第八章 动词 非谓语动词课件

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第八章 动词 非谓语动词课件

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第八章 动词
第五节 非谓语动词
中职高考英语语法复习讲练测
【读考纲,思考点】
●考点统计
年度 题号 知识点 层次要求 难易程度 了解 理解 掌握 容易 较易 中难 较难
2017 4 动词-ed形式 √ √
2018 4 动词-ing形式 √ √
2019
2020 9 动词不定式的否定结构 √ √
2021 9 动词不定式 √ √
一、概述
非谓语动词,就是不能直接作谓语的动词形式,它不受主语人称和数的限制。非谓语动词虽然不能充当谓语动词,但它仍然保持动词的特征,如:有否定式,可以带宾语、状语等,有时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词也具有名词的特征,可充当句子的主语、宾语、表语和宾语补足语。非谓语动词还具有形容词的特征,可充当句子的定语或状语。
【讲考点,习能力】
二、非谓语动词的用法
1.动词不定式
动词不定式的构成:to + 动词原形,to 是不定式符号,有时可省略;动词不定式的否定形式:not/never to + 动词原形。动词不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等。
(1)不定式作主语,在句中相当于名词或代词。有时不定式作主语过长时,常常用形式主语it代替,而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句末。例如:
To learn Chinese well is not easy. 学好英语并不容易。
It is not easy to learn Chinese well. 学好英语并不容易。
常见的it作形式主语的句型有:
It + be + 名词+ to dosth. It’s a goodwayto learnEnglish bywatchingEnglish movies.看英文电影是学习英语的好方法。
It + be + 形容词 (+ for sb. )+ to dosth.(形容词描述物的特征) It is important for studentsto play sports every morning.对学生来说,每天早晨进行体育运动是很重要的。
It + be + 形容词 (+ of sb. )+ to dosth.(形容词描述人的特征) It is very kindof youto help us.你帮助我们真是太好了.
It takes sb. some time to dosth.(做某事花费某人多少时间) It takes Amy half an hour to walk home every day. 艾米每天步行回家要花半小时。
(2)不定式作宾语。
①作动词的宾语。例如:
He asked to read the sentence again. 他要求再读一次这个句子。
She wanted to buy a new book. 她想买本新书。
常用不定式作宾语的动词有:want(想要),need(需要),agree(同意), ask(要求),decide(决定),expect(期望), help(帮助),hope(希望),wish(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),prepare(准备),plan(计划),promise(答应),refuse(拒绝)等。
②作介词宾语时,通常需要加上一个疑问词。例如:
He wanted to find out how to solve the problem. 他想知道如何解决这个问题。
Mr. White gave some advice on how to learn English well. 怀特先生给出了一些学好英语的建议。
③当不定式后面有宾语补足语时,通常需要用形式宾语it代替不定式的位置,而把真正的宾语(不定式)放在句末。例如:
I think it important to learn English well. 我认为学好英语很重要。
I find it hard to get up early every day. 我发现每天早起很困难。
(3)不定式作宾语补足语。例如:
Miss Li always asks her students to finish the homework first after school.
李老师总是要求她的学生放学后先完成家庭作业。
Mother doesn't allow me to swim alone in the river.
妈妈不允许我单独去河里游泳。
常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:ask(要求),advise(劝告),tell(告诉), allow(允许),help(帮助), invite(邀请), warn(警告), wish(希望)等。
有时需要省略不定式符号to,但在被动句中需要还原to。这样的动词常用的有see , hear , watch , notice , make,let , have等。例如:
I saw him go into the room. 我看到他走进了这个房间。
He was seen to go into the room. 他被看到走进了这个房间。
(4)不定式作定语。
不定式作定语需要放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面。
①不定式与被修饰词之间是动宾关系,如果不定式是不及物动词需要加上介词。例如:
I have a lot of things to do every day. 我每天都有很多事情要作。
Miss Li gave us some paper to write on. 李老师给了我们一些写字的纸。
②不定式的逻辑主语是被修饰词。例如:
Tom is the only one to finish the work in ten minutes.
汤姆是唯一一个在十分钟内完成任务的人。
Mr. White is always the last to attend a meeting.
怀特先生总是最后一个到会的人。
(5)不定式作状语,表目的、结果、原因等。例如:
He always leaves home early to come to school first.
为了第一个到校,他总是很早离开家。(表目的)
He was too tired to walk any more. 他太累了不能再走了。(表结果)
I'm happy to work with you again. 很高兴再次和你一起工作。(表原因)
(6)不定式作表语。例如:
My part-time job is to guide the blind in the street.
我的兼职工作是在街上给盲人带路。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
【经典例题】
【例1】The mother makes her son_____his room every day.A. clean B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleans
解析:A 本题考查动词不定式作宾补。clean“打扫”,根据空前的谓语动词make是使役动词,后面接省略to的不定式作宾补,故选A
【例2】You can' t expect_____any friends if you are not friendly to others.A. had B . having C. to have D . have
解析:C 本题考查动词不定式作宾语。谓语动词 expect “期待”后接动词不定式作宾语,expect to do sth.“期待做某事”,故选C
【例3】Jim went to the library_____some science magazines yesterday.
A. borrow B . borrows C. to borrow D . borrowed
解析:C 本题考查动词不定式作状语。borrow“借”,分析句子结构可知,空缺处在句中作目的状语,动词不定式可以作目的状语,故选C
【试一试】1
( ) 1. They decided _______ at the end of this week.
A. leave for Beijing B. to leave for Beijing
C. leaving for Beijing D. not leave for Beijing
( ) 2. Miss Li warned her students ________ in the exam.
A.to never cheat B. never cheating
C. never cheat D. never to cheat
( ) 3. The little boy was seen _______ from the second floor and get hurt.
A. falling B. fall C. to fall D. fallen
( ) 4. Mr. Wang does what he can______ us improve our English.
A. help B. helped C. helping D. to help
( )5. It' s necessary_____ masks in public places during the COVID-19 period.
A. for us to wear B. for us wearing
C. of us wearing D. of us to wear
2.动词-ing形式
动词-ing形式包括动名词和现在分词,其结构都是:动词原形+ -ing,否定形式:not+动词-ing,在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等。
(1)动词-ing形式作主语,直接放在句首。当主语过长时,通常用it作形式主语,把真正的主语放在句末。例如:
Talking is easier than doing. 说起来容易做起来难。
It is a waste of time playing computer games. 打电脑游戏浪费时间。
注意:在一些固定句型中,用it作形式主语,动词-ing后置。
It is no use /no good /no harm /fun /useless /a waste of time...+doing sth.
It is no use crying. 哭是没用的。
It is a great fun climbing mountain. 爬山很有趣。
(2)动词-ing形式作宾语。
①作动词的宾语。例如:
Would you mind opening the window 你介意把窗户打开吗?
You should keep reading English aloud every morning if you want to improve it. 如果你想要提高你的英语,就应当坚持每天早上大声朗读。
常用动词-ing形式作宾语的动词有:mind(介意), keep(保持), finish(完成), enjoy(喜欢), consider(考虑),can’t help(忍不住)等。
②作介词的宾语。例如:
I'm tired of doing the same work every day. 我厌倦了每天做相同的工作。
I look forward to hearing from you. 盼望收到你的来信。
常用动词-ing形式作介词后宾语的句型:
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth. (做某事有困难) I have some difficulty finishing the work.完成这项工作,我有一些困难。
spend +时间/金钱+ (in) doing sth. (花多少时间/金钱做某事) He spent much time in working out the math problem.他花了很长时间来做这道数学题。
stop/prevent...from+ doing sth.(阻止做某事) Nothing could prevent me from working hard.没有什么能阻止我努力工作。
be used to doing sth.(习惯于做某事) My parents are used to walking after supper.我父母习惯于晚饭后散步。
③作形容词busy ,worth 的宾语。例如:
They are busy doing their homework. 他们忙着做家庭作业。
The book is worth reading more times. 这本书值得多读几遍。
(3)动词-ing形式作宾语补足语。
宾语就是动词-ing的逻辑主语,表示逻辑主语正在做某事或一直在做某事。例如:
I heard Lucy singing in the next room. 我听到露西在隔壁房间唱歌。
The little boy likes to watch ants going in and out. 这个小男孩喜欢观察蚂蚁进进出出。
可以带这种复合宾语的常见动词有:see(看见),watch(注视), hear(听见), keep(保持)等。
(4)动词-ing形式作定语。单个的词放在被修饰词前面,动词-ing短语放在被修饰词后面。例如:
The opening speech is very exciting. 开幕词非常振奋人心。
A rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔。
The girl wearing a red dress is Mary. 穿红色连衣裙的是玛丽。
(5)动词-ing形式作状语
表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随等,可转化为相应的状语从句或并列的谓语成分。动词-ing与逻辑主语之间是主动关系。
①表时间。例如:
Hearing the bad news, they all cried. 听到这个坏消息,他们都哭了。
=When they heard the bad news, they all cried.
②表原因。例如:
Being ill, Lucy was late for school. 因为生病了,露西上学迟到了。
= As Lucy was ill, she was late for school.
③表结果。例如:
He fell from the tree, breaking his leg. 他从树上摔下来,摔坏了腿。
=He fell from the tree and broke his leg.
④表条件。例如:
Working hard, you will succeed. 如果你努力,你会成功的。
= If you work hard, you will succeed.
⑤表让步。例如:
Taking more care, I still failed in the game. 虽然我这次更仔细了,但是还是输掉了比赛。
= Although I took more care, I still failed in the game.
⑥表方式、伴随。例如:
Lucy walked on the way home with her friends, talking and laughing.
露西和朋友有说有笑地走在回家的路上。
She sat on the sofa, listening to music.
她坐在沙发上听音乐。
【经典例题】
【例1】Excuse me, would you mind_____your voice down, please
A. kept B. to keep C. keep D. keeping
解析:D本题考查动词-ing形式作宾语。谓语动词mind后接动词-ing作宾语。would you mind doing sth. “你介意做某事吗 ”,keep your voice down"压低你的声音",故选D
【例2】The two boys have some trouble_____the hill. We' d better help them.
A. climb B. climbing C. to climb D. climbs
解析:B本题考查动词-ing形式作介词宾语。have trouble (in)doing sth. “做某事有困难”,故选B
【例3】More than 100 million people in over 200 countries______China like
basketball.
A. to include B . includes C . include D. including
解析:D本题考查动词-ing形式作定语。include“包括”,是一个动词。由句子结构可知,该句中like是谓语动词,那么include应用非谓语动词;200多个国家中包括中国,与逻辑主语是主动关系,应用现在分词。故选D
【试一试】2
( ) 1. Listen! Do you hear someone _______ outside
A. cry B. crying C. to cry D. cried
( ) 2. Tom is looking forward to ______ a chance to visit the modern China.
A. having B. have C. has D. had
( ) 3. Lily enjoys _______ chess, but she doesn’t like football games.
A. played B. playing C. play D. to play
( ) 4. The woman found it no use _______ the young boy.
A.told with B. being talked with C. talking with D. talk with
( ) 5. ____ Yao Ming in the opening ceremony, the old basketball fan was very excited.
A. Saw B. To see C. See D. Seeing
3. 动词-ed形式
动词-ed形式,即动词的过去分词;否定形式:not+过去分词。在句中可以做表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语。
(1)动词-ed形式作表语,表示主语的状态。例如:
Autumn is gone and winter is come. 秋去冬来。
They were very surprised to hear the news. 听到这个消息,他们非常惊讶。
(2)动词-ed形式作宾语补足语,表示宾语和补语之间是被动关系,表示被动或完成。例如:
After getting off the bus, I found my wallet stolen.
下公交车后,我发现钱包被偷了。
Are you sure they have had the class room cleaned
你确定他们已经打扫了教室?
(3)动词-ed形式作定语。单个的过去分词作定语经常放在所修饰词之前,如果被修饰的词是不定代词something,anything,everything,nothing等,则分词放在之些词之后。分词短语做定语时,通常放在被修饰词之后。过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示被动或完成。例如:
The used books can be sold again in the second-hand market.
用过的书可以在二手市场再次出售。
The story written by a ten-year-old girl is very moving.
这个故事是一位十岁的小姑娘写的,非常地感人。
(4)动词-ed形式作状语,与动词-ing形式一样,也可以表示时间、原因、结果、
条件、让步、方式或伴随等。过去分词与逻辑主语之间是被动关系或者表示动作先于谓语动作发生。
①表时间。例如:
When asked, the thief said he was wrong.
被问起的时候,小偷说他错了。
②表原因。例如:
Encouraged by the teacher,the girl was very happy.
由于得到老师的鼓励,女孩非常开心。
③表结果。例如:
The cup fell down on the floor, broken.
杯子掉到地上,碎了。
④表条件。例如:
Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
如果再给一个小时,我也能解决这个问题。
⑤表让步。例如:
Left alone at home, Jenny didn’t feel afraid at all.
虽然独自在家,吉妮一点也不害怕。
⑥表伴随。例如:
The teacher went into the room, followed by some students.
老师走进教室,后面跟着一些学生。
【经典例题】
【例1】_____as a main dish, this soup is full of meat, vegetables and noodles.
A. Serve B. To serve C. Served D. Serving
解析:C 本题考查过去分词作状语。serve“提供,端上”,分析句子结构可知,主语是"this soup",谓语是"is",所以空缺处应该填的是非谓语,逻辑主语soup和动词serve是被动关系,所以用动词过去分词表被动,故选C
【例2】The rubbish_____every day is becoming a serious problem in cities around
the world.
A. produce B . produced C . producing D. produces
解析:B 本题考查过去分词作定语。主语The rubbish是动词produce的承受者,使用过去分词作后置定语,故选B
【例3】After she got off the bus, she suddenly found that her purse was_____ .
A. go B. gone C . going D . went
解析:B 本题考查过去分词作表语。宾语从句中有谓语动词was,所以应用非谓语,过去分词gone“不见了” 表主语的状态,表完成。故选B
【试一试】3
( ) 1.Everyone should remember _______ time is lost forever.
A. losing B. having lost C. lost D. to lost
( ) 2. _____from the mountain ,the village is beautiful.
A. Seeing B. Seen C. to see D. Sees
( ) 3. We are pleased to see the problem______so quickly.
A. settled B. settling C. be settled D. settle
( ) 4. This is a machine______by the great scientist.
A. invent B. to invent C. invented D. was invented
( )5. When she returned home, she found the window open and something______.
A. stealing B. steal C. stolen D. to steal
小结:非谓语动词的解题方法
1、判定非谓语动词所作的句子成分
2、记住那些常用动词不定式或动词-ing形式作宾语或宾语补足语的动词
3、记住常用动词不定式或动词-ing形式的固定句型
4、非谓语动词的解题还需遵循以下原则
第一步,判定是否用非谓语形式 看句中是否有谓语动词,如有,则可以考虑用非谓语形式
第二步,判断非谓语的逻辑主语 一般情况下,当非谓语作状语时,其逻辑主语为句子主语;当非谓语作宾补时,其逻辑主语为宾语;当非谓语作定语时,其逻辑主语为被修饰的词
第三步,判断主被动关系 根据非谓语动词与逻辑主语的主被动关系,明确用非谓语的主动式还是被动式(动词不定式和动词-ing形式是主动式;过去分词是被动式)
第四步,判断时间关系 根据非谓语动词与谓语动词动作发生的先后顺序,非谓语动词动作先发生,常用动词-ed形式;后发生,常用不定式;同时发生,常用动词-ing形式。
三、一些非谓语动词的特殊用法
1.在动词help 之后的不定式作宾语补足语时,有时可省略to,但当物作主语时,需要带to。例如:
Can you help him (to) clean the classroom 你可以帮他打扫教室吗?
Blue music can help you to be calm. 蓝调音乐可以帮助你平静下来。
2. 在以why开头的省略疑问句中,需要去掉to。例如:
Why not go with us 为什么不与我们同行?
Why cry loudly in the library 为什么在图书馆里大喊大叫?
3.不定式和特殊疑问词(why除外)连用,在句中相当于名词,可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语。例如:
Where to go has not been decided. 去哪里还没有决定。(作主语)
He didn't know when to leave. 他不知道什么时候离开。(作宾语)
The problem is how to make a new one. 问题是如何做一个新的。(作表语)
Lucy has a good idea how to solve the problem. 露西有一个解决问题的好办法。(作同位语)
4.有些动词后跟不定式与跟动词-ing形式作宾语,意思上有差别。
对比下列动词短语:
⑴ forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(没有做)
forget doing sth. 忘记做了某事(已经做了)。例如:
I forgot to clean my bedroom this morning. 今天早上我忘记打扫卧室了。
I forgot telling him the good news. 我忘了已经告诉他这个好消息了。
⑵ remember to do sth. 记得做某事(没有做)
remember doing sth. 记得做了某事(已经做了)。例如:
Please remember to return all the books before you graduate.
记着在你们毕业前归还所借书籍。
Do you remember having been told to put on a heavy coat
你记得已经告诉你要穿上厚外套了吗?
⑶ stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事。例如:
They stopped to have a cup of coffee. 他们停下来,喝杯咖啡。
He stopped watching TV when his mother came back.
当妈妈回家时,他就停止看电视了。
⑷ regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾做某事(即将要做)
regret doing sth. 后悔/遗憾做了某事(事情已经发生)。例如:
I regret to tell you that you haven’t passed the exam.
我很遗憾地告诉你,你没有通过考试。
Don’t you ever regret giving up the match
难道你从来都没有对放弃比赛后悔过吗?
⑷ try to do sth. 尽力做某事
try doing sth. 试着做某事。例如:
Everyone should try to finish the work on time.
每个人都应该尽力按时完成工作。
If he couldn’t understand what you said, you can try drawing a picture.
如果他不明白你说的话,你可以试着画图。
⑸ go on to do sth. 接着做某事(另一件事)
go on doing sth. 继续做某事(同一件事)。例如:
My mother went on to make a cake after she had made some cookies.
我妈妈做了一些小饼干后,又继续做蛋糕。
After drinking some water, they went on walking.
喝了一些水后,他们继续赶路。
⑹ can’t help (to) do sth. 不能帮忙做某事
can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事,情不自禁做某事。例如:
Lucy can’t help tidy the room because she is busy writing a new story.
露西不能帮忙整理房间,因为她正忙着写一个新故事。
Sometimes I can’t help buying something I don’t really need on the internet.
有时我禁不住在网上买一些并不是真正需要的东西。
四、易混淆非谓语动词的用法
1. 作宾语补足语的区别。不定式表示动作的全过程,即动作已经完成,或
者是即将开始做; 动词-ing形式表示动作正在进行,强调动作的持续性,两者与宾语之间是主动关系;过去分词与宾语是被动关系,表被动或完成。例如:
I heard someone knocking at the door. 我听见有人正在敲门。(主动进行)
I heard someone knock at the door just now. 我听见刚才有人敲了门。(主动完成)
We should have our old house rebuilt. 我们应该重修老房子。
2.作表语的区别。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词,如excite,interest,please,surprise,worry等,其动词-ing形式作表语,说明主语的特征,意为“令人......”;其过去分词作表语,说明主语的状态,意为“感到......”。例如:
This is an exciting football match. 这是一场令人兴奋的足球比赛。
Are you excited about going to Beijing 你要去北京了,感到兴奋吗?
3. 作目的状语,用不定式。例如:
To keep fit, he gets up early and runs in the park every day.
4.作伴随状语,用动词-ing形式。例如:
She often gives her son many books, thinking that her son likes them very much.
5.作结果状语,不定式和动词-ing形式皆可。不定式表示意外的结果;动词-ing形式表示意料之中的结果。例如:
I opened the door to find the room empty. 我打开门,结果发现房间是空的。
His parents died last year, leaving him an orphan.他父母去年死了,使他成为了一个孤儿。
6.作名词的定语时:不定式表示动作还未发生;动词-ing形式表主动关系,动作正在进行;动词-ed形式表示被动关系,动作已经完成。例如:
I have a lot of work to do. 我有很多工作要做。
The girl sitting beside me is my cousin. 坐在我旁边的女孩是我表妹。
Is this the book recommended by the teacher 这是老师推荐的书吗?
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