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动词
动词（英文:Verb，简称: v.）是一类词性，一般用来表示动作或状态的词汇。在英语中，动词按作用和功能主要分为两大类，一类是谓语动词，另一类是非谓语动词。中文语法中表示人或事物的动作或一种动态变化，一般出现在名词主语或主句后面。在英语里，动词还有时态、人称的变化。
一、主动词
分类1(按动词功能分类)
类别 特点 意义 举例
实义动词 (vt. vi.) 及物动词跟宾语 须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思 I have a book..
不及物动词不能直接接宾语 能独立作谓语 She always comes late.
系动词 (link-v) 跟表语 不能独立做谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构。 I am a student.
一、实义动词：在句中独立做谓语
1.及物动词vt.（Transitive Verb）
本身意义不完整，需要接宾语意义才完整
I like you.
we call the bird Polly.
Please pass me the salt.
2.不及物动词vi.（Intransitive Verb）
本身意义完整，无需接宾语
I know.
Horses run fast.
They work in a factory.
二、系动词:它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（通常为名词或形容词），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 　 　　
1.似乎类：seem， look，appear
He seems a nice man.
It seemed like a good idea at that time.
They seemed to know what they are doing.
2.感官动词:sound听起来 look看上去 smell闻起来 feel摸上去 taste尝起来
3.变化类:be, become, get，turn ，（go）
4.结果类:prove, turn out
5.状态类: keep, stay, remain
You seem happy.
She did not appear at all surprised the news.
一、主动词
分类2(按动词构成分类）
一、单个动词：look，come, try…
二、词组/短语动词
1.动词+ 副词
此结构的短语动词可作及物动词或不及物动词。用作及物动词的短语动词，若宾语为名词时，名词位于副词的前面或后面皆可;如果所带宾语为代词时，宾语要位于副词前面。常用的此类副词有away, out, off, up, down, back, in, along等。如：cheer up（振奋起来）;clean up(打扫干净)；put up(张贴); fix up(修理); give away(赠送); give out(分发) ;use up(用完); hand in(上交); put off(推迟); pick up(捡起); think over(仔细考虑); turn down(调低); get up(起床); start off(出发); look out(当心)
2.动词+ 介词
动词与介词构成的短语在词义上相当于一个及物动词；宾语总是位于介词的后面。常见的此类介词有for, about, of, after, from, into, to, with, at等。如：look after(照顾); belong to(属于); take after(像); hear from(收到……的来信);hear of(听说); send for(派人去请); pay for(赔偿); wait for(等待); care for(照顾);laugh at(嘲笑); worry about(担心); listen to(听……);look at(看…….);agree with(同意)
3.动词+ 副词+ 介词
在此类短语动词中，动词、副词、介词紧密结合，已成为一体，词义上相当于一个及物动词，所带的冰与总是位于介词之后。如：run out of(用光); get out of(逃避); come up with(想出); catch up with(赶上); look forward to(盼望); go on with(继续).
一、主动词
分类3(按动词五种基本形式分类）
一、第三人称单数变化规则
1.一般情况在动词原形后加s
在清辅音后发音为[s]，在浊辅音及元音后发音为 [z]。如：
①stop－stops [s] ; make－makes [s]
②read－reads [z] ; play－plays [z]
2.以ch,sh,s,o,x结尾的动词后加es
发音为[iz] 如：
teach－teaches [iz]; watch－watches [iz]
3.以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先将y变成i，再加es
读[iz] 如：
fly－flies [z]； carry－carries [z]
study－studies [z]; worry－worries
4.以元音字母加y结尾的动词后加s
play---plays
二、现在分词变化规则
1.在动词后加ing
work ---- working
sleep ----- sleeping
study ----- studying
2.以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加 ing
take ----- taking
make ----- making
dance ----- dancing
3.以重读闭音节结尾的词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该辅音字母再加 ing
cut ----- cutting
put ----- putting
begin ------ beginning
4.少数几个以 ie结尾的动词要变 ie为y，再加 ing
lie ----- lying
tie ----- tying
die ----- dying
三、规则动词的过去式变化如下：
1.一般情况下，动词词尾加 -ed ，如：
work ---worked play---played wanted----wanted act----acted
2.以不发音的 -e 结尾动词，动词词尾加 -d，如：
live---lived move----moved taste---tasted hope---hoped
3.、以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed，如：
study---studied copy---copied cry---cried carry---carried
一、主动词
分类4(按动词意义基本形式分类）
一、动态动词： walk get angry/get lost
二、静态动词： have/is be angry/be lost
一、主动词
分类5(按是否受“时”&主语的限制分类）
一、限定动词（谓语动词）
1.主要动词（可单做谓语）
a:实义动词：vi.不及物动词 ①S+Vi. I go.
vt.及物动词 ①S+Vi+介词+o She looks at me.
②S+Vt+O I like English.
③S+Vt+Oi+Od I buy you a cup.
④S+Vi+O+C I find you funny.
b:系动词：⑤S+V系+P I’m happy.
2.跟双宾语词：
a:V+sb.+sth.=V+sth.+to+sb.
return, offer, pass, pay, sell, show, tell, give, send, hand, teach, bring, leave, lend, write.
b:V+sb.+sth.=V+stn.+for+sb.
find, buy, cook, fetch, make, order, wash, draw, borrow.
c:V+sb.+sth.=V+sth.+for/to+sb.
get, do, play, read, sing, bring
d:V+sb.+sth.
ask, cost, wish
一、主动词
分类5(按是否受“时”&主语的限制分类）
非谓语用法
主语 谓语 动宾 介宾 表语 定语 状语 同位语
不定式 Y Y N Y Y Y Y
动名词 Y N Y Y Y Y N Y
现在分词 N N N Y Y Y N
过去分词 N N N Y Y Y N
一、主动词
分类5(按是否受“时”&主语的限制分类）
二、非限定动词（非谓语）：不单独做谓语，有些不能做谓语
1.不定式考点
①后接 to do作宾语的动词或动词短语:
want, try, decide, hope/wish, need, agree, expect, refuse, learn, remember, forget, would like/love, help, begin/ start
②动词+宾语+不定式，不定式做宾补：
tell, advice, ask, want, allow, expect, encourage, force, teach, warn, invite
特殊:省略to. They made Paul do sports.= Paul was made to do sports.
③It’s + adj.+ for/of sb+ to do sth.
It’s one’s turn to do sth.
It takes/took sb time to do sth.
建议句型：Why don’t you do…？/had better (not) do…/Will you please do…？
prefer to do A rather than do B
too…to…/enough to… go to school
④不定式做句子成分：
主语：To know everything is impossible. →It is impossible to…
共谓：He seems/seemed to be doing a good job.
动宾：I hope to be back in a week.
表语：My duty is to save you.
补语（复合宾语）： I want this class to be a successful one.
定语： Do you have anything to say？
状语（目的） To be a good teacher, I must work hard.
同位语： My last request, to see her, was unanswered.
2.动名词考点
①功能及用法：
主语：Dancing board her. Seeing is believing.
动宾: You should stopped talking.
②常见+doing的词或短语
avoid， consider， enjoy， finish， imagine， keep， mind， suggest， practice， be busy doing， be worth doing， be/get used to doing, can’t/couldn’t help doing, look forward to doing.
③ stop to do/doing,
try to do/doing,
forget/remember to do/doing
补:既接动名词又接不定式stop, try forget/remember, go on to do/doing regret, mean to do/doing
3.现在分词考点
①V.+ sb + doing的词:feel, see, notice, watch, hear, keep, mind.
I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
Would you mind me/my opening the window？
Do you parents mind you learning home？
介宾：He is punished for talking in class。
表语：Her hobby is collecting stamps.
补语：We called the activity hiking.
定语: This is a swimming pool.=This is a poor for swimming.
You should improve our learning methods
同位语:I like my job, teaching English，
②现在分词在句中:
共谓：I’m waiting for you.
表语：The situation is encouraging.
补语：I watched the kids flying kites.
定语: She is a charming girl.
状语: I spent all day looking for you.
③过去分词在句中：
共谓：I was told so.(be将现时态）（被动或完成）I have finished it.( have has had体现时态)
表语: I’m worried.(形容词化)
补语：I want the work finished by Friday.(=to be finished)
定语: She had a worried look on her face.
状语: Surrounded by enemy, he has no chance to escape.
4.过去分词考点
①过去分词在句中：
共谓：I was told so.(be将现时态）（被动或完成）I have finished it.( have has had体现时态)
表语: I’m worried.(形容词化)
补语：I want the work finished by Friday.(=to be finished)
定语: She had a worried look on her face.
状语: Surrounded by enemy, he has no chance to escape.
二 、助动词
1.基本助动词
①be动词：帮助实义动词构成
a.进行时态：I’m talking.
b.被动语态：I was told so.
②do/does/did:帮助实义动词构成疑问句，否定句或强调句；
a. I don’t like it.
b. Do you like it
c. I do like it./He does like it.
③have/has:帮助实义动词构成完成体；
a. I have finished it.
b. I have been doing since 3.
二 、助动词
2.情态助动词：帮助构成某种时态或语气
①can—could “能会” You can sit here.
②may—might “可以” May I come in？
③will—would Will you please…？
④shall—should Shall we go to school on time？
⑤must You must do it.(语气最强)
⑥ought to“应该”
二 、助动词
3.半情态动词
（1）need/dare:即可做实义动词又可做情态动词
I need a book.
You needn’t go.
He didn’t dare (to) say what he thoughts.
How dare you talk to me like that
(2)在语气和意义上与情态动词相同
have/has/had to, be able to, used to do—didn’t use to,
had better not do, would rather not do.
Peter’s mother _____an engineer.
The weather _______colder and colder.
The dish ______ good.
The story _________interesting.
The dish of yours ______delicious.
He ______to be very sad.
This kind of cloth _______very soft.
She _______rich within a short time.
连系动词练习题
is
turns
smells
sounds
tastes
seems
feels
grew
情态动词练习题
1._______I use your dictionary
2.The work ________be finished as soon as possible.
3.You ______study hard in English.
4.George _____speak several languages.
May
must
should
can
非谓语动词练习题
1.Tell Mary that there's someone _______for her at the door.
A. waiting B. waited C. waits D. to wait
2.There, in the corner, sat three girls,_______.
A. sew B. were sewing
C. to sew D. sewing
3.Do you know when the man she is looking forward to_________
--This evening, I think.
A. coming B. will come C. has come D. come
4.Whether it will do us harm remains_______.
A. seen B. seeing
C. being seen D. to be seen
非谓语动词练习题
6.----Do you believe there are aliens
---- I’m afraid not. I don’t think aliens _____in space.
A. can find B. can be found
C. can be founded D. can’t be found
7._______the early train, you'll have to get up early and rush in a taxi.
A. Catching B. Caught
C. To catch D. Catch
5.I won't go to the party even if_______.
A. inviting B. being invited
C. invited D. having invited
8.If he _____ harder next time, he will catch up with us. (2002 北京西城区)
A. work B. worked C. works D. will work
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