资源简介

Unit 3 Conservation
Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction
学习目标
1. 掌握本节生词、短语及句型的表达与运用。
2. 掌握定语从句的用法。
3. 通过课堂练习，对课文内容有更深入的了解。
知识运用
1. blame
词性：____________ 意思：_____________
blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因（做）某事而责备某人
blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人
be to blame (for…) 该（为……）受责备（用主动形式表被动意义）
accept/ bear/ take the blame for sth. 对某事负责，承担责任
put/ lay the blame for sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人
练习：Don't _________ your failure to others.
2. occur
词性：____________ 意思：_____________
sth. occurs to sb. 某人突然想起某事
It occurs to sb. that… 某人突然想起……
练习：The idea ________ to him in a dream.
3. survival
词性：____________ 意思：_____________
survive v. 幸免于难，幸存；比……活得长
survive on… 依靠……生存下来
survivor n. 幸存者
练习：His __________ is a real wonder.
4. die out
意思：_____________
die away 逐渐消失；逐渐减弱。侧重指已经减弱到一个状态
die down 逐渐变弱；逐渐平息。侧重于减弱的过程
die off 相继死去
练习：This species has nearly _____________.
5. depend on
意思：_____________
depend on sb. to do sth. 依靠某人做某事
depend on sb. for sth. 靠某人供给某物
depend on/ upon it that… 指望……，对……深信不疑
练习：You may ___________ her to help you.
6. at risk
意思：_____________
at the risk of… 冒着……风险
take/ run the risk of… 冒着……风险
take risks/ a risk to do sth. 冒险做某事
risk doing sth. 冒险做某事
risk one's life to do sth. 某人冒着生命危险做某事
练习：If we go to war, innocent lives will be ___________.
阅读探究
1 What did scientists find out in 2015
2 Why does the writer think the sixth mass extinction will come
3 Why does the writer believe we'll probably die out if 75% of the Earth's species die out
4 What did people do in the case study to protect black robins Which claim(s) did the case study support in the text
句型梳理
1.（教材P52） Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth's history.
灭绝在我们地球的历史上很常见，它指的是整个物种的消亡。
本句包含where引导的非限制性定语从句。
关系副词where引导的定语从句
（1）先行词是表示地点的名词，且从句不缺主语、宾语或表语时，引导词常用关系副词where, where在从句中充当地点状语。
Jane paused in front of a counter where some attractive ties were on display.
简在一个柜台前停了下来，这个柜台展示出了一些很吸引人的领带。
（2）有时先行词是表抽象意义的地点名词，像activity, business, career, case, job, point, situation等。
I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
我已到了人生中该自己做决定的时候。
2.（教材P52）In the last 500 million years, there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.
在过去的5亿年间，有5次地球上的生命几乎都消亡了。
本句包含when引导的限制性定语从句。
关系副词when 引导的定语从句
（1）先行词是表时间的名词，且从句不缺少主语、宾语或表语时，引导词常用关系副词when, when在从句中充当时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
我仍然记得第一次来这所学校的那一天。
（2）有时先行词是表抽象意义的时间名词，如occasion.
Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
我很少有机会能有时间和孩子待上一天。
3.（教材P52）These include the third mass extinction, known as the "Great Dying", which killed 90% to 96% of all species.
它们包括第3次大型物种灭绝。它也叫做“大灭绝”，这次灭绝使90%到96%的物种都消亡了。
本句包含which 引导的非限制性定语从句。
关系代词 which 引导的定语从句
关系代词which一般指物，在定语从句中做主语、宾语或定语，既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。
（1）引导限制性定语从句A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.
对于最畅销的商品，商店应备有存货。
（2）引导非限制性定语从句
① 用来指代一个句子
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没有领会我的意思，这让我感到非常烦恼。
② 用来指代句子的一部分
He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.
他说以前从未见过她，这不是真的。
4.（教材P52）Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally, the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.
虽然物种自然灭绝是很常见的，但是现在物种灭绝的速度引起了担忧。
本句包含although 引导的让步状语从句，而主句包含“介词＋which”引导的定语从句。
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句，即把从句中的某一介词或介词短语提到关系代词之前。
在这种结构中，关系代词指人时只能用whom,指物时只能用which，做定语时用whose。
介词的选择一般是根据介词与从句中相关的动词、形容词、名词的搭配关系而定，有时根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定，有时也要根据句子的意思而定。
Do you know the man to whom I spoke just now 你认识刚才同我交谈的那个人吗？
5.（教材P52）There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution, forests being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing.
这么多物种灭绝的原因有很多：空气污染和水污染、森林被破坏、工厂化农业和过度捕捞。
本句包含why引导的定语从句。
关系副词why 引导的定语从句
关系副词why引导的定语从句修饰表原因的名词，其中why在定语从句中充当原因状语，等同于for which。
I don't know the reason why he came so late.
我不知道他来这么晚的原因。
注意：若reason在从句中做主语或宾语，引导词则使用that/which，做宾语时可省略引导词。
6.（教材P52）Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.
没有森林，我们将没有空气可呼吸；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。
本句是without引导的含蓄虚拟条件句。
含蓄虚拟条件句
有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示，而用其他方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄虚拟条件句。主要有以下几种情况：
（1）用with, without, but等构成的介词短语来替代条件从句，它们都可以转换成由if引导的虚拟条件从句。
We might have died without your help. = We might have died if you hadn't helped us.
要不是有你帮助我们，我们可能就已经死了。
（2）用 or, otherwise, suppose/ supposing (that) , provided/ providing (that) 等引导虚拟语气。You didn't come yesterday, or you would have seen him.
你昨天没有来，不然的话你就会看到他了。
（3）通过上下文来表虚拟，在这种情况下，需对具体语境加以分析。
I would have given you more money, but I was so poor.
我本来会给你更多的钱，但我很穷。
语法解析
语法：定语从句
在句中充当定语修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。定语从句可分为两大类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
对比两句：
This is the house which/ that we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
限制性定语从句 是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开 引导词：关系代词和关系副词，做宾语时一些关系代词可以省略
非限制性定语从句 是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这一从句不影响主句意思完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开 引导词：who, whom, whose, which, when, where 等，不用一般that，不能省略
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子。
Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party.
后来他遇到了玛丽，玛丽邀请他参加晚会。（who指代 Mary）
He changed his mind, which made me very angry.
他改变了主意，这使我很生气。（which指代逗号前的整个主句）
1. 定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。
关系代词 先行词 作用 备注
who 人 主语 关系代词whom, which, that在从句中做宾语时常可以省略，但在介词后不能省略。
whom 人 宾语
whose 人、物 定语
that 人、物 主语、宾语
which 物、句子 主语、宾语
as 人、物、句子 主语、宾语 as做宾语时一般不省略
关系副词 先行词 作用 备注
when 时间 时间状语 相当于“介词+which”
where 地点 地点状语 相当于“介词+which”
why 原因 原因状语 相当于“for+which”
2. 关系代词的用法
（1）只能用that引导定语从句的情况：
① 当先行词是 everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词被every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时。如：
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.
对他来说，世界上似乎没有什么不可能的事情。
② 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：
The first American movie that I watched was Titanic.
我看的第一部美国电影是《泰坦尼克号》。
③ 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best museum that I have visited all my life.
这是我这辈子参观过的最棒的博物馆。
④ 当先行词被 the very, the only, the first/ last 等修饰时。如：
She is the only person that understands me.
她是唯一理解我的人。
⑤ 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：
Which is the room that Mr Wang lives in
王先生住的是哪一个房间？
⑥ 当先行词既指人又指物时。如：
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.
瞧瞧那个正在街上走的人和他的驴子。
（2）只能用which引导定语从句的情况：
① 关系代词前有介词时只能用which。如：
This is the room in which she lived.
这是她住过的房间。
② 在非限制性定语从句中，关系词指物时只能用which。如：
He will make a trip to Suzhou, which is famous for its beautiful scenic spots.
他将到苏州去旅行，那里因其美丽的景点而闻名。
③ 先行词本身是that时只能用which。如：
The clock is that which tells the time.
时钟显示时间。
（3）用as引导定语从句的情况：
① 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词被 the same, such, as修饰时，定语从句用as引导。如：
Such problems as are often mentioned should be solved.
类似这样经常被提及的问题应该得到解决。
He would like to use the same pen as I used yesterday.
他想用我昨天用过的同一支笔。
I will read as many books as are required.
要求读多少书我就读多少书。
② 在非限制性定语从句中，as和which都可以用于指代整个主句。
区别在于：as引导时意为“正如”，可位于句首或句中；而which 引导时意为“这一点；这件事”，只能位于句中。
as构成的固定表达：
as is known to all
as we all know
as is often the case
as is expected
as is often said
as is reported
as is hoped
as is stressed
（4）定语从句中“介词＋关系代词”的用法：
做介词的宾语的关系代词一般是which和 whom。
“介词＋which/whom”既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以引导非限制性定语从句。
常见的有以下几种结构：
① 介词＋关系代词
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice.
＝Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice.
曼德拉是我向其征求建议的一位黑人律师。
I still remember the day on which we had a big party.
我仍然记得我们举行一场盛大聚会的那一天。
注意：
介词的选择与先行词或者从句的谓语动词有关。把先行词放到从句里写出一个完整的句子，然后再将先行词换成对应的关系代词。
固定短语中的介词不能提到关系代词的前面。如：
He is the man that/whom your mother took care of last month.
他是你母亲上个月照顾的那个人。
② 名词/ 代词/ 数词＋介词＋关系代词
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels.
＝Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, of which three were English novels.
上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中3本是英文小说。
③ 形容词最高级＋介词＋关系代词。如：
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
（5）定语从句中whose的用法：
① whose既可以指人，又可指物，在定语从句中做定语，表示“……人的；……物的”如：
The room whose window faces south is mine.
窗户朝南的那个房间是我的。
② whose指物时可用 of which 代替，但语序不同，即
“whose＋名词”相当于“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”。如：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
＝The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
＝The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.
门坏了的那间教室将很快得到修缮。
3. 关系副词的用法
当先行词是表时间、地点、方式或原因等的词，且从句缺状语时，从句用关系副词引导。关系副词有时可转化为“介词＋关系代词”。如：
This is the place where we spent our childhood.
这里是我们度过童年的地方。
注意：
（1）当先行词是表时间、地点、方式、原因等的词时，只有在从句缺状语时才用关系副词引导；否则，用关系代词引导。如：
He'll always remember the day when his grandmother passed away.
他会永远记住他的奶奶去世的那一天。
I will always remember the day that/ which we spent together in the countryside.
我会永远记住我们在乡下一起度过的那一天。
This is the factory where my father once worked.
这是我父亲曾经工作过的工厂。
This is the factory that/which they showed us around last year.
这是去年他们领我们参观的工厂。
This is the reason why/ for which he was late this morning.
这是他今天早上迟到的原因。
This is the reason that/ which may explain his absence.
这是可以解释他缺席的理由。
（2）先行词为 point, situation, case, stage, position, degree等表抽象的地点和情况的名词时，其后常用where引导定语从句，where在定语从句中做地点状语。而occasion 作“时机”讲时用when引导；作“场合”讲时用where引导。如：
Today, we will discuss a number of cases where English beginners fail to use the language properly.
今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者使用语言不当的例子。
I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health.
我记得他因为健康不佳而被迫取消的情况绝无仅有。
（3）先行词是the way （方式、方法），且引导词在定语从句中做状语时可以用in which或that引导从句，也可以省略引导词。如：
The way (that/ in which) he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
他解释这个句子的方式并不难懂。
练习：
1. The meeting room is crowded with children ___________ have poor eyesight, all of them interested in painting.
2. Tango is a passionate dance, ___________ brings the dancers together in a way that words can't express.
3. I'm taking some weight-loss pills, ___________ are quite popular here.
4. It was the largest map ___________ I had ever seen.
5. Mr Zhang had a lot of friends, none of ___________ could lend him any money.
6. ___________ was announced in the newspaper, our country won 51 gold medals in the 29th Olympic Games.
7. Which was the very hotel ___________ was recommended to you
8. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory ___________ we are working.
9. Is there anyone in your class ___________ family is in the country
10. I can never forget the days ___________ we worked together and the time ___________ we spent together.
答案
知识运用
1. blame 2. occurred 3. survival 4. died out 5. depend on 6. at risk
阅读探究
1. The study found that how quickly species die out due to natural causes, that is, the "background extinction rate". They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1, 000 times faster than normal.
2. Because human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.
3. Because our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants.
4. People protected Old Blue's eggs, helped them to hatch, and took care of the chicks. People are restoring their habitats and removing pests like mice and cats from the islands where they live. The case study showed that even in desperate situations, we can do something to help. In short, it's never too late.
语法解析
1. who/ that 2. which 3. which 4. that 5. whom
6. As 7. that 8. where 9. whose 10. when; that/ which
2

展开更多......

收起↑