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高考英语完型填空说明文题型分析与练习
一、题型解读
说明文是对事物的特征、本质、性能、状态、用途、原理或事物的发生、发展、结果、用途、原理等进行介绍、解释、说明的一种文体。与记叙文相比，说明文类完形填空有如下命题特点：
1．文章多用现在时态。说明文通常是对客观事物或实例的介绍与说明，与时间的变化关系不大，所以文章常用现在时态。
2．语言简练、平实、准确，常采用客观描述。说明文的目的是要帮助读者认清事物，明白事理，所以语言简练、平实，易于理解，内容客观真实。
3．文章主题明确，层次分明。高考说明文类完形填空往往文章开头就点明说明对象，从而为同学们把握文章主题提供有利条件。而且，作者借助合理的说明顺序展开文章，使文章结构清晰，层次分明。
二、解题方向
1．明确说明对象，理清段落关系。通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的关系，加深对说明对象的理解。
2．弄清说明顺序，把握文章脉络。在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行解说。把握了说明顺序能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序(如因果关系、果因关系、先主后次等)和认识顺序(如由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质等)。
三、真题精析
Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro，the highest mountain in Africa.They __1.D__ with them lots of waste.The __2.C__ might damage the beauty of the place.The glaciers(冰川) are disappearing，changing the __3.C__ of Kilimanjaro.
Hearing these stories，I'm __4.B__ about the place—other destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences.
However，I soon __5.A__ that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of __6.C__ among tons of rubbish.I find a __7.D__ mountain，with toilets at camps and along the paths.The environmental challenges are __8.C__ but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be __9.A__.
The best of a Kilimanjaro __10.B__，in my opinion，isn't reaching the top.Mountains are __11.D__ as spiritual places by many cultures.This __12.A__ is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as __13.B__ go through five ecosystems(生态系统) in the space of a few kilometers.At the base is a rainforest.It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters，__14.D__ lands of low growing plants.Further up，the weather __15.A__—low clouds envelop the mountainsides，which are covered with thick grass.I __16.C__ twelve shades of green from where I stand.Above 4,000 meters is the highland ___17.B__：gravel(砾石)，stones and rocks.__18.D__ you climb into an arctic－like zone with __19.A__ snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear.
Does Kilimanjaro __20.B__ its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace？I found the opposite to be true.
文章大意：主题：人与自然(环境保护)；话题：乞力马扎罗山。本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了非洲乞力马扎罗山的环境污染以及当地机构努力治理之后环境的改观情况。该语篇能激发深入思考，关注自然和生态，探索人与自然的和谐相处之道。
1．A．keep　 B．mix　 C．connect　 D．bring
解析：上文语境题。根据第一句“Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro...”可知，每年大约有4万人试图攀登乞力马扎罗山，所以他们攀登的时候带来(bring)了很多垃圾。
2．A．Stories B．Buildings C．crowds D．reporters
解析：上文语境题。联系上文中的about 40,000 people可知，这些人群(crowds)有可能破坏这个地方的美。
3．A．Position B．Age C．face D．name
解析：上文语境题。联系上文中的The glaciers are disappearing可知，冰川的消失正在改变乞力马扎罗山的面貌(face)。
4．A．Silent B．Skeptical C．serious D．crazy
解析：下文语境题。联系下文other destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences可知，其他目的地被描述为“更纯粹的”自然体验，所以作者对乞力马扎罗山被严重破坏的报道表示怀疑(skeptical)。be skeptical about对……表示怀疑。silent沉默的；serious严肃的；crazy 疯狂的。
5．A．Discover B．Argue C．decide D．advocate
解析：下文语境题。联系下文的much has changed可知，作者发现(discover)了乞力马扎罗山的变化。argue争论；decide决定；advocate提倡。
6．A．Equipment B．Grass C．Camps D．stones
解析：下文语境题。联系下文中的with toilets at camps可知，这里报道的是营地(camp)。
7．A．Remote B．Quiet C．tall D．clean
解析：上下文语境题。联系上文However(然而)及下文with toilets at camps and along the paths(营地和路边都有厕所)可推知，作者看到的是干净的(clean)山。
8．A．New B．Special C．significant D．necessary
解析：上文语境题。上文提到乞力马扎罗山有众多游客，而且有很多垃圾，还有令人心烦的诸多报道，由此可知，这里面临的环境挑战是重大的(significant)。new新的；special特殊的；necessary有必要的。
9．A．paying off B．spreading out C．blowing up D．fading away
解析：上文语境题。联系前文的with toilets at camps and along the paths可知，坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局所做的努力似乎正在奏效(pay off)。spread out展开；blow up爆炸；fade away逐渐消失。
10．A．Atmosphere B．Experience C．experiment D．sight
解析：下文语境题。联系下文reaching the top可知，作者认为乞力马扎罗山最好的爬山体验(experience)并不是登顶。atmosphere气氛；experiment实验；sight视线。
11．A．Studied B．Observed C．explored D．regarded
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的by many cultures可知，山在很多文化中被看作是(regard)灵魂之地，be regarded as被看作是……。study研究；observe观察；explore探索。
12．A．View B．Quality C．reason D．purpose
解析：上下文语境题。结合上文的“文化观”，再联系下文的go through five ecosystems可知，这种“经历五种生态系统”的景色(view)在乞力马扎罗山表现尤为明显。quality品质；reason原因；purpose目的。
13．A．Scientists B．Climbers C．locals D．officials
解析：上文语境题。联系上文的“Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro...”可知，爬山的人(climbers)可以经历五种生态系统。scientist科学家；local本地人；official官员。
14．A．holding on to B．going back to C．living up to D．giving way to
解析：上文语境题。联系上文的It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters可知，热带雨林在3 000米处突然中止，取而代之的是生长着低矮植物的土地。give way to意为“被……代替”，符合语境。hold on to坚持；go back to回到；live up to不辜负。
15．A．Changes B．Clears C．improves D．permits
解析：上下文语境题。上文介绍了五种生态系统中的两种，再联系下文的low clouds envelop the mountainsides可知，在这里气候又发生了变化(change)。clear清除；improve改善；permit允许。
16．A．Match B．Imagine C．Count D．add
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的twelve shades of green可知，作者数出了(count)12种绿色。
17．A．Village B．Desert C．road D．lake
解析：下文语境题。联系冒号后的gravel，stones and rocks可知，4 000米以上是荒漠(desert)。
18．A．Obviously B．Easily C．Consequently D．Finally
解析：上下文语境题。上文介绍了从山下到山上的五个生态系统，所以这里说最后(finally)爬到了一个像北极圈一样的区域。obviously明显地；easily容易地；consequently因此，所以。
19．A．Permanent B．Little C．fresh D．artificial
解析：上文语境题。联系上文的climb into an arctic－like zone可知，攀登者到了一个像北极圈的地方，所以这里是指常年积雪。permanent意为“永久的，永恒的”，符合语境。little少的；fresh新鲜的；artificial人造的。
20．A．Enjoy B．Deserve C．save D．acquire
解析：下文语境题。联系下文的“I found the opposite to be true.”可知，作者在这里进行反问：乞力马扎罗山真的应该获得(deserve)游人如织，破坏了其平和景象的拥挤山脉这一名声吗？
课后练习
（A）
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the most famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the publi C. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
1.A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
2.A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
3.A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
4.A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
5.A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
6.A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
7.A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
8.A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
9.A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
10.A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
11.A. honoured B. left C. crowded D. compared
12.A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
13.A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
14.A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
15.A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
参考答案：DABDC BADAC BBDAC
（B）
In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The 1 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 2 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.
How did we 3 a throwaway society First of all, it is now easier to 4 an object than to spend time and money to repair it. 5 modern manufacturing(制造业)and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and 6 .
Another cause is our 7 of disposable(一次性的)products. As 8 people, we are always looking for 9 to save time and make our lives panies 10 thousands of different kinds of disposable products:paper plates, plastic cups, and cameras, to name a few.
Our appetite for new products also 11 to the problem. We are 12 buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that 13 is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we 14 useful possessions to make room for new ones.
All around the world, we can see the 15 of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To 16 the amount of rubbish and to protect the 17 , more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. 18 , this is not enough to solve（解决）our problem.
Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions 19 throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about 20 . Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habit may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
1. A. key B. reason C. project D. problem
2.A. gifts B. rubbish C. debt D. products
3.A. face B. become C. observe D. change
4.A. hide B. control C. replace D. withdraw
5.A. Thanks to B. As to C. Except for D. Regardless of
6.A. safe B. funny C. cheap D. powerful
7.A. love B. lack C. prevention D. division
8.A. sensitive B. kind C. brave D. busy
9.A. ways B. places C. jobs D. friends
10.A. donate B. receive C. produce D. preserve
11.A. adapts B. returns C. responds D. contributes
12.A. tired of B. addicted to C. worried about D. ashamed for
13.A. newer B. stronger C. higher D. larger
14.A. Pick out B. Pay for C. Hold onto D. Away
15.A. advantages B. purposes C. functions D. consequences
16.A. show B. record C. decrease D. measure
17.A. technology B. environment C. consumers D. brands
18.A. However B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Meanwhile
19.A. by B. In favor of C. after D. Instead of
20.A. spending B. collecting C. repairing D. advertising
参考答案：BDACD ACBDC BBCDB ACABD

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