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专题一: 名词、冠词、代词
基础知识过关
一、名词
1. 名词的复数
(1)可数名词变复数的规则变化。
构成方式 例　词
一般情况在词尾加-s map—maps 地图; book—books 书; girl—girls 女孩
以-s, -x, -ch, -sh等结尾的名词通常后加-es class—classes 班级; box—boxes 盒子; watch—watches 手表
以-f或-fe结尾的名词 变f或fe为v再加-es leaf—leaves 树叶; knife—knives 刀; wife—wives 妻子
直接加-s belief—beliefs 信念; chief—chiefs首领; roof—roofs 屋顶
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词, 变y为i再加-es party—parties 聚会; family—families 家庭; story—stories 故事
以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词加-s toy—toys 玩具; boy—boys男孩; day—days天; ray—rays射线
以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词 有生命的一般加-es hero—heroes 英雄; potato—potatoes 土豆; tomato→tomatoes西红柿
无生命的一般加-s piano—pianos 钢琴; photo—photos 照片; kilo—kilos 千克
两者皆可 zero—zeroes/zeros 零; volcano—volcanoes/volcanos 火山
(2)可数名词变复数的不规则变化。
改变名词中的元音字母 foot—feet脚; man—men男人; tooth—teeth 牙齿; goose—geese鹅
词尾加-en或-ren ox—oxen公牛; child—children孩子
单复数形式相同 sheep羊; deer鹿; fish鱼
2. 名词所有格
　　名词所有格表示名词之间的所有或所属关系。有三种不同的形式: 一种是 -’s所有格, 一种是of所有格, 一种是双重所有格。
如: students’ textbooks 学生们的课本; children’s game 孩子们的游戏; the title of the article文章的标题; the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字; a picture of my mother’s我母亲的一张照片。
二、冠词
　　冠词是放在名词前面, 用来帮助说明名词所指的人或事物的一种虚词。它不能离开名词而独立存在。冠词分为不定冠词(a, an), 定冠词(the)和零冠词(不用冠词)三种。
1. 不定冠词的用法
(1)表示泛指。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词。
At that time, I was working in a factory.
那时我在一家工厂工作。
(2)表示量指。表示“一”这个数量, 但数的概念没有one强烈。
The Chinese Dream is a dream to improve people’s well-being.
“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦。
(3)注意以下固定搭配中的不定冠词: all of a sudden突然地; as a matter of fact事实上; at a loss不知所措, 困惑; pay a visit to参观, 拜访; be/go on a diet节食; give sb. a lift让某人搭便车; have a gift for在……方面有天赋; have a word with与……谈话; make a fool of 愚弄; in a hurry匆忙地; in a way在某种程度上; keep an eye on 留意, 留神; make a living谋生; once in a while偶尔; as a result/consequence 因此, 结果。
2. 定冠词的用法
(1)表示特指的人或物; 表示双方都知道的或心中明白的人或物; 指上文已经提到的人或物。
Take your time—it’s just a short distance from here to the restaurant.
不要着急, 从这里到那家餐馆只有很短的一段距离。
(2)用在表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前。
The earth goes around the sun.
地球围绕太阳转。
(3)用于序数词、形容词的最高级前。
Wu Dajing became the first Chinese sportsman to win an Olympic short track gold medal.
武大靖成了中国第一位获得奥运会短道速滑金牌的运动员。
As is known to all, the People’s Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.
众所周知, 中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。
(4)用在乐器名词前。
She has played the piano since the age of six.
她从六岁起就开始弹钢琴了。
(5)注意以下固定搭配中的定冠词: at the moment此刻, 目前; by the way顺便说一下; in the way 阻碍, 挡路; go to the cinema/theater去看电影/戏剧; in the distance在远处; in the habit of有……的习惯; make the most/best of 充分利用; not in the least 一点也不; on the contrary与此相反; on the other hand另一方面; the other day 几天之前; to tell (you) the truth(跟你)说实话; to the point中肯, 切题; take the place of 代替; for the time being 暂时
3. 零冠词的用法
(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名、头衔、职务等名词前, 一般不加冠词。
Trump was elected president of the US. 特朗普被选为美国总统。
(2)季节、月份、星期、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。
(2017·山东12月学业水平真题)The best time to visit Budapest is summer.
去布达佩斯参观的最佳时间是夏季。
(3)在学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。
He is fond of playing chess. 他喜欢下国际象棋。
Of all the subjects, I like history best because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past.
在所有科目中, 我最喜欢历史, 因为我们可以从中了解许多过去的有益的知识。
(4)注意以下固定搭配中不使用任何冠词: at dawn/dusk/night/noon在黎明/黄昏/夜晚/中午; on/catch fire着火; by mistake错误地; by chance/accident碰巧; in history在历史上; under repair在维修中; hand in hand 手拉手; do harm to对……有害; on purpose故意地; in place在正确的位置; in danger处于危险中; make room for为……让出空间; in return作为回报; at present 目前; ahead of time 提前; in advance 提前; lose heart 灰心; out of control失控
三、代词
1. 人称代词
　　人称代词有主格和宾格之分; 主格在句子中作主语, 宾格作宾语或表语, 分类如下:
主格: I, we, you, he, she, it, they。
宾格: me, us, you, him, her, it, them。
2. 物主代词
　　物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词在句中作定语, 而名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语, 也可与of连用作后置定语。常见物主代词:
形容词性物主代词: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their。
名词性物主代词: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs。
3. 反身代词
　　反身代词除第三人称是人称代词宾格加-self或-selves构成的以外, 其余各人称都是形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成。反身代词在句中可作宾语、表语、同位语等。常见反身代词:
myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves。
特别注意含有反身代词的习惯用语: by oneself单独地, 独自地; for oneself亲自; devote oneself to 致力于; enjoy oneself 过得愉快; help oneself to 随便吃, 随便用; make yourself at home 别拘束; seat oneself 坐下; behave oneself 举止得体; come to oneself恢复知觉, 苏醒过来; express oneself 表达某人的思想; say to oneself心里想; talk to oneself自言自语。
4. 不定代词
(1)常见不定代词。
①肯定性both, all, many, much, one, other, each, another, either, a few, a little, some, any, every
②否定性 no, neither, none, nobody, nothing, few, little
(2)复合不定代词是由“some, any, no或every后加thing, one或body”构成的代词。
someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, nothing
She’d lived in London and Manchester, but she liked neither and moved to Cambridge. 她曾在伦敦和曼彻斯特住过, 但是两地她都不喜欢, 因此她搬到了剑桥。
5. 指示代词
　　指示代词包括this, that, these, those等, 它们在句中既可用作代词, 也可用作限定词。this, that指代单数名词, these, those指代复数名词。
6. 疑问代词
　　用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。疑问代词主要有who(谁), whom(谁), which(哪一个/哪一些), what(什么)和whose(谁的), 用来构成特殊疑问句, 一般放在疑问句的句首。
7. it的用法
(1)用作人称代词, 代替前文提到过的事物、想法等。
The train has arrived. It arrived half an hour ago.
火车已经到站了。它在半个小时前到达的。
(2)起指示代词的作用, 指一个人或事物。
—Who is knocking at the door
—It’s me.
——谁在敲门
——是我。
(3)指天气、温度、时间、地点、环境、距离等。
It often rains in summer here. 这里的夏天经常下雨。
(4)作形式主语或形式宾语
It’s necessary to learn English well. 学好英语是必要的。
(5)用于强调结构。
强调句型: It is/was +被强调部分+that (who)+其他
It was last night that I saw the comet.
昨天晚上我看到了彗星。
(6)含有it的常考短语或句型:
It depends. 视情况而定; Take it easy. 别着急; believe it or not信不信由你; make it获得成功, 准时到达; take it for granted that. . . 认为……是理所当然的; When it comes to. . . 当涉及/谈到……。
通关训练
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. There are two __________(type) of dances that tell about food.
2. At __________same time, they insist that the government should play an important role.
3. Some __________(owner) of factories are damaging the environment.
4. When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was __________joke.
5. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over __________past 25 years.
6. Coca-Cola was __________first company to have commercial ads on Chinese TV.
7. As time goes by, many Chinese pop __________( star) have been appearing in Coke’s ads.
8. Thanks to __________(they) help the sale of the product becomes better than ever.
9. When the blood was gone and I saw my dear pet dogs, I was just glad to find __________(they) alive.
10. On my recent visit to the zoo, I met a lively three-month-old tiger that had been rejected by __________(it) mother.
Ⅱ. 语法小语段
(1)
　　Stephen Hawking, who was born in England in 1942, died at 1. __________ age of 76. He was one of the greatest 2. __________(scientist) on space and time in the world. Hawking spent 3. __________ (he) whole life studying how
4. __________ universe started and how it will end.
(2)
　　Danny has 1. __________ hobby—playing 2. __________(game) online. He is interested in solving puzzles. He particularly enjoys 3. __________(chat) to other gamers. Now Danny is sitting quietly in front of his computer by 4. __________(he). His mother thinks he is doing his homework, but she is wrong. Danny is actually surfing the Internet, 5. __________ solving puzzles.
(3)
　　A famous research hospital in New York has offered Donna Reid 1. __________ job with good pay. And her boyfriend, Tony, has a clinic in 2. __________(they) home town and hopes she can work with him. At 3. __________ same time, a small hospital, Backwoods Hospital, in a very poor area has also provided a job
4. __________ Donna. Now it is time for her 5. __________(decide) where to work.
(4)
　　1. __________ most exciting part of the busy school life came in September. As young students in heritage protection(遗产保护), we felt honored to meet the
2. __________ (world) leading groups of 3. __________ (researcher) and professionals in heritage studies. We were deeply impressed by 4. __________ (them) skills. China is also proud of what is known as cultural confidence nowadays, and we are proud of our 5. __________ (effort) to protect the local heritage.
参考答案
Ⅰ. 1. types　2. the　3. owners　4. a
5. the　6. the　7. stars　8. their
9. them　10. its
Ⅱ.
(1)
1. the　2. scientists　3. his　4. the
(2)
1. a　2. games　3. chatting　4. himself　5. and
(3)
1. a　2. their　3. the　4. for　5. to decide
(4)
1. The　2. world’s　3. researchers
4. their　5. efforts
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