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主旨大意题解题小攻略
Strategies for Questions of Main Ideas
题型特点
01
PART
主旨大意
考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
1
大意类
2
标题类
3
目的类
主旨大意题包括：
设问方式
02
PART
1. The main idea of the passage is that ________.
2. What is the passage mainly about
3. Which of the following statements can best sum up the passage
4. Which of the following can summarise the main idea of the passage
5. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage
6. The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
7. What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1
大意类设问方式：
1. The best title for the passage might be ________.
2. Which of the following can be the headline for the passage
3. The passage can be entitiled__________.
标题类设问方式：
知识梳理+例题分析
03
PART
1) 主旨大意题
解题方法
主题句定位法
How to find the topic sentences
Features：
1).相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括性；
2).主题句一般结构简单；
3).段落中其他句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展相
互题句所表达的思想的。
Sample 1
Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals.
(1) 主题句在文首
开头主题+论证性细节。
应用文 书信 说明文 科技文献 新闻报道
Sample 2
Some people like reading, and some people like swimming. I have many hobbies, such as reading, skating, and traveling. In fact, different people have different hobbies. My friend Ann studies very hard. So her hobby is reading all kinds of books. Tony loves working with his hands, and his hobby is gardening.
（2）主题句在文中
例子 / 问题（铺垫） --- 主题提出---
进一步解释说明
说明文 科技文献 研究报告
提示词
1) 转折关系的词---- 后
but, yet, however, in fact,actually, indeed,...
2) 总结性，结论性的词 ---- 后
in brief, in short, after all, all in all, to sum up, in conclusion, in a word, so, therefore ...
3) 表研究成果的词---- 内容
show, indicate, suggest, according to...
4）举例子的词---- 前
for example, for instance, take ... as an example, ..
5) 对疑问句的回答很可能就是文章大意。
提示词
1) 主旨大意题 主题句定位法
主题句在文首
主题句在文中
解题方法
Sample 3
When you are poor, you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that can' t be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself. So you should always say you are happy.
（3）主题句在文末
事实依据----层层推理----得出结论(主题)
广告类 哲理性故事
Sample 4
Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer，cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it
（4）主题句在首尾
主题---进一步引申----主题
议论文
1) 主旨大意题 主题句定位法
主题句在文首
主题句在文中
主题句在文末
主题句在首尾
解题方法
(5) 高频词
围绕某个主题展开的---反复出现的中心词，
即高频词，也叫做主题词
Sample 5
Everyone can experience anger sometimes. But not everyone can control it properly. To some people, controlling anger seems like the hardest thing in the world to do.
Control these by talking to yourself in your own mind,when you
experience unwanted feeling. By talking it over in your own head you can
work out how you will best deal with the situation.
Anger control can also be achieved by communicating with others with honesty. You can effectively train yourself to respond to situations without getting annoyed
about things. It is important to remember it is possible for everyone to get angry and therefore, controling it is the real challenge.
1) 主旨大意题 主题句定位法
主题句在文首
主题句在文中
主题句在文末
主题句在首尾
无明显主题句 高频词
解题方法
文章标题的选择或拟定：
第一，要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系；
第二，再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；
第三，要注意题目是过大还是过小；
第四，要避免下列三种错误：一是概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体，从而导致范围太小)；二是过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；三是以事实、细节替代抽象概括的大意。
解题方法
2) 标题式
反向推断法有时候即高效又好用
练习1
In the animal kingdom，weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me，pour cream into my coffee，or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy.
From my wheelchair experience，I see the best in people，but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily...
Last month，when I was driving home on a busy highway，I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual. People behind me began to get impatient I put on the car flashlights and drove on at a really low speed.
No more angry shouts and no more horns!
When I put on my flashlights，...But instead of getting impatient and angry，they waited，knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak.
Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we don't feel that way. But those are few and far between. More often，it would be better if we don't pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.
30．Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A．A Wheelchair Experience
B．Weakness and Kindness
C．Weakness and Strength
D．A Driving Experience
【解析】B由第一段中的But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people可知正确答案为B
主旨推断法
文体推断法
解题方法
3) 目的类
3) 目的类 文体推断法
解题方法
1.记叙文 ---- tell a story or lesson;
entertain readers; share an
experience; show something
2. 说明文 、 新闻 ---- inform; introduce
3. 议论文 ---- argue; persuade;
4. 应用文 ---- provide some information or advice
5. 广告 ---- advertise; attract readers
课堂小结
04
PART
遵循 四字原则:
准
全
新
用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想
要注意文章的内涵和外延, 把作者的观点准确地
表达出来.
要排除掉那些片面的选项, 选取包含文章的主要
内容及作者观点的选项, 范围不宜过大或过小.
所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力, 能激发读
者的阅读兴趣.
精
回顾总结
课堂练习巩固
05
PART
一、段落大意类
1.No one is certain what is causing butterflies in California to disappear, but researchers have pointed several likely factors. They include the general loss of open spaces, which means fewer flowers and leaves for food, as well as changing agricultural practices that have reduced the number of butterfly-friendly plants along the edge of crop fields. The climate change plays a role, which produces higher temperatures that can dry plants out and make them uneatable.
Which can best summarize the main idea of this paragraph
A.Open spaces in California decrease greatly.
B.Changes on agriculture affected butterflies.
C.Lack of food makes butterflies disappear.
D.Climate change drives butterflies away.
2.Thomas’s record-breaking journey began just past midnight on Sunday, September 15, 2019, when she dove into the waters off the shore of Dover, England. Though the swim was initially meant to be about 80 miles, strong currents forced the athlete to change course several times, lengthening the total distance by about 50 miles. By the time she appeared from the water at 6:30 a.m. local time on Tuesday, September 17, 2019, she had been in the water for 54 hours and 13 minutes and swum a total of 133 miles! Even more impressive, Thomas achieved the astonishing feat in a regular swimsuit. Her only aids were swim goggles, one cap, a nose clip, and earplugs.
What does this paragraph mainly focus on
A.The long distance she covered.
B.The ordinary equipment she possessed.
C.The record-breaking time she stayed in water.
D.The impressive determination she displayed.
二、文章大意
1.（2018全国I卷C篇）
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
31. What is the main idea of the text
A. New languages will be created.
B. People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C. Human development results in fewer languages.
D. Geography determines language evolution.
2. Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, "In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit
First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.
Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) : stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well Rude words, name-calling, and accusations only add fuel to the emotional fire. On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.
After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy (策略) for conflict resolution : listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles.
Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start What do I really want What am I afraid of As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.
There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student co-operation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves'. Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.
The article is mainly about ___________.
A.The lives of the children
B. The cause of arguments in schools.
C.How to analyze youth violence
D. How to deal with school conflicts.
3. Leftover Again Hurray
Here is the deal: You’re as hungry as a horse and you want a delicious meal from a fine restaurant, but you’re a little low on funds.
So what do you do If you happen to live in Europe, the answer is as easy as pie: You pull out your smartphone or tablet, and tap Too Good To Go, Europe’s most popular app. Approximately 23,000 restaurants and food sellers post their leftover offerings on the app for half their usual cost.
Why all this incredible generosity Unbelievably, one-third of the world’s food is thrown away, and nearly one billion people don’t have enough to eat. Besides, burning wasted food releases harmful carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, which contributes to climate change. That’s why environment-minded companies around the world are creating apps for phones, tablets, and other smart devices that connect uneaten food with people who want or need it.
After a long day at work, Anne, a 34-year-old student, pulls out her smartphone and chooses a noodle dish －pasta with mushrooms. Then she heads to a restaurant on the banks of the Spree River, where the owner packs her dinner and also offers her a scoop of free ice cream, which is a reward for bringing her own container.
Indeed, there are many programs serving the same mission around the world. In America, people are using an app called Food For All. One hour before a restaurant closes, its staff can post leftover meals to the app for up to 80 percent off menu prices. The app also allows customers to donate leftover meals to others.
In the Netherlands, 77,000 people have downloaded an app called NoFoodWasted. This program allows grocery store workers to share products that are approaching their expiration dates with customers who might need them.
Some countries are taking their commitment to reducing food waste a step further. France and Czech Republic, for example, have laws that prohibit restaurants and grocery stores from throwing away food. Instead, workers are required to donate that food to charity.
So think about if there might be a better use of your uneaten vegetables. The planet will thank you.
What is this passage mainly about
A.Restaurants can post leftover meals on the app Food for All.
B.Apps are designed connecting leftover food with people in need.
C.Stores share food approaching their expiration dates with customer.
D.It’s popular for people to buy food that might otherwise be thrown away.
三、文章标题
A
From now on, never spend your precious time thinking of reasons for your failures and shortcomings. Instead, realize that the seeds of success were planted within you when you were born. Only you have the power to make those seeds grow.
The seeds, and the power to grow them, are contained in the most awesome machine ever created：the human mind. Success is a choice and not a chance. You were born a winner. You were born rich. You can be a success if only you make the right choice.
You cannot be successful without first developing your self-esteem. Your level of self-esteem is always based on the degree of control that you are able to exercise over yourself, and thus over your life. People with low self-esteem are people who do not believe that they have any power, or responsibility for their lives. They are the perennial(长期的) victims and martyrs. They are leaves tossed (摇摆) by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather.
You can exercise control over your life only to the degree that you believe that you are responsible for everything that happens in your life. Failures think that everything happens by accident and chance. Successful people realize that they are responsible.
Everything happens as a result of something. If we can identify the cause, we can control the effect. We are responsible for what we choose to think and believe. One generally rises to the level that one expects. We are responsible for setting our expectations. Our success is dependent upon our level of confidence.
If you associate with positive-thinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success. On the contrary, the opposite happens. We are responsible for finding, planting, and nurturing the seeds that contain future victory, born from setbacks.
In short, in all areas of your life, whether they be financial, physical, emotional, or spiritual, you are responsible. Once you recognize this, accept it, and firmly believe it, you are on the road to success.
What is the best title for the text
A.Success is a choice. B. The secrets of success
C.Develop our confidence D. How to achieve success.
B
My wife and I were at a crowded grocery store not long ago. It was a weekday evening, cold and wet and tense. People were carelessly blocking aisles, complaining and cutting one another off with their carts. At one point, two women quarreled for several minutes after colliding in the freezer section.
Things got worse at the checkout line. The cashier scanned a man’s discount card, but he misread the savings on her screen as an additional charge. He decided she was acting intentionally and began to argue.
Other customers looked away as the cashier tried to reason with him. She called a manager, who took him to customer service. Shaken, she moved to the next customer in line.
We’ve all witnessed uncomfortable scenes like this in public places. My reaction when I see them is both personal and professional. I am a data analyst and sociologist who studies how and why people interact with one another--or why they choose not to. To
me, the grocery scene was another example of how our trust in others has faded. But it was also a teachable moment on how we can rebuild our faith — starting with just one person.
Therefore, my wife and I reached the disturbed cashier. I grabbed a bottle of water from a nearby cooler and handed it to her. We learned her name was Beth.
“We felt bad about how that man treated you and wanted to buy this for you.” I said.
Beth’s face lit up, and we talked as she scanned our items. She told us she had been working that evening through severe foot pain and would be having surgery later that week. We wished her well in her recovery, and she thanked us as we left.
That is the balancing act, the moment of responding social and emotional pain with healing, that will add up to restore trust across the United States. You can start that pattern in someone else’s life, even in a place as ordinary as the neighborhood grocery store.
Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. A Miserable Cashier. B. A Helping Hand.
C. Learning to Trust Again. D. Starting a new life.
C
Henry Stanley is perhaps best known for his expedition into Africa to find Dr. David Livingstone, but that’s not the only rescue mission he undertook. In December 1886, Stanley set off into Africa on what would be his last journey: an attempt to find and bring home a German zoologist named Eduard Schnitzer.
Schnitzer had taken the name “Emin Pasha,” in an attempt to be better received by those he was living among. Pasha was cataloging a host of recently-discovered plant and animal lifeforms when fighting broke out in the Sudan. Pasha withdrew to Equatoria, at about the same time the Emin Pasha Relief Committee was formed. In addition to the chief goal of bringing Pasha home, Stanley was also under orders from the King of Belgium to open up some new trade routes in the area.
The roundabout route the Committee ended up taking meant that by the time they finally found Pasha many members of the expedition were dead. Those that did survive were worn, ill, and starving by the time they found Pasha who, in comparison, was well-dressed, clean, and—by some accounts—smoking a three-year-old cigar when they finally found him. He was in need of some support and supplies, but he had neither intent nor desire to leave the area. Arguments arose, causing a firm hatred between Stanley and Pasha.
Stanley finally convinced Pasha to leave with the remains of the expedition, setting off on a demanding trip back through Africa. They finally met up with some German explorers, and made it back to the port town of Bagamoyo in 1889.
During the party they threw to celebrate their return to civilization, Pasha fell off a balcony and broke his skull. Stanley returned to Europe to receive commendations and congratulations, while Pasha slowly recovered from his unwanted rescue.
What may be the title of this passage
A. Happiness was balanced by sadness
B. Stanley’s best known expedition
C. A “successful” rescue mission
D. A legend of Emin Pasha
D
Driving home from work one evening in the heavy rain, I found a very wet, injured cat on the side of the road. He looked up at me, meowing pitifully. A car must have hit it so it wasn’t able to move. I stopped my car and carried the cat in and went on driving.
At the nearest vet clinic, the vet gently examined it. “He’s about eight months old and has two broken legs, but I would need X-rays to know how serious the damage is,” he told me. “As he’s not your cat, I don’t know if you want to go ahead with this. It could be rather expensive.”
I knew it would cost me hundreds of dollars, but I agreed with his advice. The following morning the vet rang to say the X-rays confirmed two bad breaks in his legs. “I’ll operate on his legs and put metal pins in them to keep them fixed.” he told me.
That afternoon I went to pick up my little friend. There I could hardly recognize him. His previously dirty fur was now a beautiful silver grey. His front legs were in two casts and he lay there looking at me, purring(发咕噜声) happily.
I thanked the doctor and went out to pay the bill. “I think you’ve given me the wrong account,” I said to the clerk.
“This is only $85. He’s had X-rays and an operation on his legs.” “No, that’s right,” she replied. “The vet has only charged you for the medication. There’s a message on the bottom.”
Written under the total were the words “SPECIAL RATE FOR ADOPTIONS.” I was speechless at his kind and generous gesture. I paid the account and under his message I wrote “WITH GRATEFUL THANKS, CAT AND MUM.”
Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A.The adventure of a cat
B.An impressive vet
C.An unforgettable night
D.Love in relays
2020高考真题试手
（题目附在学案中）
06
Homework
PART

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