风力发电和地球未来的争论的另一个战场。A. battleground战场；B. phenomenon现象；C. experience经历；D. dominate统治。根据后文的“confusing debate over wind farming and the future of the planet”可知，此处成为了舆论争议的战场。故选A。
4．考查名词词义辨析。句意：大卫·贝拉米教授领导的反对风力发电场的斗争就是这种困惑的典型例子。A. energy能源；B. production产量；C. tourism旅游业；D. confusion困惑。根据前文的“increasingly confusing debate over”可知，大卫·贝拉米教授领导的反对风力发电厂争论是困惑的典型争论的例子。故选D。
5．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我一直认为贝拉米教授是一个环保主义者，并错误地假设他会是风力发电的天然支持者。A. basic基本的；B. widespread广泛的；C. false错误的；D. realistic现实的。根据后文的“that he would be a natural supporter of wind power.”可知，作者提出的假设是错误的。故选C。
6．考查介词短语辨析。句意：然而，反思一下，贝拉米更应该被描述为一个主要目标是保护动植物自然空间不受破坏的自然资源保护主义者，而不是一个气候变化的活动家。A. on average平均地；B. on reflection反思；C. in particular尤其地；D. in detail详细地。根据空后的“Bellamy would be better described as a conservationist whose main aim is to preserve natural space for plants and animals from destruction, rather than a campaigner on climate change. ”可知，作者经过反思之后，重新界定了贝拉米的身份。故选B。
7．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：贝拉米和其他反对者认为，风力发电场实际上是不经济的，只有在得到大量补贴的情况下，它们才具有商业可行性。A. necessary必要的；B. outdated过时的；C. uneconomic不经济的；D. public公共的。根据后文的“are only commercially feasible because they are so heavily subsidized”可知，贝拉米认为风力发电实际上是耗费很多补贴，这是不经济的做法。故选C。
8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：最近，一些报纸评论员提出了这一观点，并继续赞扬核能的优点。A. forget忘记；B. question质疑；C. develop发展；D. praise赞扬。根据前文的“This argument has been put forward by several newspaper commentators recently”可知，该观点由一些报纸评论员提出的，故应该支持并赞扬该观点。故选D。
9．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是面对环保人士多年来的抗议，他们声称核能既昂贵又危险。A. clean干净的；B. safe安全的；C. irresistible不可抵抗的；D. dangerous危险的。根据前文的“This is in the face of years of protests from greens”以及“expensive”可知，这些抗议者们抗议的是核能既昂贵又危险。故选D。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，最近一位著名的绿色科学家詹姆斯·洛夫洛克教授提倡使用核能，他是第一个引起人们对气候变化问题关注的人之一。A. doubted怀疑；B. advocated提倡；C. proved证明；D. ignored忽视。根据后文“He argues that renewable energy such as wind simply cannot provide sufficient electricity for our energy needs.”可知，詹姆斯·洛夫洛克教授是提倡使用核能的。故选B。
11．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当然，想到萨德尔沃斯的善良人民宁愿看到家门口有一座核电站，也不愿看到七座风力涡轮机，就令人沮丧。A. depressing令人沮丧的；B. possible可能的；C. difficult艰难的；D. adequate充足的。根据后文“the good people of Saddleworth would prefer to see a nuclear power station on their doorstep rather than seven wind turbines.”可知，有些人宁愿家门口安装核电站，而不喜欢安装风力发电装置，这是让人沮丧的事实。故选A。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那有什么意义呢？A. answer答案；B. matter时间；C. point意义；D. cause原因。根据前文的“On average it takes six years to get planning permission for nuclear plants because of the inevitable protest.”可知，核电厂的规划许可平均需要6年的时间，那么詹姆斯·洛夫洛克教授却提倡建立核电厂，这有什么意义可言呢？故选C。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：贝拉米建议，如果人们想控制温室气体，就要减少化石燃料的消耗。A. waste浪费；B. consumption消耗；C. price代价；D. recycling回收，循环。根据后文的“if people want to control greenhouse gases”可知，为了人们想要控制温室气体，应该减少化石燃料的消耗。故选B。.
14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，就在几年前，政府被迫停止提高汽油税，因为公众的强烈抗议导致国家几乎陷入停顿。A. end停止；B. mark标记；C. consider考虑；D. sustain维持。根据“because of a huge public outcry which saw the country almost brought to a stop.”可知，由于公众的强烈抗议，迫使政府停止提高汽油税。故选A。
15．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这些抗议活动的核心是那些声称自己依赖汽车的人，他们受到了高额燃油税的相当严格地惩罚。A. relied on依赖；B. gave up放弃；C. made for弥补；D. picked up拾起。根据前文的“at the heart of those protests”以及后文“were being fairly punished by high fuel taxes. ”可知，这些抗议者的核心是那些依赖汽车的人，因此要求政府暂停对汽油加税。故选A。
16．A
17．B
18．B
19．C
20．D
21．C
22．A
23．A
24．C
25．D
26．C
27．B
28．C
29．B
30．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是保护数据隐私的方案。
16．考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果公司被要求告诉人们他们收集了什么信息，并且以一种简单而明显的方式这样做，人们将能够避免与那些采用滥用隐私做法的公司做生意。A. avoid避免；B. advise建议；C. favor支持；D. admit承认。由上文“If firms are required to tell people what information they collect”可知，人们将避免与那些采用滥用隐私做法的公司做生意。故选A。
17．考查名词词义辨析。句意：透明的解决方案有一个问题。A. proof证明；B. problem问题；C. possibility可能性；D. purpose目的。由后文“There is no evidence that it works! (And there are mountains of evidence that it fails.)”可知，透明的解决方案有一个问题。故选B。
18．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：即使人们被要求分享的信息是高度私密和敏感的，即使关于公司收集、使用和共享这些信息的方式的通知以最简单、最简洁的方式传递，人们仍然不会阅读这些通知，也不会改变他们的行为。A. detailed详细的；B. sensitive敏感的；C. adequate足够的；D. effective有效的。由上文“highly private”可知，空格处所在的句子表示“即使人们被要求分享的信息是高度私密和敏感的”，故选B。
19．考查名词词义辨析。句意：即使人们被要求分享的信息是高度私密和敏感的，即使关于公司收集、使用和共享这些信息的方式的通知以最简单、最简洁的方式传递，人们仍然不会阅读这些通知，也不会改变他们的行为。A. mind头脑；B. decision决定；C. behavior行为；D. direction方向。由上文“people still don’t read the notices and don’t change”可知，人们仍然不会阅读这些通知，也不会改变他们的行为。故选C。
20．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这条通知仍然没有被阅读，人们分享的敏感个人信息数量与公告冗长杂乱时相同。A. invalid无效的；B. wrong错误的；C. round圆的；D. unread未读的。由后文“If simple notices are not read”可知，这条通知没有被阅读，故选D。
21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果简单的通知不被人们阅读或使用，那么知情选择的希望就会消失。A. preferred更喜欢的；B. accepted接受的；C. informed有见识的，知情的；D. obliged感激的。由上文“If simple notices are not read”可知，如果简单的通知不被人们阅读或使用，那么知情选择的希望就会消失。故选C。
22．考查动词短语辨析。句意：用户不会选择退出谷歌的个性化广告，也不会选择个性化Facebook的隐私设置。A. opt out of决定不参加……；B. make up for弥补；C. look forward to期待；D. put up with容忍。由后文“Google’s personalized ads or to personalize the Facebook’s privacy setting. These consumers might comparison-shop among services based on various quality and service measures”可知，用户不会选择退出谷歌的个性化广告，空格处是“opt out of”，故选A。
23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些消费者可能会基于各种质量和服务衡量标准，而不是基于隐私特性，在不同的服务之间进行比较。A. privacy隐私；B. advertising广告业；C. designer设计师；D. specific细节。由上文“These consumers might comparison-shop among services based on various quality and service measures”可知，这些消费者可能会基于各种质量和服务衡量标准，而不是基于隐私特性，在不同的服务之间进行比较。故选A。
24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：同样重要的是，消除第二种可感知的隐私风险解决方案:诉讼。A. policies政策；B. protection保护；C. risks风险；D. terms术语。由第一段的“When it comes to anxiety over online data privacy, the first and most common legal solution comes to mind: more transparency”可知，此处指的是消除第二种可感知的隐私风险的解决方案是诉讼，故选C。
25．考查固定短语辨析。句意：例如，谷歌长期以来一直在为其Gmail服务（该服务可以扫描用户的电子邮件文本）违反《窃听法》的指控辩护。A. by contrast相比之下；B. in particular尤其；C. on average平均；D. for example例如。由上文“Google”和下文“has long been defending against the complaints”可知，此处是以谷歌为例，空格处是“例如”，故选D。
26．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：许多这样的诉讼最终都以失败告终，因为它们无法证明具体的伤害。A. severe严重的；B. fatal致命的；C. concrete具体的；D. external外部的。由上文“Many of these lawsuits eventually fail”可知，许多这样的诉讼最终都以失败告终，因为它们无法证明具体的伤害。故选C。
27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们只会教会公司写更全面的隐私通知，并要求用户更频繁地点击“我同意”。A. informal不正式的；B. comprehensive全面的；C. informative信息丰富的；D. unavailable不可获得的。由后文“privacy notices and require more frequent clicks “I Agree” from users”可知，它们只会教会公司写更全面的隐私通知，并要求用户更频繁地点击“我同意”。故选B。
28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：它赋予用户要求搜索引擎删除不再准确或相关的个人信息链接的权利。A. start开始；B. attach粘贴；C. remove去除；D. build修建。由后文“links to personal information that are no longer accurate or relevant”可知，它赋予用户要求搜索引擎删除不再准确或相关的个人信息链接的权利，空格处是“去除”，故选C。
29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：被提倡者视为隐私保护的一个重要里程碑，“被遗忘权”法案最终被证明是小题大做。A. initials签姓名的首字母于；B. advocates提倡者；C. appeals呼吁；D. motivates激励。由后文“as a major landmark in privacy protection”可知，“被遗忘权”法案被提倡者视为隐私保护的一个重要里程碑，故选B。
30．考查副词词义辨析。句意：只有少数用户对隐私问题足够敏感，能够行使宝贵的权利。A. sufficiently足够地；B. extremely极端地；C. comparatively相对地；D. appropriately适当地。由上文“In one year, Google reported to have received only 218,000 requests (or which it granted about half).”可知，只有少数用户对隐私问题足够敏感，故选A。
31．D
32．A
33．B
34．A
35．C
36．D
37．B
38．C
39．A
40．C
41．D
42．B
43．B
44．A
45．D
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在发展人工智能中可能会出现的各种偏见。
31．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：随着人工智能的成熟，人们越来越远离对系统的独特编程和监控，未知的偏见可能会让决策持续很长时间，对个人和社会造成意想不到的伤害。A. theoretical理论上的；B. psychological心理的；C. disproportionate不成比例的；D. unintended非计划的。根据前文“ unidentified bias might make decisions continue for a long time”可推断未知的偏见可能引起意想不到的伤害。故选D项。
32．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这种偏见可能来自输入数据，甚至是算法本身。A. arise from产生于；B. contribute to贡献；C. take over接管；D. make up和解。根据前文“ unidentified bias might make decisions continue for a long time”以及后文“input data or even the algorithms (算法) themselves.”可知，上文提到未知的偏见，本句应该是讨论偏见可能产生的原因。故选A项。
33．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：通常情况下，数据集是不完整的，数据集中所代表的样本与人工智能模型所预测的人群不匹配——这被称为覆盖偏见。A. inspire激励；B. match相配；C. protect保护；D. restrict妨碍。根据后文“this is known as coverage bias”可知是有偏差的，可推断数据是不匹配的才产生偏差。故选B项。
34．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：与输入数据相关的其他一些类型的偏见包括抽样偏见，其中数据不是随机从目标群体收集的，以及参与偏见，其中某些群体的用户退出调查的比例不同于其他群体的用户。A. quit退出；B. administer管理；C. compare比较；D. analyze分析。根据后文“at different rates than users from other groups”可知和其他组的比率不同，可推知有人退出了调查，导致比率不同。故选A项。
35．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，另一个更具挑战性的偏见是确认偏见，它发生在决策者或分析师有一个强大的原始信念或经验，影响他们考虑替代方案的能力。A. distinct不同的；B. predictable可预测的；C. original原来的；D. widespread普遍的。根据后文“This could lead one to more strongly 　 6　　data that confirms a preexisting belief.”可知这可能会导致一个已经存在的信念，可推知本句应该是有强大的原始信念。故选C项。
36．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这可能会导致一个人更倾向于确认一个已经存在的信念的数据。A. restore修复；B. imply意味着；C. miss错过；D. favor喜爱。根据前文“Still, another more challenging bias to identify is confirmation bias that occurs when a decision maker or analyst has a strong 　　5　　belief or experience that affects their ability to consider alternatives.” 可知决策者或分析师一个强大的原始信念，会使他们倾向于最喜爱的数据。故选D项。
37．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：人工智能算法本身产生的偏见，或算法偏见，同样危险。A. embarrassing令人尴尬的；B. dangerous危险的；C. relevant相关的；D. ridiculous荒唐的。根据前文“unidentified bias (偏见) might make decisions continue for a long time that cause 　　　1　　　 harm for individuals and society”可知，偏见会引起伤害，这是危险的。故选B项。
38．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：算法偏见的一个例子是内隐偏见或无意识偏见，数据科学家根据影响数据建模决策的心理模型和记忆无意识地做出关联或假设。A. intentionally有意地；B. temporarily暂时；C. automatically无意识地；D. appropriately适当地。根据前文“One example of algorithmic bias is implicit bias or unconscious bias”可知后文是在解释unconscious bias，所以应该是科学家无意识地关联和假设。故选C项。
39．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：内隐偏见会影响数据收集和分类的方式，也会影响系统的设计和开发。A. influence影响；B. help帮助；C. attract吸引；D. predict预测。根据后文“As machines learn, their conclusions and decisions affect people.”可知算法本身的偏见是会产生影响的。故选A项。
40．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：有道德的人工智能必须了解这些影响，并创建治理和测试方法，以解决错误和不准确性。A. admit承认；B. define定义；C. address设法解决；D. publicize宣传。根据前文“Ethical AI must understand these impacts and create governance and testing methods”可根据句意推知，应是找到方法解决错误。故选C项。
41．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了创造合乎道德的人工智能，公司需要把个人的需求放在数据创新的中心。A. belongings财物；B. expressions表情；C. characteristics特征；D. needs需要。根据后文“This means thinking about 　　12　　rights as human rights and developing a comprehensive approach to data, including how we use AI.”可知需要考虑到我们怎么使用AI，所以应该把个人需要放在数据创新的中心。故选D项。
42．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这意味着要将数字权利视为人权，并开发一种全面的数据方法，包括我们如何使用人工智能。A. civil公民的；B. digital数字的；C. legal合法的；D. natural自然的。根据前文“To create ethical AI”可知，此处讲的是AI，所以应该是将数字权利视为人权。故选B项。
43．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：为AI提供负责任的数据实践意味着拥有良好的AI治理。A. frequent频繁的；B. responsible负责的；C. peculiar特有的；D. graceful优雅的。根据后文“Good AI governance includes data responsibility as well as a commitment to transparency”可知良好的人工智能治理包括数据责任，所以应该是负责任的数据。故选B项。
44．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种治理不仅关注数据和分析，还了解任何给定分析的影响，并确保其公平和准确。A. fair公平的；B. quick快的；C. appealing吸引人的；D. adequate充足的。根据后文“Good AI governance includes data responsibility as well as a commitment to transparency”可知良好的人工智能治理包括对透明度的承诺，所以应该是公平的。故选A项。
45．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在偏见成为破坏性力量之前，通过团结起来，现在就着手解决这个问题，企业可以帮助发掘出人工智能为世界提供的最好的东西。A. leading主要的；B. innovative革新的；C. cultural文化的；D. destructive破坏(或毁灭)性的。根据前文“unidentified bias (偏见) might make decisions continue for a long time that cause 　　　1　　　 harm for individuals and society”可知偏见对人和社会都有害，所以是成为破坏性的力量。故选D项。
46．A
47．A
48．C
49．D
50．D
51．C
52．B
53．A
54．A
55．C
56．B
57．D
58．A
59．C
60．B
【解析】
【导语】
本文是说明文。文章介绍了人工智能有望在野生动物保护领域发挥重要作用。
46．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：保护生物学家马克·特拉弗斯（Marc Travers）说，当一只濒临灭绝的海鸟撞上电源线时，它发出的声音“非常像星球大战发出的激光噪音”。A. makes a sound发出声音；B. catches fire着火；C. keeps the distance保持距离；D. takes chances冒险。根据后文的“very much like the laser noise from Star Wars”可知，它发出了“非常像星球大战发出的激光噪音”的声音。故选A。
47．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他应该知道，因为他的濒危海鸟恢复项目的团队记录了数千小时的音频，以确定电线是否会影响当地的海鸟。A. affected影响；B.preserved保护；C. recorded记录；D. attracted吸引。根据前文“When an endangered seabird hits a power line, it makes a sound”可知，当海鸟撞上电源线时，它发出声音，然后他的团队来确认电线是否影响了海鸟。故选A。
48．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：2011年，特拉弗斯试图确定夏威夷考艾岛上的电线导致鸟类死亡的频率。A. unlawfully非法的；B. instantly立即，马上；C. frequently频繁地；D. deliberately故意地。根据6空后“that power lines were killing a significant number of birds,”可知，特拉弗斯团队研究结果发现电线杀死了太多的鸟，所以推断本空他试图确定由于电击导致鸟死亡的频率。故选C。
49．
考查名词词义辨析。句意： 他的团队录制了600个小时的音频，并将录音发送给Preservation Metrics公司，该公司利用人工智能资源协助保护工作。A. fiction小说；B. significance重要性；C. factors因素；D. resources资源。根据后文的“AI-based tools ”及“other programs such as PAWS”可知，这些都是人工智能资源。故选D。
50．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：结果是令人不安的，因为鸟类被电击致死的人数已达数千。A. deceiving欺骗的；B. doubtful怀疑的；C. desirable想要的；D. disturbing令人不安的。根据后文鸟类被电击致死的人数已达数千，我们可知这种结果是令人不安的。故选D。
51．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：研究小组有证据表明电线导致大量鸟类死亡，他们与当地公共事业服务部门合作，以减少鸟类死亡。A. Engaged in 从事；B. Qualified for有资格； C. Armed with配备，拥有；D. Exposed to暴露于……。 根据“ the team worked with the local utility (公共设施) service to reduce bird deaths.”推知，研究小组拥有了证据，故选C。
52．
考查介词短语辨析。句意：但在现实中，使用人工智能对堆积如山的数据进行分类，可能只是为了拯救某些物种以免其永久消失。A. in addition另外，还有；B. in reality在现实中；C. in return作为回报；D. in fact事实上。 根据转折连词but可知此处与上文的“In science fiction stories (从科幻小说中)”构成对比，也就是 “在现实中”。故选B。
53．
考查介词短语辨析。句意：从许多方面来看，人类一直都是这个星球的糟糕守护者。A. By many measures从许多方面来看；B. By many programs通过许多程序；C. By many services通过许多服务； D. By many species由许多物种 。结合常识和下文“Humans have altered as much as 97 percent of land ecosystems”可推知，人类是糟糕的守护者，从许多方面来看，都表现得很差。故选A。
54．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：世界各地生物多样性的减少造成了一种悲惨的局面。A. biodiversity生物多样性；B. production生产；C. population人口；D. economy经济。根据上文“By many measure, humans have been poor keepers of the planet. ”可知，从许多方面来看，人类是糟糕的守护者，人类改变了生态系统，被监视动物的数量在下降，生物的多样性在减少。故选A。
55．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：保护工作缺乏有效的关键资源。A. distribute分配；B. pool集中资源；C. lack缺乏；D. exploit开发。联系上文可知，这句与前三句并列，是人类表现不好的另一方面，所以是保护工作缺乏关键资源。故选C。
56．
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，幸运的是，人类现在有了基于人工智能的工具可以提供帮助。A. meanwhile同时；B. however然而；C. otherwise否则；D. besides除此之外。上一段说的是人类做的不好的地方，由后文“fortunately ”可知，这里与上文构成转折关系。故选B。
57．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在大型国家公园和野生动物保护区，非法狩猎者对大小动物都是一种危险。A. big-game大型的；B. professional专业的；C. local当地的；D. illegal不合法的。 根据后文“a danger for animals both big and small”可知，非法的狩猎者是危险的。故选D。
58．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：公园管理员面临着一项不可能完成的任务，因为有太多的土地要覆盖。A. impossible不可能的；B. dangerous危险的；C. urgent紧急的；D. thankless吃力不讨好的。根据后文的“ because there is too much land to cover”可知，这是一项不可能的任务。故选A。
59．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：PAWS甚至预测在公园管理员还没有注意到的区域存在陷阱线！A. disproved不赞同；B. explained解释；C. predicted预测；D. ignored忽视。根据上文“illegal hunters are a danger for animals both big and small.”可知，偷猎者会铺设捕捉动物的陷阱，而PAWS可以作出预测。故选C。
60．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：要扭转野生动物的损失，我们仍然面临许多挑战，但人工智能驱动的项目有望成为一种强大的保护工具。A. estimate估计；B. reverse使反转；C. experience体验，经历； D. sustain维持。根据后文“ AI-powered programs promise to be a powerful preservation tool.”可知，人工智能成为一种保护工具是在扭转野生动物的损失。故选B。
61．A
62．D
63．C
64．A
65．D
66．C
67．B
68．B
69．A
70．C
71．A
72．B
73．C
74．D
75．B
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是科学家发现，一些微生物可以存活到120°C甚至更高的温度。这一发现表明，海底沉积物中的生命可以在比之前认为的更高的温度下生存。
61．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我认为只要有微生物可以利用的能量，生命就会找到一条出路。A. life生命；B. energy能量；C. bacteria细菌；D. voyage航行。由上文的“wherever there’s energy that can be exploited by microorganisms”和后文的“there is life at even higher temperatures”可知，句子表示“只要有微生物可以利用的能量，生命就会找到一条出路”，故选A。
62．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：唯一的办法就是回去再往深处钻。A. think思考；B. research研究；C. practise练习；D. drill钻孔。由后文的“deeper”可知，此处表示往深处钻，故选D。
63．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员还能够使用一种特殊的设备分离和计数细胞。A. spread传播；B. figure理解，弄懂；C. separate分开；D. reach到达。由后文的“and count cells using a special device”可知，研究人员使用一种特殊的设备分离和计数细胞，故选C。
64．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这让研究小组感到惊讶，因为这与在较冷的浅层沉积物中发现的情况相反。A. opposite对立的人（或物）；B. evidence证据；C. coincidence巧合；D. resemblance相似之处。由上文的“Together, the findings show that relatively few cells survive at these temperatures, but those that do have very high metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates”和后文的“where it is much colder”可知，这与在较冷的浅层沉积物中发现的情况相反，空格处意为“对立的人（或物）”，故选A。
65．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那里有大量的微生物，但它们的新陈代谢极其缓慢，单个微生物可能会存活数百万年。A. moderate温和的；B. existent现存的；C. swift快速的；D. plentiful大量的。由后文的“individual microbes”可知，此处表示“那里有大量的微生物”，故选D。
66．
考查名词词义辨析。句意：特鲁德说，生存是一场赛跑。A. game游戏；B. approach方法；C. race赛跑；D. solution解决办法。由上文“microbes may need high metabolisms to generate enough energy to repair this damage”可知，微生物可能需要高代谢来产生足够的能量来修复这种损伤，因此这是一场赛跑，故选C。
67．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：目前还不清楚这些喜热或嗜热的微生物是什么，因为研究团队无法识别它们的DNA。A. explode爆炸；B. identify识别；C. locate定位；D. attack攻击。由上文的“It isn’t clear what these heat-loving, or thermophilic, microbes are”可知，研究团队无法识别它们的DNA，所以目前还不清楚这些喜热或嗜热的微生物是什么，故选B。
68．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：也不清楚它们是如何出现在沉积物中的，因为在这些样本所来自的沉积物第一次沉积下来之后，很长一段时间里，环境都非常寒冷。A. formed形成；B. deposited沉积；C. tagged给……贴标签；D. covered覆盖。由上文的“the sediments that the samples came from”和下一段的“the sediments were deposited”可知，此处表示沉积物的沉积，故选B。
69．
考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，丹麦奥胡斯大学的研究小组成员菲利克斯·贝尤利格说，当沉积物沉积时，一些嗜热微生物可能已经存在了，由于被埋在更多的物质下，它们可能以某种方式粘在上面，直到温度开始上升。A. stuck on贴上；B. moved away移开；C. died off相继死亡；D. run out用完。由上文的“a few thermophilic microbes would have been present”可知，当沉积物沉积时，一些嗜热微生物可能已经存在了，以某种方式粘在上面，故选A。
70．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，丹麦奥胡斯大学的研究小组成员菲利克斯·贝尤利格说，当沉积物沉积时，一些嗜热微生物可能已经存在了，由于被埋在更多的物质下，它们可能以某种方式粘在上面，直到温度开始上升。A. exposed暴露；B. removed去除；C. buried埋葬；D. washed洗。由后文的“under more material”可知，此处表示“埋在更多的物质下”，故选C。
71．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：波茨坦德国地球科学研究中心的研究小组成员弗洛里安·舒伯特说，随着温度的上升，所有不能耐受高温的微生物都会逐渐死亡。A. tolerant忍受的；B. afraid害怕的；C. tired累的；D. careful仔细的。由后文的“gradually have died off”可知，此处表示不能耐受高温的微生物都会逐渐死亡，空格处意为“忍受的”，故选A。
72．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：微生物不能适应，它们就会死亡。A. translate翻译；B. adapt适应；C. escape逃跑；D. furnish为（房间或房屋）配备家具。由上文的“all the microbes that weren’t _____11_____ of heat would gradually have died off”可知，微生物不能适应，它们就会死亡，故选B。
73．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：巴黎巴斯德研究所（Pasteur Institute）的帕特里克·福泰尔(Patrick Forterre)表示，虽然有可靠的结果显示微生物在106°C下生长，但没有人能够完全复制两项声称微生物在122°C下生长的实验室研究。A. various各种各样的；B. false错误的；C. reliable可靠的；D. different不同的。由后文的“nobody has been able to exactly copy the two lab studies claiming growth at 122°C”可知，句子表示“虽然有可靠的结果显示微生物在106°C下生长，但没有人能够完全复制两项声称微生物在122°C下生长的实验室研究”，故选C。
74．
考查动词词义辨析。句意：很难确定温度上限。A. pass经过；B. break打破；C. outstep超过；D. determine决定，确定。由上文的“nobody has been able to exactly copy the two lab studies claiming growth at 122°C”和下文的“the upper temperature limit”可知，句子表示“很难确定温度上限”，故选D。
75．
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，他对微生物在120°C下正常生存的想法持怀疑态度，但他认为它们有可能在更低的温度下以某种方式存活并再次活跃起来。A. capable有能力的；B. doubtful怀疑的；C. sick病的；D. ignorant无知的。由后文的“he does think it is possible that they could somehow survive and became active again at lower temperatures.”可知，句子表示“他对微生物在120°C下正常生存的想法持怀疑态度”，故选B。

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