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上海市长宁区
2020-2022届（三年）高三一模英语试题分类汇编
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上海市长宁区2022届高三一模英语试卷
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
（A）
It was one of the most destructive days in the history of our planet, and now we know how it played out. Scientists have pieced together the first day of the dinosaurs’ extinction, by drilling into the crater （火山口） that formed from the asteroid （小行星） that caused their downfall.
The asteroid, which led to the extinction of all dinosaurs that can’t fly, crashed into the Gulf of Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula some 66 million years ago. In 2016, a scientific drilling project by the International Ocean Discovery Program got rocks from the impact site, which has been underwater for a long time. Now, scientists have analysed these rocks to travel back in time to that particular day itself.
“It’s an expanded record of events that we were able to recover from within ground zero,” said Dr Sean Gulick, a geophysicist at the University of Texas at Austin and leader of this study. “It tells us about impact processes from an eyewitness location.”
In just 24 hours following the impact, a layer of material 130m thick was deposited. This include charcoal, which provides evidence for the intense wildfires that are thought to have been caused by the crash.
Meanwhile, the impact also led to a huge tsunami, an extremely large wave in the sea caused by an earthquake, as evidenced by layers of rocks and sand in the core samples, which appear to have been deposited by flooding waters.
One thing conspicuously missing from the samples, though, is the element of sulphur （硫磺）. Although the surrounding area is full of sulphur-rich rocks, the crater is unusually sulphur-free. This supports the idea that the asteroid impact instantly vaporised sulphurous rocks, releasing the sulphur into the atmosphere, where it remained and reflected away the Sun’s light, cooling the Earth’s climate.
Although the impact had destructive effects on a regional level, it’s this large-scale global cooling that’s thought to be behind the dinosaurs’ eventual extinction, as well as that of countless other plant and animal species.
“The real killer has got to be atmospheric,” said Gulick. “The only, way you get a global mass extinction like this is an atmospheric effect.”
56. Dr Sean Gulick is quoted in paragraph 3 in order to ______.
A. stress the impact of the crash
B. illustrate the significance of their study
C. explain what they did in their study
D. state the reason for dinosaurs’ death
57. The word “conspicuously” （in paragraph 6） is closest in meaning to“______”.
A. obviously B. restlessly C. occasionally D. potentially
58. Which of the following is a cause of the dramatic drop in temperature mentioned in the passage
A. The tsunami.
B. The wildfires.
C. The vapourised sulphur.
D. The deposit of rocks.
59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A. Touching on the dinosaur’s time
B. Drilling into the day the dinosaurs died
C. Why we need to study the atmospheric effect
D. What we should know about the history of our planet
（B）
What Are the Limits of Human Endurance
Paragraph 1:______
When it comes to running, how far and how fast you can go is determined by a number of physical factors, including your VO2 max (the volume of oxygen you can pump round your body) and your lactate （乳酸盐） threshold, which is the point at which your body produces more lactate than it can break down （a build-up of this chemical makes you run less efficiently）. Some of this is genetic, some of it comes from training. But in recent years, sports scientists have also come to recognise the importance of mental strength. The longer you run, the more important a well-thought-out mental strategy mon strategies for coping with pain include motivational self talk and distraction techniques to help block negative thoughts.
Paragraph 2:______
Thirty years ago, scientists calculated that the fastest possible marathon, in perfect conditions and with the perfect athlete, would be 1 hour 58 minutes. And we’re getting close. This September, Kenyan long-distance runner Eliud Kipchoge set a new world record of 2:01:39 at the Berlin Maraton—a race ideally suited to fast times because of its flat course, few corners, and typically good weather conditions. Sports physiologists think that the two-hour limit could be broken in the next few decades, as a bigger talent pool of runners, plus advances in training technology, create ever more ideal combinations of athlete and running conditions.
Paragraph 3:______
Long-distance running stresses the body; recent research from the University of the Peloponnese in Greece found that post-race levels of inflammation（炎症） in the blood of ultra endurance runners （those who run races longer than a marathon） showed similar descriptions to people with cancer or cirrhosis. However, over the next few days, the runners’ levels returned to normal, suggesting that they have a remarkable ability to recover after an extreme workout. Good training is partly about helping you know when, for instance, you’ve crossed the line from ‘good pain’ into ‘bad pain’.
60. Match each paragraph with one of the following questions, and then make the choice.
①Is endurance in the mind or in the muscles
②Is endurance running bad for you
③Will endurance running become a hit
④Will anyone ever run a two-hour marathon
A. Paragraph l:①; Paragraph2:②; Paragraph3:③
B. Paragraph 1:④; Paragraph 2:①; Paragraph3:②
C. Paragraph 1:④; Paragraph 2:②; Paragraph3:③
D. Paragraph 1:①; Paragraph2:④; Paragraph3:②
61. According to the research, how can distraction techniques help long distance runners
A. By raising their VO2 max.
B. By helping them concentrate.
C. By lowering their lactate threshold.
D. By preventing them feeling discouraged.
62. What can be learned from the passage
A. Good training can help you find out your limits.
B. The world marathon record is 1 hour 58 minutes.
C. Marathon training technology hasn’t changed a lot.
D. Long distance running causes lasting harm to our health.
（C）
It seems difficult to explain the persistent success of scientific theories at describing nature. I explore this challenge in my book, What Science Is and How It Really Works. If the history of science teaches us anything, it is that the ability of a theory to predict unobserved phenomena and lead to amazing new technologies is no proof that said theory is “true”.
For example, Isaac Newton’s mechanics enabled surprisingly accurate predictions of other astronomical phenomena, such as Halley’s comet （哈雷彗星） arriving later than normal in 1759 due to the gravitational effects of passing close to Jupiter. Even more impressive, in the early 1800s when astronomers determined that the orbit （轨道） of Uranus failed to match Newtonian predictions, they concluded that Newton’s theory was not wrong; rather, the existence of a previously unobserved planet was proposed and was later found exactly where it was expected to be （and named Neptune）.
Such successes of the scientific revolution were so impressive that philosophers developed whole new theories of knowledge to try to explain how scientists appeared to have used observation and reason to discover fundamental truths. In doing so, scientists attempted to dismiss what logicians have known for long: that no amount of correctly predicted effects can prove a supposed cause.
But don’t the successes of Newtonian mechanics prove that the laws Newton proposed must really be true Otherwise how could the theory have picked a single spot in the vast expanse of the universe and found exactly where Neptune was
Things do not always work out this way, however. In 1859, astronomers determined that the orbit of Mercury was not behaving, over time, as Newtonian mechanics predicted. So another new planet （named Vulcan） was proposed. Unlike the prediction of Neptune’s existence, this supposition did not pan out; rather, Newtonian mechanics was an incorrect theory in this context. A different scientific theory- Einstein’s theory of relativity—was required to later explain Mercury’s movement.
So, what really helps credibility more To insist that we know that atoms, black holes, and dark matter are real because of how many observations we can explain and predictions we can make by supposing their existence Or to simply admit that science cannot support a claim of absolute truth regarding the abstract, unobserved scientific objects and laws that are proposed to govern this world
One could argue that if scientists don’t bang the gong （锣） of “truth”, then it may only quicken the dismissal of science as just another opinion. However, I would argue that this position does not give the intended audience enough credit, and that claiming absolute truth does more harm than good, not only for the interaction of science with the public, but for the practice of science. If data are important to the sciences, then let us accept the historical data on science itself.
63. Which of the following did the laws of Newton fail to provide accurate predictions for
A. The planet of Mercury varied in its composition.
B. Halley’s comet arrived later than normal in 1759.
C. Neptune was located where it was expected to be.
D. The Sun had another planet named Vulcan.
64. Why does the writer mention logicians in paragraph 3
A. To introduce another way of scientific thinking.
B. To imply what mistake scientists may have made.
C. To make a comparison between logicians and scientists.
D. To help explain the cause and effect of certain phenomena.
65. The phrase “pan out”（in paragraph 5） most probably means ______.
A. appear B. be divided C. shrink D. be proved
66. Which of the following statements is the writer most likely to agree with
A. Only by enough observations can a theory be proved true.
B. Never can we rule out the possibility that a theory is wrong.
C. Einstein’s theory of relativity works better than any other theory in astronomy.
D. Newtonian mechanics doesn’t fit today s context because it was established long ago.
上海市长宁区2021届高三一模英语试卷
A
The first thing we notice about new people are their faces.The next time we see these people, we remember them because we remember their faces. This seems like a simple process. However, scientists found that it is not such a simple process. The section of the brain that is responsible for face recognition seems to work differently for different people. Some people have great difficulty remembering and recognizing faces, while others almost never forget a face.
Normal babies are born with a natural ability to recognize faces. In fact, their face recognition abilities are much better than their parents. Babies are highly skilled at face recognition at six months. But by nine months, they lose this skill. By nine months, a baby’s face-recognition skills are about the same as an adult’s.
Unfortunately, some people are not born with this ability to recognize faces. The part of the brain that is responsible for face recognition doesn’t work for them. This condition is called face blindness. People with very severe face blindness cannot even recognize their own faces. In fact, people with this condition can sometimes be frightened when they look in the mirror. They don’t recognize their own face, so for a second they are startled when they see this unfamiliar face.
Face blindness is not always severe. Scientists believe up to 10 percent of the population may be affected by face blindness to some degree, yet many people with mild face blindness might not even know they have it. They have no reason to know they are different from anyone else until someone points it out. This is similar to people with color blindness.
Colorblind people can’t see the difference between certain colors such as red and green, until someone tells them that green and red are two different colors.
There is no cure for face blindness. So for the time being, people with face blindness need to find simple techniques to compensate for their problem. They can try to recognize people by their hairstyle, their voice, or their glasses. Hopefully, in the future as scientists learn more about this condition, they will find a cure.
The first paragraph is mainly about ___________________________.
the way to improve one’s face-recognition skills
the fact that some people have face-recognition problems
the simple process of the brain to recognize others’ faces
the importance of face recognition in human communication
When do people have the keen skills of face-recognition
At birth. B. In adolescence.
C. Half a year old. D. Nine months old.
58. The bold word “startled” in the 3rd paragraph is closes in meaning to __________________.
A. confused B. surprised
C. excited D. depressed
59. What does the author think of the problem of face blindness
A. People need to take it seriously. B. It affects a great number of people.
C. It can be cured in the near future. D. Certain techniques can make up for it.
B
CAREERS & MANAGEMENT Many large companies now use applicant-tracking systems (ATSs). As the name suggests, such systems help recruiters track and manage applicants. They also select the best candidates and filter out the rest. How can you make sure that your application gets past the robots and reaches a human recruiter Here’s what the expert, DEBORAH CAPRAS, says. Use the right format (格式） Most applications are removed because they are not formatted in way these systems can read and interpret: Amanda Augustine, career expert at Presumption, explains to CNBC Make It. Check which format is specified in the job ad before you upload your application. It's usually Microsoft Word format. Keep it simple Avoid columns and tables, as many systems have problems recognizing where these start and end. According to Alludes, a specialist recruitment company, you should keep the structure and format simple. “Don't get fancy, ” advises Alludes on its blog. Use standard fonts (Arial or Caliban). Excessive formatting or decorative elements might present an unreadable mess to the ATSs. Stick to traditions Use traditional categories, such as “Achievements”, “Education”, “Professional qualifications”, “Skills” and “Work experience”. These systems are programmed to sort the information into such categories. “There is no standard you have to follow, ” says Nick Francis of Silencer, “but you should stick to the most popular or most frequently used ones to be safe,” he tells CNBC Make It. Understand the algorithms (算法) “ATS algorithms aren’t that different from the human algorithms, ” Jon Shields, marketing manager at Jacobson, tells The Muse. “We’re all kind of skimming for the same things,” he says. The system first skims your application for specific key words, then it ranks candidates who match the job description well. This doesn’t mean you should copy and paste directly from the job description into your application. You should reuse expressions that are recognized industry terms. This is important when listing job titles, qualifications or achievements. If you're not sure which ones to include, use an online tool to find the right words. Basically, even if you are highly qualified, unless you include the right search terms in your application, a human recruiter will never meet you.
Applicant-tracking systems (ATSs) are used for ________________________.
formatting the uploaded applications
collecting applicants’ data from their applications
helping companies find qualified candidates
promoting applicants’ career development
Which of the following is NOT DEBORAH CAPRAS’ advice
A. Check the format used in your application before uploading it.
B. Keep the structure and format of your application simple.
C. Stick to the most popular or frequently used categories.
D. Avoid using expressions that are recognized industry terms.
62. This brochure mainly talks about ________________________.
A. where applicants should send their applications
B. how applicants could get their applications past ATSs
C. what applicants must do in preparing for an interview
D. why ATS algorithms work in the same way as human’s
(C)
In 2020, we can expect new developments in voice technology. These include technology that can understand regional accents and gender-neutral (中性的) voice assistants. People have criticized products such as Alexa and Siri because they often misunderstand women and people with regional accents. In response to this criticism, the voice tech industry is trying to become more inclusive by introducing a range of new projects. One study asked people to read out different news headlines and then looked at what Alexa thought people had said. The difference between what the people said and what Alexa understood was 30% bigger for people with non-native accents. Recent research also shows that Google’s speech recognition is 13% more accurate for men than it is for women.
A project that wants to make voice tech more inclusive is Project Q. It is a gender-neutral voice assistant expected to be launched in 2020. “Current voice technology is gendered,” says Ryan Sherman, of Project Q. “Siri or Google Assistant mainly start out as female by default (默认）, so we asked a question: why do we gender AI Research shows that female voices are more compliant. Male voices indicate superiority and intelligence. All voice tech only offers two options.”
Project Q launched in 2019 with a prototype voice developed by non-binary（非二元性别的）linguists. They asked a sample of 4,500 people from across Europe whether it sounded male or female. The answers were split 50/50. “We want this voice to be used in voice assistants but also in metro stations, games, etc. There is huge potential,” says Sherman.
Other companies are also trying to diversify voice tech. Mozilla launched the Common Voice project in 2019 to find global voices to help diversify AI speech. “Companies that started years ago with voice recognition often got their data from public radio,” said Katharina Borchert, from Mozilla. “Those were mostly male, native speakers with really trained voices. There are not a lot of female voices, and it doesn’t have people with regional accents. That’s why the early version had real problems understanding women. So the larger the diversity of speakers, the greater the quality in the end.”
The BBC is developing a voice assistant called Beeb to be launched in 2020, designed to respond to users’ requests. Mukul Devichand, executive editor of voice and AI, says it is also looking at how to respond better to regional accents. “We’ve been involving people from all corners of the country to make sure that our conversation assistant represents regional accents,” he says.
Dr Saul Albert, of Loughborough University, is not sure that these projects give full assistance and highlights one area that needs attention. “Amazon, Google and other technology companies are going to have to involve disabled people in design,” he says. “There are standard features in products like the Google Home and the Amazon Echo, as well as Google’s Euphonia project, which learns the voice patterns of users with speech impairments (障碍).”
Dr Leigh Clark, of Swansea University, is more optimistic, but he says there are still important things to remember when developing some of these projects: “If we have gender-neutral voices, do these become the norm or do these become another option for the user to choose ”
The products like Alexa and Siri were criticized, because ______________________.
their voices got from Europeans were split into half male and half female
they had difficulty recognizing women and those with regional accents
regional accents and gender-neutral voice assistants were included
they boasted about the great efficiency of their voice assistants
How did the companies solve the problem of understanding women
By launching Project Q and developing Beeb.
By collecting voice data from public radios.
By adding regional accents to the data base.
By diversifying voice tech with global voices.
What’s the principle of designing voice assistants
Voice assistants mainly started out as female by default.
Standard features must be included in voice assistants.
The more diverse the speakers, the greater the quality in the end.
Users with speech impairments can’t have the priority in design.
What’s the best title of this passage
A. Expecting new developments in voice tech.
B. Responding to users with speech impairments.
C. Solving the problem of understanding women.
D. Developing voice assistants for metro stations.
上海市长宁区2020届高三一模英语试卷
(A)
I live in a second-floor flat with an ancient tree right on the corner of the house. House and tree have been here, side by side, for well over a century. No one really knows how old the tree is, but it was already there when builders started on the house at the beginning of the 1900s.
It was still rather young and flexible back then, so it easily welcomed the new structure into its path. It bent and adjusted itself to make room, and to find the space to grow big and strong and wise. Which means that some hundred years later, the solid, strong branches of the tree reach around two full sides of my home. It’s covered in moss (苔藓), which is, in turn, crawling with all sorts of insects. I have never seen the insects, by the way, I just know that they’re there because of all the birds trying to pick them out. They are always hopping around, looking for this and that and singing songs.
I feel like I have become part of the ecosystem. When I’m eating breakfast or making dinner in the kitchen, I can look out and see a bird hopping around skillfully, gathering its own meal while I tend to mine. When I’m sitting in the living room, reading or drinking tea, I can suddenly find myself face to face with another bird. We’ll be staring at each other and, after some time, decide we can both carry on with our business. Living side by side. Even as I write this—the large windows open to a lovely, soft evening—a white feather comes floating down by my side. Probably from one of the resident pigeons.
As I don’t have the luxury of a garden, this tree makes me feel connected to the outdoors. Such an ancient tree, a tree that is itself home to many other creatures—that feels different. It is as if it has adopted me and made me a part of its world, without ever asking for something in return. But if needs be, I know that it can count on me and I will protect it with all my strength.
56. The flat the author lives in is ______.
A. built in an ancient tree B. hugged by a giant tree
C. decorated with branches D. surrounded by a garden
57. In the author’s description, she implies that ______.
A. birds keep her warm company B. she has been living on tree products
C. moss makes her flat nice and cool D. she has been bothered by the insects
58. What does the author really treasure
A. A close-to-nature life. B. A luxurious garden.
C. A spacious house. D. A sociable neighbor.
59. Which of the following can be used to express the author’s feeling
A. Jealous. B. Inferior. C. Content. D. Passionate. (B)
The Sleep of Your Dreams
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a third of us don’t get nearly enough shut-eye. Our collective tiredness has promoted a $41 billion market for devices promising more—and higher-quality—sleep. In my everlasting search for downtime, I tested some of the most promising ones. Here’s how they stacked up.
Eight sleep tracker $299 This mattress (床垫) topper ts under a sheet and “turns any bed into a smart bed,” according to Eight. While I slept, the sensor-decorated pad gathered data like heart rate, periods of deepest sleep, and number of turns. It was easy to use, and I liked the warming feature, which let me set each side of the bed to a different temperature. REM Score: 8 (out of 10) Dreampad pillow $149 and up The Dreampad uses smooth soundscapes to help you power down. Connect the device to your phone via Bluetooth or USB, and the pillow emits soft music, audible only to you as you lay your head down. There are ten tracks on offer. I didn’t drift off any faster with the Dreampad, but it did help me fall back asleep when I woke up at night. REM Score: 6
Smart Nora Wireless Snoring Solution $299 My eight-hour restful happiness is frequently interrupted by my husband’s snoring. The Smart Nora relieves me of the need to push him. When the bedside audio sensor detects a breathing disturbance, it slowly blows up the offender’s pillow, gently shifting them into a freer-breathing position. My husband sometimes woke up brie y but was soon asleep again. REM Score: 8 Nightingale Smart Home Sleep System $149 The Nightingale is hi-tech. Two app-enabled units wrap the room in a blanket of warm sound. You can also program the system to provide weather and traf c information when you wake up. The only downside: in standby mode, it emits a faint noise. REM Score: 9
* REM: rapid eye movement (describes a period of sleep during which you dream and your eyes make small movements)
60. By “how they stacked up” in paragraph 1, the author probably means “how they ______.”
A. make sense to manufacturers B. get stuck in stores
C. are compared with each other D. are piled up together
61. Which of the following devices favourably reacts to users
A. Dreampad pillow B. Eight sleep tracker
C. Smart Nora Wireless Snoring Solution D. Nightingale Smart Home Sleep System
62. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage
A. The Eight keeps the entire bed at the same temperature.
B. The Nightingale is an economical but perfect device.
C. Soft music is applied to all these four devices.
D. One in three people suffer from sleep problem.
(C)
An epidemic is the occurrence of a disease which affects a very large number of people living in an area and which spreads quickly to other people. Like infectious diseases, ideas in the academic world are spreadable. But why some travel far and wide while equally good ones remain in relative insignificance has been a mystery. Now a team of computer scientists has used an epidemiological model to imitate how ideas move from one academic institution to another. The model showed that ideas originating at famous institutions caused bigger “epidemics” than equally good ideas from less well-known places, explains Allison Morgan, a computer scientist at the University of Colorado Boulder and lead author of the new study. “This implies that where an idea is born shapes how far it spreads, holding the quality of the idea constant.” says senior author Aaron Clauset, also at Boulder.
Not only is this unfair—“it reveals a big weakness in how we’re doing science,” says Simon DeDeo, a professor of social and decision sciences at Carnegie Mellon University, who was not involved in the study. There are many highly trained people with good ideas who do not end up at top institutions. “They are producing good ideas, and we know those ideas are getting lost,” DeDeo says. “Our science, our scholarship, is not as good because of this.”
The Colorado researchers analyzed an existing data set of computer science department hires in North America, as well as a database of publications by these hires. First they looked at how five big ideas in computer science spread to new institutions. They found that hiring a new member accounted for this movement a little more than a third of the time—and in 81 percent of those cases, transfers took place from higher-to lower-status universities. Then the team imitated the broadcasting of ideas using an infectious disease model and found that the size of an idea “epidemic” (as measured by the number of institutions that published studies on an idea after it originated) depended on the status of the originating institution. The findings were published online last October in EPJ Data Science.
The researchers’ model suggests that there “may be a number of quite good ideas that originate in the middle of the pack, in terms of universities,” Clauset says. DeDeo agrees. There is a lot of good work coming out of less famous places, he says: “You can learn a huge amount from it, and you can learn things that other people don’t know because they’re not even paying attention.”
63. The word “this” in paragraph 2 refers to the fact that ______.
A. the time when good ideas were born decides how far they may spread
B. the quality of the original ideas tends to be not easy to maintain
C. good ideas from less important institutions lack influence
D. scholars in insignificant institutions consider their ideas valueless
64. The case of some hires in paragraph 3 is used to indicate ______.
A. the statistics the epidemiological model provides for the researchers
B. why the originating institutions transfer their new findings
C. how they carry the ideas from lower- to higher-status institutions
D. the way the movements of some new ideas happen and their effects
65. Researchers such as Clauset are very much concerned about ______.
A. losing quite a number of great and creative thoughts
B. missing the opportunities of getting more well-known
C. misusing the epidemiological model in scientific research areas
D. having difficulty in finding more proper science department hires
66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A. Infectious Diseases B. Original Ideas C. Idea Epidemic D. Epidemiological Model
答案：
上海市长宁区2022届高三一模英语试卷
56.B57.A58.C59.B60.D 61.D62.A63.D64.B65.D 66.B
上海市长宁区2021届高三一模英语试卷
56-59 BCBD 60-62 CDB 63-66 BDCA
上海市长宁区2020届高三一模英语试卷
56-59 BAAC 60-62 CCD 63-66 CDAC

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