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(共52张PPT)
Module 5 Great People and Great
Inventions of Ancient China
Period Three Grammar and Writing
Grammar
1. 定义：
在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句，
叫定语从句。又称形容词性从句。
2. 先行词：
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
3. 关系代词\关系副词：
引导定语从句的词。
关系代词
关系副词
who, whom, whose, which, that
when, where, why
在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语
在定语从句中作状语
定语从句 (Attributive Clauses)
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning
of words.
句子主干：
定语从句：
先 行 词：
关系代词：
A dictionary is a book.
which gives the meaning of words
book
which
Attributive Clauses Analysis
4. 分类：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，使先行词区别于同类其他事物；主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开。
非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主句意思完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。
引导词：关系代词和关系副词，作宾语时一些关系代词可以省略。
引导词：as, who, whom, whose, which, of which, when, where等，不用that或why,不能省略。
Today we will focus on defining attributive clauses
(限制性定语从句)：
1. The teacher told me that Tom was the
only person that I could depend on.
2. China is a country which has a long history.
3. In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.
指代内容 所做成分 是否可省略
that
which
who
whom
whose
关系代词的用法
人；物
物
人
人
(人/物)的
主语,宾语
主语,宾语
主语,宾语
宾语
定语
作宾语可省
作宾语可省
作宾语可省
可省
不可省
1. who指人，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人，作宾语 (作宾语可省略，如介词提前则不能省)
The man (whom/who) I talked to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li.
3. whose 在定语从句中作定语，与后面的名词为所属关系。 whose多指人，也可指物，指物时可与 of which互换使用。
1. He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
2. The classroom whose door is broken will soon
be repaired.
=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
3. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow
=Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow
Do you know the girl whose hair is very
short in our class
Do you know the girl in our class
Her hair is very short.
He is the student.
I broke his pencil yesterday.
He is the student whose pencil I broke
yesterday.
We found a house of which the roof had been damaged.
We found a house the roof of which had been damaged.
We found a house whose roof had been damaged.
Read the three sentences. Their meanings are
the same.
4. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。
1. Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
2. He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.
3. This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.
5. that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
1. Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning
2. The person that/whom you introduced to me is
very kind.
3. The season that/which comes after spring is summer.
限制性定语从句中先行词为all, everything,
anything, nothing, none, few, little, some等不定代词
指物时。(something用that或which均可)
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him
in the world.
that和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，
但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用which。
(2) There be 句型中用that。
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
(3) 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。
This is the first book (that) he has read.
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
This is the first time (that) I am in Beijing.
(4) 先行词是who或which引导的主句。
Who is the girl that drove the car
Who that broke the window will be
punished
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper
over there
(5) 当先行词既有人又有物。
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up
the street.
(6) 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the last, just, right等修饰。
I’ve read all the books that are not mine.
This is the very book that belongs to him.
(1) 紧跟介词作宾语
There are many trees under which they can have a rest.
(2) 在非限制性定语从句中（下节课重点介绍）
Football, which is a very popular game, is played all over the world.
The tree, which is 400 years old, is very famous here.
(3) 作定语
He may be late, in which case, we should wait for him.
一般用which而不用that的情况。
指代内容 所做成分 是否可省略
when
where
why
关系副词的用法
不可省略
时间
地点
原因
状语
状语
状语
when 在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词往往是表示时间的名词。相当于介词+which。若定语从句缺主语或宾语，需用which或that引导定语从句。
I’ll never forget the day when I joined the league.
I’ll never forget the time which/that was spent with you.
on which
where在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词往往是表示地点的名词。相当于“介词 + which”。
若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
The library (which/that) you visited yesterday was built in 1990.
in which
where 引导的定语从句也可以修饰case, condition, situation, instance等先行词。
There are cases where this rule does not hold good.
Can you think of a situation where this word can be used
why在定语从句中作原因状语，常位于reason之后，相当于for which。
Do you know the reason why she was late
The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.
the reason why…is that… ……的原因是……
The reason why he resigned was that he quarreled with his boss.
Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.
在the reason why …结构中，why 引导定语从句，它也可以换为for which或者省略。在从句中作原因状语。
如果关系代词指代先行词reason在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等时，则用that或which。
3.the reason is that…结构中，只能用that引导表语从句，不要受汉语的影响，误用because。
1. I shall never forget those years ___ I
lived in the country with the farmers,
____ has a great effect on my life.
A. that; which B. when; which
C. which; that D. when; who
本题的第一个空格处应填入表示时间的关系副词when，在从句中作状语。
B
2. The English play ____ my students acted
at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which
C. in which D. on which
本句属于“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句这一情况。通过拆分我们可以得 My students acted in the English play at the New Year’s party.
C
比较:
1. Is this museum __ you visited a few days ago
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
2. Is this the museum __ the exhibition was held
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
变为肯定句分别为：
1. This museum is __ you visited a few days ago.
2. This is the museum __ the exhibition was held.
D
A
在第1句中，主句中所缺部分为表语，从句中缺少宾语。只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，相当于：the one that/which， 所以应选 D。
在第2句中，主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选 A。
1. After living in Paris for fifty years he
returned to the small town ___ he grew
up as a child.
A. which B. when
C. that D. where
2. The boy ___ composition won the first
prize is the youngest in the group.
A. who B. whose
C. that D. which
3. This is the store ____ we visited the
famous shop assistants.
A. where B. there
C. that D. which
4. The gentleman ___ you told me
yesterday proved to be a thief.
A. who B. about whom
C. whom D. with whom
5. Please take any seat ____ is free.
A. which B. where
C. in which D. that
6. This is the ship ____ we crossed the
Pacific.
A. by which B. by that
C. where D. in which
7. It’s helpful to put children in a situation _____ they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when
C. which D. where
8. The house I grew up _______ has been taken down
and replaced by an officebuilding.
A. in it B. in
C. in that D. in which
9. Gun control is a subject ___ Americans
have argued for a long time.
A. of which B. with which
C. about which D. into which
10. A person ____ e-mail account is full
won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails.
A. who B. whom
C. whose D. whoever
11. I have reached a point in my life ______ I am
supposed to make decisions of my own.
A. which B. where
C. how D. why
12. I refuse to accept the blame for something
_____ was someone else’s fault.
A. who B. that
C. as D. what
13. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely
to be the only planets ___ life has developed gradually.
A. that B. where
C. which D. whose
14. I’ve become good friend with several of the
student in my school ____ I meet in the English
speech contest last year.
A. who B. where C. when D. which
15. That’s the new machine ____ parts
are too small to be seen.
A. that B. which
C. whose D. what
16. Wind power is an ancient source of energy ___ we may return in the near future.
A. on which B. by which
C. to which D. from which
17. A bank is the place ______ they lend you an
umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when
it begins to rain.
A. when B. that C. where D. there
18. The days are gone _______ physical strength
was all you needed to make a living.
A. when B. that
C. where D. which
19. She showed he visitors around the museum, the
construction ____ has taken more than three years.
A. for which B. with which
C. of which D. to which
20. The prize will go to the writer _____story shows
the most imagination.
A. that B. which
C. whose D. what
The person _________________ you should write to
is Mr. Ball.
2. The person to ______ you should write is Mr. Ball.
3. The games __________ he competed in were
swimming and shooting.
4. The games in ______ he competed were swimming
and shooting.
5. Please tell me the reason _____ you missed the plane.
who/that/whom
whom
which/that
which
用适当的关系词填空
why
6. The poor boy _________ lost both his parents last year lives with his grandfather.
7. This is the factory _______________ he worked ten years ago.
8. This is the factory ___________ makes toys.
9. He is the boy ______ family was poor.
10. The pen __________ he is writing now was bought yesterday.
who/that
where/in which
whose
which/that
with which
1. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的。
The boys _____________________ are from Class One.
2. 他有一个朋友的父亲是医生。
He has a friend _____________________.
3. 我仍然记得第一次见到詹妮弗的那一天。
I still remember the day ____________
____________.
whose father is a doctor
汉译英
who are playing football
met Jennifer
when I first
4. 她是那个和我一起去那儿的女孩。
She is the girl _____________________.
5. 这就是那个去年我待的地方。
This is the city _________ I stayed last year.
= This is the city where I stayed last year.
with whom I went there
in which
6. 我永远不会忘记我和你待在一起的日子。
I'll never forget these days _________
______ I stayed with you.
= I'll never forget these days when I
stayed with you.
in/during
which
Writing
Writing -1. Reading
Key to Activity 1
D
C
A
B
Can you find out the structure of this essay
Read the essay and match the paragraphs
with the description.
The structure of the essay
Paragraph 1 : the introduction
--- This gives some general facts about the subject.
Paragraph 2 : give the arguments for the subject.
Paragraph 3: give the arguments against the subject
Paragraph 4: the conclusion
--- This gives the writer’s final opinions.
Writing -2. Reading
How many advantages are described
How many disadvantages are described
What phrase does the writer use to start the last paragraph
3
2
In conclusion
Read the essay again and find the answers to
the following questions.
Writing –3. Discussion
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of television and put the related information into
the two boxes.
advantages of television disadvantages of television
Writing –4. Writing
The advantages and disadvantages of television
Televisions were first used …
Televisions have great advantage…. . …
But televisions also have great advantages … …
In conclusion, I think that television… …
Writing -5. Presentation
Show your essay to the whole class.

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