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Vaccines(疫苗) are required for entry into school in most places in the United States,the government does allow for exceptions, like religious reasons.
In the last few years,the rates of vaccine-preventable illness have been on the rise. In most cases, these outbreaks began with children who were unvaccinated. To deal with this threat,some schools in New York have been refusing to allow unvaccinated children to attend school.Several parents thought this was unfair and charged. Just recently, though, a court ruled in favor of the city schools.
The court made the right decision.Vaccine policy depends not only on the added protection that vaccines provide for those who get shots,but also on the decreased probability that anyone will come into contact with the disease. This is known as community immunity(免疫力).It refers to the fact that when enough people are immunized,then there really can’t be an outbreak.And if there can’t be an outbreak,then everyone is protected.
This is important because there are people who cannot be given immunizations for various reasons.For example,small babies can’t be given all vaccines.In 1995,the chickenpox(水痘)vaccine was introduced in the United States.Over time,more and more children received it. In 2011.a study looked at how the program affected the number of children who died from the disease.
The first thing noted in the paper was that death from chickenpox went down considerably after the vaccine was introduced.From 2001 through 2007,the rates of death remained much lower.with just a few children dying from chickenpox nationally each year.
What’s more,from 2004 through 2007,not one child less than 1 year of age died in the United States from chickenpox,This is important because we cannot give the chickenpox vaccine to babies.In other words,all those babies were saved not because we vaccinated them against this illness,but because older children were vaccinated. Therefore,people who refuse to vaccinate their children aren’t just putting themselves at risk-they’re putting everyone else in danger,too.
1．Whose benefit did the judges take into consideration
A．School leaders’.
B．Students’.
C．Several parents’.
D．Unvaccinated kids’.
2．What is needed to prevent disease outbreaks through community immunity
A．Requiring everyone to be immunized.
B．Vaccinating babies as early as possible.
C．Making sure enough people are vaccinate.
D．Separating unvaccinated people from the vaccinated.
3．What does the study in 2011 about the chickenpox vaccine show
A．The vaccine is safe for every kid.
B．No deaths have been found since 2004.
C．The vaccine has decreased the death rate.
D．The vaccine is even more effective for babies.
4．Which of the following does the author agree with
A．No vaccine,no risk.
B．No vaccine.no school.
C．Vaccination is a personal choice.
D．Vaccine-preventable illness is dropping.
The world’s elderly population is increasing. The number of older people — those age 60 years or older — is expected to double by 2050 and is growing faster than all younger age groups across the globe. That comes with an increasing need for caregivers which can provide 24-hour care, not only at hospitals or nursing homes, but also at private homes.
Already, caregiving robots are programmed to ask questions a nurse would ask and can keep an eye on patients for falls These robotic assistants are expected to become increasingly marketable and reach 450,000 by 2045 because of the expected caregiver shortage in the USA．
“Unluckily, the hard structure of present caregiving robots prevents them from a safe human-robot interaction (互动), limiting their assistance to only social interaction and not Physical interaction,” said Ramses Martinez,an assistant professor in Purdue’s College of Engineering. “After all,would you leave babies or old people in the hands of a robot ”
Recent advances in material science have enabled the production of soft robots with deformable (可变形的) bodies or the ability to reshape when touched, but today the complex (复杂的) design prevents the use of this technology at home.
However, Martinez and other researchers have developed a new design method which shows promise in enabling the production of soft robots using a 3D printer.
The design process has three steps. First, a user makes a computer-aided design file (文件) with the shape of the robot. The user then paints the file to show which directions the different joints of the soft robot will move. It takes the computer a few seconds to change the computer-aided model into a 3-D soft machine that can be printed using any 3-D printer.
“The soft machines move like humans. Their ability to change their body structure and movement to adapt (适应) to a wide variety of environments will improve caregiving greatly.” says Martinez.
The researchers are looking for partners to test and bring their technology to market.
5．What does the underlined word “That” in Paragraph 1 refer to
A．The younger age group.
B．The group of older people.
C．The population across the globe.
D．The growth of the elderly population.
6．What is the disadvantage of the present caregiving robots
A．They can’t provide safe physical interaction.
B．They can’t communicate with patients.
C．They can’t watch patients for falls.
D．They can’t provide 24-hour care.
7．What do we know about Martinez’s new design method
A．It requires a special kind of 3D printer.
B．It makes the production of soft robots simpler.
C．It has been put onto the market.
D．It is hard for users to master.
8．What is the text mainly about
A．The robot industry in the future.
B．Effects of population ageing.
C．Robots for the elderly created with 3D printers.
D．The development of caregiving robots.
In 2018, the state of California was on fire. Alexandria Villasenor, who was 13 at the time, witnessed the destruction of Northern California’s Camp Fire, which would go on to burn more than 150,000 acres of land. Villasenor was scared. “That’s when I found out how important climate education was,” she reflected. “And just how much we lacked climate education these past couple of years.”
Villasenor, now 15, is determined to have a bigger conversation. She quickly realized the fight requires international, government-level changes. For her, what started as local concern turned into a year-long protest (抗议) in front of the United Nations’ New York City headquarters and a global campaign for more compulsory climate education. She sat on a bench in front of the headquarters, pleading for the world’s leaders to take climate change seriously.
Her action received national attention, with millions of other students around the world joining in the movement. “It’s completely unacceptable to not learn anything about our planet and our environment in school, after all the young people would ‘inherit’ the Earth.” Villasenor said, “That’s why I think that climate education is so important, and that’s why I concentrate on it now.”
Right now, Villasenor is working with the Biden-Harris administration on its climate plan, which has promised to center the needs of young people and communities most impacted by climate change. She even spoke at the 2020 Democratic National Convention. “That was definitely a huge moment when I realized that people were listening to the voices of me and youth climate activists,” Villasenor said.
When she isn’t connecting with her fellow youth activists or holding elected officials accountable to the climate concerns of their young voters, Villasenor is like most other teens. “My favorite thing to do, of course, is sleep.” she said. “I like to read a lot. I like fantasy books, normally. I also like to write.”
9．What made Villasenor realize the lack of climate education
A．The current education system of California. B．The vast land of California.
C．The severe Camp fire in California. D．The fire disasters in America.
10．What can we infer from the passage
A．Villasenor thinks local people have taken climate change seriously.
B．Young people should do more things for the earth so as to inherit it.
C．The protest aimed to fight against government’s administration.
D．Villasenor turned her original appeal into a lasting and widespread one.
11．Which of the following gives Villasenor a sense of achievement
A．More schools have set up climate courses.
B．She can sleep and read in her spare time.
C．She’s working with the Biden-Harris administration on its climate plan.
D．Villasenor and other youth climate activists’ opinions caught people’s attention.
12．What is this passage mainly about
A．A young girl receives climate education.
B．The 15-year-old activist fights for better climate education.
C．Young activists make their voices heard.
D．Climate education plays an importance role in life.
There will be days when you do not have much to do. Perhaps because you are waiting for someone else in a different department or a different company to respond to a request. As the clock ticks past 5 pm, there may be no purpose in staying at your desk. But you can see your boss hard at work and, more importantly, they can see you. So you make an effort to look busy.
Some of this may be a self-perpetuating (自我延续的) cycle. If bosses do not like to go home before their workers, and workers fear leaving before their bosses, everyone is trapped. Staff may feel that they will not get a pay rise, or a promotion, if they are not seen to be putting in maximum effort. Managers, who are often no good at judging employees’ performance, use time in the office as an alternative.
The consequence is often wasted effort. Rather than work hard, you work hard to make bosses think that you are. Leaving a jacket on your office chair, walking around purposefully with a notebook and sending out emails at odd hours are three of the best-known tricks. After a while this can result in collective self-cheat that this pretence (假装) is actual work.
But presenteeism (全勤主义) has more serious consequences. As well as reducing productivity, this can increase medical expenses for the employer. According to a study, these costs can be six times higher for employers than the costs of absenteeism among workers. For example, a research found that Japanese employees with lower-back pain were three times more likely to turn up for work than in Britain. As a result, those workers were more likely to experience greater pain and to suffer from depression. What could be more upset than being in pain while feeling trapped at work
None of this is to say that employers haven’t the right to expect workers to be in the office for an acceptable proportion of time. Unavoidably there will be a need for some (preferably short) meetings. Dealing with colleagues face-to-face creates a feeling of trust and friendship, allows for a useful exchange of ideas and enables workers to have a better sense of their needs.
But modern machinery like smartphones and laptops is portable. It can be used as easily at home as in the office. Turing an office into a prison, with prisoners allowed home for the evenings, does nothing for the creativity that is increasingly demanded of office workers as routine tasks are automated. To be productive you need presence of mind, not being present in the flesh.
13．Why do employees still stay at their desk after work according to the passage
A．To put extra efforts into their work. B．To get more overtime allowance.
C．To give their bosses a good impression. D．To keep their bosses company.
14．Which of the following is the consequence of presenteeism
A．Employers will pay workers higher wages.
B．Workers will suffer physically and mentally.
C．Workers will perform their job more efficiently.
D．The effort put in by workers will finally pay off.
15．Why is working in the office for some time necessary
A．It brings bosses more profits. B．It helps build better social bonds.
C．It makes the exchange of ideas formal. D．It satisfies workers’ material needs.
16．What would the author probably agree with
A．Presenteeism can’t help develop creativity.
B．Absence from work reduces productivity.
C．Presence at work will be more joyful.
D．Technology makes company management easier.
As people are becoming more socially conscious about where their food comes from and how it impacts the planet, they are choosing animal-free plant-based options. Cow-free meat has been around for quite some time and the popularity of brands Beyond Meat and the cultivated (培育的) meat from Aleph Farms and others are soaring. While there are a large number of plantbased milk substitutes (替代品), none of them have the same taste of cow’s milk. Now, an Israeli food-tech startup Remilk created real dairy products without harming a single cow or the planet.
The company stresses that their product Remilk is not a milk substitute but rather is the real deal. And the end product is very healthy. The company also says that the lab-produced milk tastes identical to the real thing and they hope to eventually replace cows by creating every dairy product sold. They expect to roll out plant-based cheese and yogurt in addition to milk. “Remilk was founded with the mission to stop using animals to produce our food because, as dairy lovers, we realize that giving up on milk is not an option,” said Aviv Wolff, CEO of Remilk. “But today’s milk comes with an unreasonable price tag. The dairy industry is destructive to our planet, our health, and our animals, and is simply not sustainable anymore.”
The environmental price tag of dairy farming is way too high. According to the World Wildlife Fund, dairy cows add a huge amount of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and contribute to global warming and climate change as well as foul the air around them. Dairy operations consume large amounts of water and run-off of manure (粪肥) and fertilizers from these farms get into local waterways. The production of Remilk uses only 5 percent of the resources and produces only 1 percent of the waste of producing cow’s milk according to the company. And they accomplish this by being 100 percent cruelty-free unlike dairy farms.
17．What does the underlined word “soaring” in Para. 1 mean
A．Declining. B．Recovering. C．Increasing. D．Disappearing.
18．What is Wolff’s attitude to Remilk
A．Opposed. B．Unconcerned. C．Favorable. D．Doubtful.
19．How does the writer explain the advantage of Remilk in the last paragraph
A．By giving examples. B．By making comparison.
C．By giving a definition. D．By presenting the process.
20．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Making Milk without Cows B．Healthier Milk, Rising Popularity
C．Saving Endangered Animals D．Fresher Milk, Better Taste
Cheap Travel
You can pay a fortune to travel around the world. Or you can pay nothing at all. Here are some places you’ll never regret visiting. They won’t cost you a dime.
The British Museum, London (U.K.) You need to go here to see the Egyptian mummies, the ancient Greek marbles and so many other treasures. It’s open every day, and unlike most the other attractions in England that cost an arm and a leg, it’s completely free.
National Mall, Washington D．C．(U.S.A．) You can walk a pathway from the Lincoln Memorial to the severe Vietnam Veterans Memorial and to the Washington Monument with other sights in between. Do you know you can go up in the elevator to the top of the Washington Monument Tickets are free, but pay a small fee to reserve them in advance to avoid being disappointed.
Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris (France) This great treasure of the world simply can’t be missed. The great stained-glass rose window alone is worth the visit. The Sunday Mass with the Gregorian chant was like stepping back in time. Admission is free every day, but you’re welcome to leave a donation. There are also free tours a few times each week. You’ll pay extra for tours of the bell tower or the crypt. Tips: The Notre-Dame Cathedral was greatly damaged by a massive fire in April 2019. Please visit notredamedeparis.fr/en/ for more information regarding future visits to the cathedral.
National Museum of Ireland, Dublin and Mayo (Ireland) Want to see bog bodies, gold ornaments, Viking artifacts and learn about rural Irish life All four branches of this museum are free to visit, including museums devoted to archaeology, natural history, decorative arts and history and country life. The museum of country life in Turlough Park, Mayo, is devoted to Irish rural traditions, while the natural history museum is especially famous for its collection of insects.
21．Which of the following can you see at the British Museum A．Viking artifacts. B．Stained-glass windows.
C．Ancient Greek marbles. D．Statue of Lincoln.
22．What should tourists do when visiting the bell tower of Notre-Dame Cathedral
A．Pay an extra fee for the tour. B．Make reservations on the website.
C．Leave a donation. D．Set off at a certain time.
23．If you do a study on how a worm turns into a butterfly, where would you probably go
A．The British Museum, London. B．National Museum of Ireland, Dublin and Mayo.
C．Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris. D．National Mall, Washington D．C．
As I went down the wooden snowy steps, I held the rough fence with one hand, held my crying daughter Kelly with the other and made my way into the yard. I knew everything would be okay if I located my mother.
Instead of a smile, she greeted me with concern. I knew she had read my face as I’d approached. “What’s wrong ” she asked.
I held the baby out. “I can’t take care of this baby,” I said simply. My mother didn’t take her from my arms as I expected. She smiled slightly, and then replied firmly, “You have to take care of that baby.” This was not the reply I wanted. Couldn’t she hear the baby crying I wanted her to solve this problem. Instead, she took off her gloves and asked me in for some coffee.
Mom held Kelly while I held the coffee cup. At that moment the baby finally stopped crying. I glanced over at Kelly, content in my mother’s arms. Her tiny blue eyes were focused on me, as if to ask, “What’s the problem here, Mama ” Her sweet, familiar breath eased the stress in the air. I looked at my mother, feeling foolish but relaxed. She stood and placed an arm around my shoulders. “By the time you came along, things were quite different for me. But with your elder brother, I often felt helpless.”
The baby showed no signs of our afternoon struggle, while my own hair remained wet and messy from sweat and worry. “Crying is the only way babies have to communicate. Try to listen to her cries and hear them as language. She’s not crying to annoy you; she’s trying to send a message with the only voice she has.”
Once again, her gentle guidance had supported me through a storm and back into clear skies.
24．Why did the author visit her mother in the rough weather
A．She was concerned about her mother’s safety.
B．She wanted to learn to care for babies from her mother.
C．She was helpless and needed her mother’s help.
D．She intended to borrow some money from her mother.
25．How did the author’s mother probably feel when bringing her up
A．Awkward but patient.
B．Experienced and confident.
C．Annoyed but curious.
D．Thoughtless and unconcerned.
26．What did the author’s mother want to express in paragraph 5
A．Taking care of babies was difficult.
B．Babies enjoyed annoying their parents.
C．Parents should understand and accept babies’ crying.
D．The author should let her baby cry more.
27．What can we infer about the author’s mother
A．She usually goes shopping with the author.
B．She lives a lonely life without her children.
C．She likes to raise small children for young mothers.
D．She often gives advice to the author in trouble.
Summer Teen Volunteer Opportunities
Bloomington Parks and Recreation offers an excellent opportunity for teens to get involved and make a difference in their community by volunteering within a variety of summer youth programs. Summer Teen volunteers assist with activities under the guidance of experienced staff and gain valuable leadership skills. In the summer, teens can apply to volunteer in the following programs:
Summer Adventure Playground Program Volunteer
Program Dates: June 14 — August 12
Location(s): Kelly, Poplar Bridge. Running, Smith. Sunrise and Westwood parks
Information: Help facilitate opportunities to play and lead playground participants (in grades 2 - 7) in games, sports, arts and crafts, and make new friendships.
Mini View Volunteer
Program Dates: June 14 — August 6 Location: Valley View Elementary School
Information: Help to assist with the supervision of preschoolers —1st graders in a social occasion.
The View Volunteer
Program Dates: June 14 — August 6 Location: Valley View Elementary School
Information: Help to assist with supervision of 2nd - 5th graders in a social recreational setting.
Camp Kota Junior Counselor
Program Dates: June 14 — August 9 Location: East Bush Lake
Information: Help campers learn basic outdoor skills while meeting new friends, singing crazy songs and having tons of fun.
To apply, fill in a Parks and Recreation 2022 Summer Teen Volunteer Application. Please be sure to answer all questions and indicate all program(s) of interest. Applicants will be contacted via email with next steps after March 31, 2022. Contact us by phone (952-563-8877) or e-mail at parksiec@BloomingtonMN.gov for more information.
28．What can volunteers get from the programs
A．Making the community different B．Becoming an experienced staff member.
C．Getting opportunities for college. D．Acquiring useful leadership skills.
29．Which program suits you if you are good with kindergarten kids
A．Summer Adventure Playground Program Volunteer B．Mini View volunteer.
C．The View Volunteer. D．Camp Kota Junior Counselor.
30．What should you do to apply for the opportunity
A．Fill out an application form.
B．Answer questions via an interview.
C．Clarify your program(s) of interest by phone.
D．Contact the organizers on March 31.
Rollins College’s graduate, Elizabeth Bonker gave a powerful speech at the school’s graduation ceremony using text-to-speech technology. “You have a voice. Use it,” she advised graduates. It seems funny that a non-speaking autistic (孤独症患者) encourages you to use your voice. However, her moving speech touched not only her fellow classmates but also the worldwide audience with a powerful message of hope.
Throughout her academic career, Elizabeth has studied hard to reach her goals at school and in life. She wrote a book, I Am in Here, which highlights the abilities of people like her with non-speaking autism. She also founded a non-profit organization called Communication 4 All.
Elizabeth has a form of autism that resulted in her losing the ability to speak when she was 15 months old. After she lost her speech her family helped her learn to communicate by typing. She has become a supporter of assistive communication and typing instruction for those with non-speaking autism.
“I have typed this speech with one finger with a communication partner holding a keyboard,” shared Elizabeth. She gave her persuasive speech through text-to-speech technology.
Elizabeth majored in social service with the purpose of helping the 31 million people in the world who have non-speaking autism. She strongly believes that service to others gives meaning to each individual and to those they serve.
Throughout her life, Elizabeth has sought a platform where others would hear and accept her. She ignored negative comments and the low expectations others had for her life. Instead, she walked down her own path and set out to realize her dreams using intellect, talent and determination. She encouraged her fellow classmates to use their education and the power of their own minds to help make their dream a reality.
31．What effect does Elizabeth’s speech have on the audience
A．It brings them hope.
B．It inspires them to use technology.
C．It informs them of more about autism.
D．It encourages them to make speeches.
32．What did Elizabeth’s family do after she was unable to speak
A．They tried their best to teach her how to speak.
B．They started a non-profit organization for her.
C．They helped her find another way of communication.
D．They created the text-to-speech technology to help her.
33．Why did Elizabeth choose social service as her major
A．To develop her potential and strengths.
B．To get better employment opportunities.
C．To make her childhood dream come true.
D．To help more people like her in the world.
34．Which words can be used to describe Elizabeth
A．Positive and creative.
B．Strong-minded and helpful.
C．Energetic and humorous.
D．Kind-hearted and imaginative.
Protected areas have mixed success in protecting wildlife, according to the largest study on the effects of reserves(保护区).
A team led by researchers from the U. K. examined water bird data from 1, 506 protected areas and analyzed more than 27, 000 bird populations across the world. The authors write that their study, published in Nature, is the first robust(强有力的), global assessment of protected area influence on bird populations. The scientists found that protected areas with management of water birds and their habitats were more likely to benefit those populations.
“Our study shows that, while many protected areas are working well, many others are failing to have positive effect, ” lead author Hannah Wauchope of the University of Exeter says in a statement. Rather than focusing only on the total global area protected, we need more focus on ensuring areas are well-managed to benefit biodiversity(生物多样性) . “The study compared water bird populations before and after the establishment of protected areas and also compared trends of similar populations within and outside of protected areas. Water birds respond quickly to changes in site quality, making them a good group to look at when studying the impact of protected areas.
“In the majority of places we looked at, wildlife populations were still stable or were increasing, but they weren’t doing any better than in unprotected areas, ” Wauchope says. “That’s disappointing, but not surprising. There seems to be this disconnect between people talking about how much land is protected and whether those areas are actually doing anything positive. ”
This research comes ahead of a United Nations meeting in China to discuss biodiversity goals for the next decade. Several countries have already devoted to protecting 30 percent of the planet by 2030, yet researchers say protection alone does not necessarily ensure positive outcomes for species.
“Efforts to reach a certain area-based goal such as 30 percent by 2030--without a focus on improving the condition of existing protected areas will achieve little, ” says co-author Julia Jones from Bangor University. “When world leaders gather in China later this year to set goals for the next decade, I really hope to see a focus on effectiveness of protected areas, rather than simply how much surface area is devoted to them.”
“We are not saying protected areas don’t work, ”Wauchope concludes in the statement. “The key point is that their effects vary hugely, and the biggest thing this depends on is whether they are managed with species in mind-we can’t just expect protected areas to work without effective management. ”
35．What is the purpose of the UK’s study
A．To see whether bird populations have increased in protected areas.
B．To test whether water birds can adapt to new environments.
C．To record the changes of water birds worldwide.
D．To help water birds survive in hard conditions.
36．Why are water birds chosen as the study subject
A．They are an endangered species
B．They can sense environmental changes.
C．They can help change the quality of waters.
D．They can hardly be found outside protected areas.
37．What fact makes Wauchope feel disappointed
A．Protected areas are not attractive to water birds.
B．There is a decline in the number of protected areas.
C．There is not enough protected land around the world.
D．Protected areas fail to work better than unprotected areas.
38．What is Hannah Wauchope’s advice about protected areas
A．They should occupy a large area.
B．They should host various animals.
C．They should be under good management.
D．They should give water birds more freedom.
参考答案
1．B
2．C
3．C
4．D
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了在过去几年中，疫苗可预防疾病的发病率一直在上升。在大多数情况下，这些疫情始于未接种疫苗的儿童。为了应对这一威胁，纽约的一些学校一直拒绝让未接种疫苗的孩子上学。一些家长认为这是不公平的，并提出指控。然而，就在最近，法院做出了有利于城市学校的裁决。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Several parents thought this was unfair and charged. Just recently, though, a court ruled in favor of the city schools.”（一些家长认为这是不公平的，并提出指控。然而，就在最近，法院做出了有利于城市学校的裁决。）可知，法官们考虑的是学生们的利益。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Vaccine policy depends not only on the added protection that vaccines provide for those who get shots, but also on the decreased probability that anyone will come into contact with the disease. This is known as community immunity. It refers to the fact that when enough people are immunized, then there really can’t be an outbreak. And if there can’t be an outbreak, then everyone is protected.”（疫苗政策不仅取决于疫苗为接种者提供的额外保护，还取决于降低任何人接触疾病的概率。这就是所谓的社区免疫。它指的是，当足够多的人接种疫苗时，就不会爆发疫情。如果没有爆发，所有人都会受到保护。）可知，通过社区免疫预防疾病暴发需要确保足够多的人接种疫苗。故选C项。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段中“The first thing noted in the paper was that death from chickenpox went down considerably after the vaccine was introduced. From 2001 through 2007,the rates of death remained much lower.”（论文中提到的第一件事是，引进疫苗后，水痘死亡率大幅下降。从2001年到2007年，死亡率保持在较低水平。）可知，2011年关于水痘疫苗的研究表明了疫苗降低了死亡率。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“What’s more, from 2004 through 2007,not one child less than 1 year of age died in the United States from chickenpox, This is important because we cannot give the chickenpox vaccine to babies. In other words, all those babies were saved not because we vaccinated them against this illness, but because older children were vaccinated. Therefore, people who refuse to vaccinate their children aren’t just putting themselves at risk-they’re putting everyone else in danger, too.”（更重要的是，从2004年到2007年，美国没有一个一岁以下的孩子死于水痘。这很重要，因为我们不能给婴儿接种水痘疫苗。换句话说，所有这些婴儿都得救了，不是因为我们给他们接种了这种疾病的疫苗，而是因为大一点的孩子接种了疫苗。因此，拒绝给孩子接种疫苗的人不仅让自己处于危险之中，也让其他人处于危险之中。）故可推知，作者赞同疫苗可预防的疾病正在减少这一观点。故选D项。
5．D
6．A
7．A
8．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了使用3D打印机为老年人设计的机器人。
5．词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“The number of older people — those age 60 years or older — is expected to double by 2050 and is growing faster than all younger age groups across the globe. That comes with an increasing need for caregivers which can provide 24-hour care, not only at hospitals or nursing homes, but also at private homes.(到2050年，年龄在60岁或以上的老年人的数量预计将增加一倍，而且增长速度超过全球所有年轻年龄组。这就需要越来越多的护理人员，不仅在医院或养老院，而且在私人家庭，他们可以提供24小时护理)”可知，划线词That指代的是上文提到的“老年人口的增长”。故选D项。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Unluckily, the hard structure of present caregiving robots prevents them from a safe human-robot interaction (互动), limiting their assistance to only social interaction and not Physical interaction,” said Ramses Martinez,an assistant professor in Purdue’s College of Engineering.(“不幸的是，目前护理机器人的硬结构使它们无法进行安全的人机交互，限制了它们的帮助只能进行社交互动，而不能进行身体互动，”普渡大学工程学院助理教授拉姆西斯·马丁内斯说)”可知，目前的护理机器人的缺点是他们不能提供安全的身体互动。故选A项。
7．细节理解题。根据第五段“However, Martinez and other researchers have developed a new design method which shows promise in enabling the production of soft robots using a 3D printer.(然而，马丁内斯和其他研究人员已经开发出一种新的设计方法，该方法显示出使用3D打印机生产软体机器人的前景)”可知，马丁内斯的新设计方法需要一种特殊的3D打印机。故选A项。
8．主旨大意题。根据第五段“However, Martinez and other researchers have developed a new design method which shows promise in enabling the production of soft robots using a 3D printer.(然而，马丁内斯和其他研究人员已经开发出一种新的设计方法，该方法显示出使用3D打印机生产软体机器人的前景)”及倒数第二段““The soft machines move like humans. Their ability to change their body structure and movement to adapt to a wide variety of environments will improve caregiving greatly.”says Martinez. (“柔软的机器像人类一样移动。他们能够改变自己的身体结构和运动以适应各种各样的环境，这将大大改善护理工作。”Martinez说)”可知，文章主要介绍了使用3D打印机为老年人设计的机器人。故选C项。
9．C
10．D
11．D
12．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，文章主要讲述了15岁的气候活动家Alexandria Villasenor为了更好的气候教育而奋斗的事迹。
9．细节理解题。根据第一段“In 2018, the state of California was on fire. Alexandria Villasenor, who was 13 at the time, witnessed the destruction of Northern California’s Camp Fire, which would go on to burn more than 150,000 acres of land. Villasenor was scared. ‘That’s when I found out how important climate education was,’ she reflected. ‘And just how much we lacked climate education these past couple of years.’(2018年，加利福尼亚州发生了火灾。当时13岁的Alexandria Villasenor目睹了北加州营火的破坏性，这场大火烧毁了超过15万英亩的土地。Villasenor很害怕。‘就在那时，我发现了气候教育的重要性，’她回忆道。‘以及过去几年我们多么缺乏气候教育。’)” 可知，是加利福尼亚严重的营火让Villasenor意识到气候教育的缺乏。故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据第二段“Villasenor, now 15, is determined to have a bigger conversation. She quickly realized the fight requires international, government-level changes. For her, what started as local concern turned into a year-long protest (抗议) in front of the United Nations’ New York City headquarters and a global campaign for more compulsory climate education. She sat on a bench in front of the headquarters, pleading for the world’s leaders to take climate change seriously. (现年15岁的Villasenor决心进行一次更大的对话。她很快意识到，这场斗争需要国际性的、政府层面的变革。对她来说，一开始只是当地的关注，后来演变成了在联合国纽约总部门前长达一年的抗议，以及一场要求加强气候义务教育的全球运动。她坐在总部前的长椅上，恳求世界各国领导人认真对待气候变化问题。)”以及第三段第一句“Her action received national attention, with millions of other students around the world joining in the movement.(她的行动引起了全国的关注，世界各地数百万其他学生加入了这项运动。)”可推知，Villasenor对加强气候教育的呼吁变的持久且范围更加广泛。故选D。
11．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“‘That was definitely a huge moment when I realized that people were listening to the voices of me and youth climate activists,’ Villasenor said.(‘当我意识到人们在倾听我和青年气候活动家的声音时，那绝对是一个重大时刻，’ Villasenor说。)”可知，Villasenor和其他青年气候活动家的观点引起了人们的注意，这给了Villasenor一种成就感。故选D。
12．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“‘That’s when I found out how important climate education was,’ she reflected. ‘And just how much we lacked climate education these past couple of years.’(‘就在那时，我发现了气候教育的重要性，’她回忆道。‘以及过去几年我们多么缺乏气候教育。’)”和第二段第一、二句“Villasenor, now 15, is determined to have a bigger conversation. She quickly realized the fight requires international, government-level changes. (现年15岁的Villasenor决心进行一次更大的对话。她很快意识到，这场斗争需要国际性的、政府层面的变革。)”以及下文对15岁的Alexandria Villasenor的奋斗过程的详细介绍，可知这篇文章主要讲述了这位15岁的活动家为更好的气候教育而奋斗的故事。故选B。
13．C
14．B
15．B
16．A
【导语】本文是议论文。文章主要讲述在上班族之间存在的自我延续的循环的坏处和改掉这个循环的建议。
13．推理判断题。根据第二段“If bosses do not like to go home before their workers, and workers fear leaving before their bosses, everyone is trapped. Staff may feel that they will not get a pay rise, or a promotion, if they are not seen to be putting in maximum effort. Managers, who are often no good at judging employees’ performance, use time in the office as an alternative.”(如果老板不喜欢在工人之前回家，工人害怕在老板之前离开，那么每个人都会被困。员工可能会觉得，如果他们没有尽最大努力，他们就不会加薪或升职。管理者通常不善于判断员工的表现，他们把在办公室的时间作为一种选择。)可知，下班后员工还不回家的目的是要给老板留下好印象。故选C。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段“But presenteeism (全勤主义) has more serious consequences. As well as reducing productivity, this can increase medical expenses for the employer. According to a study, these costs can be six times higher for employers than the costs of absenteeism among workers. For example, a research found that Japanese employees with lower-back pain were three times more likely to turn up for work than in Britain. As a result, those workers were more likely to experience greater pain and to suffer from depression. What could be more upset than being in pain while feeling trapped at work ”(但全勤主义有更严重的后果。这不仅会降低生产力，还会增加雇主的医疗费用。根据一项研究，雇主的这些成本可能是工人旷工成本的六倍。例如，一项研究发现，腰痛的日本员工上班的可能性是英国的三倍。因此，这些工人更有可能经历更大的痛苦，并患上抑郁症。还有什么比在工作中陷入痛苦更令人不安的呢？)可知，全勤主义会使得员工们在身体上和心理上都遭受很大的痛苦。故选B。
15．细节理解题。根据第五段“Unavoidably there will be a need for some (preferably short) meetings. Dealing with colleagues face-to-face creates a feeling of trust and friendship, allows for a useful exchange of ideas and enables workers to have a better sense of their needs.”(不可避免地需要召开一些（最好是简短的）会议。面对面与同事打交道会产生一种信任和友谊的感觉，允许进行有益的思想交流，并使员工更好地了解自己的需求。)可知，在办公室的时间会让员工们建立更好的纽带。故选B。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Turing an office into a prison, with prisoners allowed home for the evenings, does nothing for the creativity that is increasingly demanded of office workers as routine tasks are automated.”(把办公室变成监狱，让囚犯回家过夜，这对办公室工作人员的创造力没有任何帮助，因为日常工作都是自动化的。)可知，全勤主义并不能刺激员工们的创造力。故选A。
17．C
18．C
19．B
20．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一家食品科技公司在不伤害奶牛或地球的情况下生产出了真正的乳制品，实验室生产的牛奶喝起来和真牛奶一模一样，这家公司的目标是生产无动物食品，并且文章还介绍了乳制品业对环境的不良影响。
17．词义猜测题。根据上文“As people are becoming more socially conscious about where their food comes from and how it impacts the planet, they are choosing animal-free plant-based options. Cow-free meat has been around for quite some time(随着人们对食物的来源及其对地球的影响越来越有社会意识，他们正在选择不含动物的植物性食品。无牛肉已经存在了很长一段时间)”所以可推断下文意思是Beyond meat品牌和Aleph Farms等公司的人造肉的受欢迎程度正在增加。故推测出soaring和increasing意思相近，故选C。
18．推理判断题。根据第二段“ “Remilk was founded with the mission to stop using animals to produce our food because, as dairy lovers, we realize that giving up on milk is not an option,” said Aviv Wolff, CEO of Remilk. “But today’s milk comes with an unreasonable price tag. The dairy industry is destructive to our planet, our health, and our animals, and is simply not sustainable anymore.”(首席执行官Aviv Wolff说：“Remilk成立的使命是停止使用动物来生产我们的食物，因为作为乳制品爱好者，我们意识到放弃牛奶是不可能的。”“但现在的牛奶标价不合理。乳制品行业对我们的星球、我们的健康和我们的动物都是毁灭性的，而且再也不能持续下去了。”) ”可知，Wolff对于Remilk的做法是支持和赞成的，故选C。
19．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The environmental price tag of dairy farming is way too high. According to the World Wildlife Fund, dairy cows add a huge amount of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and contribute to global warming and climate change as well as foul the air around them. Dairy operations consume large amounts of water and run-off of manure (粪肥) and fertilizers from these farms get into local waterways. The production of Remilk uses only 5 percent of the resources and produces only 1 percent of the waste of producing cow’s milk according to the company. And they accomplish this by being 100 percent cruelty-free unlike dairy farms.(奶牛场的环境成本太高了。根据世界野生动物基金会的说法，奶牛向大气中添加了大量的温室气体，导致全球变暖和气候变化，还污染了它们周围的空气。乳制品生产消耗大量的水，这些农场的粪便和肥料流入当地水道。据该公司称，Remilk的生产只使用了5%的资源，产生的废物也只有牛奶生产的1%。他们实现这一点的方式是100%不像奶牛场那样残酷。)”可知作者比较了现在奶牛场生产和Remilk的生产所耗用的资源，以及造成的废物等，可推断是用了对比的方法。故选B。
20．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Now, an Israeli food-tech startup Remilk created real dairy products without harming a single cow or the planet. (现在，以色列一家食品科技初创公司Remilk制造出了真正的乳制品，而不伤害一头奶牛或地球。)”可知，文章主要讲述了一家食品初创公司在不伤害奶牛或地球的情况下生产出了真正的乳制品， 并介绍了这种乳制品的特点，生产过程和公司未来的发展方向。选项A“不用奶牛生产牛奶”符合文章大意，适合做标题，故选A。
21．C
22．A
23．B
【导语】本文是应用文。文章主要介绍4个可以穷游的地方。
21．细节理解题。根据The British Museum, London (U.K.)部分“You need to go here to see the Egyptian mummies, the ancient Greek marbles and so many other treasures.”(你需要去这里看看埃及木乃伊、古希腊大理石和其他许多珍宝。)可知，在大英博物馆，游客可以看到古希腊大理石。故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris (France)部分“You’ll pay extra for tours of the bell tower or the crypt.”(参观钟楼或地下室需要额外付费。)可知，参观巴黎圣母院的钟楼需要额外付钱。故选A。
23．推理判断题。根据National Museum of Ireland, Dublin and Mayo (Ireland) 部分“All four branches of this museum are free to visit, including museums devoted to archaeology, natural history, decorative arts and history and country life. The museum of country life in Turlough Park, Mayo, is devoted to Irish rural traditions, while the natural history museum is especially famous for its collection of insects.”(这座博物馆的所有四个分馆都可以免费参观，包括专门从事考古、自然历史、装饰艺术、历史和乡村生活的博物馆。梅奥图尔夫公园的乡村生活博物馆致力于爱尔兰乡村传统，而自然历史博物馆则以其昆虫收藏而闻名。)可知，在爱尔兰，都柏林和梅奥国家博物馆，人们可以了解昆虫的演变历史，所以也可以知道毛毛虫是如何变成蝴蝶。故选B。
24．C
25．B
26．C
27．D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述的是作者在孩子哭闹的时候很无助，想要把孩子交给自己的母亲照顾，而在母亲的引导下，帮助作者渡过了暴风雨，明白了孩子哭闹的原因。
24．细节理解题。根据首段中的“I held the rough fence with one hand, held my crying daughter Kelly with the other and made my way into the yard.(我一只手扶着粗糙的栅栏，另一只手抱着哭泣的女儿凯莉，走进院子。)”以及“I knew everything would be okay if I located my mother.(我知道如果我找到我的母亲，一切都会好起来的。)”可知，作者在糟糕天气抱着自己哭闹的孩子去找母亲，是向自己的母亲寻求帮助。故选C项。
25．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“By the time you came along, things were quite different for me. But with your elder brother, I often felt helpless.(当你出现的时候，情况对我来说完全不同了。但是养育你哥哥时，我常常感到无助。)”可知，作者的母亲在养育自己哥哥的时候感到很无助，但是到了养育作者的时候情况不一样了。由此可推断，作者的母亲在养育作者的时候感觉有经验有信心。故选B项。
26．推理判断题。根据第五段作者母亲所说的“Crying is the only way babies have to communicate. Try to listen to her cries and hear them as language. She’s not crying to annoy you; she’s trying to send a message with the only voice she has.(哭泣是婴儿必须交流的唯一方式。试着听她的哭声，把它们当作语言来听。她哭着不是为了惹恼你;她试图用她唯一的声音发送信息)”推知，作者母亲说这些话的目的是为了让作者理解和接受孩子哭泣。故选C项。
27．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Once again, her gentle guidance had supported me through a storm and back into clear skies.(再一次，她温柔的指导支持我度过了暴风雨，回到了晴朗的天空。)”推知，作者的母亲在作者有困难的时候总能给她支持和帮助。故选D项。
28．D
29．B
30．A
【导语】本文为一篇应用文。文章介绍了四个暑期志愿者活动的基本情况以及申请要求。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Summer Teen volunteers assist with activities under the guidance of experienced staff and gain valuable leadership skills. (夏季青少年志愿者在经验丰富的工作人员的指导下协助活动，并获得宝贵的领导技能。)”可知，志愿者在这些活动中能获得有用的领导技能。故选D项。
29．细节理解题。根据Mini View Volunteer的“Information: Help to assist with the supervision of preschoolers —1st graders in a social occasion. (信息：在社交场合帮助协助监督学龄前儿童到一年级的学生)”可知，如果你和幼儿园的孩子相处得好，那么Mini View Volunteer这个活动项目适合你。故选B项。
30．细节理解题。根据最后一段“To apply, fill in a Parks and Recreation 2022 Summer Teen Volunteer Application. Please be sure to answer all questions and indicate all program(s) of interest. (要申请，请填写 Parks and Recreation 2022年夏季青少年志愿者申请。请务必回答所有问题，并注明所有感兴趣的项目。)”可知，如果想要申请当暑期志愿者，需填写申请表，表上的问题都要回答，还要在表上注明感兴趣的项目，故选A项。
31．A
32．C
33．D
34．B
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一个孤独症患者Elizabeth用自己的演讲打动了全世界的观众，她选择主修社会服务专业以帮助世界上更多的跟她一样的孤独症患者。
31．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“However, her moving speech touched not only her fellow classmates but also the worldwide audience with a powerful message of hope. (然而，她动人的演讲不仅打动了她的同学，也用强有力的希望的信息打动了全世界的观众。)”可知她的演讲用强有力的希望的信息打动了全世界的观众，即她的演讲带给了观众希望；故选A项。
32．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Elizabeth has a form of autism that resulted in her losing the ability to speak when she was 15 months old. After she lost her speech her family helped her learn to communicate by typing. (Elizabeth患有一种孤独症，导致她在15个月大的时候丧失了说话的能力。她失去语言能力后，家人帮助她通过打字来学习交流。)”可知在她失去说话能力后，她的家人帮助她通过打字来学习交流，即帮她找到了另一种沟通方式；故选C项。
33．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中“Elizabeth majored in social service with the purpose of helping the 31 million people in the world who have non-speaking autism. (Elizabeth主修社会服务专业，目的是帮助世界上3100万孤独症患者。)”可知Elizabeth主修社会服务专业是想帮助世界上更多的跟她一样的孤独症患者；故选D项。
34．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Instead, she walked down her own path and set out to realize her dreams using intellect, talent and determination. She encouraged her fellow classmates to use their education and the power of their own minds to help make their dream a reality. (相反，她走了自己的路，开始用智慧、才华和决心来实现她的梦想。她鼓励她的同学们利用他们的教育和自己的思想力量来帮助他们实现梦想。)”可知她用智慧、才华和决心来实现她的梦想，而她是一个失去语言能力的孤独症患者，故推知她的意志是非常坚强的；她鼓励别人用自己的教育和思想力量来实现梦想，故推知她是一个乐于助人的人；故选B项。
35．A
36．B
37．D
38．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了一项研究：保护区在保护野生动物方面成效参差不齐。
35．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The authors write that their study, published in Nature, is the first robust(强有力的), global assessment of protected area influence on bird populations. ”（作者在他们的研究中写道，发表在《自然》杂志上，这是第一个关于保护区对鸟类种群影响的强有力的全球评估。）可知，这次研究的目的是为了发现保护区对鸟类种群的数量影响进行评估。故选A。
36．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The study compared water bird populations before and after the establishment of protected areas and also compared trends of similar populations within and outside of protected areas. Water birds respond quickly to changes in site quality, making them a good group to look at when studying the impact of protected areas.”（这项研究比较了建立保护区前后的水鸟种群，并比较了保护区内外相似种群的趋势。水鸟对场地质量的变化反应迅速，使它们成为研究保护区影响的一个很好的群体。）可知，由于水鸟对场地质量的变化反应迅速，使它们成为研究保护区影响的一个很好的群体。故选B。
37．细节理解题。根据倒数第四段中““In the majority of places we looked at, wildlife populations were still stable or were increasing, but they weren’t doing any better than in unprotected areas, ” Wauchope says. “That’s disappointing, but not surprising.”（Wauchope说：“在我们观察的大多数地方，野生动物的数量仍然稳定或者在增加，但是野生动物的数量并没有比未受保护的地区更好。这很令人失望，但并不令人惊讶。）可知，让Wauchope失望的是，和未受保护的地区相比，保护区的作用并没有得到很好的展现。故选D。
38．细节理解题。根据最后一段““We are not saying protected areas don’t work, “Wauchope concludes in the statement. ”The key point is that their effects vary hugely, and the biggest thing this depends on is whether they are managed with species in mind-we can’t just expect protected areas to work without effective management. ””（“我们并不是说保护区不起作用,”Wauchope在声明中总结出关键的一点是，它们的影响差别很大，最大的问题是，这取决于它们的管理是否考虑到物种——我们不能指望保护区在没有有效管理的情况下发挥作用。”）可知，在Wauchope看来，保护区的作用取决于它们的管理是否考虑到物种，所以对于保护区，Wauchope的建议是保护区要在有效管理的情况下发挥作用。故选C。

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