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情态动词和虚拟语气
重难知识点复习
　情态动词
【考点一】含有情态动词的时态和被动语态
1.情态动词+动词原形:除了表示现在的时间外,还可以表示将来,说明动作尚未发生。如:
※You can go now but you’d better come earlier tomorrow.
2.情态动词+be doing:表示动作正在发生。如:
※Your mother may be waiting for you to return home.
※He must be playing football on the playground now.
3.情态动词+have done:
(1)表示对过去情况的推测:
※He must have started writing his book a long time ago.
(2)表示过去“该做而没做”“能做而没做”“可做而没做”等含义,与过去事实不符或相反。
※I should have gone this morning but I was feeling a bit ill.
4.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+done
※Pupils should be helped to adopt a positive approach to the environment.
【考点二】常考情态动词的用法
1.can
(1)表示能力,一般译为“能、会”,尤其指生来具备的能力。
※Can you speak English
(2)表示许可,常在口语中。
(3)表示推测,意为“可能”,常用于否定句和疑问句中,此时can’t译为“不可能”。
※Can the news be true
※The moon can’t always be full.
2.could
(1)can的过去式,意为“能、会”,表示过去的能力。
※I didn’t know if I could raise a child by myself.
(2)could在疑问句中,表示委婉请求的语气,此时could没有过去式的意思。
※Could you give me some advice on the best way to do this
3.may
(1)表示请求、许可,比can正式。
※May I use your computer
(2)表示推测,谈论可能性,意为“可能,或许”,一般用于肯定句中。
※I think he may be ready for a sleep soon.
(3)may的过去式为 might。might 也可以表示可能性低于may(此时might没有过去式的意思)。
※He said he might not be back until tonight.
(4)表示希望、祈求、祝愿,常可译为“祝愿”。通常是用may+主+v.。
※May all of our wishes come true this Valentine’s Day.
4.must
(1)must 表示主观看法,意为“必须”。
※We must be honest and faithful to the people.
(2)对must引导的疑问句,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t 或don’t have to。
※—Must I go there today
—Yes, you must. /No, you needn’t.
(3)must也可以表示有把握的推测,意为“ 一定,肯定”,用于肯定句。
※He must be waiting for us.
(4)其否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止,不许”。
※We mustn’t let the water run to waste.
点津: 其反意疑问句的构成形式:
当must表示肯定的判断、推测时,其反意疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。
※He must be good at maths, isn’t he
※You must have told her about it, haven’t you
5.need
(1)need表示需要,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,其否定形式为needn’t,意为“不必”。
用need提问时,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t或don’t have to。
※—Need I go with you
—Yes, you must./No, you needn’t.
(2)need还可以作实义动词,此时有人称、数和时态的变化,如果是人作主语,后面多接动词不定式。
※Adults need to live their own lives and that’s difficult with children.
点津: 如果是物作主语,一般用need doing与need to be done,这种情况下应注意两点:
①主动形式的动名词doing具有被动的含义;
②该动名词可以改为其动词不定式的被动形式而句子的意义不变。
※The car needs washing.=The car needs to be washed.
6.dare
dare意为“敢、敢于”,用法近似于need,有两种词性:
(1)dare作为情态动词,多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中,无第三人称单数形式,只有一般现在时和一般过去时。
※How dare you pick up the phone and listen in on my conversations!
※Most people hate him, but they don’t dare to say so, because he still rules the company.
(2)dare作为实义动词,此时有人称、数及时态的变化。
※My boyfriend doesn’t dare to say what he thinks in public.
点津: 口语中,dare的各种形式常与不带to的不定式连用。
※Do you dare tell him what I said
7.shall
(1)shall表示征求对方意见(多用于第一、三人称)
(2)shall表示命令、允诺(多用于第二、三人称)
※I shall do all I can to put the matter right.
※You shall have a computer if you are admitted to a key university.
8.should
(1)should 意为“应该”,可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等。
※We should do everything we can to maintain world peace.
(2)should have done 意为“本应该做某事而没做”,表示对过去动作的责备、批评。
※I should have arrived ten minutes ago but I missed the bus.
9.will
will 表示意愿、意志、打算,可用于多种人称。
※If you will undertake the affair, I shall be very grateful.
【考点三】表示“推测”的情态动词
1.can表示对具体事物的推测时一般用于否定句或疑问句。
※They can’t believe you can even hold a conversation.
点津: can 表推测用于肯定句时,不能指对具体事物的推测,而是表示事物的属性特征。
※Even an experienced climber can get into trouble.
2.must表示肯定的推测,一般用于肯定句中。
※The computer doesn’t work. There must be something wrong with it.
3.might表示推测时不一定是may的过去式,只是表示其可能性比may小。
※If you look at the moon, you may/might have many questions to ask.
4.could表示推测时,语气比can弱。
※She could be in London or Paris or Tokyo—nobody knows.
5.should表示推测的可能性比较大,表示有依据或有前提的推测,仅比must的可能性小一点。意为“按说应该……”。
※I wonder what’s happened to Annie. She should be here by now.
【考点四】情态动词+have+过去分词
1.can/could/may/might have+done sth.
表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生过的事情。
※Should you look at what you could have done better and learn from it so you can improve
※Someone might have guessed our secret and passed it on.
2.must have+done sth.
对过去时间里可能发生过的事情的推测,语气较强,意为“肯定/一定做过某事”。
※China must have done something supremely right to produce the economic miracle we observe.
3.should/ought to have done sth.
本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示“不该做某事而做了”。
※She really ought to have retired long ago, but she’s still working.
※We really shouldn’t have let him go swimming by himself.
4.needn’t have done sth.
本没必要做某事却做了。
※I needn’t have written to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.
5.would like to have done sth.
过去本想做某事而没做。
※I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
虚拟语气
【考点一】虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法
　　条件句有真实条件句和虚拟条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的,此时主句不用虚拟语气;而虚拟条件句则表示一种假想,与事实相反或不大可能会发生,此时用虚拟语气。
1.虚拟语气在if条件句中的运用
类别 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式(be用were) should/would/could/might+动词原形
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 should/would/could/might+have+过去分词
与将来事实相反 过去式(be用were) should/would/could/might+动词原形
should+动词原形 were to+动词原形 ※If there were no air, we couldn’t live.
※If there had been no air in the tube, the result of the experiment would have been more accurate.
※If he were to come tomorrow, things would be easier.
2.虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装
如果虚拟条件句中含有were/had/should,可把if省略,把were/had/should提到主语之前形成倒装;若为否定形式,not不可提前。
※Should it rain tomorrow, what would you do
※Were there no friction, we could not walk.
※Had we known about the new method, we should have applied it earlier.
3.错综时间条件句
有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致,这时动词的形式应根据它们各自表示的时间加以调整。
※If I had met him before, I could recognize him.
4.含蓄条件句
(1)有时假设的情况不用条件句表达,而是用but for, without等介词(短语)或上下文来表示。
※Without air, there wouldn’t be living things in the world now.
(2)用otherwise, or等暗示后文与前面的情况相反,从而引出后文的虚拟语气。
※He reminded me of that, otherwise, I would have forgotten it.
(3)虚拟条件通过but暗示出来,结构为“虚拟情况+but+真实情况”。
※She would have come to see you,but she was so busy that day.
【考点二】使用虚拟语气的常见结构或从句
1.wish与hope后接宾语从句的区别:hope表示一般可以实现的希望,宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。表示现在,用过去式;表示过去,用过去完成式;表示将来,用 would/could+动词原形。如:
※I wish I were as tall as you.
※He wished he hadn’t said that.
※I wish it would rain tomorrow.
2.if only与I wish一样,也用于表示与事实相反的愿望,其后所接的虚拟语气的时态与wish后所接时态的情况相同。如:
※If only I had listened to my parents!
3.I would rather后句子用虚拟语气表现在或将来,用过去式;表过去,用过去完成式。意为“宁愿做什么”。如:
※I’d rather you went tomorrow (now).
※I’d rather you hadn’t said it.
4.以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句,有时用虚拟语气,则与wish用法相同。如:
※The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child.
【考点三】从句中用(should+)动词原形的用法
1.在for fear that(以免),in case(以防)引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气。
※We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.
2.在表示“坚持” “命令” “建议” “要求”等的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。这类动词可归纳为“一个坚持(insist)、两个命令(order,command)、三个建议(advise,suggest,propose)、四个要求(demand,require,request,ask)”。如:
※My family insisted that I should not give in, but stay and fight.
※He commanded that roads (should)be built to link castles across the land.
※I suggested to Mike that we (should)go out for a meal with his colleagues.
3.在order,suggestion,idea,plan,proposal,advice,demand等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中用虚拟语气。如:
※The order came that the medical supplies (should) be sent to the earthquake-stricken area soon.
【考点四】It’s (about/high) time that+主语+did/should do sth.
　　It’s (about/high) time后的从句用虚拟语气,谓语动词用过去式或should+动词原形,此处should不能省略,意为 “(早)该干某事了”。如:
※It’s time (that)we went to bed.
※It’s high time that we should take action to protect the water resources.
语法填空题考法
1.若句中谓语动词为原形, 在其前设纯空格题时, 注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词;
2.一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语, 就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等。注意虚拟语气中的时态, 除了if虚拟条件句, 还应注意虚拟语气的标志词, 如suggest, would rather, as if, wish, otherwise, or, but for等。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2020·江苏高考)If I hadn’t be en faced with so many barriers, I ___________
(not be) where I am.
2.(2019·天津高考)Mary’s description of the party was so vivid that I felt as if I
________(be)there.
3.(2019·江苏高考)You missed the sightseeing, or we ______________(have)a
good time together.
4.They might have found a better hotel if they __________(drive) a few more
kilometers.
wouldn’t be
had been
would have had
had driven
5.There is a good social life in the village,and I wish I ____(have) a second chance
to become more involved.
6.If we __________(catch) the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday
on the beach now.
7.(2021·湖北七校联考)It is high time that you ________________________
(consider) that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little.
8.(2021·肇庆模拟)He was still running with a smile on his face, as if nothing ____
_________ (happen).
had
had caught
considered /should consider
had
happened
Ⅱ.语篇语法填空
　　While much attention is paid to the outside of a bag—its design, brand and, unavoidably, its price tag, most people tend 1.__________(ignore) the rich and complex internal life hidden in it.
　　When a woman 2.__________(step) out in the 1740s, on a regular basis, her private 3.__________(belong) would have included a watch, money, jewelry and perhaps some food.These were 4.__________ she chose to take out.By the 1860s, she might have included scissors, a purse, and a magnifying glass.She would have worn these in the form of a chatelaine—a series of small purses 5.__________(attach) to the waist.What many women carry in their bags some three centuries later is 6.__________(remarkable) unchanged.One friend lists the contents: a book, a phone, cosmetics, keys, etc.
　　“The content is so important,” says Lucia Savi, a bag designer, “Hand bags had to be at least bigger than 7.__________ $5 note, as bank notes came in.”Now we carry phones wherever we go, so it is time that phones 8.__________ (determine) design.More surprisingly, no matter how ordinary the bag looks, 9.__________ can communicate something about the owner.So what your bag can convey 10.__________(be) your status, or your belief.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了当人们更多地关注一个包的外观——它的设计、品牌和不可避免地,它的价格标签时,却往往忽略了包里面所隐藏的丰富而复杂的内在生活。文中说明了女性的包里的物品,以及你的包能传达的是你的地位,或者你的信仰。
1.【解析】to ignore。考查固定搭配。句意:当人们更多地关注一个包的外观——它的设计、品牌和不可避免地,它的价格标签时,却往往忽略了包里面所隐藏的丰富而复杂的内在生活。tend to do sth.为固定搭配,意为“倾向于做某事;往往会做某事”。故填 to ignore。
2.【解析】stepped。考查时态。句意:在18世纪40年代,当一个女人走出家门时,她的私人物品通常包括手表、钱、珠宝,也许还有一些食物。根据 in the 1740s 可知,此句描述的是过去发生的事情,因此此句为一般过去时。故填 stepped。
3.【解析】belongings。考查名词。private 为形容词,后修饰名词,belong 的名词为 belonging,意为“所有物,附属物”,belonging 为可数名词,前面无冠词修饰,因此应用其复数形式。故填 belongings。
4.【解析】what。考查表语从句。句意:这些是她选择带出去的东西。分析句子结构,此处为表语从句,从句缺少宾语,且指物,故填 what。
5.【解析】attached。考查非谓语动词。句意:她会把这些穿成腰带的样子——系在腰间的一串小钱包。分析句子结构可知,本句主谓完整,故此空应填非谓语动词作定语,small purses 和 attach 之间为逻辑上的被动关系,故应填过去分词 attached。
6.【解析】remarkably。考查副词。句意:大约三个世纪后,许多女性的包里装的东西并没有显著的改变。修饰形容词unchanged应用副词作状语。故填 remarkably。
7.【解析】a。考查冠词。句意:“容量是如此重要,”包包设计师 Lucia Savi 说,“手袋必须至少比一张5美元钞票大,因为钞票要放得进去。”note为可数名词,表泛指应用不定冠词,且$ 5 是发音为辅音音素开头的单词,故填a。
8.【解析】determined/should determine。考查虚拟语气。句意:现在我们走到哪里都带着手机,所以是时候让手机决定设计了。It’s (high) time that 后的句子应该使用虚拟语气,从句谓语动词要用过去式或用 should 加动词原形,且 should 不可省略。determine 的过去式为 determined。故填 determined/should determine。
9.【解析】it。考查代词。句意:更令人惊讶的是,无论包看起来多么普通,它都能传达出主人的一些信息。此处需要填代词 it 指代 the bag。故填 it。
10.【解析】is。考查主谓一致。句意:所以你的包能传达的是你的地位,或者你的信仰。本句描述的是客观事实,因此为一般现在时,主语为 what your bag can convey,故应填第三人称单数 is。

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