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2023年高考英语语法之名词性从句：四大从句概念及难点分析
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词： that, whether ,if (不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
连接副词：when, where, how, why
如：That she was chosen made us very happy.
一、主语从句
1. 以what等连接代词引导的主语从句
What you need is more practice. 你需要的是更多的练习。
Whoever wants it may have it. 谁要都可以给他。
同类的连接代词还有：What, who, whom, whose, which, whatever, whoever, whichever
2. 以that, whether从属连词引导的主语从句
It was strange that he had made a mistake. 真奇怪，他竟然错了。
That we need more equipment is quite obvious. 我们需要更多的设备，这是很明显的。
Whether he will join us won't make too much difference.
他是否加入我们，没有太大的差别。
3. 主语从句的引导词that什么时候可以省略
当主语从句不太长时，引导词“that”可以省略
It's clear (that) he has done his best. 很明显他已经尽力而为了。
It's a wonder (that) he didn't fail. 真奇怪，他没有失败。
4. 以when等连接副词引导的主语从句
When they will come hasn't been made public. 他们什么时候来还没有公布。
Where she has gone is not known yet. 她去了哪儿，还不知道。
Why he did it will remain a puzzle for ever. 为什么他做那件事将永远是个谜团。
5. 虚拟语气：主语从句
形容词为necessary, important, impossible, strange, natural, essential时，在“It + be + 形容词或过去分词 + 主语从句”中，主语从句要虚拟。
It is necessary that the problem (should) be discussed at once.
立刻讨论这个问题很有必要。
It is strange that he (should) have so many friends. 太奇怪了，他有那么多的朋友。
6. 主语从句与强调句的区别
注意事项：
1). 在主语从句中，把It was … that去掉之后，就已经完全不像一个句子了。
2). 在强调句中，把It was … that去掉之后，还基本上像个句子。
3). 主语从句有以下的引导词：what, who, whom, whose, which, whatever, whoever, whichever
4).强调句的引导词只有：that, who。
二、宾语从句
1. 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。
2. 宾语从句：短语动词
Please go and find out when the train will arrive. 请去弄清楚火车什么时候到。
His teacher pointed out that Tom hadn't studied hard enough.
老师指出汤姆学习不够努力。
That depends on how you do it. 那得看你怎么做的。
3. 宾语从句：及物动词
Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees. 谁都知道钱不是长在树上。
Have you decided where you will go for a holiday 你有没有决定到什么地方去度假
4. 宾语从句：介词的宾语
I am curious as to what they are going to do next.
我对他们下一步打算做什么很感兴趣。
The twin sisters differ only in that one is a bit fatter than the other one.
这对双胞胎姐妹的区别，仅仅在于其中一个比另一个稍胖一点。
I am interested in what she is doing. 我对她做的事感兴趣。
5. 宾语从句：否定的转移
有些表示思想和感情的动词之后的宾语从句中的否定式可以注意到这些动词之前。
I don't suppose you're used to this diet. = I suppose you aren't used to this diet.
我想你不习惯这种饮食。
I didn't expect she would pass the entrance examination. = I expected she wouldn't pass the entrance examination. 我以为她不能通过入学考试。
6. 虚拟语气：宾语从句
一些含有假设、猜想、建议等意思的动词后面的宾语从句要用should+原形动词结构,should往往可以省略。这类动词有: advice, arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, require, request, suggest等。
I suggested that he study harder. 我建议他用功一些。(这一题要特别注意：为什么study用原形。)
I insisted that he (should) go. 我强调他应当去。
7. 宾语从句的省略
引导宾语从句的that之后接的从句不长时，可以省略。如果that后面的宾语从句较长时，that不能省略。
I hope (that) you'll be fine soon. 我希望你尽快康复。
三、表语从句
表语是用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的，它常位于联系动词（be,become,appear,seem等）之后。
1、名词作表语
Africa is a big continent.
非洲是个大洲。
That remains a puzzle to me.
这对我还是个难题。
2、代词作表语
What's your fax number
你的传真号是多少？
3、形容词作表语
I feel much better today.
我今天感觉好多了。
4、数词作表语
She was the first to learn about it.
她是第一个知道的人。
5、不定式或ing形式作表语
Her job is selling computers.
她的工作是销售电脑。
Our next step was to get raw materials ready.
我们下一步是把原料准备好。
6、介词短语作表语
The patient is out of danger.
病人脱险了。
I don't feel at ease.
我感到不自在。
7、副词作表语
The sun is up.
太阳升起来了。
I must be off now.
现在我得走了。
8、从句作表语
This is what he said.
这就是他所说的话。
四、同位语从句
同位语从句指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句，属于名词性从句的范畴，同位语从句用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明。
一个名词（或其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或事件的从句。
1、名词作同位语
Mr Wang， my child’s teacher，will be visiting us on Tuesday.
王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。
（在这里'my child's teacher'做同位语修饰'Mr Wang')
2、短语作同位语
I， the oldest girl in the family， always had to care for the other children.
我，作为家里最大的女孩，总是要照料家中的其他孩子。
3、直接引语作同位语
But now the question comes to their minds，“Did she die young because she was a clone？”
但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题：“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗？”
4、句子作同位语
The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.
巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。
固定用法
同位语部分是个句子，就是同位语从句，这种用法比较"固定"。
1、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。
I heard the news that our team had won．
我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
2、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility，decision等（一般的“抽象”名词都可用）。
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon．
五、名词性从句的几个难点
（一）that不可省略的情况
1、主语从句，that从句置于句首时；
2、当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二和以后几个从句的that不可省略；
3、由it作形式宾语时，that引导的宾语从句中，that不可以省略。
（二）wh-ever与no matter wh-的用法区别
Wh-ever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句；而no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从句。
（三）as if/though, because, why可以引导表语从句
注意：because引导的表语从句，主语不能是reason或cause,而且since,as不能引导表语从句。
（四）that引导的同位语从句与关系代词that引导的定语从句的区别
That引导的同位语从句成分是完整的，that在从句中不担当任何成分；that引导的定语从句成分是残缺的，that在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
练习巩固
1．It is said that many people are worried about the year 2012，________they think the earth will be destroyed by disasters.
A．when B．where
C．as D．which
解析：考查定语从句。句意：据说很多人担心2012年，他们认为那一年地球会被灾难摧毁。关系副词when引导非限制性定语从句修饰2012，when在从句中作时间状语。
答案：A
2．I have never heard ________stories ________he told.
A．such；which B．such；as
C．such；like D．so；that
解析：考查定语从句。先行词由such修饰时，定语从句的关系代词常用as，本题中as作told的宾语。句意：我从未听过他所说的这类故事。
答案：B
3．Ann talked about the people and things ________moved her greatly during her stay there.
A．that B．who
C．which D．what
解析：________moved her greatly during her stay there.是定语从句修饰先行词the people and things。当定语从句的先行词既有人又有物且定语从句中缺主语时，定语从句由that引导。
答案：A
4．Why not try another way ________you may do your experiment better and more quickly
A．by which B．that
C．which D．in that
解析：考查定语从句。先行词是way且表示方式时，其后的定语从句关系词只能用that，in which或省略不用。
答案：B
5．When he came back from abroad，John told his parents about the cities and the people ________he had visited.
A．who B．which
C．where D．that
解析：考查定语从句。当先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词用that。
答案：D
6．Yesterday we went to visit the farm ________my father used to work for nearly ten years.
A．in which B．that
C．where D．which
解析：考查定语从句。句意：昨天我们参观了我父亲曾经工作了接近十年的那个农场。________my father used to work for nearly ten years.是定语从句修饰先行词the farm，从句中缺地点状语，故答案选C，此处where相当于on which。
答案：C
7．They are in a difficult situation ________all efforts seem useless.
A．that B．which
C．where D．as
解析：考查定语从句。句意：他们处境困难，在这种情况下所有的努力似乎都无用。当先行词是point，situation，stage，case，position等词并且关系词在从句中作状语时，定语从句常用where来引导。
答案：C
8．Anything ________could be found has been used to repair the damaged bridge.
A．which B．that
C．what D．不填
解析：考查定语从句。句意：任何可能被找到的东西都已经被用来修补受损的大桥了。当先行词是不定代词且定语从句缺主语时，定语从句用that而不用which引导。
答案：B
9．There was ________time ________I hated to go to school.
A．a；which B．a；when
C．the；that D．the；when
解析：考查定语从句。先行词为time，且从句中不缺句子成分，故用关系副词when。
答案：B
10．Her work changed the way ______people think about chimps.
A．that B．in which
C．不填 D．all of above
解析：way作先行词时，如果定语从句中缺状语，可用that、in which，也可以省略that或in which，故选D。
答案：D

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