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China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way through into modern times, despite the many ups and downs in its history. There are many reasons why this has been possible, but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.
尽管历史跌宕起伏，中国因其古老文明一直延续至今而闻名于世。其存续的原因有很多，但主要因素之一是汉字的书写体系。
be known as 作为…而为人所知
be known for 因…而为人所知
continue all the way through into 一直延续到
despite＋Ving/N/what 从句/the fact that..= in spite of
ups and downs 浮沉，兴衰
which引导的限制性定语从句
reason(s) why …的原因、
one of 加可数名词的复数，….之一
主要因素: main factor(s)
At the beginning, written Chinese was a picture-based language. It dates back several thousand years to the use of longgu—animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people. Some of the ancient symbols can still be seen in today’s hanzi.
起初，汉语是一种基于图形的语言。它可以追溯到数千年前使用龙骨的时期——古代中国人在这些骨头和壳上面刻画简单的符号。这些符号在今天的汉字中仍然可以看到。
at the beginning 起初；一开始
written adj. 书面的,成文的,文字的
spoken adj. 口语的，口头
picture-based
构词法：名词＋动词过去分词
hand-made 手工制作的
man-made 人造的
heart-broken 令人心碎的
date back to=date from 追溯到（一般不用于现在进行时）
the old building ____________ the Tang Dynasty is in good condition.
追溯到唐朝的古老建筑保存得很好
定语从句
被动语态结构： be + 动词过去分词
他正在被打 He _______(beat)
By the Shang Dynasty (around 1600-1046 BCE), these symbols had become a well-developed writing system. Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time when people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialects and characters. This, however, changed under Emperor Qinshihuang of the Qin Dynasty (221-207BCE).
到商朝（约公元前1600年~前1046年右）时，这些符号已经演变成一套完善的书写体系。在随后的年代里，这一体系发展成了不同的形式，这是由于当时中国人居住地域的分隔，从而导致不同的方言和汉字变体的产生。然而，这在秦朝（公元前221-前207年）秦始皇统治时期发生了变化。
by +过去的时间作时间状语，句子用过去完成时，到…为止
朝代前面要有定冠词
明朝the Ming Dynasty.
well-developed
构词法：形容词+Ving/Vpp
good-looking好看的
well-meaning善意的
well-dressed衣冠楚楚的
newly-built新建的
as引导原因状语从句
it is/was a time when… 这/那是一个…的时期
there was a time when… 曾经有段时间…
那是这个女孩总是迟到的一段时间
It was a time when that girl was always late for school
有段时间这个女孩老是迟到
There was a time when the girl was always late for school.
lead to 引起，导致
非谓语
1、You don’t have to run fast or for long______ (see) the benefit.
2、The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _____ (allow) patients to be treated.
3、If ___ (accept) for the job, you’ll be informed soon.
various复习
Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction. That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture. Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate in writing.
秦始皇统一七个诸侯国后，在这个统一的国家里，汉字书写体系开始朝着一个方向发展。这一书写体系对于团结中国人民和中国文化具有重要意义。即使在今天，不管住在哪里，也不管说何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。
major 复习
定语从句
in one direction 朝着一个方向
be of +抽象名词=该名词的同根形容词
be of value/importance/use/help=valuable/important/useful/helpful
eg这张地图很有用
no matter where相关用法见《新学案》
Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China’s present is connected with its past. People in modem times can read the classic works which were written by Chinese in ancient times. The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form, known as Chinese calligraphy, which has become an important part of Chinese culture.
汉语也成为连接中国现在与过去的一个重要媒介。现代中国人可以阅读古代中国人撰写的经典作品。中国人对其书写体系推崇备至，这体现在汉字发展为一种艺术形式——书法。书法已经成为中国文化的重要组成部分。
means 复习
be connected with 与..有关=
regard 复习
非限制性定语从句（不能用that引导）
非谓语
Today, the Chinese writing system is still an important part of Chinese culture. As China plays a greater role in global affairs, an increasing number of international students are beginning to appreciate China’s culture and history through this amazing language.
如今，汉字书写体系仍然是中国文化的重要组成部分。随着中国在全球事务中扮演着越来越重要的角色，越来越多的国际学生开始通过汉字这一奇妙的语言了解和欣赏中国的文化和历史。
play a(n)+形容词+role in 在…中扮演…的角色
global affairs全球事务
an increasing number of…越来越多的…
Wang Le:Hey, everybody, what are your biggest problems with learning English
王乐：嘿，各位，请问你们在学习英语时遇到的最大问题是什么？
be wrong with
你怎么了？
Liu Wen: Hi! I’ve been studying English since primary school. I used to get high marks in English, but now I’m having a lot of trouble with my listening. When I listen to native English speakers talking in a video, I can catch only a few words. I can never quite get the main idea. Any advice
刘文：你好！我从小学就开始一直学习英语。我以前英语成绩挺好的，但现在我的听力有很大的麻烦。我在视频中听以英语为母语的人说话时，只能听明白几个单词。我从来就没能完全搞懂过大意。有什么建议吗？
since+时间点，自从…（完成时）
for+时间段，持续…（完成时）
used to do 过去常常做某事
be/get used to doing 习惯做某事
be used to 被用来做某事
get high marks
have trouble/difficulty with sth
have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth
catch 明白，听懂
get 理解
put 表达
省略句
Jia Xin: Listening to English radio programmes helps me get used to how fast native speakers talk. I also repeat what I hear to help myself to experience the feeling of the language. Sometimes I even record my voice so I can listen to myself and compare my pronunciation with the radio host’s! My biggest headache is how to be polite in English. It’s so much easier to just say “Open the window!”, but in English that can sound really terrible. I have to think about who I’m talking to and then decide whether to say, “Open the window, please!” or “Could you open the window, please ” or even longer “Would you mind opening the window, please ”
佳欣：听英语广播节目有助于我习惯母语人士的说速。我还会复述我所听到的，以此来培养语感。有时我甚至还给自己录音，这样一来，我可以听自己的发音，并把我的发音与广播主持人进行比较！我最头疼的问题是如何得体地使用英语。说“打开窗户！”很容易，但在英语里，这样说听起来真的太糟糕了。我必须考虑到我在跟谁说话，然后再决定是说“请打开窗户！”还是“请你打开窗户，好吗？”或者说句更长的“请问，您介意打开窗户吗？ ”
宾语从句：语序为陈述句
record sth，记录，录音
compare复习
headache抽象名词具体化
how to do sth …的方式
系动词：主动表被动
think about 考虑
Li Rui: Yeah, that’s really hard! I think it all depends on who you’re talking to. If I’m talking to a close friend, I can use short requests, like “Open the window”—our relationship is close and we’re equals, so I only need a few words to bridge the gap between us. But if I’m talking to someone who isn’t very close to me, I must make my request longer—and I must make it a question, not a demand, e.g., “Could you open the window, please ” If I’m talking to someone senior to me, then I should say, “Would you mind opening the window, please ” For me, vocabulary is my biggest problem—there are just SO MANY new words!I can’t keep all the new vocabulary straight in my head, and I certainly can’t remember how to use them all properly. HELP!
李瑞：是的，这真的很难！我认为这完全取决于你在跟谁说话。如果我是跟一位好朋友说话，我可以用简短的请求，比如“打开窗户” ，这是因为我们的关系亲密，彼此平等，所以我只需要几个字就能让对方明白我的意思。但是，如果我是跟一个与我不太亲近的人说话，那么我得把我的请求说得长一些—— 我得把它变成一个疑问句，而不是一个要求，例如，“麻烦你打开窗户，好吗？”如果我跟一个比我年长的人说话，那么我得说：“请问，您是否介意打开窗户呢？”对我而言，词汇是最大的问题——生词实在太多了！我不无法在脑子里记住所有的生词，当然也就记不住如何恰当地使用这些词汇。帮帮我吧！
depend on 取决于
close v 关闭，靠近；adj.亲密的
closed Vpp关闭; adj.关着的
be close to 靠近…；与某人亲近
open v打开；adj 开着的
equal复习
bridge the gap 消除差距
demand复习
be senior to 比…年长
keep sth in mind/head记住…

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