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(共55张PPT)
Reading & Thinking
John Snow Defeats
“King Choleara”
1. n.霍乱
2. adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的
3. vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
4. n.证据；证明；检验
5. adj.数量多的；多种多样的
6. vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任
n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
7. vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责
n.责备；指责
cholera
severe
subscribe
proof
multiple
suspect
blame
基 础 自 测
自主学习 落实基础知识
重点单词
8. n.把手；拉手；柄
vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
9. n.介入；出面；干涉
10. n.联系；纽带
vt.把……连接起来；相关联
11. adj.大量的；价值巨大的；重大的
12. n.减少；降低；减少量
vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
13. n.病毒
14. adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的
→ v.使恼怒；挫败
handle
intervention
link
substantial
decrease
virus
frustrated
frustrate
15. adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的
→ v.同……矛盾；否认，反驳
16. n.感染；传染
→ vt.使感染；传染
17. vt.使改观；使改变形态
vi.改变；转变
→ n.改观；改变
18. n.思想；思维；见解
→ v.认为；思考
contradictory
contradict
infection
infect
transform
transformation
thinking
think
1. 因……而死亡
2. 及时；迟早
3. 同意
4. (对某事)负有责任
5. 因为
6. 幸亏；由于
7. 照顾
8. 最终地；彻底地
9. 一般地；从总体上看
die from/of
in time
subscribe to
be to blame
as a result of
thanks to
attend to
once and for all
in general
10.
突然停下
11.
某事与某事之间的联系
12.
有可能去做某事
stop in one’s tracks
a link between...and...
be likely to do sth.
核心短语
What disease can you think of when you look at these pictures
COVID-19
Besides coronavirus（冠状病毒）, what other kinds of epidemics（流行病）do you know
Bird-flu
malaria
plague
Ebola
Smallpox
Cholera
John Snow (15 March 1813 – 16 June 1858) was a British physician and a leader in the adoption of anaesthesia and medical hygiene.
约翰·斯诺(1813年3月15日- 1858年6月16日)，英国内科医生，麻醉和医疗卫生的领导者。
An introduction to John Snow
Read the title and predict.
John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”
What does “ King ” imply in the title
The name of cholera
The causes of cholera
Cholera spread fast
Cholera is powerful and hard to cure
Who
How
What
The text is mainly about ____________ and ______ he defeated king cholera.
how
John Snow
Para.1______　
Para.2______　
Para.3______　
Para.4______　
Para.5______　
Match the main idea with each paragraph.
Snow collected information and offered solutions.
Snow desired to defeat cholera.
Snow was determined to investigate.
John Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
Snow found the truth of cholera.
B
C
A
E
D
1. Where can you find the passage
A a science book B novel
C a travel guide D newspaper
2. At last, “King Cholera” was controlled by ___.
A. using medicine in hospital
B. driving patients out of the country
C. dealing with the polluted water
D. getting rid of all kinds of pollution
3.What's the writer's purpose in writing the passage
A. To tell readers how John defeated cholera and his influence on scientific research.
B. To tell readers John’s contributions to scientific research.
C. To tell readers the process of defeating cholera.
D. To tell readers how severe the cholera is.
Choose the best answer.
A
C
A
paragraph 1
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
Snow desired to defeat cholera.
1. used to be
2. an outbreak of
3. die from
4. become frustrated
5. attended to
6. in time
7. give birth
8. lose desire to
9. once and for all
过去常常是
...的爆发
死于
变得沮丧
照顾，护理
经过一段时间之后，迟早
生孩子
失去做某事的希望
最终地，彻底地
Para 1 phrases
Read the paragraph 1 quickly and fill in the mind map.
Cholera
when/where
what
result
In the early 19th century/ Europe
A disease which causes diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death
Millions of people died.
John Snow
who
what
a ______________________ doctor
British, young and famous
never ____________________
_______ once and for all
_____________ Queen Victoria
attended to
lost his desire to destroy
cholera
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，until a British doctor，John Snow，showed how it could be overcome.
※画线部分是由until引导的时间状语从句
否定表达：not...until...结构，意为“直到...才...”。
强调句型：It is＋not until...＋that...
直到英国医生约翰·斯诺证明了霍乱能够被战胜之前，它一直是世界上最可怕的疾病之一。
(1)He the office his boss came back.
直到老板回来，他才离开办公室。
(2)Yesterday，I waited for you at the bus station 4 o’clock in the afternoon.
昨天我在汽车站一直等你到下午4点钟。
(3)It was not until the result of the exam was announced he realized he had organized time badly.
(4)用It is＋not until...＋that...强调句型改写第（1）句
___________________________________________________________________
didn’t leave
until
until
that
It was not until his boss came back that he left the office.
直到考试结果公布，他才意识到没有利用好时间。
fear : n/vt (c/u) 害怕，担忧
-- adj. 担忧的，吓人的，极糟的___________
--adj. 不怕的，无畏的________________
with fear 害怕地
fear to do 不敢做某事
fear for sb/ sth 担忧
fearful
fearless
severe adj. -- severely adv. -- n. severity
(人、纪律）严厉的， 严格的
一词多义
His severe looks frightened me. ______________________
He has a severe pain in his leg. _______________________
He is severe with himself. ___________________________
(疼痛）剧烈的
对…要求严格
This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death.
它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。
die from: 死于......(某种外部原因）
an earthquake, a traffic accident, lack of food…
die of: 死于......(某种内在原因）
Illness, a heart trouble, hunger/starvation, cold…
In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease.
十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。
(声音，风，光）逐渐消失
逐渐变弱，逐渐平息
相继死去
灭绝，消失
渴望（做）某事
die away
die down
die off
die out
be dying for/ to do sth
作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。
frustrate : vt. 使沮丧， 使懊恼; 阻止， 防止
短语搭配：
frustrate sb/ sth 使沮丧/ 使受挫
get /be /feel frustrated at/ with sth 对…感到沮丧
词汇变形：
frustrated : adj. 懊恼的， 沮丧的，失意的，没有得到满足的
frustrating: adj. 令人沮丧的， 令人懊恼的----- frustratingly adv.
frustration: n. (U) 沮丧； 受挫 ； （C） 令人沮丧的事物
In time，he rose to become a famous doctor，and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.
1
?in time及时；终于；迟早
in time作“终于；迟早”讲时，常单独使用，作状语。
in time作“及时”讲时，后常跟for sth. 或to do sth. 。
后来，他成为一名著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。
(1)You will succeed in time as long as you don’t give up.只要不放弃，你总有一天会成功。
(2)The doctor came in time (save) his life.
医生及时赶到并抢救了他的生命。
(3)Lucky for him，he was just in time the bus.
幸运的是，他及时赶上了公共汽车。
to save
for
[联想发散]　time相关短语荟萃：
①from time to time　 有时；偶尔
②at a time 每次
③in no time 立刻；马上
④at the same time 同时
⑤at one time 一度；从前
⑥at no time 绝不(置于句首时，句子常用部分倒装语序)
?attend vt.出席；参加 vt.& vi.照顾；护理 vi.处理
attend a meeting/a lecture/school参加会议/听报告/上学
attend to sb. /sth. 照料……；处理……；招待……
(4)On the last day of our week-long stay，_______________________________
________________on a beautiful farm on the North Shore.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
在我们为期一周的逗留的最后一天，我们应邀参加了在北海岸一个美丽的农场举行的一场私人音乐会。
(5)I can’t go out with you tonight because I have an urgent thing to
.今晚我不能和你一起出去，因为我有一件急事要处理。
attend to
we were invited to attend a
private concert
[易混辨析]　attend，join，join in，take part in
※attend用来表示“出席，参加(会议、讲座、婚礼等正式场合)”，也指去听报告。
※join表示参加某一团体，并作为其中一个成员，如：入党、入团、参军和参加俱乐部等；如果后接人，则表示参加某人的活动。
※join in后接活动，强调与他人一起参与某一活动。
※take part in后接活动，尤指多人参加的群众性大型活动。
[选词填空]　attend，join，join in，take part in
(7)Those football players had strict training until they our club.
(8)Why didn’t you us the discussion about the plan last night
(9)To my delight，I was chosen from hundreds of applicants to the opening ceremony.
(10)Our team，apart from regular training， a variety of activities during the coming vacation.
joined
join
in
attend
will take part in
paragraph 2
In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.
What did John Snow investigate when another outbreak hit London in 1854
Snow was determined to investigate.
1. In general
2. two contradictory theories
3. germs in food or water
4. subscribe to
5. be determined to do
6. need proof
7. began to investigate
8. find out why
9. in two particular street
总的来说，大体上
两种相矛盾的观点
食物或水中的细菌
同意
决定做某事
需要证据
开始调查
查明原因
在两条特定的街道
Para 2 phrases
Read the paragraph 2 and find two contradictory theories
Two Theories
The first theory
caused by bad ______
Cholera was caused by an _______ from the
__________________.
He needed proof .
The second theory
Snow subscribed to the second theory.
air
infection
germs in food or water
In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread.
①contradictory: adj. 互相矛盾的， 对立的， 不一致的
e.g. We are faced with two apparently contradictory statements.
②contradict : vt. 反驳，驳斥
e.g. You've just contradicted yourself.
The two stories contradict each other.
③contradiction: n. （事实，看法， 行动）不一致，矛盾；反驳
e.g. There is a contradiction between the two stories.
His public speeches are in contradiction to his personal lifestyle.
关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。
infection: 感染，传染 -- infect vt. 使感染，传染-- infectious adj. 传染的
Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.
短语搭配：have/ get / develop an infection
spread /fight/ treat an infectoin
be infected with 感染上
1). Her optimism seemed_________________(infect) all those around her.
2). The ward was full of children_______________(infect) with COVID-19.
3).Medical workers __________(take) part in the program have gained valuable experience in handling _____________(infect)diseases, boosting the __________________(efficient) of the entire medical system in future pandemic-control efforts.
to infect
infected
taking
infectious
efficiency
另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。
Snow subscribed to the second theory.斯诺赞同第二个理论。
?subscribe to同意；赞成；捐助；订阅(杂志或报纸)
[一词多义]　写出下列句子中subscribe to的汉语意思
(1)He subscribes to the view that children can benefit from being independent.
__________
(2)This is the school your father subscribed to generously in the past. ____
(3)Using the money I earned in the holiday，I have subscribed to several magazines recently. ____
赞成；同意
捐助
订阅
subscribe...to...把……捐赠给……；把……签署在……上
【翻译】据报道，许多人向那项教育基金捐了款。
It is reported that many people have subscribed money to the education fund.
paragraph 3
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What’s more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to annouce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.
Snow collected information and offered solutions.
1. mark on a map the exact place
2. multiple deaths
3. be to blame
4. as a result of this evidence
5. be stopped in its track
6. free beer
7. move away from
8. it seemed that
在地图上标出特定的位置
数量多的死亡
应受责备
由于这个证据
在它的传播轨道上被停止
免费的啤酒
从..离开、搬离
似乎
Para 3 phrases
Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
3
?suspect vt.怀疑；认为 n.被怀疑者；犯罪嫌疑人
suspect that...怀疑……；觉得……
suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做过)某事
suspect sb. to be...怀疑某人是……
斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。
(1)She suspected that one of her three daughters—then ten，eight，and six—had picked it up，but the girls said they hadn’t.
她怀疑三个女儿(那时分别为10岁，8岁和6岁)中的一个捡起了它，但是这些孩子都说没有。
(2)Judging from what he said I suspect him to be a pickpocket.
＝Judging from what he said I suspect .
根据他的话判断，我怀疑他是个扒手。
(3)What made you suspect her having taken the money
你凭什么怀疑钱是她拿的？
that he is a pickpocket
of
?blame vt.责备；谴责 n.过失；责备
※be to blame (for sth. )(对某事)负有责任，应受责备
blame sb. for sth. 因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人
blame sth. on sb. /sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事
※put/lay the blame for sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人
(4)Some social app companies were to blame because they didn’t adequately check their users’ registration.一些开发社交应用程序的公司应该负责任，因为他们对用户的注册信息审核不够严格。
(5)Many children are afraid of being blamed making mistakes in speaking English.
许多孩子害怕讲英语时因犯错误而受责备。
(6) (blame) by his teacher，the boy was in low spirits.被老师责备后，这个男孩心情低落。
for
Blamed
[一句多译]
(7)很多人发现早上起床很难，并把这归咎于闹钟。
①Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and .(blame v.)
②Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and .(blame n.)
blame it on the
alarm clock
put/lay the blame
on the alarm clock
Accordingly，he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
4
?handle n.柄，把手；柄状物；把柄 v.触摸；操作；处理
(1)I turned the handle and found the door was open.
我转动把手，发现门是开着的。
(2)I’m old enough (handle) my own affairs.我已经长大了，可以处理我自己的事情。
to handle
因此，他把水泵的手柄去掉使它不能再被使用。
“处理”近义词组：deal with，do with
(3)How do you a car accident after it happens
＝What do you a car accident after it happens
在交通事故发生后你怎样处理？
deal with
do with
paragraph 4
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.
Snow found the truth of cholera.
1. be infected by waste
2. be polluted by raw waste
3. drink pure or boiled water
4. water companies
5. other cases of cholera
6. be likely to do
被废弃物感染
被未经处理的废物污染
喝纯净水或未煮沸的水
供水公司
另外的霍乱案例
可能做某事
Para 4 phrases
Moreover，Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.此外，斯诺后来证明了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司之间的联系。
5
?link vt.& n.连接；联系
link...to...将……和……联系或连接起来
be linked to 与…相联系；连接到… (A is linked to B A被连到B上）
be linked with 和…连接 (A is linked with B A与B连在一起）
paragraph 5
Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera,thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
John Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
1. through his tireless efforts
2. the threat of cholera
3. a substantial decrease
4. transform the way scientists study disease
5. millions of people
6. thanks to
7. be considered (as/to be)
通过他不懈的努力
霍乱的威胁
一个大幅度下降
转变了科学家研究疾病的方式
许多人
幸亏，由于
被认为是
Para 5 phrases
Through Snow’s tireless efforts，water companies began to sell clean water，and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
6
?decrease vi.& vt.减少；(使)变小或变少 n.减少；降低
※decrease to... 减少到……
decrease by... 减少了……
decrease from...to... 从……减少到……
※on the decrease 正在减少
经过斯诺不懈的努力，自来水公司开始销售纯净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅度减少。
(1)The traffic accidents in the city ________________30% last year.
该城市去年交通事故减少了百分之三十。
(2)The number of new students in this school 2,100 1,600 this year.
今年这所学校的新生人数从2 100减少到1 600。
(3)Because of human activities，the number of some rare animals is _____
.
由于人类活动，一些稀有动物的数目在减少。
decreased from
to
on the
decrease
decreased by
[名师点津]　
decrease的反义词increase的用法如下：
※increase to增加(长)到……
increase by增加(长)了……
※on the increase在增加
【翻译】在乡下买房子的人数正在增加。
(5)To their delight，their salary has been increased 20 percent since last year.令他们高兴的是，自去年以来，他们的工资增加了20%。
by
The number of people buying houses in the countryside is on the increase.
Fortunately，we now know how to prevent cholera，thanks to the work of John Snow.幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了怎样防治霍乱。
7
?thanks to幸亏，由于
※其他表示原因的短语还有：because of，on account of，as a result of，常作状语，一般不作表语，常可置于句首或句末。due to，owing to因为；由于，在句中作状语或表语。
(1) __________________________，I managed to finish the work on time.
多亏了你的及时帮助，我按时完成了工作。
(2) the bad weather，the match has been cancelled.
因为糟糕的天气，比赛被取消了。
(3)I think my long and active life must be the healthy life I live.我想我(之所以)长寿而且精力充沛，要归功于我过的健康生活。
Thanks to/Because of/Due to/Owing to
due to/owing to
Thanks to your timely help
Moreover，in his use of maps and statistics，Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.而且，斯诺在使用地图和数据的过程中改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
8
?transform vt.&vi.转化；转换；改造；变换
※transform...into... 使……变成……
transform into 转化成；改造为
be transformed from...into... 由……变成……
※transformation n. 转化；转换；改造；变换
(1)There’s no doubt that_______________________________________.
毫无疑问，成功和财富改变了他的性格。
(2)He a controversial figure，which affected his reputation a great deal.
他变成了一个有争议的人物，这对他的名声影响很大。
(3)Every moment of every day，energy is being transformed one form another.
一天当中的每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式转换成另一种形式。
was transformed into
from
into
success and wealth transformed his character

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