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(共17张PPT)
思维导图破解高考阅读理解
第4讲 主旨大意题
阅读理解
主旨大意题
段落大意题
文章大意题
主旨大意题思维导图
主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题类和主题类。
文章标题题
段首段尾
段首: 主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)
段尾: 主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)
有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括
无主
题句
首尾兼顾法寻找主题句
段中
主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题)
段落大意题思维导图
2020年全国Ⅰ卷·32
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. A new study of different plants. B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces. D. Benefits from green plants.
点拨：略读找到主题句：第一、二句 “The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects.”, 人与植物的关系一直是科学研究的课题。最近的研究发现了积极的效果。由此可见，本段主要讲绿色植物的好处。故选D。
D
段落大意题举例
2020年全国Ⅲ卷·25
The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor's performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像).
In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about
A. The cost of making “Apes.” B. The creation of digitalized apes.
C. The publicity about “Apes.” D. The performance of real apes.
点拨：略读找到主题句：本段最后一句 “In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.”。本段主要介绍的是《猩球崛起》创作团队采用动作捕捉技术来创造数字化动物图像，先是拍摄一位演员的表演，然后用计算机图像软件进行处理，以创造最终的看起来神似真实的猿的图像。故选B项。
B
段落大意题举例
略读法
读文章标题
读首尾段落
读段落首尾句
留意表句段关系的关联词之后的内容
文体法
新闻报道、议论文和说明文: 主题句在首段
记叙文、议论文: 主题句一般在尾段
词语法
在文中出现频率较高的主题词
无主题句的文章, 需读者自己概括大意
概括法
主旨大意
归
纳
法
主旨大意题思维导图
2020年全国Ⅲ卷·31 With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation (孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law: she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol—one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof……research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000
in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991. The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million…
What is the text mainly about
A. Lifestyles in different countries. B. Conflicts between generations.
C. A housing problem in Britain. D. A rising trend of living in the UK.
点拨：通读全文可知，本文开篇用具体事例引出主题，之后提出本文主旨one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof，即越来越多的英国人选择几代人共同居住的生活方式，随后用数据作为支撑，具体说明这一现象。由此可知，本文主要介绍的是英国一种越来越普遍的生活趋势。故选D项。
D
主旨大意题举例
(2018年全国Ⅲ卷·27) Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to
8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. …Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon…when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.
Today, people still come and go—to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City—its present population is 762.
What is the text mainly about
A. The rise and fall of a city. B. The gold rush in Canada.
C. Journeys into the wilderness. D. Tourism in Dawson.
点拨：无主题句，需概括。作者重点阐述内容在第一段的But gold后的内容，讲述加拿大的道森(Dawson)因被发现金矿，两年间成为西部最大的城市(兴)；第二段指出人们只是为金而去，而那里的自然环境恶劣，生活不便；第三段，金完人走(衰)，如今只有762人。因此，本文是关于道森这一城市的兴衰史，故选A。
A
主旨大意题举例
文章标题
解题方法
主题词法 根据主题句，提炼主题词
写作法 以此作标题，我应怎么写
四大特性
概括性 概括全文, 体现主旨
针对性 内涵相符, 范围一致
新颖性 新颖奇特, 吸引眼球
简短性 名词短语, 动名词短语或祈使句
断章取义 仅为文中一细节
以偏概全
离题太远
干扰项特 点
文章标题题思维导图
2020年全国Ⅱ卷·35
I have a special place in my heart for libraries… while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old. It was a dream job…
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life…
Now, I see my children taking their children to
the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.
As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven (避风港) for readers and writers…Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy (盗版行为) and I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
文章标题题举例
Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge B. My Idea about Writing
C. Library: A Haven for the Young D. My Love of the Library
文章标题题举例
点拨：文章开头第一句介绍了图书馆在作者心中占据着特殊的位置；接着文章通过时间顺序描述了图书馆在作者人生中的不同时期所扮演
的不同角色，且读书的快乐得以在家庭中传承；作者在最后一段中呼吁读者和所有作家一起支持并维护图书馆。由此可知，文章始终围绕着作者对于图书馆的爱展开叙述。故选D项。本文主题句为第一段第一句。
2020年全国Ⅰ卷·35
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects…
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions…
D
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow (发光) in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Can we grow more glowing plants B. How do we live with glowing plants
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free
文章标题题举例
点拨：通读全文可知，本文第一、二段为导入部分，引出科学家正在进行与植物相关的各种实验这一话题，从第三段开始重点介绍“发光植物”的实验，结合文中的 “The technology… could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps. “ 可知，未来“发光植物”有可能取代电灯，用来给房间和街道照明，后文围绕其继续展开介绍，说明植物发光可能给人们带来的益处，故C项(发光的植物有可能取代灯吗？)最适合作本文的标题。
C
Texas rancher(牧场主) Charles Goodnight had a problem. He needed skilled cowboys to drive his herd of two thousand longhorn cattle to New Mexico to be sold. He couldn't offer high wages. He couldn't promise easy jobs or even nice weather. But he thought that decent, hot meals might entice men to work for him.
In the mid to late 1800s, cattle drives sometimes took three to four months, and once the drive began, there were no stores for hundreds of miles. All the food and supplies needed for the trip were carried on two wheeled carts. Usually, the cowboy's food was boring and unappetizing.
Goodnight went to work and solved the problem. His invention of a mobile kitchen, the chuck wagon (炊事用车), got its name from the cowboy word for food —“chuck”. Goodnight took an old army wagon and rebuilt it with the Osage orange, which is so tough that Indians used it to make bows. The wagon's iron axles were stronger than the wooden ones found on standard wagons, and the wider wheels lasted longer. Besides food and eating utensils, it held everything from first aid supplies to needles and thread. It even contained a cooking stove.
真题演练( 2020·广州检测)
The first chuck wagon was an instant success. Eighteen cowhands joined Goodnight and his partner, Oliver Loving, to drive the cattle to New Mexico, earning the pair a handsome profit. The route they took — later called the Goodnight Loving Trail — became one of the most heavily used cattle trails in the Southwest.
The chuck wagon soon was the backbone of all successful cattle drives. Other ranchers created their own moving kitchens, and eventually the Studebaker Company produced chuck wagons that sold for $75 to $100 apiece, about $1，000 today.
The chuck wagon was much more than a mobile kitchen. Sometimes called “the trail drive's mother ship”， it was like a magnet that drew the men together. The wagon and the ground around it were the cowboy's home. There he enjoyed hot meals, a warm fire, and good companionship. He could also get a bandage, a haircut, or liniment for his sore muscles. And there, under the stars and around the chuck wagon, he crawled into his bedroll each night.
语篇解读：语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了炊事用车的发明过程及其后续发展情况。
1. What does the underlined word “entice” in Paragraph 1 mean
A．Inform. B．Direct. C．Enable. D．Attract.
解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“He couldn't offer high wages. He couldn't promise easy jobs or even nice weather. But he thought that decent, hot meals might entice men to work for him.”和语境可知，他不能提供高工资，也不能保证会有容易的活儿或好天气；但他认为，像样的热饭菜可能会吸引别人为他工作。据此可以判断，画线词的含义与D项的含义最为接近。
2. Why were cattle drives in the mid to late 1800s so tough
A．All the cattle were carried on two wheeled vehicles.
B．Fresh food supplies were hard to find on the drive.
C．There were not enough cowboys to drive the cattle.
D．There was no place to store food and necessary supplies.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“there were no stores for hundreds of miles ... was boring and unappetizing”可知，在赶牛的旅途中难以吃到新鲜的食物。故B项正确。
3. What do we know about Goodnight's chuck wagon from the text
A．It was stronger than the ordinary wagons.
B．It was mainly used to provide first aid.
C．It could be changed into a sleeping area.
D．It was sold to other ranchers by Goodnight.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“rebuilt it with the Osage orange ... and the wider wheels lasted longer”可知，古德奈特发明的炊事用车比一般的四轮运货车更坚固，故A项正确。
4.What is the best title for the text
A．The Cowboys' Problem B．Goodnight Loving Trail
C．The Cowboys' Home on Wheels D．Exciting Cattle Drives in the West
解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，牧场主古德奈特为解决牛仔们的吃饭问题而发明了炊事用车，而且这种车不仅仅是一个可移动的厨房，它更为牛仔们提供了一个“家”。故C项最适合作本文的标题。
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