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2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (10)
Dutch ‘Jogger Jo’
荷兰“慢跑者乔”
主题语境：人与自我 主题语境内容：健康的生活方式、积极的生活态度
【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）
At an age when many of his contemporaries（同龄人） are winding down, Jo Schoonbroodt is somehow speeding up. On Sunday, Schoonbroodt, a 71-year-old from Maastricht, ran a marathon（马拉松） in a surprising 2hr 54 mins and 19 secs to become the fastest septuagenarian（七旬老人） in history.“I only started jogging at 36 because my doctor told me I had high cholesterol（胆固醇）,” he says. “But last year I ran 7,242 km [4,450 miles], which is more than double what I did in my car.”
It also turns out that Schoonbroodt’s new 70+ world record, set at the Maas marathon of Visé in Belgium, was partly inspired by an unlikely source: the Belgian singer Eddy Wally . With a few miles remaining, he knew he was just ahead of the previous best, set by Gene Dykes in 2018, because a friend was following him on his bike and shouting out his lap（圈数） times. But his legs were starting to get heavier.
“However, my friend had a special trick to keep me on track,” said Schoonbroodt, who was wearing a yellow and blue kit（运动服） in support of Ukraine. “He put Eddy Wally’s song Chérieon his phone on repeat. I’ve always loved it. It gave me a boost. I overtook one runner after another and, despite getting cramp（抽筋） in the final 500 metres, I was able to break the record by four seconds.” It was Schoonbroodt’s 75th sub three hour marathon, and it came only four weeks after his 74th, at the Rotterdam marathon. For good measure, the flying Dutchman also holds a number of ultra running records. He is clearly no ordinary Jo. But the secrets of his success might surprise. “Most runners train too hard,” he explains. “I do a lot of my training with groups who run very slowly. And then I build on these basics with some faster interval training. But I don’t do the same stupid distance 10 or 20 times – I prefer to have a lot of fun with my running.”
Schoonbroodt often runs at nine or 10-minute mile pace, far slower than the 6:38-minute miles he ran for 26.2 miles to set his world record, but he says the crucial thing is he listens to his body. “A lot of people follow a training plan or coach and push on even when their body is saying: ‘No, this is not a good day to do it,’” he says. “But if you just do what you feel, it’s easier to keep running and stay injury-free.”
He also dismisses the idea that runners need to do anything special with their diets. “Diet No, no,” he says. “No diet! I eat double portions, of course, with all these calories I burn. I love pasta and potatoes. But whatever is on the table, I eat it!” He has a similarly relaxed attitude when it comes to alcohol. “I prefer the French wine and the Belgian beer,” he says. “Not too much, and mostly on weekends. Wine is just a grape drink, so it’s made from nature. And Belgian beer is special. And if you do all this with your body,” he adds, referring to the 85 miles he still runs each week, “you need to give it something back.” Schoonbrot started running on 1 January 1986; he has done 74,500 miles since. But he stresses that he was no natural. At first people called him Jogger Jo, because he was slow.
Being a late bloomer（成功的人）, he believes, has actually helped him because he never had to worry about chasing faster times of his youth. “Because I started so late, I missed my best years,” he says. “But that’s no problem. Everything is still new to me.” But while Schoonbrodt’s achievements are exceptional, he is not alone. Several men over 70 have run a sub-three-hour marathon – the first of whom, the Canadian Ed Whitlock, who died in 2017, also ran a 3:15 marathon after turning 80.
What might explain this phenomenon John Brewer, a sports scientist at the University of the West of Scotland, points out that while we suffer a 10% decline in muscle mass every decade as we age, the decline isn’t as sharp for endurance（耐力）. “Compared to 40 years ago, the advances in nutrition, recovery and technology all mean that it is more possible for people in their 60s and 70s to produce good performance if they follow the right training,” he said.
Brewer says that Schoonbrodt’s story carries another message. “People think they can’t turn it around after years of no exercise,” he says. “Well, actually you can.” Schoonbroodt, meanwhile, has no plans to put his feet up. “My next marathon is in two and a half weeks, on an old Roman road built 2,000 years ago,” he says, the excitement obvious. It will be his fifth in 2022. And with that he is off. After all, the challenge for a 76th sub-three hour marathon waits for no man. Not even one who is 71.
【课标词汇】
wind down逐渐减小(工作规模);使逐步停止;使逐渐关闭
Foreign aid workers have already begun winding down their operation...外国救援人员已开始逐步缩减救援活动。
He government is winding down its nuclear programme. 政府在逐步取消核计划。
somehow 以某种方式；用某种方法;不知怎么地
Somehow I managed to get the job done.我用某种方法把工作完成了。
It won't be easy, but we'll get across the river somehow.过河不是件容易的事，但我们总会有办法的。
speed up 加快(…的)速度
You notice that your breathing has speeded up a bit...你注意到自己的呼吸加快了一些。
The train soon speeded up. 火车很快加速了。
turn out (以某种方式)发生;最后是;结果是
Sometimes things don't turn out the way we think they're going to...有时事情并不像我们认为的那样发展。
The job turned out to be harder than we thought. 这工作结果比我们想象的要难。
Inspire鼓舞，激励:
We need someone who can inspire the team.我们需要一位能鼓舞全队士气的人物。
I hope this success will inspire you to greater efforts.我希望这次成功能激励你更加努力。
remain剩余；余留；遗留
After the flood, nothing remained of the village.洪水过后，村庄荡然无存。
The score is tied, with fifteen minutes remaining.现在比分相同，比赛还剩十五分钟。
previous先前的；以往的
No previous experience is necessary for this job. 这一工作无需相关的经验。
The car has only had one previous owner. 这辆汽车以前没换过车主。
trick诀窍，秘诀；技巧
What's the trick of getting this chair to fold up 把这张椅子折叠起来有甚么诀窍？
The trick is to bend your knees as you catch the ball.窍是接球时要屈膝。
track小道，小径;（铁路的）轨道;赛道；跑道
He house is at the end of a dirt track.房子在一条泥土路的尽头。
The runners are now on their final lap of the track.赛跑选手正在跑最后一圈。
To run a mile, you have to run four circuits of the track.跑一英里必须沿跑道跑四圈。
in support of 支持
The paper printed many letters in support of the government.报纸刊登了很多支持政府的信件。
I urge my colleagues to join me in support of this plan. 我力劝我的同事和我一起支持这个计划。
boost推动，促进；提高；增长
The lowering of interest rates will give a much-needed boost to the economy.利率的下调将会给经济注入急需的推动力。
It did give me a boost to win such a big event.赢得如此重大的比赛确实使我信心倍增。
Overtake赶超，超过
Never try to overtake on a bend.千万别在转弯处超车。
Hingis has now overtaken her in the world tennis rankings.现在辛吉斯的世界网球排名已经超过了她。
despite 不管；尽管；无论
I still enjoyed the week despite the weather.不管天气如何，这一周我过得还是很愉快的。
She went to Spain despite the fact that her doctor had told her to rest. 尽管医生告诉她应该休息，她还是去了西班牙。
ordinary普通的，平常的；平凡的；一般的
an ordinary neighbourhood普通的街区
Her last concert appearance in Britain was no ordinary (= a very special) performance.她在伦敦的最后一场音乐会不同凡响。
The book is about ordinary people .这本书描写的是普通人。
explain解释；说明；阐明
The teacher explained the rules to the children.老师向小朋友说明规则。
He explained how the machine worked.他解释了这部机器的操作原理。
interval 间隔时间；间隔期
The normal interval between our meetings is six weeks. 我们召开会议的间隔期通常是6个星期。
The interval between major earthquakes might be 200 years. 大地震之间的间隔时间可能有 200 年。
stupid 愚蠢的；糊涂的；欠考虑的
She was really stupid to quit her job like that.她就那样辞掉了工作，简直是愚蠢透顶。
Whose stupid idea was it to travel at night 晚上赶路是谁的馊主意？
distance 距离，路程
He travels quite a distance (= a long way) to work every day.他每天上班的路途很远。
On a clear day you can see the temple in the distance.在晴朗的日子里，远处的庙宇清晰可见。
crucial至关重要的；关键的；决定性的
a crucial decision/question至关重要的决定／问题
It is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately.关键是要马上着手处理这一问题。
dismiss 对…不予理会，摒弃，（从头脑中）去除
Let's not just dismiss the idea before we've even thought about it.我们还是别不假思索就把这种想法排除在外。
Just dismiss those thoughts from your mind - they're crazy and not worth thinking about.别去管那些想法了——那些想法太离谱，不值得考虑。
portion一部分；一份
I accept my portion of the blame.我承担部分责任。
Only a small portion of the budget is spent on books. 购书只占预算的一小部份
prefer宁可，更喜爱；觉得还是…更可取
Do you prefer hot or cold weather 你喜欢热天还是冷天？
I prefer red wine to white.比起白葡萄酒，我更喜欢红葡萄酒。
I'd prefer you not to smoke (= I would like it better if you did not smoke) , please.我希望你别抽烟。
refer to 提到；谈及；说起;涉及；与…相关;查阅；参考
This paragraph refers to the events of last year. 这一段说的是去年发生的事。
I promised not to refer to the matter again. 我答应过再也不提这事了。
stress 强调，着重:
The report stressed that student math skills need to improve.报告着重指出学生的数学能力需要提高。
He stressed the importance of a good education. 他强调了接受良好教育的重要性。
chase追赶，追逐；追捕
The police car was going so fast, it must have been chasing someone.警车开得这么快，一定是在追捕甚么人。
The dogs saw him running and chased him. 那些狗看到他在跑就追他。
achievement 成就，成绩；功绩
An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young.对于如此年轻的选手而言，夺得奥运会银牌是个了不起的成就。
It gives you a sense of achievement if you actually make it to the end of a very long book.如果你能真正读完一本厚书，就会有一种成就感。
exceptional（尤指在技能、才智、品质等方面）卓越的，杰出的，不同凡响的; 罕见的，不寻常的:
This is an exceptional case; I've never seen anything like it before.这是个不寻常的案例，我以前从没见过这样的事。
At the age of five he showed exceptional talent as a musician. 他五岁时就表现出非凡的音乐才能。
point out（向某人）指出
He pointed out the dangers of driving alone. 他指出单独驾车的危险性。
I should point out that not one of these paintings is original. 我应当指出，这些画中没有一幅是真迹。
suffer 受苦；受折磨
I think he suffered quite a lot when his wife left him.我想他妻子离开他时，他一定很痛苦。
She's been suffering from (= been ill with) cancer for two years.她患癌症已经两年了。
decline衰落，没落; 减少，削减:
There has been a decline in the size of families. 家庭的规模已有缩小。
An increase in cars has resulted in the decline of public transport. 汽车的增加导致了公共交通的减少。
Age衰老，使…显得苍老
She's aged since the last time we met.她显得比我们上次见面时老了
He was worried to see how much she'd aged.看到她苍老了许多，他很担心。
advance前进；进步，进展；发展
Nothing could stop the advance of the flood waters.洪水滔滔而来，势不可挡。
Recent advances in genetics have raised moral questions.遗传学的最新进展已引起道德上的争议。
turn around (使)复苏;(使)好转
Turning the company around won't be easy...盘活那家公司绝非易事。
If the economy turned round the Prime Minister's authority would quickly increase.如果经济复苏了，首相的威信会迅速提高。
After all毕竟；终归
I rang and told her I couldn't come after all.我打电话告诉她我还是不能来。
The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead after all.雨已经停了，所以比赛还会继续下去。
I don't know why you're so concerned – it isn't your problem after all. 我不明白你为什么这样担心，这毕竟不是你的问题。
【课标词汇精练】
根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。
I was positive things were going to fine.
He many young people to take up the sport.
Only a few hundred of these animals today.
The factory will production before closing next year.
Don't worry, we'll get the money back .
I had already taken steps to a solution to the problem...
Passing my driving test was such a to my confidence.
Television soon the cinema as the most popular form of entertainment.
Readers of the magazine said they wanted more stories about people and fewer stories about the rich and famous.
If there's anything you don't understand, I'll be happy to .
He now thinks that retiring early was a thing to do.
This issue was discussed in the chapter.
It is not just a little you can pick up in half an hour.
Passengers are requested not to walk across the .
Only a few people spoke the proposal.
He managed to eat a big lunch having eaten an enormous breakfast.
Does she live within walkingof her parents
I'd not to discuss this issue.
You may your notes if you want.
Payments are to be resumed after an of several months.
Prisoners should be treated with respect – they are human beings.
Her work has been o the project's success.
I think he'd me as an idiot within five minutes of meeting me.
I have spent a fairly considerableof my life here...
The company has showngrowth over the past two years.
She tried in vain to to him the unfairness of his actions. 她
She the importance of a balanced diet.
The kids each other around the kitchen table.
The Tale of Genji has been described as the greatest of Japanese literature.
Recent in medical science mean that this illness can now be cured.
She terribly in the winter when it's cold and her joints get stiff.
The number of staff has from 217,000 to 114,000...
The experience had him in advance of his years.
Keys:
1. turn out .我确信事情最终会好起来的。
2. inspired他激励了很多年轻人参与这项运动。
3.remain现在这种动物只存留下来数百只
4. wind down 这个厂在明年关闭之前将开始减产。
5. somehow别担心，我们总会把那些钱拿回来的。
6.speed up我已经采取措施加快解决该问题。
7. boost 通过了驾驶执照考试使我自信心大增。
8.overtook 电视很快就超过了电影，成为最大众化的娱乐方式。
9.ordinary这本杂志的读者说，他们希望多刊登一些普通人的故事，少一些关于富人和名人的事情。
10explain如果你有甚么不明白的地方，我很乐意为你讲解。
11.stupid他现在认为提早退休是件愚蠢的事。
12. previous 这个问题在前一章中已经讨论过了。
13.trick这不是你半个小时就能学会的小窍门。
14 tracks乘客不得穿越铁轨。
15. in support of 只有几个人表示支持这一提议。
16 despite尽管早餐吃了很多，他午饭还是大吃了一顿。
17 distance从她的住处到父母家可以走着去吗？
18.prefer 我宁愿不讨论这个问题。
19.refer to 如果需要，可以查阅笔记。
20.interval付款将在几个月的间隔期后恢复。
22. after all应该尊重囚犯 — 毕竟他们也是人。
23.crucial 她的工作对于这个专案的成功至关重要。
24.dismissed我认为他和我见面五分钟后就把我归入了傻瓜之列。
25.portion我生命中相当长的一段时光是在这里度过的。
26. exceptional过去两年里面，这间公司的发展业绩不俗。
27.point out 她试图向他指出他的做法不公正，但无济于事。
28.stressed 她强调了均衡饮食的重要性。
29.chased孩子们围着厨房的桌子相互追逐嬉戏。
30. achievement 《源氏物语》一直被称作是日本文学最伟大的成就。
31.advances医学新近取得的进展意味着这种疾病现在不再是绝症了。
32.suffers 冬天天气寒冷，她的关节会变得僵硬，这让她非常难受。
33.declined 员工人数从 21.7万减少到了11.4万。
34.aged那些经历使他显得比实际年龄衰老。
【译文】
在同辈的许多运动员逐渐减少运动量的时候，乔·斯库恩布鲁特却以某种方式加速前进。周日，来自马斯特里赫特的71岁老人斯库恩布鲁特以2小时54分19秒的惊人成绩跑完马拉松，成为历史上跑得最快的七旬老人。“我36岁才开始慢跑，因为我的医生告诉我，我有高胆固醇，”他说。“但去年我跑了7,242公里(4,450英里)，比我驾车公里数的两倍还多。”
斯库恩布鲁特在比利时Visé 马斯河马拉松上创造的70岁以上运动员世界纪录，在一定程度上是受到一个不太可能的原由启发：比利时歌手Eddy Wally。还剩几英里的时候，他知道自己刚刚超过了2018年吉恩·戴克斯(Gene Dykes)创造的前最好成绩，因为一个朋友骑着自行车跟在他后面，大声喊出了他的圈数。但他的双腿开始变得沉重起来。
斯库恩布鲁特说:“然而，我的朋友用了个特殊的法子让我坚持下去。”他穿着黄蓝相间运动服支持乌克兰。朋友在手机上重复播放艾迪·沃利的歌Chérie。我一直都很喜欢这首歌。它给了我动力。我超越了一个又一个赛跑者，尽管在最后500米时抽筋了，我还是以4秒的优势打破了记录。”这是斯库恩布鲁特的第75次三小时马拉松比赛，距离他的第74次鹿特丹马拉松比赛仅过去了四周。此外，这位荷兰飞人还保持着多项超跑记录。他显然不是普通的乔。但他成功的秘诀可能令人惊讶。“大多数跑步者训练得太辛苦了，”他解释道。“我经常和跑得很慢的人一起训练。然后我在这些基础上进行一些更快的间歇训练。但我不会愚蠢地把同样距离跑10次或20次——我更喜欢在跑步中获得许多乐趣。”
斯库恩布鲁特经常以9或10分钟每英里的速度跑步，远慢于他在创造26.2英里世界纪录时6小时38分的速度，但他说最重要的是听从自己身体的声音。他说:“很多人遵循训练计划或教练，即使他们的身体说:‘不，今天不适合做这件事。’他们也会努力坚持下去。”“但如果你只是做你想做的，持续跑步且不受伤会变得更容易一些。”
他还反驳了跑步者需要在日常饮食上做某些特别的事情的观点。“节食 不，不，”他笑道。“不节食！我吃两份食物，当然，我燃烧了所有食物的卡路里。我喜欢意大利面和土豆。但不管桌上有什么，我都吃!”他对酒精的态度也很放松。“我更喜欢法国葡萄酒和比利时啤酒，”他说。“不会喝太多，大多在周末喝点。葡萄酒只是一种葡萄饮品，通过自然方式酿制。比利时啤酒很特别。如果你让你的身体做这些运动，”他补充说，指的是他仍然每周跑85英里，“你需要给它一些回报。”斯库恩布鲁特从1986年1月1日开始跑步;从那以后，他已经跑了74,500英里。但他强调，自己不是天生的。起初人们叫他慢跑者乔，因为他跑得慢。
他认为，大器晚成实际上对自己有帮助，因为在他不必追求比年轻时跑得更快。他说:“因为起步太晚，错过了自己最好的时光。”“但这不是问题。一切对我来说都是崭新的。”但是，尽管斯库恩布鲁特的成就是非凡的，但他并不是唯一一个挑战传统智慧的大师。有几名70岁以上的男子跑过3小时内的马拉松，其中第一个是2017年去世的加拿大人埃德·惠特洛克，他在80岁之后也跑过3小时15分的马拉松。
如何解释这种现象 西苏格兰大学(University of the western of Scotland)的运动科学家约翰·布鲁尔(John Brewer)指出，虽然随着年龄的增长，我们的肌肉量每十年减少10%，但对耐力来说，下降的幅度并不大。他说：“与40年前相比，营养、康复和技术方面的进步意味着，如果人们遵循正确的训练方式，六七十岁的人更有可能取得好成绩。”
布鲁尔说，斯库恩布鲁特的故事传达了另一个信息。他说:“人们认为，多年不锻炼后，他们无法扭转这种状况。”“嗯，实际上你可以。”与此同时，斯库恩布鲁特不打算歇歇脚。“我的下一场马拉松比赛是两周半后，在一条2000年前修建的古罗马路上，”他说，激动之情溢于言表。这将是他在2022年的第五次马拉松比赛。这次比赛后，他就离开赛场了。毕竟，挑战第76次三小时以内马拉松比赛是不等人的。更别说是一个71岁的人。
【背景知识】
有人说“马拉松跑是孤独的竞赛，自己与自己斗争”。马拉松比赛不需要什么竞技用具，只需要运动员自己的身体，在比赛条件上是平等的，裁判是完全公平的，强者总是能够取胜。精神力量不是天生就具备的东西，而是通过训练，作为后天的一种社会性而逐渐培养出来的，在马拉松比赛中精神力量是占有很大的比重的，是成为优秀选手的基本条件之一。
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12023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (9)
World in a dish: The garden path
盘中知世界：花园小径
主题语境：人与自我 主题语境内容：健康的生活方式
【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）
IMAGINE A plate holding two strawberries, identical in appearance. One came out of a supermarket box, meaning it was probably harvested when it was still not ripe, immediately placed in a forced-air cooling unit, loaded onto a truck and driven hundreds of miles. By the time it reached the plate it may have beenpicked for two weeks. The other strawberry was picked from a garden minutes before being eaten.
The first one will probably taste like a slightly mushy(软踏踏的) cucumber withstrong sour flavors. The second is likely to be sweet; the flavour willlinger in the mouth, as the scent(香味) will on the hands.Supermarket strawberries are not entirely without advantages: they are convenient and available in the northern hemisphere(半球) in February. But the two berries differ from each other in the same way that hearing Bach’s Mass in B Minor in a concert hall differs from listening to it on a cassette(磁带). The home-grown fruit is an eatable case for cultivating a home garden.
Your columnist argued gardening a twee(矫揉造作的) waste of time. Planting cool-weather greens, as gardeners across the north-east of America are now doing, can seem make no sense. Convenient, continuous well-stocked supermarket shelves are available all week, in many places supplemented on weekends by farmers’ markets. But the same could be said of cooking: cheap and good restaurants around, so why bother to make your own meals
That attitude misunderstands the ultimate appeal of gardening: it mistakes the product for the purpose. It is true that a garden can yield peas that taste like the vibrant(生机勃勃的), greenspring; tomatoes and carrots of incomparable sweetness; lettuces and herbs that taste like themselves rather thanthe plastic they are usually packaged in; and potatoes with richness of earth itself. Growing your own vegetableensures a reliable supply.
On the other hand ,a garden, especially in the early years, can also yield little but frustration. Beginners may plant the wrong crops for their soil. Squirrels have a habit of taking single bites of cucumbers, beans and tomatoes, then leaving the rest on the vine to rot(腐烂). And even expert gardeners can lose a season’s harvest to uncooperative weather.
No matter. The real joy of gardening is the time spent doing it. The deepest pleasure—as with cooking, writing, bringing up children or almost anything worthwhile—is in the work itself. A gardener’s memories revolve not around the food produced, but around long summer afternoons with hands in the dirt, surrounded by family, if the garden is at home, or deepening acquaintances with friends and neighbours in acommunity garden. To garden is to patiently, lovingly and diligently help life flourish, in the ground and above it.
【课标词汇】
identical完全相同的；极为相似的
I've got three identical blue suits.我有三套完全相同的蓝色西装。
The two rooms were virtually identical.这两个房间几乎一模一样。
appearance外表，外观；外貌；样子
There was nothing unusual about/in her physical appearance.她的外表并没有甚么特别之处。
They are similar in appearance.他们外表相像。
harvest收割，收获，捕获
In the US, winter wheat is harvested in the early summer.在美国，冬小麦一般在初夏收割。
load装，装载
How long will it take to load this sand onto the lorry 把这些沙子装上货车需要多长时间？
Emma loaded all the groceries into the car.埃玛把所有的食品杂货装进车里。
pick采摘，采集（花朵，果实，蔬菜）
I went to pick some flowers for Jenny's room.我去给詹妮的房间摘些花。
Amy picked a small bunch of wild flowers. 埃米采了一小束野花。
linger逗留，多停留
She lingered in the yard, enjoying the warm sunshine.她在院子里多待了一会儿，享受一下温暖的阳光。
It's impossible to forget such horrific events - they linger (on) in the memory forever.这样恐怖的事件让人难以忘记——它们会永远留在人们的记忆中。
convenient便的；便利的；省事的
A bike's a very convenient way of getting around.骑脚踏车四处走动很方便。
It 's very convenient that you live near the office.你们住在办公室附近很方便。
differ不同，不一样，有区别
The twins look alike, but they differ in character.这对双胞胎长得相像，但性格却不同。
People differ from one another in their ability to handle stress. 在应对压力方面人们的能力各不相同。
cultivate耕作；栽培；种植
The villagers cultivate mostly maize and beans.村民们主要种植玉米和豆类。
The land was too rocky to cultivate.这块地石头太多，无法耕作。
make sense有意义，表述清晰，易于理解;是明智的，有道理
Read this and tell me if it makes sense. 读读这篇东西，告诉我通不通。
Why did she do a thing like that It doesn't seem to make sense.她为什么做那种事情？这似乎讲不通。
supplement增加，补充，增补
He supplements (= adds to) his income by working in a bar in the evening.他晚上在酒吧打工以增加收入。
I suggest supplementing your diet with vitamins E and A.我建议你在日常饮食中补充些维生素 E 和维生素 A。
appeal 吸引力；感染力；魅力
Spielberg films have a wide appeal.史匹柏的影片广受欢迎。
Parties on river-boats have lost their appeal since one sank last year killing thirty-three people.去年一艘游船沉没导致33人丧生，从那时起，河上泛舟游乐会已失去了吸引力。
yield产生；出产；得出
Favourable weather yielded a good crop.好天气带来了好收成。
Our research has only recently begun to yield important results.直到最近我们的研究才开始取得重要成果。
incomparable无与伦比的，无双的
incomparable beauty/skill举世无双的美丽／技艺
rather than 而不是
Rather than criticizing your husband, why not find out if there’ s something wrong 不要指责你的丈夫，为什么不查看一下是不是什么地方出了问题呢？
We want the matter settled sooner rather than later. 我们想尽快解决问题，不想拖到以后再办。
package装箱; 将…包装好〔准备出售或寄出〕:
The videos were packaged up, ready for distribution.这些录像带已经包装完毕，可以付运了。
The orders were already packaged up, ready to be sent. 订货已包装好待运。
ensure确保；保证
The airline is taking steps to ensure safety on its aircraft.航空公司正在采取措施以确保其航班的飞行安全。
The hospital tries to ensure that people are seen quickly.这家医院尽量确保人们可以迅速看病
reliable可信赖的；可靠的；真实可信的
reliable information可靠资讯
Miller was a quiet and reliable man.米勒是个话不多且可靠的人。
a reliable friend 可信赖的朋友
frustration（因不能满足需求而）沮丧或不自信；令人沮丧或不自信的事物
I could sense his frustration at not being able to help.我可以感觉到他因无力帮忙而心感沮丧。
In spite of his frustrations, he fell in love with the country.尽管懊恼，但他还是爱上了这个国家。
cooperative乐于合作的；协作的；配合的
I've asked them not to play their music so loudly, but they're not being very cooperative.我叫他们不要把音乐声放得这么大，可是他们不肯合作。
He was doing his best to be cooperative.他在尽全力配合。
pleasure愉快，欢乐；满意；欣慰；乐事
It was such a pleasure to meet you.见到你很荣幸。
She smiled with pleasure at being praised.受到称赞，她高兴地笑了。
bring up 养育；抚养；养大
His grandmother and his father brought him up...是他的祖母和父亲把他养大的。
We'd been brought up to think that borrowing money was bad...我们从小就被教导借钱是不好的行为。
worthwhile值得的；值得花钱（或时间、精力）的
The smile on her face made it all worthwhile. 她脸上的笑容使得这一切都非常值得。
It didn't seem worthwhile writing it all out again. 把这再都写出来似乎不必要。
revolve以…为中心；以…为主题；围绕…
The conversation revolved around childcare problems.这次会谈的中心议题是儿童保育方面的问题
She seems to think that the world revolves around her (=that she is the only important person) 她似乎认为整个世界都以她为中心。
surround围绕，环绕
He loves to surround himself with family and friends.他喜欢与家人和朋友在一起。
Snow-capped mountains surround the city.白头积雪的群山环绕着这座城市。
Gwen sat at her desk, surrounded by books and papers.格温坐在桌前，周围堆满了书和报纸。
deepen加深；（使）变深
One way of preventing further flooding would be to deepen the river bed.防止洪水再次泛滥的一个办法是深挖河床。
The sea bed deepens here to 5000 metres.此处的海床变深至5000米。
acquaintance了解，知悉
It was at the Taylors' party that I first made his acquaintance (= first met him).我是在泰勒家的聚会上初次和他相识的。
Sadly, my acquaintance with Spanish literature is rather limited.可惜，我对西班牙文学所知相当有限。
diligent勤奋的，勤勉的，细致而坚持不懈的
After diligent searching, he found a parcel.在努力搜寻之后，他发现了一个小包。
Leo is very diligent in/about his work.利奥工作非常勤奋。
flourish茁壮成长；繁荣；蓬勃发展
Watercolour painting began to flourish in Britain around 1750.1750年左右，水彩画开始在英国兴盛起来。
Most plants will flourish in the rich deep soils here.大多数植物在这里的肥厚土壤中都会茁壮成长。
【课标词汇精练】
根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。
Let's up the car and then we can go.
We some blackberries to eat on the way.
The tests are to those carried out last year.
He had the of a college student.
After, most of the crop is stored in large buildings.
Most of the land there is too poor to.
Itto save money while you can.
The investigation some unexpected results.
Doug chose to quit admit that he’ d made a mistake.
The code informs us where and when a product.
The role of the police is (that) the law is obeyed.
After the play had finished, we for a while in the bar hoping to catch sight of the actors.
Our local shop has very opening hours.
His viewsconsiderably from those of his parents.
Jeanne liked Simon as a friend but she did not want the relationship.
The pupils had little with the language.
Their lawyer was extremely in preparing their case.
She considers teaching a career.
Jane's life around her children.
The hotel by its own gardens.
My tomatoes this summer - it must be the warm weather.
Some vegetarians like their diets with iron tablets.
The President said the visit would develop friendly and relations between the two countries.
His visits gave his grandparents such
He in North Yorkshire...
Keys:
1.load把东西都装上车吧，这样我们就可以走了。
2.picked我们采了一些黑莓在路上吃。
3. identical 这些测试和去年进行的完全相同。
4.appearance 他的模样就像个大学生。
5. harvesting收割之后，大部分庄稼都被储存在大仓库里。
6. to cultivate那里大部分土地太贫瘠，无法耕种。
7.makes sense钱能省就省，这是明智的做法。
8.yielded调查得出了一些出乎意料的结果。
9.rather than道格选择放弃而不是承认他犯了错
10.was packaged这个代码告诉我们一件产品的包装地和包装时间。
11. to ensure员警的职责就是确保人们遵守法律。
12.lingered戏演完后我们在酒吧里等了一会儿，希望能与演员见上一面。
13. convenient我们当地的商店营业时间很合宜。
14.diffe他的观点与其父母大相径庭。
15.to deepen作为朋友珍妮很喜欢西蒙，但她不想让这种关系加深。
16.acquaintance学生们对这语言不了解。
17.diligent律师为他们这个案子做了认真扎实的准备。
18.worthwhile她把教书看成是一项值得从事的事业。
19.revolves 简的生活以孩子为中心。
20.is surrounded饭店周围环绕着花园。
21. are flourishing今年夏天我的番茄长势很好——这一定是天气暖和的原因。
22.to supplement有些素食主义者喜欢在饮食之外吃一些含铁的药片。
23.cooperative总统说这次访问将会促进两国之间的友好合作关系。
24.pleasure他来探望爷爷奶奶，这让他们非常开心。
25.was brought up他是在北约克郡长大的。
【译文】
想象一下，一个盘子里装着两个外观一模一样的草莓。其中一个是超市的盒装草莓，这意味着在这个草莓尚未成熟之时，人们就进行了采摘，随即把它放入强制风冷装置中，而后通过车运载草莓到数百英里外。等到草莓摆到盘子中，距离它摘下来可能已经过去了两周。而另一个草莓则是刚从园子里摘下来的，人们在几分钟后就会吃掉它。
第一个草莓的口感可能有点像软塌塌的黄瓜，有着浓烈的酸味。第二个草莓则可能甘甜芬芳，吃起来唇齿留香、手有余香。超市里的草莓也并非完全一无是处：在北半球，人们二月份就可以方便地买到草莓。但这两种草莓彼此不同，就好比在音乐厅里听巴赫的B小调弥撒曲和在老旧的磁带上听是不同的体验。自家种植的水果可食用就是打造家庭菜园的理由之一。
本专栏作家长期以来认为园艺只是一项矫情又浪费时间的活动，并怀着一种皈依者般的热忱提出这一论点。就像现在美国东北部的园丁们所做的那样，种植适合寒冷气候的绿叶蔬菜似乎毫无意义。超市的货架上果蔬一整周都供应不断且购买方便，很多地方周末还有农贸市场提供补给。同样的道理也适用于烹饪：物美价廉的餐馆比比皆是，又何必费心亲自下厨呢？
这种观点将产品误认为目的，曲解了园艺的最终魅力。的确，自家菜园种出来的豌豆能够品味出春天的生机勃勃、绿意盎然；番茄和胡萝卜无比鲜甜；生菜和香草尝起来就是它们本身的味道，而非包装袋的塑料味；还有沾满松软泥土的马铃薯。自己种植蔬菜可以保证菜源供应稳定。
另一方面，家庭菜园可能产出很少，尤其是在早期，这往往给人们较大的打击。新手园丁种植的作物可能不适合在其土壤上生长。令人恼火的是，松鼠习惯在黄瓜、豌豆和西红柿上咬一口，剩下的那部分就只能留在藤蔓上腐烂。即使是专业的园丁也可能因天公不作美导致整个季度颗粒无收。
不过没关系。园艺真正的乐趣在于花在园艺上的时间。和烹饪、写作、抚养孩子或者几乎任何值得做的事情一样，最深层次的快乐就是事情本身。一个园丁回忆的往往不是种植的食物，而是那漫长的夏日午后，双手沾满泥土，如果菜园恰好在家里，那么周围还有家人陪伴；或者，在社区菜园里增进和朋友邻居的关系。园艺就是用耐心、爱心、勤勉帮助生命在这片土地上生根发芽、茁壮成长。
【背景知识】
园艺“普园艺”一般是指与园地活动有关的工作。随着现代化城乡的发展，高楼林立，道路纵横，地面空间逐渐减少，如何利用城镇居民房前屋后以及屋顶、室内、窗台、阳台、围墙等零星空间或区域，配合城市建设，美化庭院，加速绿化，已经越来越受到广大人民群众的重视.
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12023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (8)
Perception: A rose by any other name
文化认知：情人眼里出西施
主题语境：人与社会 主题语境内容：社会与文化
【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）
TO THE SWEDES, there are few smells more pleasant than that of surstr mming(鲱鱼罐头). To most non-Swedes there are probably few smells more disgusting. In determining whichscents(气味) people find pleasant and which they do not, surstr mming suggests culture must play a large part.
New research, however, suggests that might not be the case. Artin Arshamian, a neuroscientist at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, and Asifa Majid, a psychologist at the University of Oxford, began with the expectation that culture would play an important role in determining pleasant smells. They had noticed from their own previous work that people from different cultures described smells differently. They also knew from past experiments by other researchers that culture was important in determining which sorts of faces people found beautiful. Thus, they expected to see a similar phenomenon with smells.
To study how scent and culture relate, Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid presented nine different groups of people with ten smells. The cultures doing the smelling varied widely . They included hunter-gatherer communitiesalong the coast of Mexico, farmers living in the highlands ofEcuador, shoreline foragers, gardeners living in the tropical rainforests of Malaysia, and city folk from Thailand and Mexico City. All 235 participants were asked to rank smells according to pleasantness. The team compared their results to earlier work on New Yorkers who had been exposed to the same scents.
Writing in Current Biology this week, the researchers noted that pleasantness rankings of the smells were remarkably consistent regardless of where people came from. The smell of isovaleric acid(异戊酸) was disliked by the vast majority of the participants, only eight giving it a score of 1 to 3 on the pleasantness scale (where 1 was very pleasant and 10 was very unpleasant). On the other hand, more than 190 people gave vanilla extract (香草精) a score of 1 to 3 and a tiny minority, only 12 people, found it disgusting enough to rate 8 to 10. Overall, the chemical composition of the smells that the researchers presented explained 41% of the reactions that participants had. In contrast, cultural factors accounted for just 6% of the results. Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid point out that this is very different from how visual perception of faces works—in that case a person’s culture accounts for up to 50% of the explanation for which faces they find beautiful.
Even so, while culture did not shape perceptions of smells in the way that it is known to shape perceptions of faces, the researchers did find an “eye of the beholder” effect. Randomness, which Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid suggest has to be coming from personal preferences learned from outside individual culture, accounted for 54% of the difference in which smells people liked. “eye of the beholder” effectdoes not slip off the tongue so easily but it too appears to be a real phenomenon.
【课标词汇】
Disgusting令人反感的；令人愤慨的
He had the most disgusting rotten teeth.他长着非常恶心的一嘴烂牙。
I think the decision is disgusting.我认为这个决定令人恶心。
determine确定，决定；影响
The number of staff we can take on will be determined by how much money we're allowed to spend.我们雇用的人数将取决于可支配资金的多少。
People should be allowed to determine their own future.应该允许人们决定自己的未来。
be the case是那样，是那么回事
If that is the case then I will be very disappointed.如果是那样的话，我会非常失望。
It is simply not the case that prison conditions are improving. 监狱条件得到改善的情况绝非事实。
expectation 期盼；盼望；希望
I have high expectations for this job (= I believe it will be good).我对这份工作有很高期望。
We did so well - beyond all (= better than) our expectations.我们做得非常好——远远超出我们的预期。
previous以前的，先前的
The previous owner of the house had built an extension on the back.这栋房子以前的主人对房子后部进行了扩建。
Tickets will be sold on the same basis as in previous years.票将以前几年相同的原则出售。
phenomenon现象(pl. phenomena )
Glaciers are unique and interesting natural phenomena.冰川是独特而有趣的自然现象。
Gravity is a natural phenomenon.重力是一种自然现象。
relate（与…）有因果关系，关联
High unemployment is related to high crime rates.高失业率和高犯罪率有因果关系。
I don't understand how the two ideas relate.我不明白这两个观点有什么联系
present赠送，授予；提交；展现
The winners were presented with medals.获胜者被授予奖牌。
The documentary presented us with a balanced view of the issue.这部纪录片向我们呈现了对这个问题的客观看法。
The classroom presented a cheerful busy atmosphere to the visitors全班在访客面前展现出一派快乐繁忙的氛围。
vary（使）不同；（使）呈现差异;改变；更改
My taste in classical music varies greatly/widely , but I usually prefer Mozart or Brahms.我对各种古典音乐的喜好程度很不相同，但我通常比较喜欢莫扎特或布拉姆斯的音乐。
The heights of the plants vary from 8 cm to 20 cm.这些植物的高度从 8 厘米到 20 厘米不等。
participant参与者，参加者
He has been an active participant in the discussion. 他一直积极参与这次讨论。
It was argued that he was a willing participant. 有人争辩说他是自愿参加的。
rank具有…的地位（或等级）；把…分等级；确定…的地位（或等级）
My entry was ranked third in the flower show.在花展中，我送去参赛的花获得了第三名。
It is not always easy to rank the students in order of ability.把学生按能力排名并非总是容易的。
exposed 暴露的
All exposed skin should be covered with protective cream.所有露在外面的皮肤都应该涂上防护霜。
note留意，注意
Please note (that) we will be closed on Saturday.请注意我们周六不营业。
Suddenly, I noted that the rain had stopped...突然，我意识到雨已经停了
remarkably 不同寻常地；突出地
Maria speaks remarkably good English. 玛丽亚讲一口非常流利的英语。
Remarkably, no one was seriously hurt in the accident. 奇怪，没有人在事故中受重伤。
consistent 一贯的；坚持的；始终如一的
There has been a consistent improvement in her attitude.她的态度一直在改进。
What the witness said in court was not consistent with the statement he made to the police.证人在法庭上的证供和他对警方的陈述不一致。
regardless of管；不顾；不理会:
The club welcomes all new members regardless of age. 俱乐部对所有新成员不分年龄一律欢迎。
He went ahead and did it, regardless of the consequences. 他说干就干了,没有考虑后果。
majority大多数，大部分
The majority of the employees have university degrees.大部分员工都有大学文凭。
A large majority of people approve of the death sentence.大多数人赞成死刑。
minority少数
It's only a tiny minority of people who are causing the problem.惹麻烦的只是极少数的人。
Only a minority of people support these new laws.只有少数人支持这些新法令。
chemical 与化学有关的；化学的:
a chemical element 化学元素
the chemical industry 化学工业
chemical reactions / processes 化学反应/过程
In contrast对比之下
Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, by/in contrast, has declined.他们的经济快速增长，相比之下，我们的经济则下滑了。
account for 解释；说明
He was brought before the Board to account for his behaviour.他被带到董事会上为他的行为作出解释。
Can you account for your absence last Friday 你能解释一下上周五你为甚么缺勤吗？
Visual视觉的；视力的
visual perception视觉感知
The tall tower adds to the visual impact of the building.高高的塔楼增强了这幢大楼的视觉效果。
Perception见解，观念，看法感觉，知觉；感知
Drugs can alter your perception of reality.毒品会影响你对现实的感知。
These photographs will affect people's perceptions of war.这些照片会影响人们对战争的看法。
shape决定（或影响）（尤指信仰或思想）的形式；决定，影响（性格）
Many people are not able to shape their own destinies.很多人不能决定自己的命运。
He was very influential in shaping the government's economic policy/strategy.在左右政府的经济政策／战略方面，他有着极大的影响力。
random随机的,随意的
a random sample / selection随机抽样/选择
randomly selected/distributed 随意挑选的/任意分配的
The information is processed in a random order. 信息是按随机顺序处理的。
preference偏爱；爱好；喜爱
Her preference is for comfortable rather than stylish clothes.她更注重衣服的舒适性，而非时髦的款式。
Choosing furniture is largely a matter of personal preference.挑选家俱主要是个人喜好的问题。
We give preference to those who have worked with us for a long time.我们优先考虑那些和我们长期共事的人。
slip off 迅速脱掉（衣服）
Slip your shirt off and I’ ll listen to your heart. 快点脱掉衬衫，我来听听你的心跳。
The ring had slipped off Julia's finger. 戒指从朱莉娅的手指上滑脱了。
【课标词汇精练】
根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。
Passengers were kept for hours in a waiting room.
He the report to his colleagues at the meeting.
The samples in quality but were generally acceptable.
Staff are to be active in the decision-making process.
She the bottles in order of size along the shelf.
There's evidence to suggest that child abuse is not just a recent .
Researchers are trying to low exam results and/to/with large class sizes.
The amount will be paid to everyone whether they have children or not.
The of students find it quite hard to live on the amount of money they get.
Your health in part by what you eat.
If that is the , we need more staff.
The holiday lived up to all our .
Training is provided, so no experience is required for the job.
Children with single parents at my school were very much in the .
My relationship with my father played a major part in my attitude towards men.
They the consumers' growing demand for quicker service.
All the students did well in their exams this year.
Her work is sometimes good, but the problem is she's not .
The winning numbers are selected by computer.
I have a for sweet food over spicy.
Tighten the straps so they won’ t your shoulders.
Recent pressure at work may his behavior.
Artists translate their ideas into images.
We have to change the public's that money is being wasted.
Keys:
disgusting .乘客被迫在令人厌恶的候车室里等了好几个小时。
presented.他在会议上向同事们做出报告。
varied.这些样品品质有差异，但是大体上可以接受。
participants.全体职员要积极参与决策。
ranked.她把瓶子按大小顺序摆放在架子上。
phenomenon .有证据显示虐待儿童并不是近来才有的现象。
relate.研究者们正试图证明学生考分低和班级规模大有关系。
regardless of . 不管有没有孩子,每个人都会得到相同的金额。
majority.大多数学生都觉得很难靠他们得到的那点钱生活。
is determined .在某种程度上你的健康状况取决于你的饮食。
case. 如果真是那样，那我们就需要更多的员工了。
expectations假期过得一点也没有令我们失望。
previous .这项工作提供培训，因此不要求以前有相关经验。
minority.在我的学校里单亲孩子只占极少数。
shaping.我和父亲之间的关系在很大程度上决定了我对男性的看法。
noted.他们留意到消费者对便捷服务与日俱增的需求。
remarkably. 所有学生在今年的考试中都表现得非常优秀。
consistent她工作有时不错，问题是她不能始终如一。
randomly获奖号码是由电脑随机选取的。
preference 比起辛辣食物我更喜欢甜食。
slip off系紧带子，这样它们才不会从你的肩上滑下来。
account for他的行为也许是最近的工作压力导致的。
visual画家把自己的思想转换成视觉画面。
perception大众认为这是在浪费金钱，我们必须改变他们的这种看法。
【译文】
对瑞典人来说，没有什么比鲱鱼罐头的气味更令人愉悦了。而对于大多数非瑞典人来说，可能没有比这更令人厌恶的气味了。瑞典人对鲱鱼罐头的喜爱表明，在确认人类喜欢哪些气味、不喜欢哪些气味方面，文化发挥了相当大的作用。
然而，新的研究表明，事实可能并非如此。瑞典卡罗林斯卡学院的神经学家Artin Arshamian和牛津大学的心理学家AsifaMajid最初的预期是，文化在决定宜人气味方面发挥着重要作用。他们在之前的研究中发现，不同文化背景的人对气味的描述是不同的。他们还从其他研究人员过去的实验中得知，文化在决定人们认为哪种面孔美丽方面很重要。因此，他们希望看到这一定律也同样适用于气味。
为了研究气味和文化之间的关系，Arshamian博士和Majid博士向九组不同的人提供了十种不同的气味。气味研究参与人员的文化跨度也十分广泛，包括：沿墨西哥海岸的狩猎部落、生活在厄瓜多尔高原的自给农民、海岸线觅食者、生活在马来西亚热带雨林的园艺家，以及来自泰国和墨西哥城的城市居民。所有235名参与者都被要求根据好闻程度对气味进行排序，然后研究人员将结果与之前纽约人民对同样气味测试的结果进行了比较。
研究人员本周在《当代生物学》杂志上撰文指出，无论人们来自哪里，他们对气味愉悦度的排名都异常一致。 绝大多数参与者都对异戊酸的气味嗤之以鼻，只有 8 人在宜人量表上给其打了 1 到 3 分（其中 1 表示非常愉悦，10 表示非常不愉悦）。 另一方面，超过 190 人给香草精打了 1 到 3 分，而只有极少数的12 人认为香草精令人作呕，打了 8 到 10 分。总体而言，研究人员提供的气味化学成分解释了参与者41%的反应。相比之下，文化因素只占6%。 Arshamian 博士和Majid 博士指出，这与人脸视觉感知的作用方式大不相同——在这种情况下，一个人的文化背景，在他们认为哪些面孔美丽的因素中占50%。
尽管文化对气味感知的塑造没有像人脸感知那样起作用，研究人员也发现了“情人眼里出西施”效应。Arshamian博士和Majid博士认为，实验的偶然性来自于个人从外界主观文化习得的个人偏好，在影响人们喜欢哪种气味的因素中占54%。 “情人的审美”可能不会轻易改变，但“情人眼里出西施”貌似也是真实存在的。
【背景知识】
在我们的地球上，有千千万万不同的人，他们有着不同的口味，喜欢吃不同食物，他们在听觉和视觉上都有着千差万别的审美，但最近发表在《当代生物学》（Current Biology）上的一项新研究发现：人们对气味的偏好是差不多的。
卡罗琳斯卡研究所临床神经科学系研究员阿廷·阿尔沙米安（Artin Arshamian）说：“我们想研究世界各地的人是否有相同的嗅觉，是否喜欢相同类型的气味，或者这是否受文化背景的影响。传统上，对气味的偏好被视为一种文化，但我们可以证明，它跟文化的关系不大。”
目前的研究表明，气味分子的结构决定了一种气味是否令人愉快。研究人员发现，不管参与者的文化背景如何，他们都更喜欢某些特定的气味。
阿尔沙米安博士说：“来自世界各地的有不同文化背景的人都会以相似的方式对不同的气味进行排序，不管他们来自哪里，但是在细节上，对气味偏好有一些个人因素，但不是文化因素。”
这项研究共包括235名受试者，他们被要求对气味进行从好闻到不好闻的分级。结果显示，尽管每个群体中的个体之间存在差异，但是在对令人愉快和令人不愉快的气味的分辨这点上，所有人都是一致的。研究人员表明，这种差异主要是受分子结构（41%）和个人偏好（54%）影响的。
PAGE
12023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (7)
Invasive species入侵物种
News from the underground地下“杀手”
主题语境：人与自然 主题语境内容：人与环境、人与动植物
【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）
Earthworms’ kindly image as aerators(通气设备), drainers(滤干器) and fertilisers(肥料) of field and garden buries a darker secret.They are actually fierce competitors withother invertebrates(无脊椎动物), consuming rotting(腐烂的) plant matter and tiny organisms , all of which might otherwise threaten a wide variety of soil dwellers(居民).
That much is well known, not least from research conducted in northern North America. Here, worms were wiped out during the last ice age, which ended 12,000 years ago. They started returning, in the form of European invaders(入侵者), only a few centuries in the past. What have not been investigated much until now are the consequences of this underground killing for surface-living creatures. But that has just been corrected by Malte Jochum of Leipzig University, in Germany, and his colleagues, in a study just published in Biology Letters.
Dr Jochum and his team worked in a forest overlooking Barrier Lake, in Alberta, Canada, where the earthworm invasion has been tracked for three decades. That has permitted the identification of areas with low (four worms per square metre, on average), medium (43 worms per square metre) and high (106 per square metre) populations.
Within each zone of abundance, the researchers marked 20 plots with individual areas of two square metres. They identified all of the plants and used vacuum-suction collecting devices(真空吸力收集装置) to collect as many as possible of the above-surface arthropods(地表节肢动物) in each plot,,mostly insects and spiders . They then sorted, identified and measured these animals to calculate their abundance, biomass(生物量) and species richness.(Species abundance refers to the number of individuals per species. species richness refers to the number of species in an area.)
Altogether, the collectors picked up 13,037 individual arthropods（节肢动物）—and differences between plots were quickly obvious. Those with abundant earthworms were shorter of arthropods compared with ones where worms were rare.Plots with the most worms in them had 61% fewer individual arthropods, 18% fewer arthropod species and a 27% reduction in total arthropod biomass, compared with those with the fewest.
So-called detritivores(屑食生物)—which compete directly with worms for food—suffered worst. There were 80% less of them in areas of worm abundance, compared with those of less worm . But herbivores and omnivores(食草动物和杂食动物)suffered, too. Only for carnivorous arthropods(食肉节肢动物), such as spiders, was there good news. Their numbers were up 41% in worm-rich plots, compared with worm-poor ones.
Why predators did well is unclear. Some, perhaps, were eating worms directly. Others may have takenadvantage of the removing of cover for their prey(猎物) caused by worms pulling the leafunderground for later consumption.
The knock-on effects of this “killing” further up the food chainremain unclear. Species that liketo eat worms are possibly doing better, while those that prefer their meals crunchy(松脆) will be doing worse. Whether this matters in the grand scheme of things is debatable. But for those who prefertheir ecosystems primitive, this work confirms that earthworms are certainly not the purely good which some people make them out to be.
【课标词汇】
fierce猛烈的；激烈的；骇人的
a fierce attack/battle猛烈的进攻／激烈的战斗
Two men were shot during fierce fighting last weekend.上周末的激战中两人被枪击。
consume（尤指大量地）消耗，消费，花费;（尤指大量地）吃，喝
Our high living standards cause our present population to consume 25 percent of the world's oil.我们的高生活水准致使我们目前的人口要消耗世界石油的25%。
Only 27% of the paper we consume is recycled.我们消耗的纸张只有 27% 得到回收利用。
variety多样化；变化;不同种类；不同品种
She does a variety of fitness activities.她参加各种各样的健身活动。
The equipment could be used for a variety of educational purposes.这套设备可以用于多种教学活动。
Conduct组织；实施；进行；处理
The experiments were conducted by scientists in New York.这些实验是纽约的科学家做的。
We are conducting a survey of consumer attitudes towards organic food. 我们在进行一项顾客对有机食品态度的调查。
wipe out 完全摧毁
Whole villages were wiped out in the fighting.所有村子都在战斗中被彻底摧毁了。
Nothing could wipe out his bitter memories of the past.什么也抹不掉他过去的痛苦记忆。
investigate调查，审查
We are of course investigating how an error like this could have occurred.我们当然正在调查发生此类错误的原因。
The state police are investigating the incident.州警察正在调查此事。
Consequence结果，后果
Many have been laid off from work as a consequence of the government's policies.
政府的政策而被解雇。
Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.许多人认为贫困是人口过多直接造成的后果。
correct改正；更正；纠正
You have the right to see a copy of your file, and to correct any mistakes you may find.你有权看你的文件，发现有错可以修改。
Read through your work and correct any mistakes that you find. 从头至尾看一遍你们的作业，发现的错误都要改正过来。
overlook（尤指）俯瞰，俯视;忽视；忽略
I think there is one key fact that you have overlooked.我认为你忽略了一个重要的事实。
No one will be overlooked in the selection of the team.在组队时不会忽略任何人。
invasion 入侵，侵略;（尤指令人厌烦的）涌入，大批进入
In 1546 England had to be defended from invasion.1546年英格兰不得不抵抗外来侵略。
He was commander in chief during the invasion of Panama.在侵略巴拿马的战役中他是总司令。
Farmers are struggling to cope with an invasion of slugs. 农民正在努力对付蛞蝓的大肆侵害。
track跟踪，追踪
It's difficult to track an animal over stony ground.很难在多石的地面上追踪动物。
The progress of each student is tracked by computer.每个学生的进步情况都由计算机进行跟踪。
permit允许，准许
Smoking is only permitted in the public lounge.只允许在公共休息室里抽烟。
Dogs are not permitted inside the shop.不得带狗进入店内。
identification 识别；辨认;身份证（明）
We were asked to show some identification before the security guards would let us in.保安人员要我们出示身分证明文件才让我们进去。
Bring some form of identification, preferably a passport.带上身份证明文件，最好是护照。
medium中间的；中等的；适中的
a girl of medium height中等身材的女孩
a medium-sized book中等开本的书
She's of medium height.她中等身材。
abundance大量；充足；丰富
There was an abundance of wine at the wedding.婚礼上有足够多的葡萄酒。
We had wine in abundance.我们有充足的葡萄酒。
identify认出，识别
The police officer identified himself (= gave his name or proved who he was) and asked for our help.警官表明身份并请求我们帮助。
He was too far away to be able to identify faces.他离得太远，认不出那些面孔。
The police took fingerprints and identified the body .警方采集了指纹，对尸体作了身份确认。
sort把…分类；整理；拣选
Paper, plastic and cans are sorted for recycling.纸张、塑胶和罐子分开归类以便回收。
Sort out any clothes you want to throw away and give them to me.把你打算丢掉的衣服拣出来给我。
measure衡量；估量;评估;判定
I continued to measure his progress against the charts in the doctor's office...我继续比照医生办公室里的图表来判断他病情的发展。
It was difficult to measure the precise impact of the labor action.此次罢工影响几何，难以作出准确的评估。
calculate算，计算
The cost of the damage caused by the recent storms has been calculated as/at over 5 million.据计算，近期风暴造成的损失超过了500万英镑。
At some stage we need to calculate wh en the project will be finished.在一定阶段，我们需要计算一下工程何时会完成。
pick up拿起；提起；拾起；捡起;（通常指开车）接载，取走;（不费力地）获得，学会;使（自己）慢慢站起（或爬起）
He picked his cap up from the floor and stuck it back on his head...他从地板上拾起帽子，重新戴在头上。
Anthony picked himself up and set off along the track.安东尼自己慢慢爬起来，又开始沿着跑道跑下去。
She went over to her parents' house to pick up some clean clothes...她去了趟父母家取些干净衣服。
Where did you pick up your English ...你在哪儿学的英语？
abundant大量的，多的；充足的;富有的；丰富的
There was abundant evidence to support the theory.有大量的证据来支持该理论。
The riverbanks were abundant in beautiful wild plants.河岸上长满了美丽的野生植物。
compete竞争，角逐；比赛
Universities are competing for applicants.大学正在争夺申请者。
He competed with a number of other candidates.他与一些其他的候选人竞争。
suffer受苦；受折磨
I think he suffered quite a lot when his wife left him.我想他妻子离开他时，他一定很痛苦。
She's been suffering from (= been ill with) cancer for two years.她患癌症已经两年了。
predator捕食性动物，食肉动物
lions, wolves and other predators狮子、狼及其他食肉动物
take advantage of 利用；利用…的机会
I took advantage of the good weather to paint the shed.我趁天气好给棚屋刷上油漆。
I intend to take full advantage of this trip to buy the things we need.我打算充分利用这次旅行来购买我们所需的物品。
debatable具争议的，不确定的；成问题的
It 's debatable whether a university degree helps at all.大学学位是否有用是一个具争议的话题。
The value of some of the experiments is debatable.有些实验的价值还有待确定。
primitive原始的，远古的;
a primitive society原始社会
the tools used by primitive man原始人所用的工具
primitive art原始艺术
Confirm确认，确定（安排或会议）;确定；证实；肯定
Six people have confirmed that they will be attending and ten haven't replied yet.有六人已确认将参加，还有十人尚未答覆。
Her announcement confirmed (that) she would be resigning as Prime Minister.她的声明证实了她将会辞去总理职位。
The leader's speech was impressive and confirmed her faith in the party.这位领导人的讲话令人难忘，坚定了她对该党的信心。
【课标词汇精练】
根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。
She terribly in the winter when it's cold and her joints get stiff.
I thought I'dthe sports facilities while I'm here.
The government's policies came under attack.
Hevast quantities of chips with every meal.
We a survey to find out what our customers think of their local bus service.
One bad harvest could all of a grower's profits for the previous two years.
The study the impact of violent TV programming on children.
It's whether this book is as good as her last.
The house is surrounded by trees, so it's not at all (= it cannot be seen from any other buildings).
The shops prepared for an of last-minute Christmas shoppers.
The military use radar satellites to targets through clouds and at night.
As a punishment, she was not to attend any school activities.
We'll have a picnic at the beach, weather (=if the weather is good enough) .
Most of the bodies were badly burned, making almost impossible.
I've accepted the job over the phone, but I haven't in writing yet.
When preparing meals, you need to think about and taste as well as nutritional value.
There is evidence that cars have a harmful effect on the environment.
It's difficult for a small supermarket toagainst/with the big supermarkets.
Scientists think it unlikely that any species will actually become extinct as a of the oil spill.
Even the smallest baby can its mother by her voice.
I'm going to these old books into those to be kept and those to be thrown away.
A grammar school's success in terms of the number of pupils who got into university...
He's that it would take him two years to save up enough for a car.
Students said it was helpful if the teacher their pronunciation.
One quality the team possessed in was fighting spirit.
We drove to the airport the next morning to Susan...
Keys:
suffers.冬天天气寒冷，她的关节会变得僵硬，这让她非常难受。
take advantage of.我想趁我在这儿期间，好好利用一下这里的体育设施。
fierce. 政府的政策遭到猛烈抨击。
consumes.他每一餐都要吃掉大量的薯条。
are conducting.我们正在进行一项调查，了解顾客对当地公共交通服务系统的看法。
wipe out.一次失收可能会将种植者前两年的收益全部抵销掉。
investigates.该研究调查暴力电视节目对儿童的影响。
debatable这本书是否和她上一本书一样好是值得商榷的。
overlooked.这栋房子四周绿树环绕，所以从其他建筑处根本看不到它。
invasion各商店做好了准备迎接圣诞节前最后一批蜂拥而入的购物者。
track.军队用雷达卫星透过云雾和夜幕追踪目标。
permitted. 作为惩罚，不允许她参加学校的任何活动。
permitting.天气允许的话，我们将在沙滩上野餐。
identification.大部分尸体都严重烧焦，几乎无法辨认。
confirmed.我已在电话中接受了这份工作，但还没有书面确认。
variety.做饭时，你既需要考虑饭菜的营养价值，又需要考虑饭菜的花样和味道。
abundant.有充分证据显示，汽车对环境有害
compete.小超市很难与大超市竞争。
consequence.科学家们认为实际上不太可能会有甚么物种因为石油泄漏而灭绝。
identify.就连年龄最小的婴儿也能根据声音分辨出自己的母亲。
sort.我打算把这些旧书分成要留下的和要丢掉的两类。
was measured一所文法学校成功与否是以考上大学的学生人数为衡量依据的。
calculated他算了一下要赚两年的钱才够买辆车。
corrected学生们说老师纠正他们的发音错误会对他们很有帮助。
abundance 该队的一大特点是斗志昂扬。
pick up我们第二天早晨开车去机场接苏姗。
【译文】
蚯蚓能疏松土壤，利于土壤呼吸、排水，同时能增加土壤肥力，是农田和花园里的好帮手，但它善良的外表下埋藏着一个黑暗的秘密。事实上，对于其他无脊椎动物而言，蚯蚓是强有力的竞争对手，吞食着腐烂的植物和小型生物，从而使得土壤的物种多样性遭到破坏。
这是众所周知的，一项对北美北部的研究尤其体现了这一点。在北美北部，蚯蚓在结束于12000 年前的最后一个冰河时代被消灭。就在几个世纪前，它们又开始以欧洲入侵物种的角色回到这片土地。但直到现在，我们还没有深入研究这种“地下屠杀”会对地表生物产生怎样的影响。但德国莱比锡大学的Malte Jochum博士和他的同事刚刚在《生物学快报》上发表了一项研究，对这个问题进行了解答。
Malte Jochum 博士和他的团队在加拿大艾伯塔省的一座森林中工作，这座森林在巴里尔湖旁边的高地上，在这里，蚯蚓入侵已有30年历史。经过实地研究，他们将土地根据蚯蚓的种群密度分为三类：低（平均每平方米 4 条蚯蚓）、中（每平方米 43 条蚯蚓）和高（每平方米 106 条蚯蚓）。
在每个根据物种丰度进行划分的区域内，研究人员标记了20个样方，面积均为2平方米。他们对其中的植物种类进行确认，并使用真空吸力收集装置在每个样方中尽可能多地“吸”起地表节肢动物（主要是昆虫和蜘蛛）。之后将这些动物进行分类、识别和测量，从而计算它们的丰度、生物量和物种丰富度。
收集者共采集了13037只节肢动物，不同样方之间的差异很快便凸显出来。与蚯蚓稀少的样方相比，那些蚯蚓数量多的样方中节肢动物数量更少。与蚯蚓数量最少的样方相比，蚯蚓数量最多的样方中节肢动物数量减少了 61%、种类减少了 18%、总生物量减少了 27%。
所谓的屑食生物——蚯蚓的直接竞争者——所受危害最大。与蚯蚓数量稀少的样方相比，蚯蚓数量丰富的区域中屑食生物的数量减少了80%。但同时，食草动物和杂食动物也受到了影响。只有蜘蛛等食肉节肢动物才从中受益。与蚯蚓数量稀少的样方相比，蚯蚓数量丰富的样方中此类食肉节肢动物的数量增加了41%。
捕食者生存良好的原因还无从得知。或许是因为有些捕食者以蚯蚓为食；而有些能很好的利用蚯蚓：蚯蚓将猎物的保护屏障——落叶——拉到地下以备食用，使得捕食者能更容易地捕捉到猎物。
对于食物链上层的生物而言，这场“屠杀”的连锁反应带给它们的影响尚不清楚。喜欢吃蚯蚓的物种会生存得更好，但那些追求“松脆”口感而非“松软”口感的物种则会生存得更艰难。而这是否会影响到整个生物圈仍值得商榷。但是对于那些喜欢原始生态系统的人来说，这项研究至少证实了蚯蚓肯定不是某些人所认为的那样天真纯良。
【背景知识】
在过去五年里，关于昆虫数量大幅下降的报告引起了各方焦虑和争论，人们担心这些“主宰世界的小家伙”的命运。至于下降的方式和原因，罪魁祸首是栖息地破坏、滥用杀虫剂和气候变化。但3月30日发表于《生物学报》的新研究增加了一个出人意料的因素，至少在北美大片地区，罪魁祸首是蚯蚓。
但在过去几百年里，人类有意无意把蚯蚓重新引入了这些土地，其中大部分是欧洲蚯蚓，一些是定居者有意带来的，另一些则跟随货运、植物、牲畜和船舶压载（通常是土壤或岩石，用以平衡货船）无意中踏上了这片土地。如今，鱼饵、进口土壤和植物，甚至登山鞋的鞋底和山地自行车轮胎都可能把微小的茧状蚯蚓卵带进来。
之前的研究表明，在北美北部，引进非本地蚯蚓会减少植物多样性，包括一些野生兰花。有两项研究也显示，蚯蚓对某些在地面筑巢的鸟类，甚至蝾螈会产生负面影响，两者离不开落叶层，而入侵蚯蚓会吞食落叶。蚯蚓不停地挖地道、进食和排泄，改变了土壤的物理、化学和生物特性，以本地物种无法适应的方式重塑生态环境.
PAGE
12023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (6)
Roaches to the rescue
蟑螂救援队
主题语境：人与社会 主题语境内容：科学与技术
【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）
Why go to all the trouble of designing and building a drone（无人机） if nature has already done most of the job for you That is the attitude taken by the small but determined band of researchers who are trying to robotise（机械化） insects. Some are working on turning insects like beetles（甲虫） into such cyborgs（半人半机器的生物）—perhaps for use in military inspection or spying. Others prefer to concentrate on the fearful side of entomology（昆虫学）, by taking electronic control of cockroaches（蟑螂）.
The first cyber-roach（赛博蟑螂） goes back to 1997, when Shimoyama Isao of Tokyo University sent electrical signals to a cockroach's antennae（触角）, causing it to turn either left or right depending on which antenna was stimulated. Others have built on this approach by recruiting extra sense organs, such as the rear-facing cerci（后向尾须）. They have also begun fitting the insects with instrument packs that might let them do a useful job: searching collapsed buildings for survivors.
One such is Sato Hirotaka of Nanyang Technological University, in Singapore. He has been working on cyber-insects for 15 years. Now, he has added another twist to cyber-roaches. Instead of having their movements dictated by remote control, his are autonomous agents. They are run by algorithms（算法） that respond directly to sensors in their backpacks.
The insects thus fitted out by Dr Sato are Madagascar hissing（发声） cockroaches, which are about 6cm long. The backpacks contain a communications chip, a carbon-dioxide sensor, a motion sensor, an infrared（红外线） camera and a tiny battery.
Released into the rubble（碎石）, to crawl their way through while searching for signs of life such as movement, body heat and higher CO2 levels from breathing. The artificial intelligence that decides whether a set of signals actually indicate the presence of a human being is programmed directly into the camera. If it thinks it has spotted someone, it alerts a rescuer.
To test this arrangement, Dr Sato and his team ran trials in a simulated disaster zone. They laid out concrete blocks of various shapes and sizes in an area of 25 square metres. Among these were a number of people, and also some decoys(诱饵), such as a heat lamp, a microwave oven and a laptop. They then released the cyber-roaches, having first programmed into them the search's start and end points. The software proved able to recognise humans correctly 87% of the time, a success rate Dr Sato thinks could be improved still further by collecting multiple images from different angles.
The next phase of the project is to refine the system for use out of doors. That done, manufacture of the backpacks and automation of their attachment (附加装置)to the insects will need to be commercialised（商业化）. If all goes well, Dr Sato predicts the result could be available for use within five years.
【课标词汇】
design设计；制（图）；意图，打算
Who designed this building/dress/furniture 是谁设计这座建筑物／这款裙子／这套家俱？
This dictionary is designed for advanced learners of English.本词典是为高级英语学习者编写的。
These measures are designed to reduce pollution.采取这些措施旨在减低污染。
determined下定决心的，坚决的，决意的
I'm determined to get this piece of work finished today.我决心今天完成这项工作。
He was determined that the same mistakes would not be repeated.他决心不重蹈覆辙。
military军事的；军用的
military targets/forces军事目标／力量
military uniform军装
We may have to take military action. 我们可能不得不采取军事行动。
spy从事间谍活动; 秘密收集情报:
He was charged with spying on British military bases.他被指控刺探英国军事基地情报。
East and West are still spying on one another...东西方仍在互相进行间谍活动。
concentrate on集中（注意力）；聚精会神
I decided to concentrate all my efforts on finding somewhere to live. 我决定全力以赴找个住的地方。
I decided to concentrate all my efforts on finding somewhere to live.我决定全力以赴找个住的地方。
electronic电子的；电子器件的:
an electronic calculator 电子计算器
electronic music 电子音乐
This dictionary is available in electronic form. 本词典有电子版本。
depend on 由…决定，取决于
He was the sort of person you could depend on. 他这个人你是可以信赖的。
I don't want to depend too much on my parents. 我不想过度依靠父母。
stimulate激发，激励；促进
Her interest in art was stimulated by her father. 她对艺术的兴趣是她父亲激发的。
An inspiring teacher can stimulate students to succeed.一位具启发能力的教师能够激励学生取得成功。
recruit招聘，吸收；招收（新成员）
Even young boys are now being recruited into the army.就连很小的男孩子都被征召入伍了。
We're having difficulty recruiting enough qualified staff.我们难以招聘到足够的合格职员。
fit安置；安装
She's been fitted with an artificial leg.她装了一条义肢。
The rooms were all fitted with smoke alarms. 所有的房间都安装了烟雾报警器。
collapse（由于压力、无力或缺乏支持而）倒塌，坍塌，崩溃，垮掉
Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake.数以千计的建筑物在地震中倒塌了。
The chair collapsed under her weight.椅子承受不了她的重量散架了。
twist转动，旋转；缠绕，盘绕;曲解，歪曲
The path twists and turns for over a mile.这条小路弯弯曲曲，长达一英里多。
She sat there nervously twisting the ring around on her finger.她紧张地坐在那里，不停转着手指上的戒指。
She twisted her head (round) so she could see what was happening.她扭过头来，想看看发生了甚么事。
You're twisting my words - that's not what I said at all.你在扭曲我的话——我根本不是那样说的。
dictate命令，下（令）；决定，规定
I wanted to take a year off, but my financial situation dictated that I got a job.我想休息一年，但我的经济状况迫使我必须工作。
The tennis club rules dictate that suitable footwear must be worn on the courts.网球俱乐部的规则规定上场必须穿适当的运动鞋。
autonomous (地方或机构〕自治的;有自主能力的，自主的;
Galicia is an autonomous region of Spain.加利西亚是西班牙的一个自治区。
He treated us as autonomous individuals who had to learn to make up our own minds about important issues.他把我们当作独立自主的个体来看待，认为我们必须学会在重大问题面前自己拿主意。
communication交流；沟通；交际；传达；传播；通讯
Television is an increasingly important means of communication.电视是一种日益重要的传播工具。
There's very little communication between mother and daughter (= they do not have a good relationship).母亲和女儿之间沟通很少。
motion动；运动；移动
Do not alight while the train is still in motion (= moving).列车未停稳时不要下车。
The rocking motion of the boat made Sylvia feel sick.小船晃来晃去，使西尔维娅感到恶心。
release释放，放走；放开，松开
The operation released him from years of pain.手术使他摆脱了多年的病痛。
The bears are eventually released into the wild.这些熊最后被放回野生环境。
crawl缓慢移动；艰难前行；爬行；匍匐前进
The child crawled across the floor.那个孩子爬过了地板。
The lorry crawled noisily up the hill.货车轰轰隆隆吃力地爬上山坡。
searchfor查找，搜寻
An RAF plane searched for the missing men.一架皇家空军的飞机搜寻了那些失踪者。
Scientists are still searching for a cure.科学家们仍在寻找对策。
artificial intelligence 人工智能
indicate表明，显示:
The study indicates a connection between poverty and crime.研究显示贫穷和犯罪有关联。
A survey of retired people has indicated that most are independent and enjoying life...对退休人员的调查表明，大部分人都自食其力,享受生活。
presence出席，在场；（事物的）存在，出现
He's usually quite polite in my presence.在我面前他通常很有礼貌。
I asked you not to smoke in my presence.我叫你不要在我面前抽烟的。
spot看见，看出；注意到
The police spotted him driving a stolen car.员警发现他开着一辆偷来的车。
I soon spotted what was wrong with the printer.我很快就发现了印表机的毛病出在哪里。
The policewoman spotted that I hadn't got my seat belt on and signalled me to stop.女警发现我没有系安全带，便示意我停车。
alert机警的，机敏的，敏捷的
I'm not feeling very alert today - not enough sleep last night!今天我感觉特别迟钝——昨晚没睡好！
Parents should be alert to sudden changes in children's behaviour.父母应该对孩子行为的突然变化有所警觉。
arrangement安排；筹划；准备（工作）
They'd made all the arrangements for the party.他们为聚会作好了一切准备。
I've agreed to help with arrangements for the party.我答应帮着准备聚会。
trial试验；试用
They've employed her for a six-month trial (period).他们录用了她，试用期为六个月。
The robots have been on trial for the past year...这些机器人过去一年都在试用当中。
simulate类比，模仿；假装，伪装
In cheap furniture, plastic is often used to simulate wood.廉价家俱经常用塑胶冒充木材。
Some driving teachers use computers to simulate (= represent) different road conditions for learners to practise on.有些驾驶教练用电脑类比不同的路况供学员练习。
prove证明是，结果是
The operation proved a complete success.这场手术结果是大成功。
The new treatment has proved to be a disaster.这种新疗法的结果是一场灾难。
recognize认出; 认识; 辨认出;正式承认，认可
I didn't recognize you in your uniform. 你穿上制服我认不出你了。
He did not think she could recognize his car in the snow...他觉得她在雪天里认不出他的车子。
It was recognized that this solution could only be temporary.人们意识到这只是个临时的解决方案。
improve改进；改善
He did a lot to improve conditions for factory workers.他为改善工厂工人的工作条件做了许多工作。
Her health has improved dramatically since she started on this new diet.自从开始这种新的饮食，她的健康状况大为改善。
phase（发展或变化的）阶段，时期
during the first / next / last phase 在第一/下一/最后阶段
the initial / final phase of the project工程的初始/最后阶段
a critical / decisive phase 关键性/决定性阶段
We're entering a new phase in international relations.我们现正进入国际关系的新阶段。
refine改进；完善；使精炼
Car makers are constantly refining their designs.汽车制造商在不断完善他们的设计。
Surgical techniques are constantly being refined.外科手术的技术不断得到完善。
manufacture（通常指工厂利用机械大量）制造，（大批）生产
He works for a company that manufactures car parts.他在一家生产汽车零件的公司工作。
【课标词汇精练】
根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。
I never agreed to against the United States.
You should your efforts on passing these exams.
The community on the shipping industry for its survival.
Good teachers should ask questions that students to think.
With an hour's walk to the nearest telephone, is difficult.
They showed the goal again in slow .
Police arrested several men, who were later.
Charities such as Oxfam are always trying volunteers to help in their work.
This range of clothing is specially for shorter women.
She's sure to get the job she wants - she's a very person.
He disagrees with the government what children are taught in schools.
They proudly declared themselves part of a new province.
The injured soldier to safety.
Engineers spent many months the software.
They a smoke alarm to the ceiling.
He thought his whole world when his wife died.
This report shows how she the truth to claim successes where none, in fact, existed.
Theyfor a spot where they could sit on the floor.
Research that over 81% of teachers are dissatisfied with their salary.
The government has threatened to take action if the rebels do not withdraw from the area.
British medical qualifications in Canada.
I thought the best way to my French was to live in France.
were made to move the prisoners to another jail.
They're doing clinical on a new drug.
Ruth pleasure at seeing Simon, but really she wished he hadn't come.
He was determined not to complain in the of the nurse.
If youany mistakes in the article just mark them with a pencil.
A couple of readers wrote in to the paper pointing out the mistake.
The dispute over the song rights impossible to resolve.
Keys:
spy 我从来没有答应去当间谍刺探美国的情报。
concentrate 你应该集中精力通过这些考试。
depends 这个社区靠航运业维持生活。
stimulate好的老师应该问一些能激发学生思考的问题。
communication到最近的电话亭要走一个小时，通讯极为不便。
motion他们用慢动作又播了一次进球画面。
released警察逮捕了几个人，后来都释放了。
to recruit 诸如牛津饥荒救济委员会这样的慈善组织总是在尽力吸收志愿者来帮助他们工作。
designed这系列服装是专为身材较矮的女性设计的。
determined她肯定会得到她想要的那份工作——她是个意志很坚定的人。
dictating他不同意由政府来决定孩子在学校学习哪些课程。
autonomous他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。
crawled受伤的士兵慢慢爬向安全的地方。
refining工程师们花了数月来完善这个软体。
fitted他们把烟雾报警器安装在天花板上。
had collapsed妻子去世后他觉得自己的整个世界都坍塌了。
twisted 这份报告表明她扭曲事实，她所宣称的那些成就其实根本不存在。
searched他们在地板上寻找一处能够坐下的地方。
indicates研究结果显示超过 81% 的教师对他们的薪水不满意。
military政府警告，如果叛乱分子不从该地区撤出，就要采取军事行动。
are recognized 英国的行医资格在加拿大得到认可。
improve我认为提高我的法语水准的最好办法是到法国生活。
Arrangements 已经作出安排将犯人转至另一监狱。
trials他们正在对一种新药进行临床试验。
simulated 看见西蒙，露丝假装很高兴，可是实际上她希望他没来。
presence他决定不当着那位护士的面抱怨。
spot 如果你发现文章中有错误，请用铅笔标出来。
alert有几个眼尖的读者给报社写信，指出了这个错误。
proved结果是，有关歌曲版权的争论根本无法解决。
【译文】
如果大自然已经为你做了大部分工作，为什么还要大费周章地去设计和制造无人机呢？这是一小群研究人员所持的坚定态度，他们正努力尝试使昆虫机械化。有些研究人员正致力于把像甲壳虫这样的飞行动物变成赛博格昆虫——可能用于军事侦察或间谍活动。其他人通过控制蟑螂，更多地专注于昆虫学中那些令人毛骨悚然的一类。
首只赛博蟑螂出现在1997年，当时东京大学的下山勲（Shimoyama Isao）通过电信号刺激蟑螂的触角，使其根据触角受到刺激而向左或向右转变方向。其他人在这种方法的基础上也做了许多实验，刺激了不同的感觉器官，如后向尾须。他们还开始给昆虫配备仪器包，让它们做一件有意义的工作：搜寻倒塌建筑物下的幸存者。
新加坡南洋理工大学的佐藤弘子（Sato Hirotaka）就是其 中一员。15年来，他一直致力于研究赛博昆虫。现在，他又对赛博蟑螂进行了改进。改进后的赛博蟑螂的行动不是由遥控控制，而是由他们自主导航，通过算法直接对他们仪器包中的传感器下达指令。
佐藤博士给马达加斯加的发声蟑螂配备了背包，这种蟑螂长度达6厘米。背包里包含一个通信芯片，一个二氧化碳传感器，一个运动传感器，一个红外摄像头和一节微型电池。
在废墟里执行搜救任务时，蟑螂会被释放出来，一边爬行一边搜寻着生命的迹象，如身体的移动、体温和呼吸产生的高浓度二氧化碳。研究人员给摄像机直接编入了一套人工智能程序，这样蟑螂就能够判定一组信号是否真的能表明有人类存在。如果蟑螂认为有幸存者，它就会向救援人员发出警报。
为了测试这一装置，佐藤博士和他的团队在模拟灾区进行了试验。他们在25平方米的区域内铺设了大小形状各不相同的混凝土块，并将很多人分散其中，还放置了一些“诱饵”，如加热灯、微波炉和笔记本电脑。在程序中设置好搜索的起点和终点后，研究人员释放了这些赛博蟑螂。实验证明，该软件能够准确识别人类的概率为87%，佐藤博士认为，通过从不同角度收集多幅图像，这一成功率还可以进一步提高。
该项目的下一步是改进系统，以便在户外使用。这样一来，背包的制造与配备在昆虫身上的自动装置将会商业化。佐藤博士预估，如果一切顺利的话，这项成果可以在五年内投入使用。
PAGE
12023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (5)
Climate change气候变化
Heat island热岛
主题语境：人与自然 主题语境内容：人与环境
【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）
On March 13th, as commuters（每日往返上班者） streamed out ofChhatrapati Shivaji Terminus,a gothic revival masterpiece（哥特式复兴建筑——贾特拉帕蒂·希瓦吉终点站） in Mumbai, India’s commercial capital, they were confronted with temperatures approaching 40°C, nearly 7°C above normal for the time of year. The city is in the midst of a debilitating heatwave, its 13th in the past five decades, nearly half of which occurred in the past 15 years. Mumbai’s average temperature has increased by over 1°C in that period.
Had those commuters crossed the street from the station and entered the city’s grand headquarters that day, they might have found cause for optimism. That afternoon politicians from the authority and the state of Maharashtra, of which Mumbai is the capital, had gathered to unveil （揭露）a “climate action plan”. The city aims to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, two decades earlier than the target set by the national government.
Mumbai is extremely vulnerable to climate change. A narrow and densely populated（人口密集的） island, surrounded on three sides by the Arabian Sea, it is attacked by monsoon(季候风) rains for four months a year and routinely subject to flooding, especially during high tide. That is bad enough for thecity’s apartment-dwellers（公寓居民）. But it is even worse for the 42% of the population who live in slums（贫民窟）, which are likely to be washed away or buried by landslides（山体滑坡）.
The key of the plan is a proposal to decarbonise（去碳化）Mumbai’s energy. Generating the city’s electricity, which produces nearly two-thirds of the city’s emissions, relies mostly on burning fossil fuels, particularly coal. The city wants to increase the share of renewables（可再生资源）. It is looking, for instanceinto installing solar panels（装太阳能电池板） on rooftops.Another priority is to improve the quality and efficiency of the city’s buildings. Slums, especially, are heat islands. Made of whatever materials are at hand or cheaply available, they are five or six degrees hotter than structures of good quality, making them, as the report puts it, “uninhabitable(不适于居住的)” on hot days. Moreover, the heat, damp and cramped(狭窄的) conditions make slum residents more vulnerable to disease—a less obvious risk of climate change.
The plan is, however, short on details of how to achieve its ambitions. Still, in publishing one at all Mumbai has led the way among South Asian metropolises(大都市). Other cities are keen to follow suit, says Shruti Narayan of C40, who helped with the report. Chennai and Bangalore in the south have started work on their plans. Others, including Delhi and Kolkata in India, Dhaka in Bangladesh and Karachi in Pakistan have expressed interest in doing something similar.
There is plenty in Mumbai’s 240-page document to inspire them. One is the fact that it does not rely on using technologies that do not yet exist, a criticism at many countries’ national proposals. Another is the attention given to adaptation (coping with all the bad things already happening) and not just reducing future emissions.
Details may anyway be beside the point. The real value of Mumbai’s plan is as a signalling device(信号装置) that “focuses the attention of policymakers”, states Abhas Jha, a climate specialist at the World Bank. The Paris Agreement, which committed the world to the goal of keeping the rise in temperatures to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels, worked in much the same way, leaving countries to hash out details later. Time, though, is getting ever shorter.
【课标词汇】
stream（一群人，东西）涌，涌动；流动
He was watching the taxis streaming past.他看着出租车一辆接着一辆地驶过。
My eyes were streaming.我泪水涟涟。
commercial商业的；商务的；贸易的
a commercial organization/venture/success商业组织／企业／成功
Whether the project will be a commercial success is still uncertain.这个项目是否赚钱还是个未知数。
confront面对，面临；遭遇；直面，正视
It's an issue we'll have to confront at some point, no matter how unpleasant it is.不管它有多讨厌，我们终究要面对这个问题。
I thought I would remain calm, but when I was confronted with/by the TV camera, I became very nervous.我以为我会保持镇静，可是面对电视镜头，我却变得紧张万分。
approach靠近；接近；临近
We could just see the train approaching in the distance.我们刚好能看到火车从远处驶来。
The total amount raised so far is approaching (= almost) $1000.目前筹集到的金额总数将近1000美元了。
normal普通的；平常的；通常的
Lively behaviour is normal for a four-year-old child.四岁的孩子好动是正常的。
It 's normal for couples to argue now and then.夫妻之间偶尔发生口角是很平常的。
occur发生
An accident involving over ten vehicles has occurred in the east-bound lane.在东向车道上发生了一起涉及十多辆汽车的交通事故。
Violence of some sort seems to occur in every society.每个社会似乎都会存在某种形式的暴力。
average平均的;普通的；平常的；中等的；一般的
average earnings/income/rainfall平均工资／收入／降雨量
The average person in the street is a lot better off than they were forty years ago.再普通再一般的人也要比40年前富裕多了。
The cars were being sold at an average price of $11000.这批汽车的平均售价是 1 万美元。
cross越过；横穿；横渡；横跨
It's not a good place to cross the road.这里不适宜穿越马路。
Look both ways before you cross over (= cross the road).过马路前先要左右看看。
grand壮丽的；堂皇的；重大的:
It's not a very grand house. 这房子并不是十分富丽堂皇。
The wedding was a very grand occasion. 婚礼场面非常隆重。
optimism乐观；乐观主义
There was a note of optimism in his voice as he spoke about the company's future.谈到公司的未来，他语气里带着乐观情绪。
There was optimism that an agreement could be reached.有一种乐观情绪，认为能够达成一项协议。
gather收集，搜集；聚集，集拢
I went to several libraries to gather information about the scheme.我去了数家图书馆去搜集有关这一计划的资料。
We gathered our things together and left quickly.我们收拾好自己的东西赶快离开了。
emission气体、热量、光线等的）排放，散发，射出
carbon dioxide emissions二氧化碳的排放
The emission of gases such as carbon dioxide should be stabilised at their present level...二氧化碳等气体的排放应该稳定在当前水平。
target （想要实现的）目标
Higher degrees in English are a target for foreign students.获得更高的英语学位是外国学生的目标。
The government may fail to meet (=achieve) its target of recycling 25% of domestic waste.政府可能完不成回收利用 25% 的生活垃圾的目标。
extremely 非常；极端；极其
They played extremely well.他们演奏得非常精彩。
She's extremely beautiful.她非常美丽。
vulnerable受伤的；易受影响（或攻击）的；脆弱的
I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.一丝不挂地站在那里，我感觉自己非常脆弱，不堪一击。
He took advantage of me when I was at my most vulnerable.他在我最脆弱的时候利用了我。
narrow狭窄的;狭隘的;勉强的；差距微小的
a narrow bridge/passage/gap狭窄的桥梁／通道／缝隙
They are unable to see beyond the narrow world of the theatre.他们看不到狭小的戏剧界以外的天地。
We won a narrow victory.我们险胜。
routinely 日常地，常规地
Health and safety rules are routinely flouted/ ignored.卫生和安全法规经常被忽视。
This vaccine is already routinely used.这种疫苗已经作为常规使用。
be subject to受…的，常受…的；易患…的
In recent years, she has been subject to attacks of depression.近年来，她一直饱受忧郁症的折磨。
Flights are subject to delay because of the fog. 由于有雾，航班可能延误。
bury掩埋，埋藏
She buried her face in her hands and began to sob.她双手掩面开始啜泣。
The skiers were buried under the snow.滑雪者被埋在了积雪的下面。
proposal 建议；计划；提案
Congress has rejected the latest economic proposal put forward by the president.议会否决了总统最近提出的经济计划。
The committee put forward a proposal to reduce the time limit.该委员会提出了一个缩短时限的建议。
generate（以某种形式）产生，发生（能量等）
Wind turbines generate electricity for the local community.风轮机为当地社区发电。
The company, New England Electric, burns coal to generate power.新英格兰电力公司用煤发电。
particularly特别，尤其，异乎寻常地
Steve was in a particularly bad mood when he got back. 史蒂夫回来时情绪特别不好。
The restaurant is particularly popular with young people.那家餐厅尤其受到年轻人的欢迎。
We are hoping to expand our business, particularly in Europe.我们希望扩大业务，尤其是在欧洲。
install安装，设置〔设备〕:
Security cameras have been installed in the city centre. 在市中心已安装了一些监控摄像机。
They had installed a new phone line in the apartment.他们已经在公寓里装上了新的电话线。
priority优先考虑的事
Mending the lights is a priority task (= more important than other jobs).修灯这个任务更重要。
Banks normally give priority to large businesses when deciding on loans (= They deal with them first because they consider them most important).银行在发放贷款时通常优先考虑大企业。
efficiency效率；效能
What is so impressive about their society is the efficiency of the public services.他们的社会给人留下最深刻印象的是其高效率的公共服务。
There are many ways to increase agricultural efficiency in the poorer areas of the world.有很多方法能够提高世界贫困地区的农业效率。
at hand （时间上）临近；在附近
Recent economic performance suggests that a major crisis is at hand.最近的经济表现预示着一场重大的危机可能即将到来。
Peter turned his attention to the task at hand.彼得将注意力转移到手头的工作上。
available可利用的；可获得的;可取得联系的；有空的
Funds are available to assist teachers who want to attend the conference. 想参加大会的教师可获得资助。
Parking is readily available near the station entrance.车站入口附近停车很方便。
damp潮湿的，湿淋淋的
The grass is still damp.草还有些潮湿。
It was a damp, misty morning.那是一个潮湿而又雾气蒙蒙的早晨。
ambition强烈欲望，野心；雄心，抱负，志向
Her ambition was to become a model.她的志向是要成为时装模特。
He achieved his ambition of making a fortune.他已实现了发财的雄心。
publish公布；出版；发表
The names of the winners of the competition will be published in June.竞赛优胜者名单将于六月份公布。
She was only 19 when her first novel was published.她的第一部小说出版时她年仅19岁。
keen热衷的；热心的；渴望的
She's a keen tennis player她热衷于打网球。
She's keen on (playing) tennis.她很喜欢打网球。
follow suit跟着做，照着做，仿效:
Budget companies have been so successful that other airlines have had to follow suit and lower their fares. 廉价航空公司很成功，其他航空公司只得仿效，降低票价。
inspire激励，鼓舞;唤起，激起;赋予灵感；激发（想法）
After her trip to Venezuela, she felt inspired to learn Spanish.委内瑞拉之行促使她下定决心学习西班牙语。
The design of the car has inspired many imitations.受这款车设计的启发出现了很多模仿品。
technology技术（学）；应用技术；（尤指）工业技术
computer technology电脑技术
Advances in technology have improved crop yields by over 30%.科技的进步使庄稼的产量提高了 30% 以上。
There have been major new developments in satellite technology.卫星技术有了重大的新发展。
adaptation适应
Most living creatures are capable of adaptation when compelled to do so.大多数生物都能在迫于压力的情况下适应新环境。
cope with（人）应付；（妥善）处理
It must be difficult to cope with three small children and a job.要照顾三个小孩还要工作肯定不容易。
Local authorities have to cope with the problems of homelessness. 当局需要解决人们无家可归的问题。
commit承诺，保证；（使）忠于；（使）致力于；投入（时间或金钱）
The government must commit itself to improving health care.政府必须致力改善医疗保健服务。
They called on Western nations to commit more money to the poorest nations...他们呼吁西方国家向极端贫困国家投入更多的钱。
hash out详细讨论
The reorganization plan was hashed out September 16.重组计划在 9 月 16 号进行了充分讨论。
【课标词汇精练】
根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。
If any of these symptoms while you are taking the medicine, consult your doctor immediately.
The age of the US soldiers who fought in the Vietnam War was 19.
the bridge and turn right at the first set of traffic lights.
The company's grand was to become the first and biggest global airline.
Judging from your examination results, I think you have cause/grounds/reason for cautious about getting a university place.
She up the newspapers that were scattered around the floor.
The Green Party have called for a substantial reduction in the of greenhouse gases by the UK.
I woke up in the night, with sweat.
The future of the company looks very promising.
I was impressed by the with which she handled the crisis.
We want to ensure that help is (= easily available) for all children suffering abuse.
Meetings were held to update employees as soon as new information became .
Vitamin K is given in the first week of life to prevent bleeding.
All train times are change in bad weather conditions.
Tourists are more to attack, because they do not know which areas of the city to avoid.
A woman had a escape yesterday when her car left the road.
She feared she wouldn't be able to two new babies.
Once we to this course of action there is no going back.
As she left the court, she by angry crowds who tried to block her way.
If you look out of the window on the left of the bus, you'll see that we're now the Tower of London.
The government's of 3.5% annual growth seems easily attainable.
Earthquakes are difficult to predict.
We some of the details of the plan.
They've the new computer network at last.
British farmers, those producing lamb, are very worried.
Evolution occurs as a result of to new environments.
This shirt still feels a bit .
Life offered few opportunities for young people with .
The Government figures every six months showing how many people are unemployed.
They were very to start work as soon as possible.
The captain's heroic effort them with determination.
What this country needs is a long-term policy for investment in science and .
The management did not seem to consider office safety to be a .
He'd had to his pain over the years.
There has been an angry reaction to the government's to reduce unemployment benefit.
The wind farm may be able to enough electricity/power for 2000 homes.
Keys:
occur 服药期间如果产生了这些症状中的任何一种，要立即就医。
average参加越南战争的美国士兵平均年龄是19岁。
Cross 过桥后在第一个红绿灯处右拐。
ambition 公司的远大目标是要成为全球首位的，也是最大的航空公司。
optimism从你的考试成绩来看，我认为你有理由对在大学得到一席位持谨慎的乐观态度。
gathered 她把散落在地板上的报纸收拾起来。
emission绿党要求英国切实减少温室气体的排放量。
streaming 我夜里醒来，浑身冒汗。
commercial这家公司的商业前景看起来非常光明。
efficiency 她应变效率之高给我留下了深刻的印象。
at hand 我们想确保所有遭受虐待的儿童都能随时得到帮助。
available 一有新的信息就开会告诉了员工
routinely出生后第一周通常要服用维生素K，以防止出血
subject to 在恶劣的天气状况下，所有列车时刻都常有变动。
vulnerable游客更容易受到攻击，因为他们不知道城里哪些地方不该去。
narrow昨天一名女子的汽车冲出公路，险些酿成大祸。
cope with她担心自己无法应付两个刚出生的宝宝。
have committed一旦我们承诺采取这个行动，就没有回头路。
was confronted 她离开法庭时，愤怒的人群试图拦住她的去路。
approaching如果你从公车左侧的视窗望出去，就可以看到我们正在驶向伦敦塔。
target 政府制定的3.5%的年增长目标似乎很容易实现。
extremely预测地震极其困难。
hashed out 我们详细讨论确定了计划的一些细节。
installed他们终于安装了新计算机网络。
particularly英国农夫，尤其是养羊羔的农夫，非常担忧。
adaptation 进化是生物适应新环境的结果。
damp这件衬衫摸上去还有点湿的。
ambition生活给予雄心勃勃的年轻人的机会很少。
publishes 政府每半年公布一次失业人数。
keen 他们渴望尽早开始工作。
inspired船长的英勇行为激发了他们的决心。
technology这个国家所需要的是科技投入方面的长期政策。
priority管理部门似乎并不认为应该优先考虑办公室安全问题。
bury多年来他不得不将痛苦埋在心底。
proposal政府削减失业救济金的计划遭到了强烈的反对。
generate 这座风力发电站发的电或许足以供2000个家庭之用。
【译文】
3月13日，当乘客们印度商业之都孟买的一座哥特式复兴建筑 ——贾特拉帕蒂·希瓦吉终点站(Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus)涌出时，迎面而来的是接近40°C的高温，比往年 同期高出近7°C。这座城市正处于让人衰弱的热浪中，这是过去50年来的第13次热浪，其中近一半发生在过去15年。在此期间，孟买的平均气温上升了超过1°C。
如果那天的乘客从车站穿过街道，进入市政府总部，他们也许会找到乐观的理由。当天下午，来自市政当局和马哈拉施特拉邦(首府孟买)的政要们聚集在一起，公布了一项“气候行动计划”。孟买的目标是到2050年实现净零排放，比印度政府设定的目标早了20年。
孟买极易受到气候变化的影响。这是一个狭窄而人口密集的岛屿，主要由填海造出的土地组成，三面被阿拉伯海环绕，每年受到四个月季风降雨的袭击，经常遭遇大洪水，尤其是在高潮期间。这对城市的公寓居民来说已经够糟糕的了。但对于42% 生活在贫民窟的人口来说，情况更糟，这些贫民窟很容易被冲走或被山体滑坡掩埋。
该计划的主要内容是关于孟买能源去碳化的提案。孟买近三分之二的排放来自于发电，而发电主要依赖于化石燃料的燃烧，尤其是煤炭。该市希望增加可再生能源的比重。例如，孟买正在考虑在屋顶上安装太阳能电池板。另一个重点是提高城市建筑的质量和效率。尤其是贫民窟这样的热岛。贫民窟的房屋是用附近的各种材料或便宜的材料制成的，这些材料温度比质量好些的建筑高5到6度，正如报告所说，天气炎热时，这种建筑“不适合居住”。而且，炎热、潮湿和拥挤的环境使贫民窟居民更容易生病——这是气候变化带来的不太明显的风险。
可惜的是，该计划中并没有多少如何实现其理想的细节描述。尽管如此，孟买在公布计划方面都走在了南亚大都市的前列。其他城市热衷于效仿，俱乐部C40的施卢蒂·纳拉扬(Shruti Narayan)说，他帮助撰写了这份报告。印度南部的金奈和班加罗尔已经开始实施他们的计划。其他一些城市，包括印度的德里和加尔各答、孟加拉国的达卡和巴基斯坦的卡拉奇，都表示有兴趣做类似的事情。
孟买240页的文件中有很多内容可以启发他们。一个是它不依赖于使用尚未存在的技术，许多国家提出的国家方案因这一点受到的批评。另一个是关注适应性(应对所有已经发生的坏事)而不仅仅是减少未来的排放。
不管怎样，细节可能无关紧要。世界银行的气候专家AbhasJha认为，孟买计划的真正价值在于它是一个信号装置，可以“吸引决策者的注意力”。致力于将全球气温升幅控制在比工业化前水平高出2摄氏度以内的《巴黎协定》(ParisAgreement)，其运作方式大致相同，各国需要在之后才会敲定细节。然而，时间正变得越来越短。
【背景知识】
零碳排放，不是没有二氧化碳排放，而是使用植树等自然方式补充等量的氧气与人们排放的二氧化碳相抵达到平衡。零碳排放，是指无限地减少污染物排放直至零的活动。就其内容而言，一是要控制生产过程中不得已产生的废弃物排放，将其减少到零;二是将不得已排放的废弃物充分利用，最终消灭不可再生资源和能源的存在。就其过程来讲，是指将一种产业生产过程中排放的废弃物变为另一种产业的原料或燃料，从而通过循环利用使相关产业形成产业生态系统。
PAGE
12023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (4)
Floods and fires洪水和火灾
Extreme no more极端天气不再罕见
主题语境：人与自然 主题语境内容：自然灾害与防范
【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）
The Wilsons river broke its banks on the night of February 27th while Lismore, a town of around 30,000 in New South Wales, was sleeping. Its residents snoozed（打盹儿） through early-hours emergency warnings that “risk to life wasimminent（迫在眉睫）”. Within hours the town was submerged（淹没的）. Residents scrambled into their attics（阁楼）. Mothers carried children onto rooftops. An army of locals launched tin boats into the floods to save them. Four people died.
Eastern Australia has been hammered by what politicians call “once-in-1,000-year” flooding. It has already had a soggy（浸水的） summer because of La Ni a, a phenomenon which triggers downpours there. Then on February 23rd, meteorologists warned that an area of low pressure was forming over southern Queensland. It sucked moisture（水分） from the sea, forming an “atmospheric river（大气层河流）” over the east coast. It has dumped quantities of water ever since.
Brisbane, Queensland’s capital, received almost 80% of its annual rainfall in less than a week in February, flooding 15,000 homes. As the rain edged into northern New South Wales, it ripped up roads and drowned herds of cattle. Storms lashed Sydney on March 8th, causing a dam to spill over. Some 50,000 people in the state have been forced to evacuate（撤离）.
Scientists are wary（小心的） of blaming floods on global warming because everything from rainfall to urban development contributes to them. They disagree, too, about whether climate change is a factor in this kind of never-ending downpour（倾盆大雨）. No matter the cause, extreme weather is now a regular occurrence in Australia. New South Wales was buffeted（重创） by its last “once-in-100-year” floods, which submerged Western Sydney, just a year ago. In 2019 and 2020 vast lands of the country were torched in bushfires which destroyed more than 3,000 homes and killed 33 people. Unlucky towns such as Lismore have in recent years been hit by both fire and floods.
It does not help that the state and federal governments’ response has been bungled(失败). When disaster strikes, official aid is often slow to come. In 2019 the federal government set aside almost A$4bn ($2.9bn) for a fund that would help it respond to crises(危险) and lessen future ones. But it has spent hardly any of that money. It has now deployed(部署) the army and is dishing out cash to victims, but locals fume（愤怒地说） that they were left for days without power or fuel as supplies of food and water dwindled（减少）. A university is putting up the homeless. “Isn’t somebody meant to write a plan for this ” wonders Ella Buckland, a resident of Lismore.
A debate now rages about how or even whether places like Lismore should rebuild. Analysts think the floods might trigger insurance claims worth more than A$3bn.Some politicians would like the government to pay companies to insure houses that will inevitably be struck by future fires or floods. “If we are going to start thinking every time there’s a natural disaster that we have to give up and leave because it’s too hard, then where are we going to live ” asks Lismore’s mayor, Steve Krieg. That is becoming a question for ever more Australians.
【课标词汇】
emergency紧急情况；不测事件；突发事件
How would disabled people escape in an emergency 如果发生紧急情况，伤残人士如何逃离？
Is the emergency exit suitable for wheelchairs 安全出口适合轮椅通行吗？
scramble（急速而艰难地）移动；爬；攀登
She scrambled up the steep hillside and over the rocks.她爬上了陡峭的山坡，翻过岩石。
He scrambled into his clothes (= put them on quickly) and raced to fetch a doctor.他匆匆套上衣服，跑去请医生。
launch启动，推出，发起
The scheme was launched a year ago.这项计划是一年前开始实施的。
The Canadian police plan to launch an investigation into the deal.加拿大警方计划对这宗交易展开调查。
hammer（在比赛或战斗中）彻底击败，击垮;用力敲打；猛踢;严厉批评，指责
I was woken up suddenly by the sound of someone hammering on/at the front door.有人重重地捶打前门，把我惊醒了。
We were hammered in both games.我们两场比赛都被击败了。
phenomenon 现象:
cultural / natural / social phenomena 文化/自然/社会现象
Language is a social and cultural phenomenon. 语言是一种社会文化现象。
trigger引发，引起，导致
An allergy can be triggered by stress or overwork.紧张或工作过度可能引发过敏症。
Stress may act as a trigger for these illnesses.压力可能会成为引发这些疾病的原因。
suck吸；吮吸；咂，啜
She was sitting on the grass sucking lemonade through a straw.她坐在草地上，用吸管吸着柠檬汁。
I sucked my thumb until I was seven.我一直到七岁才不再吮大拇指。
dump堆放，扔掉，倾倒（垃圾或废料等）
Trucks dumped 1,900 tons of refuse here.卡车在这里倾倒了1,900吨废物
Toxic chemicals continue to be dumped in the North Sea.有毒化工品还在继续被倾倒进北海。
quantities of大量的
Huge quantities of oil were spilling into the sea.大量石油泄漏溢进大海。
The police found quantities of drugs at his home. 警察在他家发现了大量毒品。
edge徐徐移动；挤；悄悄移动
She tried to edge away from him.她想从他身边溜走。
Nick edged his way through the crowd.尼克挤过人群。
rip up把…撕碎
If we wrote I think he would rip up the letter...如果我们写信的话，我想他会把信撕得粉碎。
We have to just rip up the rule book and start again. 我们不得不取消规则手册，重新开始。
spill（使）洒出；（使）流出；（使）溅出； （使）涌出
I spilt coffee on my silk shirt.我把咖啡洒到丝绸衬衫上了。
He dropped a bag of sugar and it spilt all over the floor.他把一袋糖掉在地上，撒得地板上到处都是。
blame...on...把……归咎于
They blame youth crime on unemployment.他们把青年犯罪归咎于失业。
The crash was blamed on pilot error. 这次空难是飞行员的失误
contribute to 导致，促成
Carbon dioxide is agas that contributes to climatechange.二氧化碳是一种导致气候变化的气体。
Smoking contributed to his early death.吸烟导致他早逝。
disagree不同意，持异议，反对
I'm afraid I have to disagree with you (on that issue).（关于那个问题）恐怕我不能同意你的看法。
I profoundly/strongly disagree with (= do not accept) the decision that has been taken.我强烈反对那个决定。
extreme极度的；极大的
We are working under extreme pressure at the moment. 目前我们正在极大的压力下工作。
The heat in the desert was extreme. 沙漠中极其炎热。
occurrence发生的事；事件；遭遇；存在
Laughter was a rare occurrence in his classroom.他的课堂上难得有笑声。
Flooding in the area is a common occurrence.该地区经常洪水泛滥。
torch放火烧，纵火
destroy毁坏，摧毁，毁灭
Most of the old part of the city was destroyed by bombs during the war.该城的大部分老城区都在战争中被炸毁了。
He school was completely destroyed by fire.学校被大火彻底烧毁了。
strike突然侵袭；使受折磨；打；撞击；碰撞；攻击; 敲，鸣，报时
The clock was striking ten as we went into the church.我们走进教堂时响起了十点的报时钟声。
Her car went out of control and struck an oncoming vehicle.她的汽车失控，撞上了迎面开来的一辆车。
They predict that a large earthquake will strike the east coast before the end of the decade.他们预测这十年内东海岸就会发生一场大地震。
aid帮助，援助
The new test should aid in the early detection of the disease. 新的化验应该有助于早早检查出这种疾病。
His feature is designed to aid inexperienced users. 这个特色装置是为帮助没有经验的用户而设计的。
set aside留作…之用;留出…用于
Some doctors advise setting aside a certain hour each day for worry...一些医生建议每天留出一点时间来解决烦心事。
130 million would be set aside for repairs to schools.将划拨1.3 亿英镑用于学校的修缮。
She tries to set aside some money every month. 她每个月都尽量存点钱。
dish out大量提供；分发
Students dished out leaflets to passers-by. 学生向过路人散发传单。
Some doctors are dishing out drugs their patients do not need. 一些医生在分发病人不需要的药。
supply供给;供应;提供
Food is in short supply all over the country.全国普遍食品供应不足。
Local schools supply many of the volunteers. 许多志愿者来自当地学校。
Putup建造；搭建；设置; 张贴；公布;为…提供膳宿；
He was putting up a new fence at his home.他正在为自己家搭建新的篱笆墙。
They're putting new street signs up...他们正在悬挂新的路标。
I wanted to know if she could put me up for a few days...我想知道她能否让我住几天。
be meant to do 有责任（或义务）做某事;有意（或打算）做某事
It was meant to be an apology but it only made her angry. 这原本是为了道歉，但却只惹她生气。
I thought the police were meant to protect people.我认为警察就是要保护人民的。
wonder疑惑；想知道
He's starting to wonder whether he did the right thing in accepting this job.他现在开始怀疑自己接受这份工作是否正确。
I wonder if I'll recognize Philip after all these years.过了这么多年，我不知道是否还认得菲利普。
debate讨论；争论
They had been debating for several hours without reaching a conclusion.他们已经争论了好几个小时，仍然没有得出一个结论。
The issue will be debated on Tuesday.这个问题将在星期二讨论。
rage斥；发怒；发脾气;激烈进行；猛烈发作；肆虐
A flu epidemic is raging in/through local schools.一场流感在当地各学校肆虐。
The argument rages on (= continues strongly).正在进行激烈的争论。
insurance保险
life/health/car/travel insurance人寿／健康／汽车／旅游保险
I'll need to take out extra car insurance for another driver.我必须为另一名驾驶者购买汽车保险。
insure（给…上）保险，（为…）投保
The house is insured for two million pounds.该房子投保了200万英镑。
Many companies won't insure new or young drivers.许多公司是不会为新司机或年轻司机提供保险的。
inevitably 不可避免地
Their arguments inevitably end in tears.他们的争论不可避免地以眼泪告终。
Inevitably, the situation did not please everyone.这种局势必定不能让所有人都感到满意。
【课标词汇精练】
根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。
Hazel quietly him away from the others.
She took every photograph of me that was in our house and it up.
I half an hour every evening to hear Erik read.
Few people would that something should be done to reduce the level of crime in the area.
The pilot of the aircraft was forced to make an landing on Lake Geneva.
As the burning plane landed, the terrified passengers for the door .
The organization a campaign to raise $150,000.
Her latest film by the critics.
Let's see if I can pour the juice into the glass without it.
Hugh his lack of confidence his mother.
The scandal certainly their defeat at the last election.
Globalization is a of the 21st century.
Children will be removed from their parents only in circumstances.
Some people find that certain foodstheir headaches.
Michael put the cigarette to his lips and in the smoke.
He came in with four shopping bags and them on the table.
We vast quantities of food and drink that night.
The study compares the of heart disease in various countries.
The disease the whole community, sometimes wiping out whole families.
Huge projects designed to poorer countries can sometimes do more harm than good.
She's always advice, even when you don't want it.
The doesn't cover you for (= include) household items.
All our household goods against accidental damage.
Technological changes will lead to unemployment.
The UN has agreed to allow the of emergency aid.
She a notice about the school trip to Italy.
You keep the children out of trouble.
Hadn't you better phone home Your parents where you are.
The authorities whether to build a new car park.
He at us for forgetting to order a replacement.
Keys:
edged黑泽尔悄悄地把他挤到一边去。
ripped她拿走了家里所有我的照片，并把它们撕得粉碎。
set aside我每天晚上都留半个小时听埃里克朗读。
disagree 很少有人会不同意应采取行动减少该地区的犯罪。
emergency这架飞机的驾驶员不得不在日内瓦湖面上紧急迫降。
scrambled起火的飞机降落后，受惊的乘客奋力向舱门口跑去。
has launched为了筹集 15 万美元，该组织发起了一场募捐活动。
has been hammered她最新拍摄的电影遭到评论家们的猛烈批评。
spilling来试试看我能不能一滴不漏地把果汁倒进玻璃杯里。
blameson晓治把自己缺乏自信心归咎于他的母亲
contributed to丑闻当然也部分地导致了他们在上次选举中的失败。
phenomenon全球化是 21 世纪的现象。
extreme只有在极端情况下才会让孩子离开父母。
trigger有些人发现某些食物导致他们头痛。
sucked迈克尔把香烟放到唇边，吞着烟。
dumped他进门后将手里提着的四个购物袋往桌上一扔。
consumed那天晚上我们大吃大喝了一顿。
occurrence 该项研究比较了不同国家心脏病的发病率。
has struck 疾病袭击整个社区，有时整个家族都无一生还。
aid旨在援助贫穷国家的庞大计划有时反而会弊大于利。
dishing out 即使你不想听，她仍然没完没了地建议这建议那。
insurance 这份保险没有包括你的家居物品。
are insured 我们家里所有的物品都保了意外损失险。
inevitably技术变革必然会导致失业。
supply联合国已同意允许提供紧急援助。
put up她张贴出一张有关学校组织去意大利旅游的布告。
were meant to 你有责任不让孩子们遇到麻烦。
will be wondering你是不是最好给家里打个电话？你父母会想知道你在哪里的。
debated 政府有关部门就是否要修建一座新停车场进行了讨论。
raged我们忘了订购替换件，他对我们大发雷霆。
【译文】
2月27日晚，威尔逊河(Wilsons river)决堤，而此时新南威尔士州(New South Wales)利斯莫尔镇(Lismore)约三万居民还在沉睡中。凌晨响起紧急警报时居民还在打盹，警报称“生命危险迫在眉睫”。几小时后，这座城镇就被淹没了。居民们争先恐后爬上阁楼。母亲抱着孩子爬上屋顶。一群当地人开锡皮船冲进洪水中解救他们，四人死亡。
澳大利亚东部遭受洪水重创，政客们称其是“千年一遇”。此前，由于拉尼娜现象(La Ni a)导致澳大利亚下暴雨，那里整个夏天都是湿漉漉的。然后在2月23日，气象学家警告称，一
片低气压区正在昆士兰州(Queensland)南部上空形成。它从海水中吸取水分，在东海岸上空形成一条“大气层河流”。从那以后，昆士兰州南部下起了倾盆大雨。
2月，昆士兰州首府布里斯班(Wilsons river)在不到一周的时间里，其降雨量接近全年的80%，淹没了15000座房屋。随着新南威尔士州北部不断下雨，暴雨摧毁了道路，淹没了牛群。
3月8日，暴风雨袭击了悉尼，导致大坝决堤。该州约有5万人被迫撤离。
科学家们对“全球变暖导致洪水”这一结论持谨慎态度，因为从降雨量到城市发展等一切因素都是造成洪水的原因。对于气候变化是否是造成暴雨永无止境的一个因素，他们也存在分歧。
无论原因是什么，现在澳大利亚极端天气频发。新南威尔士州上次遭遇“百年一遇”的洪水冲击就在一年前，当时洪水淹没了西悉尼。2019年和2020年，该国家大片土地在森林大火中被烧
毁，3000多所房屋被烧毁，33人死亡。像利斯莫尔这样不幸的城镇近年来遭受了火灾和洪水的双重打击。
州政府和联邦政府的应对措施搞砸了，无济于事。当灾难来临时，官方援助往往姗姗来迟。2019年，联邦政府预留了近40亿澳元（29亿美元）作为一项基金，以帮助其应对危机以及缓
解未来的危机。但这笔钱几乎没有花出去。政府现已部署了军队，并发放现金给灾民，但当地人却很不满，因为随着食物和水供应减少，他们已经连续几天没有电或燃料了。一所大学正在收留无家可归的人。利斯莫尔的居民埃拉·巴克兰(Ella Buckland)惊叹道，“难道没有人要为
此写一份计划吗 ”。
现在，一场讨论正在激烈进行，讨论的是像利斯莫尔这样的受灾地应该如何重建，甚至是否应当重建。分析家认为，洪水可能引发价值超过30亿澳元的保险索赔。一些政客希望政府向企业支付保险费，为那些未来不可避免会遭受火灾或洪水袭击的房屋提供保险。利斯莫尔市长史蒂夫·克里格(Steve Krieg)问道，“如果每次发生自然灾害时，我们都要开始思考，因为太
严重而不得不放弃并从受灾地离开，那么我们要住在哪里呢 ”。越来越多的澳大利亚人都在思考这一问题。
【背景知识】
La Ni a（西班牙语）: 拉尼娜现象，又称反圣婴现象，是一种和厄尔尼诺现象相反的现象。拉尼娜现象就是太平洋中东部海水异常变冷的情况。东南信风将表面被太阳晒热的海水吹向太平洋西部，致使西部比东部海平面增高将近60厘米，西部海水温度增高，气压下降，潮湿空气积累形成台风和热带风暴，东部底层海水上翻，致使东太平洋海水变冷。拉尼娜与厄尔尼诺现象相反，随着厄尔尼诺的消失，拉尼娜的到来，全球许多地区的天气与气候灾害也将发生转变。总体说来，拉尼娜的性情并非十分温和，其气候影响与厄尔尼诺大致相反，其强度和影响程度不如厄尔尼诺，但它的到来也可能会给全球许多地区带来灾害。
PAGE
12023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (3)
Carbon emissions碳排放
Seeing footprints in the air看到空中的碳足迹
主题语境：人与自然 主题语境内容：环境保护
【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）
Chris Jones of the University of California, Berkeley, was on a river in the Amazon rainforest when he put the finishing touches on the world’s first online household carbon calculator(计算器). That was in 2005. He hoped that, if he could show people how much greenhouse gas was associated with daily activities—driving the car, heating the house—they might change their behaviour and contribute in some small measure to saving the Amazon. Seventeen years later, trackers are providing a wealth of often-neglected information about the carbon emissions of everyday life. They provide local and micro data which usefully supplement the global findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Trackers work by asking users to answer questions such as: how many miles a year do you drive; how much is your annual household electricity bill; how often do you eat meat They then calculate a personal or household estimate of emissions of carbon-dioxide equivalent (CO2e，二氧化碳当量排放量) per year. Alex Beale, a climate blogger in Atlanta who has studied them, reckons there are dozens of household carbon trackers and hundreds of specialist ones, including those which calculate emissions from food or other industries, such as a new one from the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) to track emissions from shipping. For individuals, reckons Mr Beale, the most comprehensive are the Cool Climate tracker run by Dr Jones at Berkeley and the calculator set up by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and SEI. What do they tell us
Dr Jones describes the main household polluting activities as “cars, coal, cows and consumption, roughly in that order”. By far the largest single source of emissions is the family vehicle. One car of average fuel efficiency driven 14,000 miles (22,500km) spews out 7 tonnes of carbon, according to Dr Jones’s tracker. Swapping it for an electric vehicle would save over 6 tonnes, or an eighth of the average American household’s yearly emissions.
No other change would generate that much saving, though electricity in the home is responsible for over 5 tonnes of carbon emissions a year, so generating it with solar panels（太阳能电池板） would come close . Like electric vehicles, a roof full of solar panels is not cheap. Changing diets costs less, and American households consume meat worth 2.7 tonnes of CO2e a year, far more than most people. If Americans went vegetarian（素食者）, that would be like half an average solar roof.
These household averages, however, disguise what may be the most important thing carbon trackers reveal: that apparently similar households produce very different emissions. By combining their tracker’s results with postal （邮政的）code data, the University of California team worked out average emissions by area. Places with high emissions—mostly suburbs（郊区）—produce four or five times as much carbon as inner cities or rural areas, a much larger multiple than might have been expected. Chicago’s households produce 37 tonnes of CO2e a year; suburban Eola’s, some 35 miles (56km) from the Windy City, emit 96 tonnes. This is not only because of commuting（通勤）. Trips to and from work account for less than a fifth of miles driven; the rest are to shops, schools and so on.
Even more striking is the difference air travel makes. The average household contribution from flying is 1.5 tonnes, less than a car. But half of Americans never fly. According to Cool Climate, flying 100,000 miles a yearproduces a stunning （惊人的）43 extra tonnes of CO2. If jet-set households were to cut their travel sharply, they would have a disproportionate（不成比例的） effect on emissions. They might even do something for the Amazon.
Over the next 30 years, many countries are promising to move to net-zero carbon, implying that household emissions will have to be cut to close to nothing. Stephanie Roe, WWF’s lead climate scientist, reckons that, at best, half the reduction might be achieved through demand-side measures, such as behavioural changes by individuals and households. And even that would require companies and governments to provide more incentives （激励）to change through supply-side investments to make low-carbon options cheaper and more widely available.Trackers, it seems, have daunting（令人怯步的） lessons for public bodies and private households alike.
【课标词汇】
associate将…（与…）联系起来，把…联系在一起
Most people associate this brand with good quality.大多数人把这个品牌和优良品质联系在一起。
I always associate the smell of baking with my childhood. 一闻到烘烤食物的味道我就想起了童年。
He is closely associated in the public mind with horror movies. 在公众的心目中,他总是和恐怖电影紧密联系在一起。
contribute捐（款）；捐助，捐献；贡献；有助于；促成，促使；投（稿）
I believe that each of us can contribute to the future of the world...我相信我们每一个人都能够对世界的未来有所贡献。
The staff who contribute to your sports pages are doing a splendid job.为你们的体育专页撰稿的全体职员工作非常出色。
Smoking contributed to his early death.吸烟导致他早逝。
neglect忽视，忽略:
Many of these ideas have been neglected by modern historians. 这些观念有许多都被现代的历史学家忽略了。
The woman denied that she had neglected her child...那位女士否认疏于照管自己的孩子。
supplement 增加，补充，增补
He supplements (= adds to) his income by working in a bar in the evening.他晚上在酒吧打工以增加收入。
I suggest supplementing your diet with vitamins E and A.我建议你在日常饮食中补充些维生素 E 和维生素 A。
calculate 算，计算
The cost of the damage caused by the recent storms has been calculated as/at over 5 million.据计算，近期风暴造成的损失超过了500万英镑。
He's calculated that it would take him two years to save up enough for a car.他算了一下要赚两年的钱才够买辆车。
estimate 估计；估算；估价
They estimate (that) the journey will take at least two weeks.他们估计这次行程至少需要两周时间。
It was difficult to estimate how many trees had been destroyed.很难估计有多少树被毁。
reckon认为；把…看作
She was widely reckoned (to be) the best actress of her generation.人们普遍认为她是她那一代最优秀的演员。
An earthquake of magnitude 7 is reckoned as a major quake. 7 级强度的地震被认为是大地震。
dozens of许多
I've spoken to him dozens of (= many) times, but I still don't know his name!虽然我和他说过很多次话，但我连他的名字都还不知道！
I must have mentioned him dozens of times in my letters. 我肯定已在信中提到他许多次了。
specialist专家；专业人员
She's a specialist in childhood illnesses.她是小儿科专家。
I've asked to be referred to a specialist about my back pain.我已经要求转诊，让专科医生来治我的背痛。
individual个人，个体
Every individual has rights which must never be taken away.每个人都有一些不可剥夺的权利。
We try to treat our students as individuals.我们力图把学生当成独立的个体来对待。
comprehensive全面的；综合的；包罗万象的；详尽的
Is this list comprehensive or are there some names missing 这份名单是完整的还是遗漏了一些名字？
He has written a fully comprehensive guide to Rome.他写了一本内容详尽的罗马旅游指南。
consumption食用；消费；消耗
These products are not for national consumption, but for export.这些产品只供出口不供国内消费。
We need to cut down on our fuel consumption by having fewer cars on the road.我们需要透过减少路上行驶的车辆以降低燃料消耗。
swap交换，交易
We swapped addresses with the people we met on holiday.我们与度假时认识的人交换了地址。
I'll swap you my chocolate bar for your peanuts.我拿我的巧克力跟你换花生。
We spent the evening in the pub, swapping (= telling each other) stories/jokes.我们整个晚上都泡在酒吧，轮流讲故事／笑话。
generate造成；引起；使存在
The new development will generate 1500 new jobs.新开发项目将会创造1500个新的就业岗位。
These measures will increase the club's ability to generate revenue/income.这些措施将会提升俱乐部的创收能力。
consume（尤指大量地）消耗，消费，花费；（尤指大量地）吃，喝；〔心中〕充满，满是〔某种情绪或念头〕:
She was scared by the depression which threatened to consume her.抑郁情绪在吞噬着她，她感到害怕。
He was consumed with guilt after the accident.这次意外事故发生后，他心里充满了内疚。
He consumes vast quantities of chips with every meal.他每一餐都要吃掉大量的薯条。
disguise给…化装，给…乔装打扮；将…伪装起来
He disguised himself by shaving his head and wearing a false beard.为了伪装自己，他剃了光头还粘着假胡须。
Minor skin imperfections can usually be disguised with a spot of make-up.微小的皮肤瑕疵通常可以用化妆品来掩盖。
reveal揭露；泄露；透露
He was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians.他因为向俄国人泄密而被监禁。
He would not reveal where he had hidden her chocolate eggs.他就是不说他把她的巧克力蛋藏在哪里了。
combine（使）结合；（使）联合；（使）合并；（使）综合
None of us has much money so let's combine what we've got.我们谁都没多少钱，因此就把我们所有的钱凑在一起吧。
The two countries combined against their common enemy.两国联合起来对抗共同的敌人。
work out想出，得到(解决方法)，计算出，锻炼
Work out at a gym or swim twice a week.一周去健身房锻炼两次，或游两次泳。
It took me some time to work out what was causing this...我花了一些时间才弄清此事的起因。
I couldn't work out where the music was coming from. 我弄不清这音乐是从哪里传来的。
rural乡村的，农村的；似乡村的
These plants have a tendency to grow in the more rural areas.这些植物大多生长在偏远的乡村。
He spoke with a heavy rural accent.他说话带着浓重的农村口音。
emit 发出,射出,散发(光、热、声音、气等):
Sulphur gases were emitted by the volcano. 硫磺气体由火山喷发出来。
The new device emits a powerful circular column of light.新设备发出明亮的圆形光柱。
account for（数量或比例上）占；为…提出理由;对…作出说明
Now, the gene they discovered today doesn't account for all those cases.不过，他们现在发现的基因无法解释所有的病例。
The poor weather may have accounted for the small crowd. 天气不好可能是人来得少的原因。
striking异乎寻常的，惊人的；引人注目的
There's a striking contrast between what he does and what he says he does.他的所作所为和他所说的话大相径庭。
There are striking similarities between the two cases.两宗案件之间有惊人的相似之处。
sharply 尖刻地；严厉地；猛烈地；急剧地；突然大幅度地；鲜明地；明显地； 迅疾而突然地；急促而大声地:
The report was sharply critical of the police. 报道猛烈地抨击了警方。
Profits fell sharply following the takeover. 接管后,利润突然大幅度降低。
She moved sharply across the room to block his exit. 她疾步冲到门口,挡住他的去路。
imply说明；表明
The survey implies (that) more people are moving house than was thought. 调查显示,准备搬家的人口比想像的要多。
The fact that she was here implies a degree of interest. 她到场就说明了她有一定程度的兴趣。
available可获得的；可用的；可取得联系的；有空的
There's no money available for an office party this year.今年没有钱举办办公室派对了。
I'm afraid I'm not available to help with the show on the 19th.19号的演出恐怕我没有时间来帮忙了。
at best 充其量; 至多:
The campaign was at best only partially successful.这场宣传活动充其量只是部分成功。
The technique is at best ineffective and at worst dangerous.这个方法说轻一点是没有效果，说重一点是很危险。
【课标词汇精练】
根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。
We collected shells on the beach.
The meat was clearly unfit for human.
When you've finished reading your book, and I've finished mine, shall we
Her biographythat she was not as rich as everyone thought.
It is vital that food is made to the famine areas.
At some stage we need to when the project will be finished.
Government sources a long-term 50% increase in rail fares.
The government’ s response seems to have been confused and at worst dishonest.
She's ain modern French literature.
Like many creative , she can be very bad-tempered.
We offer you a training in all aspects of the business.
Her latest film a lot of interest/excitement.
Our high living standards cause our present population to 25 percent of the world's oil.
We tried to the fact that it was just a school hall by putting up coloured lights and balloons.
Sickness, with (= together with) terrible weather, contrived to ruin the trip.
When asked what a 40.35 meal for five people would cost each diner, they were unable to .
I'm not anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight
Some vegetarians like their diets with iron tablets.
The police that whoever killed Dad was with him earlier that day.
The area is still very and undeveloped.
The metal container began to a clicking sound.
Computers5% of the country's commercial electricity consumption.
Their production of Macbeth was the most visually performance I've ever seen.
Their experiences contrast sharply with those of other children. 他们的经历和其他孩子的形成鲜明的对比。
The cancer risks with smoking have been well documented.
The government imposed a tax on fuels which global warming.
The police officer was accused of his duty.
Keys:
dozens of 我们在海滩上捡了很多很多贝壳。
consumption这肉显然不适合供人食用。
swap我们看完各自的书之后，交换一下，好吗
revealed 她的自传透露她并非像大家所想像的那样富有。
available 一定要把食品送到遭受饥荒的地区，这是至关重要的。
calculate在一定阶段，我们需要计算一下工程何时会完成。
estimate政府消息人士估计火车票价将有一个涨幅达50%的长期调涨。
at best 政府的反应往好里说似乎是糊涂，往坏里说就是不诚实。
specialist她是现代法国文学专家。
individuals像许多富有创造力的人一样，她的脾气有时会很不好。
comprehensive我们向你提供这个行业各方面的综合培训。
has generated她最近的一部影片引起了广泛的兴趣／使众多观众很是兴奋。
consume我们的高生活水准致使我们目前的人口要消耗世界石油的25%。
disguise我们不想让人看出这里实际上只是挂着彩灯和气球的学校礼堂。
combined疾病，加上恶劣的天气，毁掉了这次旅行。
work it out问到5个人吃一顿饭花了40.35英镑，每人要出多少钱时，他们算不出来。
implying我并不是暗示你做的饭不好吃，只是想提议我们今晚去外面吃，好吗？
to supplement有些素食主义者喜欢在饮食之外吃一些含铁的药片。
reckon警方认为杀害爸爸的人那天早些时候是和他在一起的。
rural这个地区仍是一片乡村景象，没有被开发。
emit金属容器开始发出咔嗒咔嗒的声音。
account for计算机占去该国商业用电的5%
striking他们制作的这部《马克白》是我见过的版本中最具视觉冲击的。
sharply 他们的经历和其他孩子的形成鲜明的对比。
associated抽烟有引发癌症的危险，这两者的关联是有详尽的文献为证的。
contributed to 政府对导致全球变暖的燃料课税。
neglecting那位警官被控渎职。
【译文】
加州大学伯克利分校的克里斯·琼斯(Chris Jones)在亚马逊热带雨林的一条河上完成了世界上第一个家用在线碳计算器的收尾工作。那是在2005年。他希望，如果他能向世人展示有多少温室气体排放与日常活动相关——如开车、房屋供暖，人们就可能会改变自己的行为，并采取某些小措施拯救亚马逊。17年后，追踪器提供了大量经常被忽视的日常生活碳排放信息。追踪器所提供的当地微观数据，对政府间气候变化专门委员会的全球调查结果作了有益的补充。
追踪器的工作原理是让用户回答以下问题：您每年驾车多少英里；您家一年的电费是多少 您多久吃一次肉 然后追踪器计算出个人或家庭每年二氧化碳当量排放量的估计值。亚特兰大的一位气候博客亚历克斯·比尔(Alex Beale)对此进行了研究，他认为目前有几十种家用碳跟踪器和数百种专业碳跟踪器，包括那些计算食品或其他行业排放量的设备，比如斯德哥尔摩环境研究所(Stockholm Environment Institute, SEI)的一种用于跟踪航运排放的新设备。对于个人来说，比尔先生认为，最全面的追踪器是由伯克利的琼斯博士运行的“凉爽气候”追踪器，以及由世界野生动物基金会(WWF)和SEI装配的计算器。这些设备会告诉我们什么
琼斯博士将主要的家庭污染活动描述为“汽车、煤炭、奶牛和消费，大致按此顺序”。到目前为止，家用车是最大的单一排放源。根据琼斯博士追踪器的数据，按照一辆汽车的平均燃油
效率，行驶14000英里(22500公里)会排放7吨的碳。如果换成电动汽车，将节省6吨以上的碳排放，或者说，相当于美国家庭平均年排放量的八分之一。
尽管家庭用电每年会产生超过5吨的碳排放，但其他任何改变都不会产生这么多的节省，所以用太阳能电池板发电将会接近目标。像电动汽车一样，一个布满太阳能电池板的屋顶并不便宜。改变饮食成本更低，美国家庭每年消耗的肉类相当于2.7吨二氧化碳，远远超过大多数人。如果美国人奇迹般地变成了素食主义者，那就相当于半个平均水平的太阳能屋顶。
然而，这些家庭平均排放量掩盖了碳追踪器所揭示的最重要的事实：表面上相似的家庭产生的排放量却截然不同。通过将追踪器的结果与邮政编码数据相结合，加州大学的研究小组计
算出了各区的平均排放量。高排放地区——主要是郊区——产生的碳是市中心或农村地区的四到五倍，这个倍数可能比预期的要大得多。芝加哥的家庭每年产生37吨二氧化碳；距离风城（芝加哥的别称）约35英里(56公里)的伊奥拉郊区排放了96吨二氧化碳。这不仅仅是因为通勤。上下班的路程还不到驾车公里数的五分之一；而其余部分是商店、学校等。
更引人注目的是乘飞机旅行所带来的不同。平均每个家庭飞行所产生的碳排放是1.5吨，比一辆汽车的碳排放少。但一半的美国人从未坐过飞机。根据“凉爽气候”的说法，每年飞行10万英里会产生惊人的43吨额外的二氧化碳。如果乘喷气客机到处旅游的家庭大幅减少旅行，他们将对排放产生不成比例的影响。他们甚至可能为亚马逊地区做出点儿贡献。
在未来的30年里，许多国家都承诺要实现净零碳排放，这意味着家庭的排放量必须减少到接近零排放。WWF首席气候科学家斯蒂芬妮 罗伊估计，通过需求侧的措施，如个人和家庭行为的改变，最多可能实现一半的减排。即便如此，也需要企业和政府提供更多的激励措施，通过供给侧投资，使低碳选项更便宜，并得到更广泛地使用。对于公共机构和私人家庭来说，追踪器似乎都有类似令人怯步的教训。
【背景知识】
“碳”即二氧化碳，“中和”即正负相抵。排出的二氧化碳或温室气体被植树造林、节能减排等形式抵消，这就是所谓的“碳中和”。减少二氧化碳排放量的手段，一是碳封存，主要由土壤、森林和海洋等天然碳汇吸收储存空气中的二氧化碳，人类所能做的是植树造林；二是碳抵消，通过投资开发可再生能源和低碳清洁技术，减少一个行业的二氧化碳排放量来抵消另一个行业的排放量，抵消量的计算单位是二氧化碳当量吨数。一旦彻底消除二氧化碳排放，我们就能进入净零碳社会。
PAGE
12023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (2)
Rise of the robots
机器人的崛起
主题语境：人与社会 主题语境内容：科学与技术
【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）
The word “robot” was coined（创造） in 1920 by the Czech playwright Karel Capek. In “R.U.R.” (“Rossum’s Universal robots”) Capek imagined artificial, fully functional servants. For most of their history, however, robots have been dumb, inelegantmechanical devices sitting out of sight in factories.
Things are starting to change, however. robots have benefited from rapid innovations in smartphones, which brought cheap cameras and sensors（传感器）, fast wireless communications and powerful, smaller computer chips（芯片）. More recent advances in machine learning have added software to make robots better informed about their surroundings and equipped them to make wiser decisions. robots are leaving carefully managed industrial settings for everyday life and, in the coming years, will increasingly work in supermarkets, clinics, social care and much more.
They could not be coming at a better time. Many industries are facing a shortage of labour—the demand for workers has recovered much faster than expected from the pandemic（疫情） and some people have left the workforce（劳动力）, particularly in America. Warehousing（仓储） has grown rapidly thanks to the e-commerce（电子商务） boom. Robots are now indispensable（必不可少的）, picking items off shelves and helping people pack an exponentially（迅速增长的） rising numbers of boxes. They are even beginning to trundle （移动）slowly along some pavements, delivering goods or food right to people’s doors. In a pandemic-ravaged world, short of workers but with lots of elderly folk to look after, having more robots toboostproductivity（生产力） would be a good thing.
And yet many people fear that robots will destroy jobs. A paper in 2013 by economists at Oxford University was widely misinterpreted（曲解） as meaning that 47% of American jobs were at risk of being automated（自动化的）.
In fact, concerns about mass unemployment are overblown（过分渲染）. The evidence suggests robots will be disruptive（扰乱的） but ultimately beneficial for labour markets. Japan and South Korea have the highest robot penetration（渗透） but very strong workforces. A Yale University study that looked at Japanese manufacturing（生产） between 1978 and 2017 found that an increase of one robot unit per 1,000 workers boosted a company’s employment by 2.2%. Research from the Bank of Korea found that robotisation（机器自动化） moved jobs away from manufacturing into other sectors（领域）, but that there was no decrease in overall vacancies（空位）. Another study, by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and colleagues elsewhere, looked at Finnish firms and concluded that their use of advanced technologies led to increases in hiring.
For all that, the march of the robots will bring big changes to workplaces. The skills and firms that are rewarded will shift, too. But that need not be the disaster many fear. One supposed example of “bad automation” is self-service checkouts in supermarkets, because they displace human workers. Checkout staff who retrain to help customers pick items from aisles may well find that dealing with people in need is more rewarding than spending all day swiping（刷磁卡） barcodes in front of lasers.
Inevitably, some people will be on the losing end of change even as the robots make society as a whole better off. One lesson from the freewheeling（自由放纵的） globalisation of the 1990s and 2000s is that the growth in trade that was overwhelmingly（势不可挡地） beneficial triggered a political backlash（反击）, because the losers felt left behind. That is one more reason why firms and governments would do well to recognise the value of retraining and lifelong learning. As jobs change, workers should be helped to acquire new skills, including how to work with and manage the robots that will increasingly be their colleagues.
The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge. In Capek’s play, the robots revolt （反叛）against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse. The beginnings of the world’s real robots have not matched Capek’s satire（讽刺）. There is no reason to think that their future needs to either.
【课标词汇】
artificial人造的，人工的；仿造的
clothes made of artificial fibres人造纤维质地的服装
an artificial heart人造心脏
an artificial lake人工湖
artificial fur/sweeteners/flowers人造毛皮／人造甜味剂／假花
functional 实用的 ;作用的；功能的；（能）起作用的，工作的，运转的
Bathrooms don't have to be purely functional. 浴室不必完全只为了实用。
These units played a key functional role in the military operation. 这些单位在军事行动中起到了主要的职能作用。
The hospital will soon be fully functional. 这家医院将很快全面运作。
dumb哑的；不能说话的;一时说不出话的；不肯开口的
We were all struck dumb with amazement. 我们都惊讶得说不出话来。
She was born deaf and dumb. 她天生又聋又哑。
inelegant不雅的；粗俗的
an inelegant posture不雅的姿势
inelegant surroundings粗俗的环境
mechanical 机械的；机械零件的
a mechanical device机械设备
The plane appeared to have crashed because of a mechanical problem.这架飞机看来是因机械故障而坠毁的。
out of sight看不见了
She saw them off, waving until the car was out of sight.她给他们送行，一直挥手到车子从目光中消失。
Karen waved until the car was out of sight.卡伦不断挥手，直到汽车看不见了。
benefit得益，受惠；（使）受益；对…有帮助
I feel that I have benefited greatly from her wisdom.我觉得从她的睿智中我获益良多。
They are working together to benefit the whole community. 他们在为整个社区的利益共同努力。
innovation革新，创新:
We need to encourage innovation in industry. 我们需要鼓励工业创新。
Many people feel bewildered by the speed of technological innovation . 很多人对技术革新的速度感到不知所措。
advance（使）前进；使进步，使进展；使发展；促进
The fire advanced steadily through the forest.大火在森林中不断蔓延。
We have advanced greatly in our knowledge of the universe.在认识宇宙方面，我们已经取得长足的进步。
He's just trying to advance (= improve) his own career.他只是在努力发展自己的事业。
advanced先进的;高级的
This is the most advanced type of engine available.这是现有的最先进的引擎。
The course is suitable for beginners and advanced students...本课程适合初学者及程度较高者。
The lab has recently been updated to allow for more advanced courses.实验室最近经过更新，可以上更高阶的课程了。
add加，相加；增加，添加；补充说，继续说
If you add three and four you get seven.三加四等于七。
Beat the butter and sugar together and slowly add the eggs.把奶油和糖搅拌在一起，再慢慢把鸡蛋打进去。
She's added a Picasso to her collection.她的收藏中增添了一幅毕卡索的画作。
"Oh, and thank you for all your help!" he added as he was leaving.“噢，谢谢你的帮助！”他在离开时补充道。
inform通知，告知
The name of the dead man will not be released until his relatives have been informed.在通知死者亲属之前，不会公布死者的姓名。
I informed my boss that I was going to be away next week.我告诉老板下周我不在。
equip装备；配备；使有准备；使有能力
It's going to cost $4 million to equip the hospital.给这所医院配齐医疗设备将耗资400万美元。
The course aims to equip people with the skills necessary for a job in this technological age.本课程旨在使人们获得在这个科技时代必备的工作技能。
manage管理，掌管；经营（尤指企业）
Has she had any experience of managing large projects 她有负责大型专案计划的经验吗？
He's not very good at managing people.他不是很善于管理别人。
His job involved managing large investment funds.他的工作涉及管理巨额投资基金。
increasingly越来越多地，不断增加地
Increasingly, young people distrust all forms of government.年轻人越来越不相信任何形式的政府。
He was finding it increasingly difficult to make decisions...他发现越来越难以作出决定。
The U.S. has increasingly relied on Japanese capital...美国越来越依赖日本的资本。
a shortage of缺乏，缺少
a shortage of funds 资金不足
a shortage of skilled labour缺乏熟练工
There's a shortage of food and shelter in the refugee camps.难民营里缺少足够的食物和住处。
demand坚决请求，强烈要求；强要
The car workers' union is demanding a 7% pay rise this year.汽车工会要求今年加薪7%。
She demanded that he return the books he borrowed from her.她要求他把从她那里借走的书还回来。
recover（尤指健康、能力、所有物等）失而复得，重新得到，追回，收复，寻回
It took her a long while to recover from/after her heart operation.她心脏动手术后很长时间身体才复原。
It took a long time for the economy to recover after the slump.经济萧条期过后，这间公司花了很长时间才恢复元气。
thanks to多亏；幸亏；归功于
It was all a great success—thanks to a lot of hard work. 由于尽心竭力，这才大获成功。
Everyone knows about it now, thanks to you! 多亏了你，现在大家都知道了！
boom（经济上的）繁荣，迅速发展
This year has seen a boom in book sales.今年图书销售激增。
Tourism on the island has boomed.该岛的旅游业迅速发展。
By the 1980s, the computer industry was booming. 到 20 世纪 80 年代时,计算机行业迅猛发展。
pack把东西装进（箱，包）,把…打包；把…装箱
I packed a bag with a few of my favourite clothes.我往包里装了几件我最喜欢的衣服。
She had packed and checked out of the hotel.她已收拾好东西结账离开了旅馆。
He packed a bag with a few things and was off. 他装了几件衣物就走了。
deliver运送；递送，投递;发表；宣布；
The shop is delivering our new bed on Thursday.该店将于周二把我们的新床送来。
Before leaving I delivered myself of a few choice comments. 离开之前，我发表了一些精心准备的评论
boost 使增长；使兴旺:
The movie helped boost her screen career. 那部电影有助于她的银幕生涯的发展。
Share prices were boosted by reports of the President's recovery.总统康复的报导导致股票价格上扬。
at risk处境危险，冒风险
All houses within 100 metres of the seas are at risk of flooding.所有离海岸不足100米的房子都有被洪水袭击的危险。
If we go to war, innocent lives will be put at risk. 如果我们发动战争，无辜的生命就会受到威胁。
concern使担忧；使挂念；使焦虑
The state of my father's health concerns us greatly.我父亲的健康状况让我们非常担心。
It concerns me that he hasn't been in contact.还没有联络到他，我很担心。
beneficial有益的，有用的，有利的
A stay in the country will be beneficial to his health.在乡下生活一段时间，对他的健康有利。
Using computers has a beneficial effect on children's learning.使用计算机对孩子们的学习有益。
来自牛津双解
conclude使结束;作出结论；推断；断定
The doctors concluded that Esther had suffered a stroke.医生诊断埃丝特中风了。
They conclude their study with these words.他们以这些话结束调查报告。
The report concluded that the school should be closed immediately.报告的结论是这所学校应该立刻关闭。
lead to引发（某事物）
There is no doubt that stress can lead to physical illness. 毫无疑问，心理压力会导致生理疾病。
shift移动；改变；转移
The wind is expected to shift (to the east) tomorrow.预计风明天转向（为东风）。
Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues.媒体关注的焦点最近转到了环保问题。
She shifted her gaze from me to Bobby. 她把凝视的目光从我身上移开，转向了博比。
displace取代，替代;
Coal has been displaced by natural gas as a major source of energy.作为一种主要能源的煤正为天然气所取代。
Coal is to be displaced by natural gas and nuclear power.煤炭将让位于天然气和核能。
in need需要帮助的
We must care for those in need.我们必须关心那些生活困难的人。
The charity aims to provide assistance to people in need.这个慈善机构的宗旨是向贫困者提供帮助。
reward答；报偿；奖赏
The company rewarded him for his years of service with a grand farewell party and several presents.公司为了答谢他多年为公司所作的贡献，为他举行了一个隆重的欢送会，还赠送了他几件礼物。
She was rewarded for her efforts with a cash bonus. 她因自己所作的努力而得到一笔奖金。
She started singing to the baby and was rewarded with a smile. 她开始给孩子唱歌,孩子则报以微笑。
inevitably不可避免地
Their arguments inevitably end in tears.他们的争论不可避免地以眼泪告终。
Inevitably, the situation did not please everyone.这种局势必定不能让所有人都感到满意。
trigger引起，引发（坏事）
Some people find that certain foods trigger their headaches.有些人发现某些食物导致他们头痛。
His action triggered a massive response from the government. 他的行动激起了来自政府的极大反响。
acquire取得，获得；学到，获得〔知识、技能〕
The college acquired a reputation for very high standards.那所学院以学术水平高而闻名。
He spent years acquiring his skills as a surgeon. 他花了许多年时间学习外科医生的技能。
She has acquired a good knowledge of English. 她英语已经学得很好。

【课标词汇精练】
根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。
Many thousands from the new treatment.
Her colleagues' laughter only to her embarrassment.
A degree in the history of art is very nice but it doesn't exactly you for many jobs.
He has alwaysthe highest standards of behaviour from his children.
He never really from the shock of his wife dying .
this treatment, her condition has improved.
They passed behind the hill and .
When you have a job as well as children to look after, you have to learn how to your time.
There is anpopular alternative
funds is preventing the UN from monitoring relief.
23 million people in Africa arefrom starvation.
What me is our lack of preparation for the change.
The improvement in sales figures had a effect /influence on the company as a whole.
Walters was not properly of the reasons for her arrest.
The office was large andrather than welcoming.
We sat there in silence.
The company produces parts for airplane engines.
We must encourage if the company is to remain competitive.
Her study has considerably the cause of equal rights.
Without more training or technical skills, they'll lose their jobs.
Business was , and money wasn't a problem.
I decided to a few things and take the kids to my Mum's.
Mail to our office twice a day.
She is due to a lecture on genetic engineering.
The theatre managed to its audiences by cutting ticket prices.
She the speech by reminding us of our responsibility.
The decision will lead to political tensions.
The racial killings at the weekend haveoff a wave of protests.
These factories have tourism as the country's largest source of foreign exchange..
You just hope that the money goes to those who are most .
This suggestion will certainlyan argument.
She (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other.
All his hard work was (= was made worth it) when he saw his book in print.
Elsie a good knowledge of Chinese.
Keys:
have benefited 千千万万的人受益于这种新的疗法。
added她的同事笑了起来，这使她更加难堪了。
equip能获得一个艺术史学位固然不错，但在很多工作中它并不见得会使你有用武之地。
demanded他总是以最高的行为准则来要求自己的孩子。
recovered 他再也没有从丧妻之痛中真正恢复过来。
Thanks to幸亏采用了这种疗法，她的病情已经好转。
out of sight他们走到山后，看不见了。
manage如果你既要工作又要照顾孩子，就必须学会如何分配时间。
increasingly有了越来越受欢迎的替代品。
A shortage of 资金短缺使联合国无法督导救援工作。
at risk非洲有2,300万人正处于饥饿的危险中。
concerns 让我担心的是我们对事态的变化缺乏准备。
beneficial 销售额的上升使整间公司受益。
informed沃尔特斯并未按规定被告知其被捕的原因。
functional这个办公室大而实用，但不怎么宜人。
dumb我们坐在那里，默然无语。
mechanical 这家公司生产飞机引擎的机械零件。
innovation公司要想保持竞争力，就必须鼓励革新。
advanced她的研究极大地促进了权利平等运动的事业。
advanced 没有进一步的培训或高级技能的话，他们就会丢掉工作。
booming生意非常兴隆，钱已不是问题。
pack 我决定收拾些东西，带孩子们去我妈妈家。
is delivered邮差每天给我们办公室投递两次邮件。
deliver根据安排她要作一个关于遗传工程的演讲。
boost剧院设法透过降低票价来增加观众数量。
concluded她在演讲结束时提醒我们所承担的责任。
inevitably该决定必然导致政治局势的紧张。
have triggered周末发生的种族屠杀引发抗议浪潮。
have displaced 这些工厂已取代旅游业成为该国最大的外汇来源。
in need你只是希望那些钱会交到最有需要的人手里。
lead to 这个建议必将引起一场争论。
shifted她不安地把身体的重心由一只脚转移到另一只脚。
was rewarded .看到了自己的书付梓出版，他感到一切的艰辛都得到了回报。
acquired 埃尔茜汉语学得很好。
【译文】
“机器人”一词是由捷克剧作家卡雷尔·恰佩克（Karl Capek）在1920年创造的。在《罗素姆万能机器人》（“Rossum’s Universal robots”，简称“R.U.R.”）中，恰佩克设想出了功能齐全的人造仆人。然而，纵观机器人历史，大部分时间里人们只是将它们视为愚笨、粗糙的机械设
备，并把它们堆放在工厂的隐蔽角落。
然而，情况开始发生转变。智能手机的快速革新使机器人受益匪浅，因为它们带来了廉价摄像头和传感器、快速的无线通信和功能强大的小型计算机芯片。此外，机器学习方面的最新进展已经增加了软件，使机器人能够更好地了解周围环境，并且可以做出更明智的决定。机器人正逐步走出精心管理的工业环境，进入日常生活。在接下来的几年中，将会有越来越多的机
器人在超市、诊所、社会护理等领域工作。
它们来得正是时候。许多行业正面临劳动力短缺的问题——对工人的需求从疫情中恢复的速度比预期快得多，而劳动力却在减少，美国这一情况尤为显著。得益于电子商务的繁荣，仓
储业务增长迅速。机器人现在是不可或缺的，它们可以从货架上挑选物品，也可以帮助人们处理数量剧增的打包工作。他们甚至开始缓慢行走于人行道上，以实现商品和食物的送货上门。疫情肆虐下，工人短缺，但有很多老人需要照顾，生产更多的机器人来提高生产力将是一件好事。
然而，许多人担心机器人会破坏就业。牛津大学经济学家在2013年发表的一篇论文被广泛误解为美国有47%的工作面临被机器人取代的风险。
事实上，关于自动化会造成大规模失业是人们的过度担忧。有证据表明，机器人最初会对劳动力市场产生破坏性，但最终是有利于劳动力市场发展的。日本和韩国的机器人普及率最高，
但他们的劳动力也非常强大。耶鲁大学对1978年至2017年间日本制造业的研究发现，在每1000名工人中增加一个机器人，公司的就业率就会提高2.2%。韩国央行的研究发现，机器自动化让原本从事制造业的工人转行到了其他行业，总体上就业岗位总数并没有减少。另一项研究是由麻省理工大学和其他研究机构的研究人员合作进行的，他们考察了芬兰的多家公司，得
出的结论是，先进技术的使用反而会增加就业机会。
尽管如此，机器人的发展将会给工作场所带来巨大的变化。过去的技能和盈利的公司也会发生转变。但这并不意味着人们担忧的灾难会发生。一个“不良自动化”的例子就是超市的自助收银台，因为它们取代了人力。经过再培训的收银员可以在货架过道处帮助顾客挑选商品，他们很可能会发现，与那些需要帮助的人打交道比整天用激光器扫描商品条形码更有意义。
不可避免的是，即使机器人让整个社会变得更好，仍有一部分人会在变革中处于不利方。比如，在20世纪90年代和21世纪头10年蓬勃发展的全球化浪潮中，给大多数人带来益处的贸易发展却引发了政治抵制，因为有失败者感觉被国家抛弃了。这也是企业和政府应该重视再培训和终身学习的价值的另一个原因。随着工作岗位的变化，应该帮助工人获得新技能，包括如何与越来越多的机器人共事并管理它们。
机器人革命带来的潜在收益是巨大的。在恰佩克的戏剧中，机器人背叛人类主人，造成大规模失业及更严重的后果。现实世界的机器人的开端并未应验恰佩克讽刺作品里的内容。我们没有理由认为机器人的未来会如恰佩克所言。
【背景知识】
Rossum's Universal Robots：《罗素姆万能机器人》。捷克科幻剧作品，3幕。作者恰佩克。剧本发表于1920年。描述一个名叫罗素姆的哲学家研制出一种机器人，被资本家大批制造来充当劳动力。但是世界上如果充满了干活的机器人，人类就会停止生育，面临末日。因此作者在作品中描写了一对会恋爱和能生育的机器人，以此象征人类将免遭灭亡。
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12023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (1)
Biodiversityconservation conversation
生物多样性保护对话
主题语境：人与自然 主题语境内容：人与环境，人与动植物
【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）
China’s approval on the “Kunming declaration(昆明宣言)” goes beyond its name. Signed by over 100 countries in October, the pledge（誓言） set the tone for COP15, the largest UN biodiversity gathering in a decade. The conference, taking place in two parts, is being hosted by China for the first time. Its second meeting was scheduled for April but also looks likely to be postponed（推迟）. The host city is the capital of Yunnan, a south-western province that is a showcase(展示) of the biodiversity that China needs to preserve, from steamy jungle to mountain glaciers.
As a forum（论坛） in which China can demonstrate its green leadership certification (资格), COP15 has a special appeal. The country is alert to the importance of global norms (规范)on reducing climate change. Even when in dispute on other matters, America and China have shown cooperation on limiting emissions (排放). The theme for Kunming is its homegrown idea of sustainable(可持续的) growth: “ecological civilization（生态文明）”.
The term was written into China’s constitution (宪法) in 2018, suggesting how central it now is in guiding development. The Kunming declaration is filled with other favourite greening concepts of Beijing, including the “two-mountains theory”. This states that “green mountains are gold mountains”: that is, the environment can no longer be sacrificed for development.
For decades, China pursued single-minded economic growth, which allowed millions to lift themselves out of poverty. But pollution damaged wildlife and habitats. More than one in five surviving species faces extinction. In the five decades to 2000 over half of the country’s mangroves (红树林)disappeared. Some 90% of grasslands are at varying stages of degradation（退化） or desertification（荒漠化）, and almost half of wild-animal populations are in decline, killed by the illegal trade in wildlife.
Yet, despite the damage of urbanization（城市化）, China has much left to protect. It is home to 10% of the world’s plant species, 14% of animal ones and 20% of fish. At the second meeting, representatives will set goals for 2030 to preserve global plant and animal life. In October China's President launched the Kunming biodiversity Fund, to which China has contributed 1.5bn yuan ($230m). China's President also announced the formal opening of five national parks, covering 230,000 sq km, home to over a quarter of China’s terrestrial(陆生的)wildlife species.
Still, China’s broader commitment is far from clear. In 2020, in a speech to the UN General Assembly, China's President unexpectedly committed the country to carbon neutrality（碳中和） by 2060. Then in September he announced that the country would not finance new coal projects abroad. But for now, China remains the largest consumer of coal and emitter of carbon dioxide.Greenpeace called the Kunming declaration “a toothless tiger”.
Keeping citizens happy is becoming a powerful incentive（动机） for China. They are complaining about more than polluted water and poisonous air. The global debate about the origins of covid-19 has put a focus on the costs of destroying habitats and trading wildlife. In February 2020 China’s legislature(立法机关) expanded the scope（范围） of its wildlife protection law to ban the consumption of almost all wild animals.
【课标词汇】
approval 赞成；同意；称许
He showed his approval by smiling broadly.他持赞成的态度，这从他开心的微笑就看得出来。
Alan is someone who always needs the approval of other people.艾伦这个人做甚么事都希望得到别人的赞许。
Sign 签（名），署（名）；签署，签字
He signed his name at the end of the letter.他在信的末尾签上了自己的名字。
She said the painting was by Picasso, but it wasn't signed.她说这幅画是毕卡索创作的，但画上没有他的签名。
schedule为…安排时间；安排，排定
The meeting has been scheduled for tomorrow afternoon.会议安排在明天下午。
The train is scheduled to arrive at 8.45, but it's running twenty minutes late.火车预定于8：45到达，但今天会误点20分钟。
Preserve保护，维护；保存；保养
We want to preserve the character of the town while improving the facilities.我们想在改善市镇设施的同时保存其特色。
The agreement preserved our right to limit trade in endangered species.这项协定保留了我们限制濒危物种贸易的权利。
demonstrate展示，演示
He's got a job demonstrating kitchen equipment in a department store.他找到一份在百货店示范厨房设备的工作。
They'll be demonstrating how to handle modern, high performance cars.他们将要演示如何操控现代化的高性能汽车。
appeal吸引力，趣味性
Parties on river-boats have lost their appeal since one sank last year killing thirty-three people.去年一艘游船沉没导致33人丧生，从那时起，河上泛舟游乐会已失去了吸引力。
The programme has a very wide appeal .这个节目广受欢迎。
alert机警的，机敏的，敏捷的
Parents should be alert to sudden changes in children's behaviour.父母应该对孩子行为的突然变化有所警觉。
Taking notes is one of the best ways to stay alert in lectures. 记笔记是听课集中注意力的最佳方法之一。
in dispute 正在受到怀疑的,在争论中;处于争议中
I don't think her ability is in dispute, what I question is her attitude.我相信她的能力没有问题，但我怀疑她的态度。
The facts of the case are still in dispute.这一案子的真相仍在争议中
sacrifice牺牲；献出
Working hard doesn't mean sacrificing your social life.努力工作并不意味着牺牲你的社交活动。
Many women sacrifice interesting careers for their family.许多女性为了家庭牺牲了自己感兴趣的工作。
pursue追求，从事，实行
He decided to pursue a career in television.他决心从事电视广播业。
We need to decide soon what marketing strategy we should pursue for these new products.我们必须尽快决定对这些新产品采取何种行销策略。
Michael Evans is leaving the company to pursue his own business interests.麦克 埃文斯准备离开这家公司，去自己创业。
Poverty贫穷；贫困
Millions of elderly people live in poverty .几百万老年人生活在贫困之中。
There are many areas where the problems of poverty and unemployment still persist. 在很多地方，贫困和失业的问题依然存在。
extinction灭绝；绝种
The extinction of the dinosaurs occurred millions of years ago.恐龙在几百万年前已经绝种
Many species of plants and animals are in danger of/threatened with extinction (= being destroyed so that they no longer exist).多种动植物都面临绝种的危机。
decline减少，降低:
Spending on information technology has declined. 用于信息技术的支出减少了。
Car sales have declined by a quarter.汽车销量下滑了四分之一。
launch启动，推出，发起
The scheme was launched a year ago.这项计划是一年前开始实施的。
The organization has launched a campaign to raise $150,000.
为了筹集 15 万美元，该组织发起了一场募捐活动。
announce（尤指公开地）宣布，宣告，通告
They announced the death of their mother in the local paper.他们在一家当地报纸上刊登了他们母亲去世的讣告。
She announced the winner of the competition to an excited audience.她向激动的观众宣布了比赛的获胜者。
commit承诺，保证；（使）忠于；（使）致力于；投入（时间或金钱）
The government must commit itself to improving health care.政府必须致力改善医疗保健服务。
Both sides committed themselves to settle the dispute peacefully. 双方承诺和平解决争端。
finance向…提供资金
The local authority has refused to finance the scheme.地方政府拒绝为这项计划提供资金。
The concerts are financed by the Arts Council.音乐会由艺术总会出资举办。
debate讨论；争论
They had been debating for several hours without reaching a conclusion.他们已经争论了好几个小时，仍然没有得出一个结论。
He likes to debate issues with his friends.他喜欢跟朋友辩论各种问题。
expand（使）（尺寸、数量或重要性）扩大，增加；（使）膨胀
The air in the balloon expands when heated.气球里的空气受热后膨胀。
A child's vocabulary expands through reading. 孩子的词汇量通过阅读得到扩大。
ban （尤指官方）禁止
The film was banned (= the government prevented it from being shown) in several countries.有几个国家都禁止播放这部电影。
She was banned from driving for two years.她被禁止驾驶两年。
【课标词汇精练】
根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。
The cause of the accident was still.
He himself and so saved his country.
We must encourage the planting of new trees and our existing woodlands.
Instructors should new movements before letting the class try them.
Students shouldtheir own interests , as well as do their school work.
We need an effective strategy to fight .
The film has greatfor young audiences.
Parents must be to the symptoms of the disease.
Some people predict theof family life as we know it today.
The authorities whether to build a new car park.
Sam always tried hard to win his father's.
Julie has up for courses on English and French this year.
Meetings are to take place all over the country
The building project will be by the government.
After the war, the cityin importance.
The police have an investigation into the incident
I would advise people to think very carefully about themselves to working Sundays.
Canada will smoking in all offices later this year.
Sydney's population rapidly in the 1960s.
The Prime Minister has that public spending will be increased next year.
Keys:
in dispute事故的原因仍在争议之中。
sacrificed他牺牲自己，以此拯救了他的祖国。
preserve我们必须鼓励栽种新树木，同时也要保护现有的林地。
demonstrate 在班里的学员尝试新的动作前教练应该进行示范。
pursue除了完成课业之外，学生也应该追求自己的兴趣。
poverty我们需要制定一个有效的对策来与贫困作斗争。
appeal这部电影对年轻观众有很大的吸引力。
alert 家长必须对这种疾病的症状保持警觉。
extinction一些人预言我们现在熟知的家庭生活方式将会消失。
debated 政府有关部门就是否要修建一座新停车场进行了讨论。
approval萨姆总是尽一切努力去赢得父亲的赞赏。
signed 茱莉已报名参加了今年开设的英语和法语课程。
scheduled 会议安排在全国各地举行。
financed 这个建筑项目将由政府出资。
declined战后这座城市的重要性下降了。
launched警方已对该事件展开调查。
committing 我建议大家慎重考虑一下答应周日工作的问题。
ban 加拿大将从今年晚些时候起在办公场所全面禁烟。
expanded 20 世纪 60 年代，悉尼的人口迅速增加。
announced 首相已经宣布明年将增加公共开支。
【译文】
中国对“昆明宣言”的认可度远超过名称本身。10月，100多个国家签署了这一承诺，为联合国十年来最大规模的《联合国气候变化框架公约》第十五次缔约方会议（COP15）定下了基调。(原定于2020年举行，但因新冠肺炎疫情多次推迟。)该会议分两部分举行，首次由中国主办。第二次会议原定于4月举行，但看起来也可能推迟。主办城市是云南省省会，云南是中国需要保护的生物多样性的西南展示省份，其范围跨度从潮湿的丛林到山地冰川。
作为中国展示其绿色领导能力的论坛，COP15具有特殊的吸引力。中国对缓解气候变化的全球规范的重要性保持警惕。即使在其他问题上存在争议，美国和中国在限制排放方面也表现出了合作。昆明大会的主题是其可持续发展的本土理念:“生态文明”。
该词于2018年被写入中国宪法，显示出“生态文明”在指导发展方面的重要性。昆明宣言中充满了北京（中国）所推崇的其他绿化理念，包括“两山论”——即“绿水青山就是金山银山”，也就是说，不能再为了发展牺牲环境。
几十年来，中国一心一意追求经济增长，使数百万人摆脱了贫困。但是污染和过度开发伤害了野生动物、破坏了栖息地。超过五分之一的现存物种面临灭绝。到2000年的50年间，中国有一半以上的红树林消失了。大约90%的草原正处于不同程度的退化或荒漠化，近一半的野生动物数量正在减少，这些动物都因非法野生动物贸易而大量死亡。
然而，尽管城市化带来了破坏，中国仍有很多存活下来的生物需要保护。中国是世界上10%的植物物种，14%的动物物种和20%的鱼类的家园。在第二次会议上，代表们将为2030年制定保护全球动植物生命的目标。成败事关重大。今年10月，中国国家主席习近平正式启动了昆明生物多样性基金，中国已向该基金捐款15亿元(2.3亿美元)。中国国家主席还宣布，5个国家公园正式开放，占地23万平方公里，中国四分之一的陆生野生动物都生活在这些公园中。
然而，中国更宽泛的承诺还远未明确。2020年，中国国家主席习近平在联合国大会上发表演讲，出人意料地承诺到2060年实现碳中和。今年9月，习主席宣布中国将不再投资海外新煤电项目。但就目前而言，中国仍是最大的煤炭消费国和二氧化碳排放国。绿色和平组织称昆明宣言是“一只没有牙齿的老虎”。
让人民幸福正成为中国的一个强大动力。人们抱怨不仅仅是污染的水和有毒空气。全球关于新冠肺炎疫情起源的辩论，人们将焦点放在了破坏栖息地和交易野生动物的代价上。2020年2月，中国立法机关扩大了野生动物保护法的范围，禁止几乎所有野生动物的消费。
【背景知识】
《昆明宣言》是联合国《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会的主要成果。于2021年10月13日，在该次大会第一阶段会议上通过。《宣言》承诺加快并加强制定、更新本国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划；优化和建立有效的保护地体系；积极完善全球环境法律框架；增加为发展中国家提供实施“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”所需的资金、技术和能力建设支持；进一步加强与《联合国气候变化框架公约》等现有多边环境协定的合作与协调行动，以推动陆地、淡水和海洋生物多样性的保护和恢复。《宣言》承诺，确保制定、通过和实施一个有效的“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”，以扭转当前生物多样性丧失，并确保最迟在2030年使生物多样性走上恢复之路，进而全面实现“人与自然和谐共生”的2050年愿景。
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