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专题 18 过去完成时
知识贯通
过去完成时的用法
1. 表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即＂过去的过去＂。通常与by，before连用。
We had learned 5,000 words by the end of last month. 到上个月底，我们已经学了5，000个单词。
2. 表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当公共汽车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
3. 过去完成时需 要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存 在此时多与 already, yet, still, just, before, never等时间副词及by, before, until 等引导的短语或从句连用。
Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。
By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）
由时间状语来判定
　　 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
1. by + 过去的时间点。
　I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.
2. by the end of + 过去的时间点。
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
3. before + 过去的时间点。
　They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
　　虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调＂过去的过去＂；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的 动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before, after, as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如：
He entered the room, turned on the light an d read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office.
过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
　现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为＂助动词 have (has) + 过去分词＂；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调＂过去的过去＂，只 有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它 。试比较：
　　I have learned 1000 Eng lish words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
　　I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
　　—I’m sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。
　　—Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（＂等＂的动作从 过去某一时间点持续到现在）
　　—John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。
　　—Where had he been 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即＂过去的过去＂）
过去完成时的构成
had +动词的过去分词
真题盘点
1.Tom said he ______basketball with his classmates from 4:00 to 6:00 yesterday afternoon.
A. is played B. was playing C. plays D. had played
【答案】B
【解析】句意：汤姆说他昨天下午4点到6点正在和同学一起打篮球。考查过去进行时。A. is played一般现在时的被动语态；B. was playing过去进行时；C. plays第三人称单数；D. had played过去完成时。根据句意可知是昨天下午4点到6点正在和同学一起打篮球，表示过去某一时间段内正在发生或进行的动作或状态，应用过去进行时，其构成为was/were+动词的现在分词，主语he是单数，用was，play basketball打篮球，play的现在分词是playing，故答案选B。
2.—Uncle Sam said he ______ my birthday party, but he never showed up.
—That’s Uncle Sam. He forgets everything!
A. will attend B. would attend C. has attended D. had attended
【答案】B
【解析】句意：—山姆大叔说他会参加我的生日聚会，但他没来。—那就是山姆大叔。他什么都忘了！A为一般将来时；B为过去将来时；C为现在完成时；D为过去完成时。分析句子Uncle Sam said he ______ my birthday party, but he never showed up. 的结构可知，本题是一个宾语从句，主句Uncle Sam said是一般过去时，因此在宾语从句中应该用过去范畴的某一种时态，排除A/C；根据my birthday party可知，应该是将要参加我的生日聚会，因此应该用过去将来时，故选B。
3.I ate some fruit, which I ______ since I was a child, and the vegetables from my garden.
A. have enjoyed B. enjoyed C. enjoy D. had enjoyed
【答案】A
【解析】考查现在完成时。句意：我吃了一些我从小就喜欢的水果，还有我的院子里的蔬菜。A.现在完成时；B.一般过去时；C.一般现在时；D.过去完成时。根据since I was a child可知，用现在完成时，故选A。
4.—Has your daughter come back from Australia
—Yes. She ______ there for three years.
A. has stayed B. stays C. stayed D. had stayed
【答案】C
【解析】句意：—你女儿从澳大利亚回来了吗？—是的。她在那里住了三年。考查一般过去时。A. has stayed现在完成时；B. stays一般现在时；C. stayed一般过去时；D. had stayed过去完成时。根据句意可知女儿已经从澳大利亚回来了，所以待在澳大利亚的动作表示的是过去，要用一般过去时，故选C。
5.Several journalists ______ the lawyer about the international case an hour ago.
A. interview B. interviewed C. will interview D. had interviewed
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：几位记者就这件国际案件在一小时前采访了律师。题目末尾的an hour ago一个钟头以前，表示过去的时间，句子要用一般过去时态。A/C/D分别是一般现在时、一般将来时和现在完成时。故选B。
6.He asked me ______.
A. if I would go skating with him B. when did I buy the CD
C. that I had a good time
【答案】A
【解析】句意：他问我——A. if I would go skating with him是否愿意和他一起去滑冰。B. when did I buy the CD我什么时候买CD；C. that I had a good time我过得好。从He asked me知本题考查宾语从句。宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，可排除B选项；asked后的宾语从句是由疑问句转化来的，所以选项C的关系词不对，可排除，故正确选项是A。
【点睛】关于宾语从句，应注意：
1. 语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述句语序，即宾语从句的主从句是一体的。
2. 时态
含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应，包括以下三点内容：
1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：①I don’t know when he will come back. 我不知道他将何时回来。
②He tells me that his sister came back yesterday. 他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：
①The children didn't know who he was. 孩子们不知道他是谁。
②He asked his father how it happened. 他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。
3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。
7.（201 湖北咸宁）—High-speed trains, Mobile payment, Sharing bikes and Online shopping are called "four new great inventions" of modern China.
—They ______ our daily lives more convenient.
A. have made B. had made C. have been made D. made
【答案】A
【解析】句意：—高铁、扫码支付、共享单车和网购被称为＂中国四大新发明＂。—它们使我们的日常生活更加便利。A. have made现在完成时； B. had made过去完成时；C. have been made现在完成时态的被动语态；D. made一般过去时态。中国新的四大发明已经给我们的生活带来了极大的便利，需要用现在完成时态来表达，故答案为A。
8.—What a nice watch! How long ______ you ______ it
—For just two weeks.
A. will; buy B. have; had C. were; having D. did; buy
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词的时态。句意：—多么漂亮的手表啊！你有它多久了？—刚两星期。A. will; buy一般将来时态；B. have; had现在完成时态；C. were; having过去进行时态；D. did; buy一般过去时态。由how long可知，句子描述的是过去开始的动作、状态一直延续到现在，句子用现在完成时态。所以选B。
能力拓展
1．Seeing John rush into the room with tears in his eyes, I asked him what______.
A. would happen B. had happened C. happened D. was happened
【答案】B
【解析】所填写动作发生在 asked 以前，表示过去的过去，用过去完成时，故选 B 。句意是：看到约翰眼里含着泪水冲进房间，我问他发生什么事了。
2．Jake ______his key in the office so he had to wait until his wife ______ home.
A. has forgotten … comes B. forgot … come
C. had left … came D. had left … would come
【答案】C
【解析】句意：杰克把他的钥匙丢在办公室了，因此他不得不等到他的妻子回家。结合语境可知前文描述的是过去某时前已经完成的动作，故用过去完成时态。下文指的是过去某时的动作，故用一般过去时态。选 C 。
【点评】英语中的时态主要是借助于时间状语与上下文语境来进行判断。解答此类题型，首先要注意句子中的时间状语，如果没有则要通过分析上下文，结合语境来判断句子的时态。
3．Yesterday when I ______ to the station, the train ______ already.
A. got, had left B. got, has left C. had got, left D. got, left
【答案】A
【解析】句意：昨天当我到达车站时，火车已经离开了。结合语境可知前文时间状语从句描述的是过去某时发生的动作，故用一般过去时态。下文，描述的是过去某时前已经完成的动作，故用过去完成时态，选 A 。
【点评】英语中的时态主要是借助于时间状语与上下文语境来进行判断。解答此类题型，首先要注意句子中的时间状语，如果没有则要通过分析上下文，结合语境来判断句子的时态。英语疑问句中一般具有时态上的对应关系，注意结合这一特点进行区分。
4．I got to the party late. By the time I arrived, some people ______ home already.
A. went B. would go C. had gone D. have gone
【答案】C
【解析】句意：我到聚会晚了。在我到达之前，一些人已经回家了。结合语境可知下文描述的是过去某时已经完成的动作，用过去完成时态。故选 C 。
【点评】英语中的时态主要是借助于时间状语与上下文语境来进行判断。解答此类题型，首先要注意句子中的时间状语，如果没有则要通过分析上下文，结合语境来判断句子的时态。
5．— What do you think of the young lady
— She is hard-working. She ______ all her effort into her work before she got ill.
A. has put B. put C. had put D. would put
【答案】C
【解析】句意：—你认为这位小姐怎样？ —她很勤奋。她生病前把她所有的精力都投入到她的工作中。根据时间状语从句 before she got ill. 可知主句动作是过去的过去，该用过去完成时态： had+ 过去分词，故答案为 C 。
【点评】考查过去完成时。理解句意并掌握过去完成时表示过去的过去，构成为：had+ 过去分词。
6．By the time I got to school, I realized that I ______ my backpack at home.
A. have forgotten B. had forgotten C. have left D. had left
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我到学校的时候，我意识到我把书包忘在家里。考查过去完成时。 by the time ：到 … 时候为止；通常引导一个时间状语从句，表示 “ 到 …… 的时候为止 ” 主句则表示在此时间之前某个事件已完成。值得注意的是，当从句用过去时时，主句通常用过去完成时。 Leave sth. Sp. ：把 … 落在某地。结合句意和语境可知选 D 。
【点评】此题考查过去完成时的用法。
7．By the end of last month，I ______ all the CDs of the famous singer ．
A. collect B. collected C. have collected D. had collected
【答案】D
【解析】根据时间状语 “by the end of last month” 可知谓语动词发生在过去的过去，故用过去完成时。故选 D.
8．Everything he ______ away from him before he returned to his hometown.
A. took B. had been taken C. had had been taken D. had taken
【答案】C
【解析】句意为：他所拥有的一切在他回家之前都被拿走了。根据题干中的 before he returned to his hometown ，可知主句的谓语动词要用过去完成时，又因 everything 与 take 之间存在动宾关系，且 everything 作 take 的宾语，谓语动词要用被动语态，过去完成时的被动语态的基本构成是 had been + 过去分词，第一个 had 表示拥有的意思，后面的 had been taken 是过去完成时的被动语态。故选 C 。
9．The fireman______ the burning building three times before the fire was put out.
A. is entering B. has entered C. was entering D. had entered
【答案】D
【解析】句意：消防队员三次进入着火的大楼，才把火扑灭。 A. is entering 现在进行时； B. has entered 现在完成时； C. was entering 过去进行时； D. had entered 过去完成时。根据 was put out ，可知一般过去时，消防队员三次进入着火的大楼，动作已经完成，因此用过去完成时（表达过去的过去）， had entered ，故选 D 。
10．The bus ______ for five minutes when Tim arrived at the station.
A. went B. has left C. had left D. had been away
【答案】D
【解析】句意：当迪姆到达车站时，公交离开了五分钟了。表示到达车站前已经发生或完成的动作，句子用过去完成时态； leave 是一个非延续性的动词，不能与表示一段时间的状语 for… 连用，可以表达成 be away ，形容词表示状态，可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。故选 D。
11．Tom______by the time I got to the party.
A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left
【答案】C
【解析】句中有 “by+ 过去时间 ” 作时间状语，提示谓语动同用过去完成时，即 “ 我到达 ” 和 “ 他离开 ” ，后者发生在前者之前，即 “ 过去的过去 ” ，因此，后者用过去完成时。故选 C 。
12．The little boy______ me a few minutes before his mother showed up.
A. stares at B. has stared at C. looks at D. had stared at
【答案】D
【解析】 句意：这个小男孩在他妈妈出现之前一直盯着我。根据 stare 这个动作发生在他妈妈 showed up 出现之前，是过去的过去，可知用过去完成时 had+ 过去分词。故选 D 。
13．Mary thought of the party which she______ for this day.
A. plan B. planned C. had planned D. would plan
【答案】C
【解析】句意：玛丽想起了她今天计划的聚会。 plan 的动作发生在 thought of 的动作之前，表示过去的过去，要用过去完成时 had+ 过去分词。故选 C 。
15．—How long______you ______TV by the time I called you
—For about two hours
A. had; watched B. have; watched C. did; watch D. were; watching
【答案】A
【解析】由句中的 by the time 可判断．这里用过去完成时，故选 A 。句意是： — 到我打电话给你为止，你已经看了多长时间的电视了？ — 大约两个小时。
16．Mr Brown was too busy ______ our papers ______ this question.
A. to mark, to answer B. to mark, answering
C. marking, answering D. marking, to answer
【答案】D
【解析】句意：布朗先生忙着写论文来回答这个问题。根据句意可知布朗先生正在写论文，然而写论文这个事情是发生在过去，所以要用过去进行时，所以要用 making ， 这里面写论文是为了回答问题，表示目的所以 answer 之前应该加 to 。故选 D 。
17．—We all went to the cinema except you last night. Why didn't you come
—Because I______ that movie twice.
A. have watched B. had watched C. was watching D. would watch
【答案】B
【解析】“ 看过电影 ” 这一动作发生在 “ 没去影院 ” 之前，是过去的过去，用过去完成时，故选 B 。句意是：— 昨天晚上除了你之外我们都去电影院了，你为什么没来？ — 因为这部电影我已经看过两次了。
18．By the time he______ at the railway station, the train .
A. had arrived; had left B. arrived; had left C. arrived; left D. had arrived; has left
【答案】B
【解析】由语境可知，到达火车站发生在火车离开之后，故排除 A 、D 两项。 by the time 引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，主句则用过去完成时，故选 B。
19．By the end of last year they ______ thousands of orange trees on the mountains.
A. had planted B. have planted C. were planting D. would plant
【答案】A
【解析】句意：到去年末，他们已经在山上种植了上万棵橘子树。根据 By the end of last year ， 可知句子时态为过去完成时，因此用 had planted ，故答案是 A 。
20．—Did you see Tom at the party
—No, he ______ by the time I got there.
A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left
【答案】C
【解析】句意：—在聚会时你见了汤姆了吗？ —没有，我到达的时候他已经离开了。got ，一般过去时，离开在到达之前已经发生了，因此使用过去完成时，故答案是 C 。专题 18 过去完成时
知识贯通
过去完成时的用法
1. 表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即＂过去的过去＂。通常与by，before连用。
We had learned 5,000 words by the end of last month. 到上个月底，我们已经学了5，000个单词。
2. 表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当公共汽车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
3. 过去完成时需 要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存 在此时多与 already, yet, still, just, before, never等时间副词及by, before, until 等引导的短语或从句连用。
Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。
By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）
由时间状语来判定
　　 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
1. by + 过去的时间点。
　I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.
2. by the end of + 过去的时间点。
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
3. before + 过去的时间点。
　They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
　　虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调＂过去的过去＂；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的 动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before, after, as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如：
He entered the room, turned on the light an d read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office.
过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
　现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为＂助动词 have (has) + 过去分词＂；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调＂过去的过去＂，只 有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它 。试比较：
　　I have learned 1000 Eng lish words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
　　I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
　　—I’m sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。
　　—Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（＂等＂的动作从 过去某一时间点持续到现在）
　　—John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。
　　—Where had he been 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即＂过去的过去＂）
过去完成时的构成
had +动词的过去分词
真题盘点
1.Tom said he ______basketball with his classmates from 4:00 to 6:00 yesterday afternoon.
A. is played B. was playing C. plays D. had played
2.—Uncle Sam said he ______ my birthday party, but he never showed up.
—That’s Uncle Sam. He forgets everything!
A. will attend B. would attend C. has attended D. had attended
3.I ate some fruit, which I ______ since I was a child, and the vegetables from my garden.
A. have enjoyed B. enjoyed C. enjoy D. had enjoyed
4.—Has your daughter come back from Australia
—Yes. She ______ there for three years.
A. has stayed B. stays C. stayed D. had stayed
5.Several journalists ______ the lawyer about the international case an hour ago.
A. interview B. interviewed C. will interview D. had interviewed
6.He asked me ______.
A. if I would go skating with him B. when did I buy the CD
C. that I had a good time
7.（201 湖北咸宁）—High-speed trains, Mobile payment, Sharing bikes and Online shopping are called "four new great inventions" of modern China.
—They ______ our daily lives more convenient.
A. have made B. had made C. have been made D. made
8.—What a nice watch! How long ______ you ______ it
—For just two weeks.
A. will; buy B. have; had C. were; having D. did; buy
能力拓展
1．Seeing John rush into the room with tears in his eyes, I asked him what______.
A. would happen B. had happened C. happened D. was happened
2．Jake ______his key in the office so he had to wait until his wife ______ home.
A. has forgotten … comes B. forgot … come
C. had left … came D. had left … would come
3．Yesterday when I ______ to the station, the train ______ already.
A. got, had left B. got, has left C. had got, left D. got, left
4．I got to the party late. By the time I arrived, some people ______ home already.
A. went B. would go C. had gone D. have gone
5．— What do you think of the young lady
— She is hard-working. She ______ all her effort into her work before she got ill.
A. has put B. put C. had put D. would put
6．By the time I got to school, I realized that I ______ my backpack at home.
A. have forgotten B. had forgotten C. have left D. had left
7．By the end of last month，I ______ all the CDs of the famous singer ．
A. collect B. collected C. have collected D. had collected
8．Everything he ______ away from him before he returned to his hometown.
A. took B. had been taken C. had had been taken D. had taken
9．The fireman______ the burning building three times before the fire was put out.
A. is entering B. has entered C. was entering D. had entered
10．The bus ______ for five minutes when Tim arrived at the station.
A. went B. has left C. had left D. had been away
11．Tom______by the time I got to the party.
A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left
12．The little boy______ me a few minutes before his mother showed up.
A. stares at B. has stared at C. looks at D. had stared at
13．Mary thought of the party which she______ for this day.
A. plan B. planned C. had planned D. would plan
15．—How long______you ______TV by the time I called you
—For about two hours
A. had; watched B. have; watched C. did; watch D. were; watching
16．Mr Brown was too busy ______ our papers ______ this question.
A. to mark, to answer B. to mark, answering
C. marking, answering D. marking, to answer
17．—We all went to the cinema except you last night. Why didn't you come
—Because I______ that movie twice.
A. have watched B. had watched C. was watching D. would watch
18．By the time he______ at the railway station, the train .
A. had arrived; had left B. arrived; had left C. arrived; left D. had arrived; has left
19．By the end of last year they ______ thousands of orange trees on the mountains.
A. had planted B. have planted C. were planting D. would plant
20．—Did you see Tom at the party
—No, he ______ by the time I got there.
A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left

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