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北京市海淀区
2020-2022届（三年）高三二模英语试题分类汇编
阅读理解
北京市海淀区2022届高三二模英语试卷
第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Institutions and individuals can subscribe to Journal of Science （JS）either by print or online．Ordering Procedures
Both institutions and individuals can complete their order form and submit payment to start their print and/or online subscription．Those who choose the print version receive access to the online service as well．They may also subscribe to online-only access to JS．Once the publisher has received payment，the institution or individual will begin receiving the print journal if they order the print option．They will receive an e-mail with instructions for obtaining access to the online edition．The e-mail will direct them to an online form．They will be asked to provide the following information necessary to activate their subscription to JS：
Institutions
·Contact name,title,phone,fax,and email
·Customer number（received via email）
·Institution's IP Address（es）
Individuals
·A username and password that you can easily remember
·Your name,phone number,and email address
·Your customer number（received via email）
With their subscription,they will receive 10 issues per year of the JS in addition to access to tables of contents,abstracts,full text searching,full text display,and PDFs,full access to all posted back content to 1860，for as long as the subscription is active．For institutions,access is limited to computers within a particular set of Internet IP addresses．Individuals will enjoy the advantage of having password access to JS from any device connected to the Internet．Without a subscription,access to tables of contents and abstracts is available．
Cost of Subscriptions
2022 Rates Individual online-only Individual print+online Student online-only Student print+online Institution online-only Institution print-only
U.S. $80 $90 $40 $50 $240 $250
Foreign $80 $90+ $35 Postage $40 $50+ S35 Postage $240 $250+ $35 Postage
Purchasing Individual Issues or Articles
You can purchase access to individual JS issues or articles．Browse through our current online content or our archive （going back to 1860），select the article you want access to,and click Add to Cart．You will be prompted to create an account at this time if you don't already have one．Purchases can be made by visiting our online store:https://epay．ustore．edu/js．
21．What is the procedure for online-only subscription？
①complete an order form ②receive an email with instructions
③activate the subscription ④submit payment
A．③①②④ B．①④②③ C．①④③② D．④①②③
22．How much does it cost a student in Beijing to subscribe to both print and online versions of JS 2022？
A．$80． B．$85． C．$90． D．$125．
23．What can we learn from the passage？
A．Those who subscribe to the print version have no access to online service．
B．Individual articles are not available unless you make a yearly subscription．
C．There is no limit on Internet IP addresses for either institutions or individuals．
D．People have access to tables of contents and abstracts even without subscription．
B
About 20 years ago,Daniel Hoffman,a classically trained violinist met a young musician playing in the town square in Marrakech,an ancient city in Morocco．They communicated in the little French they both knew,but their main common language was music．On the back of a motorbike of the fellow violinist,Hoffman weaved through the back streets of the city and then learned his first lessons in Andalusian music,the classical music of North Africa．
That experience gave birth to an idea:What would it be like to try to learn how to play different violin styles around the world in just one week？Oh,yes,and at the end of that week,play a concert．He even got a name for the concept "musical extreme sports"．
It took him almost two decades to launch that dream with a friend,who introduced him to the wonders of Kickstarter,a funding platform for creative projects．Up to now,the dream has taken the form of a new documentary currently airing on American public television stations called "Otherwise, It's Just Firewood．"
In the documentary,Hoffman travels to County Clare,Ireland,where he takes lessons with James Kelly,a master Irish violin player,for less than a week and then performs together with him in front of an audience,many of whom are star Irish musicians．
The film is what Hoffman hopes will be the first of an eventual series of short documentaries, showing him learning to play the violin in a variety of styles,including the folk music of south India, Sweden,Greece,Romania,and West Virginia．
That would add to his extensive repertoire（全部曲目），which already includes Balkan,Middle Eastern,and Turkish styles．“The big joke is what's the difference between the fiddle and the violin？It's the person who plays it，"says Niall Keegan,a traditional flute player．“It's the music you make on it that makes it Irish or English or French or classical or jazz or whatever else．It's how we imagine it and how we create through it that make it and give it character．"
"Otherwise,it's just firewood，"he says,words that became the film's title．
24．Where does Hoffman's idea of musical extreme sports come from？
A．His exploration of the local music．
B．His cooperation with the young violinist．
C．His sightseeing tour on a motorbike seat．
D．His constantly changing taste in violin styles．
25．According to the passage,the series of documentaries ___________.
A．help Hoffman to become a master violin player
B．are funded by American public television stations
C．introduce different styles of musicians around the world
D．record Hoffman's experience in learning various violin styles
26．The title of the documentary“Otherwise,It's Just Firewood"is used to emphasize．
A．the power of diversified artistic expression
B．the pleasure in learning traditional music
C．the technique of instrument playing
D．the importance of famous artists
C
Microplastics-tiny pieces of plastic waste less than five millimetres long that have been degraded by waves,wind and ultraviolet rays-have been discovered in the deepest oceanic trenches and within the stomachs of the organisms that live there,but we have little idea about where the great majority of them end up．More than eight million tonnes of plastic enters our oceans every year,comprising between 80 and 85 percent of all marine trash,but with inadequate data,there are concerns that these figures could be underestimates．
Currently,most of the data we have on microplastics are accidentally captured by research ships, which use plankton nets to collect marine-microorganism samples．However,researchers Christopher Ruf and Madeline Evans from the University of Michigan have discovered an innovative way to identify and track concentrations of microplastics in the ocean．
The technique relies on NASA's Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System （CYGNSS），a constellation of eight micro-satellites used to predict hurricanes that calculate wind speeds above the ocean by measuring the roughness of surface waters．As the satellites are continuously recording,Ruf and Evans realised that they collect a great deal of additional data．It was while analysing these data that they noticed some differences times where the surface of the ocean appeared to be much smoother than it should,given the prevailing wind（盛行风）conditions．
Knowing that water isn't roughened as much when it contains a lot of floating material,Ruf and Evans identified a pattern that linked areas of unusual smoothness and predicted microplastic distributions．They found that the difference between their measurements,and how much rougher thesurface would be if winds of the same speed were blowing across clear water,was "highly correlated with the presence of microplastics,and the degree of the difference also correlated with the concentration of the plastics．”
The research reveals that there are seasonal variations,where the concentrations of microplastics tend to be higher in the summer and lower in the winter in a very clean,periodic way,which Ruf explains mirrors the way in which the ocean circulation changes throughout the year．It also confirms,as was previously thought,that rivers are the main source of ocean microplastics．
Raising awareness of the issue of ocean microplastics among the public and politicians is just one of the researchers'future aims；they are also in conversation with Dutch non-profit The Ocean Cleanup and Finnish clean-technology specialist Clewat,which are interested in using the information to more efficiently target their trash-collection campaigns．
So far,only one year's worth of data have been processed since CYGNSS was launched in 2016．By looking at a longer time period,Ruf and Evans aim to determine whether the seasonal pattern is repeatable,and whether the concentration of microplastics in the ocean is getting worse．
27．What is Paragraph 1 mainly about？
A．The limited knowledge about ocean microplastics．
B．The harm of ocean microplastics to sea creatures．
C．The methods of degrading ocean microplastics．
D．The previous research on ocean microplastics．
28．According to the passage,CYGNSS________.
A．has offered data about the repeatable seasonal pattern
B．guides research ships to gather data about sea animals
C．provides unexpected data about the changes of sea surface
D．was designed to measure the distribution of ocean microplastics
29．What can we learn from the passage？
A．Microplastics will end up in the stomachs of the ocean organisms．
B．Microplastics play a vital role in the yearly ocean circulation changes．
C．The surface of the ocean can get smoother with more microplastics in it．
D．The new way of tracking microplastics has helped prevent ocean pollution．
30．What is the main purpose of the passage？
A．To introduce the technology of CYGNSS．
B．To present a way to study ocean microplastics．
C．To test an assumption on ocean microplastics．
D．To propose a new means of protecting the ocean．
D
Americans clearly love their museums．One of the most famous,New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art （the Met），saw a record 6．5 million visitors in 2015．But record attendance doesn't necessarily translate into record revenue（收入）。Last month．the Met said it was trying to erase a US$10 million budget deficit（赤字）。Meanwhile,one of its rivals,the Museum of Modern Art（MoMA），was abundant in cash,but only about three million people stopped by in 2015．Why do some museums flourish while others flounder？My research leads me to believe there are three reasons:fashion,billionaires and demographics．
First,underlying the Met's financial challenges is the problem with the acquisitions policy．Recent directors of the Met did not add much to the museum's modern collection．The argument was that museums such as the MoMA were already providing such works in their collections and that the acquisition of contemporary art by living artists was problematic and risky．However,given the fact that museum-goers increasingly favor contemporary art,the revenue of the Met will likely fall if it isn't able to keep up with the tastes of the customers．And by the time it might recognize this,it's already too late to do much about it because the costs to acquire the in-demand art is sky-high．This leads to a second critical issue-the changing distribution of income and its effects on museum finance and operation．
We are living in a boom period for contemporary art．The number of auctions（拍卖）and art fairs has grown enormously to accommodate this growing market．In a world with about 1,800 billionaires,it only takes a relative few to drive high-end art prices to astronomical levels．Works by the German artist Gerhard Richter have generated $1．2 billion in sales in recent years．The soaring prices mean museums simply can't keep up and must usually depend on donations to assemble the best works,or they're priced out．Moreover,billionaires themselves are increasingly setting up their own private museums, further distancing the ability of public museums to get the good stuff．
A third interrelated problem is that demographic issues have put pressure on the revenue side．
Unemployment,early retirements and the aging of the population in the US have contributed to increased attendance at museums．You might think it's a good thing,but more traffic means higher costs,and when those additional visitors don't result in more revenue,profitability goes down．This is because of the longstanding movement toward making museums "free"by having individuals, government or businesses "sponsor"the cost．But when that support gets reduced by budget costs or another reason,museums must either cover the cost themselves or lose patrons by suddenly charging fees．There is evidence that attendance rises when economic growth slows,but that's also when those
"sponsors"are more likely to begin to disappear．
Museums will certainly continue to exist and provide us with invaluable insights into our culture．But they must exist under economic principles,and it'd be wise for their administrators to consider the economics in their calculations．
31．According to the author, __________.
A．MoMA saw a rise in donation due to its increased attendance
B．the Met failed to respond to the artistic tastes of modern visitors
C．the Met considered works of the living artists as questionable
D．MoMA added to its modern collection despite the budget deficit
32．What can we infer from the passage？
A．Billionaires control art auctions to price out public museums．
B．The boom of modern art will lead visitors to private museums．
C．The increase in visitors can hurt the profitability of museums．
D．Economic slowdowns result in a weakened interest in museums．
33．What is the author's attitude towards the future of museums in the US？
A．Pessimistic． B．Doubtful． C．Cautious． D．Uncertain．
34．Which is the best title of the passage？
A．How can Museums Boost Revenues？
B．Should Museums Charge Entrance Fees？
C．Will Museums Survive in a Fast-changing World？
D．What Causes the Financial Challenges of Museums？
北京市海淀区2021届高三二模英语试卷
第一节(共14小题；每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该 项涂黑。
A
Aubrey is a FedEx driver who has made regular delivery stops in a rural neighborhood in Indiana. During her stops there, she would see an 11-year-old boy, Elijah, playing basketball with an old and rusty bent hoop.
"It was crazy to me how happy he was with the broken hoop. Every time I saw him, he was so joyful playing basketball. Seeing him so happy stuck with me," said Aubrey.
The FedEx driver thought about Elijah many times over the months, and decided that she wanted to bless him in a special way. "I just wouldn't stop thinking about it. I really wanted to get him a hoop. He deserves it."
Aubrey went out and bought a new basketball hoop and installed it when the family wasn't home. She left a note that read: "Just wanted you and your son to have the best hoop that'll grow with him and all his friends." She signed herself "just one of the FedEx drivers in the area".
"I read the note, and the moment I realized who it was from, I started to cry," said Coledo, Elijah's mom. "When Elijah came home and I showed it to him, he got really emotional. He got teary-eyed but he's an 11-year-old boy, so he really didn't want to admit he was crying," laughed Coledo. "He just sat there for 10 minutes staring at the hoop until it really touched him that she went out of her way to do something just for him."
Aubrey had no idea how much her surprise gift had impacted Elijah and his family. They all had gone through a difficult year with Coledo's husband suffering a serious injury, and Coledo crashing her car. "It's just been a hard year. We're so humbled and grateful she would do this for us. This has been a huge thing for us," said Coledo.
When Aubrey made another FedEx delivery to their neighborhood, Elijah saw her, ran to her and hugged her. Elijah also gave Aubrey a card he made for her. And he invited her to play a game of basketball with him and his younger brother.
"It was almost like we'd always known each other. I really bonded with the boys," said Aubrey. "I'm just really happy they know that someone is out there for them."
21. Aubrey bought Elijah a new basketball hoop because ________.
A. she wanted to make a friend using a surprise gift
B. she was eager to donate to children in the rural area
C. she was impressed by Elijah's passion for basketball
D. she thought Elijah was unhappy with the broken hoop
22. How did the family feel when they saw the new hoop
A. Touched. B. Satisfied. C. Relaxed. D. Honored.
23. What influence did Aubrey's gift have on Elijah and his family
A. It helped Elijah achieve his dream.
B. It reduced the family's financial burden.
C. It gave the family warmth at a difficult time.
D. It encouraged Elijah to bond with the other boys.
B
(WAIKING WATER EXPERIMENT)
Walking Water Science Experiment for Kids
Let's get set up for walking water with a few quick and easy steps the kids can definitely be a part of! We used test tubes for three sets of primary colors. You can use less as long as you have enough to go around with all the colors mixing. First, add red, yellow, and blue food coloring (one color per test tube) in order. Give each test tube a little stir (搅拌)to evenly distribute the color. Try to put the same amount of food coloring in each container. Cut thin strips of white paper towel to fit in the test tubes. Place them into the test tubes. There will be two ends in each tube. Wait and watch what happens. At this point, you can set up a stopwatch to make notes of how long it takes for the colors to meet and mix.
Before you insert the strips, you have the perfect opportunity to make some predictions about what will happen. Have your kids come up with a prediction for their experiment Will the water walk You can start the conversation with "What do you think will happen when we put the towels into the water "
The whole process starts pretty quickly, but it does take a while for the colors to begin to mix with each other. Extend the science activity: pull out the watercolors and do some color mixing art while you wait. Make sure to check on your walking water science experiment every once in a while to see the changes that are constantly taking place. The kids will be amazed at how the water seems to fight against gravity! As the paper towels absorb the colored water, the water travels up the towel strip. It meets up with the other colored water that has traveled up the neighboring strip. Where the primary colors interact, they turn into the secondary colors. Both colors will continue to travel as long as the towel fibers absorb the water.
The experiment is colorful and simple to do! Plus, it is interesting for multiple ages. Older kids should be able to set it up all by themselves and can also use our science journal page to record their results.
24. What materials are needed for the experiment
A. Test tubes, food coloring and paper towel.
B. Drinking water, test tubes and a notebook.
C. Food coloring, water cups and a paper cutter.
D. Mixed colors, towel strips and food containers.
25. In the experiment, you're expected to ________.
A. add three colors into each container
B. set up a stopwatch from the beginning
C put colorful towel strips in the test tubes
D. stir each test tube to make the color even
26. Water in the test tubes can walk because ________.
A. food coloring has the power to take in water
B. towel fibers absorb water and allow it to travel
C. water flows naturally under the influence of gravity
D. colors interact with each other and thus travel easily
C
For today’s increasingly interconnected food supply chains, “efficient” is what it’s supposed to be: Each country specializes in what it’s best, at and puts it on the global market. Producers and processors within countries specialize, too, as a way to minimize costs. As a result, at least in theory, prices stay low, the world gets fed and everyone wins.
However, the coronavirus crisis demonstrates what is wrong with this approach. When barriers prevent food from reaching its markets, or demand suddenly drops — both of which are happening now — the system falls apart.
Specialization of the food system makes it hard to shift into different markets when disruptions arise. Belgium, a leading exporter of potatoes, lost sales not only to local restaurants but also to other countries because of lockdowns（封锁）. At least the Belgians can try to eat the potatoes at home. That strategy won't work for every crop: Ghana, the world’s top cocoa exporter, lost markets when people stalled focusing on buying essential items instead of chocolate.
The loss in export income in Africa more generally could have a huge impact if the pandemic continues, as many countries there rely heavily on imported wheat and rice. The prices of these grains have soared not only because of rising demand for these grains during the crisis, but also because a few countries — including Russia and Vietnam — imposed export restrictions out of fear that sending food abroad would lead to higher prices at home.
Concentrated markets dominated by just a handful of companies heighten food system fragility. For example, just three meatpacking plants process over 95 percent of Canada’s beef and nearly all of its beef exports. Now, those meat processing plants have had to temporarily shut down because of outbreaks of COVID-19 among workers.
Seeing the spoiled products across the world should force all of us to rethink our “efficient” food supplies. We need to rejuvenate（使恢复活力）local and regional food systems to reduce the vulnerabilities that come with being too reliant on imported and corporate-dominated foods. This doesn’t mean cutting off all trade or abolishing all packaged foods, but it does mean building diversity, and increasing opportunities for small and medium-scale enterprises to flourish in shorter, more sustainable food supply chains that are closer to home.
One place to start is for governments to shift their support from the large-scale, specialized and export-oriented food system to building infrastructure for more diverse local food systems. Around the world, small-scale and organic producers have been overwhelmed with the surge in interest from customers who want to buy directly from farmers during the crisis. But these producers often lack the infrastructure to meet that demand. As governments around the world pass stimulus packages to address the crisis, building more diverse and localized food systems should be an obvious inclusion.
27. In theory, specialization of the food system ________.
A. adapts to changes efficiently B. balances supply and demand
C. focuses on essential items D. reduces costs of production
28. The underlined word “fragility” in Paragraph 5 means ________.
A. weakness B. diversity
C. unfairness D. complexity
29. What can we learn from the passage
A. A few countries restrict exports to stabilize local food prices.
B. Grain prices rise due to Africa’s dependence on importation.
C. Ghana might be less affected by lockdowns than Belgium was.
D. Packaged-food consumption should be encouraged to address the crisis.
30. The main purpose of this passage is to ________.
A. expose food security issues during the crisis
B. advocate establishing diverse local food systems
C. discuss the development of a sustainable economy
D. prove the importance of sound government policies
D
Every day, it seems that some new algorithm (算法) enables computers to diagnose a disease with unprecedented accuracy, renewing predictions that computer's will soon replace doctors. What if computers could replace patients as well If virtual humans could have replaced real people in some stages of a coronavirus vaccine trial, it could have sped development of a preventive tool and slowed down the pandemic. Similarly, potential vaccines that weren't likely to work could have been identified early, reducing trial costs and avoiding testing poor vaccine candidates on living volunteers. These are some of the benefits of “in silico medicine”, or the testing of drugs and treatments on virtual organs or body systems to predict how a real person will respond to the therapies.
The modeling begins by feeding anatomical data drawn from noninvasive (非侵入式) high- resolution imaging of an individual's actual organ into a complex mathematical model of the mechanisms that govern that organ's function. Algorithms running on powerful computers resolve the resulting equations and unknowns, generating a virtual organ that looks and behaves like the real thing.
In silico clinical trials are already underway to an extent. Heart Flow Analysis, for instance, enables clinicians to identify CAD (冠心病) based on CT images of a patient's heart. The Heart Flow system uses these images to construct a fluid dynamic model of the blood running through the coronary blood vessels, thereby identifying abnormal conditions and their severity. Without this technology, doctors would need to perform an invasive operation to decide whether and how to intervene. Experimenting on digital models of individual patients can also help personalize therapy for any number of conditions and is already used in diabetes care.
The philosophy behind in silico medicine is not new. The ability to create and simulate the performance of an object under hundreds of operating conditions has been a cornerstone of engineering for decades, such as for designing electronic circuits, airplanes and buildings. Various obstacles remain to its widespread implementation in medical research and development.
The predictive power and reliability of this technology must be confirmed, and that will require several advances. Those include the generation of high quality medical databases from a large, ethnically diverse patient base that has both women and men; improvement of mathematical models to account for the many interacting processes in the body; and further modification of Al methods that were developed mainly for computer-based speech and image recognition and need to be extended to provide biological insights.
In recent years American and European regulators have approved some commercial uses of computer-based diagnostics, but meeting regulatory demands requires considerable time and money. Creating demand for these computer-based diagnostic tools is challenging as well. In silico medicine must be able to deliver cost-effective value for patients, clinicians and health care organizations to accelerate their adoption of the technology.
31. According to the text, “in silico medicine” might help ________.
A. discover the cause of an illness
B. quicken the creation of new medicine
C. recognize the symptoms of a disease earlier
D. avoid including unhealthy volunteers in trials
32. We can learn from the text that Heart Flow Analysis ________.
A. works effectively in CAD treatment
B. offers personalized therapies to patients
C. reduces the chances of invasive operations
D builds models after identifying abnormal conditions
33. According to the author, further application of “in silico medicine” requires ________.
A. money and time from the regulators
B. replacement of old mathematical models
C. more proof of its effectiveness and dependability
D. progress in speech and image recognition technology
34. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Looking to Al to End Experimental Study
B. In Silico Medicine Saved Millions of Lives
C. Exploring the Future of Algorithm in Medicine
D. Virtual Patients Could Revolutionize Medicine
北京市海淀区2020届高三二模英语试卷
第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该 项涂黑。
A
You may have seen the term"bullet journal" floating around online, but what exactly is a bullet journal This article will highlight the uses for a bullet journal and why they're great for people who wish to be more organized.
What is a bullet journal
A bullet journal is a planner system which allows you to plan for the future, track the past and keep your life organized with lists separated by bullet points. It is a place for you to create clear, yet simple to-do lists and a place to keep a note of your life goals and aspirations.
What does it help with
A bullet journal is perfect for people who like writing lists to keep themselves organized. They're great for doing as a hobby and you can get creative with the way you present your lists. They're also perfect for people who constantly write down to-do lists or make hand-written notes.
Why is it important
A bullet journal is important because we all feel better when our life is organized. Organization can reduce stress and make you happier. Having your life in order, you will know exacdy what you have to do every day so that you can remember all of your life goals.
How to create a bullet journal
The instructions will help you embark on your bullet journal.
Step 1. Find or buy a blank notebook
Any notebook with blank pages will do because if you are someone who is creative and artistic, you can decorate the notebook any way you like.
Step 2. Find or buy pens
It's best to start off simple and choose a pen that you find easy to use and that you would feel comfortable writing with every day
Step 3. Monthlies
In this section, you can put a list of important dates for that particular month.
Step 4. Dailies and Weeklies
Put all of your daily or weekly tasks in this section so that you don't forget anything that you have to do during that day or week.
Step 5. Life Goals
Keep a life goals section. This can include different collections of goals, such as career, relationships, places you wish to visit and so on.
Now start your bullet journal!
31. Bullet journals are intended for those who hope to _______.
A. keep life in order B. lead a relaxing life
C. highlight their progress D. reduce their workload
32. Keeping bullet journals helps people _______
A. develop artistic taste B. get rid of stress
C. build a better mood D. give up a hobby
33. Which of the following is most likely to be included in a bullet journal
A. Weekly expenses.
B. Appointments with a dentist.
C. Weather forecasts.
D. Passwords to your computer.
B
Stuttering （口 吃）has nothing to do with intelligence. I know this because I stutter. If it takes me a while longer to say a word, it's not because I can't remember the word; it's because the neural(神经的） pathway that transforms words in my head into sounds in my mouth is wired differently. And differences, of course, are the best way to get negative attention in our society. Taking extra time to get my words out can surely be frustrating, but that's nothing compared to the misery of dealing with people's reactions.
Almost all children who stutter are discouraged from speaking in one way or another. It's usually not as direct as someone walking up to them and saying, “Hey, stuttering kid! Keep your mouth shut!” But when your voice causes adults and peers to snicker （窃笑）or roll their eyes, it's pretty discouraging.
Growing up, I learned to avoid speaking whenever possible. I hated what came out of my mouth, full of awkward breaks and pauses. I figured whatever future I had, it probably involved a vow of silence.
Today Fm a touring author and comedian. It took me 30-something years to get over stuttering. Did I stop stuttering No! I couldn't stop if I wanted to. But I stopped wanting to stop. Instead of wasting all my time and energy trying to meet unattainable standards, I learned that it's OK to stutter. And I learned by example. I attended the National Stuttering Association conference and met all kinds of people who stutter—people who didn't hate themselves, who didn't silence themselves. They stuttered, and they were OK with it! I remember watching them and thinking, "That's who I want to be!"
There's a popular saying in comedy: "Your weakness is your strength." When I first entered my local open-mic scene, I was quickly met with some "smart" guys looking to score a cheap laugh at my expense. I remember introducing myself to one comedian and stuttering on my name, as I usually do. Eager to demonstrate his smartness, he replied, "Is that Nina with five Ns " "No," I said, "it's Nina with two Ns!" Just like that, I had created a joke as the result of someone making fiin of my stutter.
To this day, whenever I need inspiration for a new joke, I just think about all the ridiculous comments I get from non-stuttering people. It's a comedy gold mine!
34. It takes the author longer to say a word because she has _______.
A. a comparatively low IQ B. trouble in organizing ideas
C. a relatively small brain D. problems in her neural system
35. What annoys the author most about her stuttering is _______.
A. the unfriendly reactions of others
B. the difficulty in memorising words
C. her unpromising future as a stutterer
D. her embarrassing pauses during talks
36. The author got over stuttering by _______.
A. adjusting her attitude towards it
B. getting help from non-stutterers
C. telling herself constantly to stop it
D. silencing herself whenever possible
37. Paragraph 5 is mainly about the author's _______.
A. success as a comedian
B. respect for other comedians
C. resistance to others' strength
D. acceptance of her imperfection
C
The ancient tale of the Country Mouse and the Town Mouse was only the first to emphasize rural folk's supposed simplicity when compared with more sophisticated urbanites. However, neuro-scientists　announce that, in fact, it is city living that can dull the wits.
The new study led by Dr. Spiers at Nantes University describes how they used a dataset from 4 million people of a computer game, which tests navigating skills by asking players to memorise a map showing the location of checkpoints and then measuring how well players can find them, guided only by their mental map. Dr. Spiers and his colleagues examined the 4 million people from 38 countries, and found that the strongest indicator of a high score was a player's age—older people performed relatively poorly, which agrees with what researchers know about age-related cognitive decline. But the benefit of rural living was strong enough to offset some of that. Data showed that a 70-year-old who grew up in the countryside had the navigational abilities of an average 60-year-old across the dataset.
There is a huge gap between the navigation skills of rural and city people, and the researchers think they know why. Dr. Spiers says that the brain's navigational abilities probably weaken in the less challenging city environment because they are not being used as much. Although cities may appear more elaborate, they also feature more clues to help residents find their way, such as numbered streets. In the countryside, however, one field tends to look much the same as another, so there are fewer external landmarks to help guide the way.
Neuroscientists already know that living and working in more complex environments can influence the function and structure of the brain. Brain scans of London taxi drivers, who have gained an encyclopedic memory of the city5 s streets, show that they tend to have an enlarged hippocampus—a region of the brain acting as a neural GPS, sensing position and path on an internal map of the environment.
The harmful effect of city living on navigation is probably most serious in people under 16—18 Dr. Spiers says, because their still-developing brains respond and change the most according to external stimuli. And while people who live in cities with young children should not be alarmed, the study does raise some interesting ideas for urban planners: keep their city designs not so simple perhaps. And for everyone else, it might be an idea to turn off maps on the phone.
38. The study led by Dr. Spiers shows that _______.
A. the seniors score higher at computer games
B. rural life benefits people's sense of direction
C. participants are better at finding ways in cities
D. the young remember checkpoints better in maps
39. The underlined word "offset", in Para. 2 most probably means _______.
A. achieve B. confirm
C. reduce D. replace
40. What is the purpose of the passage
A. To introduce a new way of driver training.
B. To expose the drawbacks of living in the urban area.
C. To show the contrast between lives in the country and city.
D. To present environments' impact on one's ability to locate places.
41. What is the best tide for the passage
A. Lost in the City
B. Brain Weakened in Cities
C. Navigating to the Countryside
D. The Negative Effects of City Living
D
Communities across the world are starting to ban facial recognition technologies. The efforts are well intentioned, but banning facial recognition is the wrong way to fight against modern surveillance （监 视）.Generally, modern mass surveillance has three broad components: identification, correlation and discrimination.
Facial recognition is a technology that can be used to identify people without their consent. Once we are identified, the data about who we are and what we are doing can be correlated with other data. This might be movement data, which can be used to "follow” us as we move throughout our day. It can be purchasing data, Internet browsing data, or data about who we talk to via email or text. It might be data about our income, ethnicity, lifestyle, profession and interests. There is an entire industry of data brokers who make a living by selling our data without our consent.
It's not just that they know who we are; it's that they correlate what they know about us to create profiles about who we are and what our interests are. The whole purpose of this process is for companies to treat individuals differently. We are shown different ads on the Internet and receive different offers for credit cards. In the future, we might be treated differently when we walk into a store, just as we currently are when we visit websites.
It doesn't matter which technology is used to identify people. What's important is that we can be consistently identified over time. We might be completely anonymous （匿名的）in a system that uses unique cookies to track us as we browse the Internet, but the same process of correlation and discrimination still occurs.
Regulating this system means addressing all three steps of the process. A ban on facial recognition won't make any difference. The problem is that we are being identified without our knowledge or consent, and society needs rules about when that is permissible.
Similarly, we need rules about how our data can be combined with other data, and then bought and sold without our knowledge or consent. The data broker industry is almost entirely unregulated now. Reasonable laws would prevent the worst of their abuses.
Finally, we need better rules about when and how it is permissible for companies to discriminate. Discrimination based on protected characteristics like race and gender is already illegal, but those rules are ineffectual against the current technologies of surveillance and control. When people can be identified and their data correlated at a speed and scale previously unseen, we need new rules.
Today, facial recognition technologies are receiving the force of the tech backlash （抵制），but focusing on them misses the point. We need to have a serious conversation about all the technologies of identification, correlation and discrimination, and decide how much we want to be spied on and what sorts of influence we want them to have over our lives.
42. According to Para. 2, with facial recognition _______.
A. one’s lifestyle changes greatly
B. one's email content is disclosed
C. one's profiles are updated in time
D. one's personal information is released
43. We can learn from the passage that _______.
A. discrimination based on new tech surveillance is illegal
B. different browsing data bring in different advertisements
C. using mobiles anonymously keeps us from being correlated
D. data brokers control the current technologies of surveillance
44. The underlined part “the point，,in the last paragraph probably refers to _______.
A. people's concern over their safety
B. the nature of the surveillance society
C. proper regulation of mass surveillance
D. the importance of identification technology
45. The author wrote this passage to _______.
A. call for banning facial recognition technologies
B. advocate the urgent need for changes in related laws
C. inform readers of the disadvantages of facial recognition
D. evaluate three broad components in modem mass surveillance
答案：
北京市海淀区2022届高三二模英语试卷
21. B 22. B 23. D 24. A 25. D 26. A 27. A 28. C 29. C 30. B
31. B 32. C 33.C 34.D
北京市海淀区2021届高三二模英语试卷
【答案】21. C 22. A 23. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇记叙文。Aubrey是一名联邦快递的司机，他经常在印第安纳州的一个农村地区送货。在那里Aubrey经常看一名11岁的男孩Elijah打篮球，篮球框又破又旧，但是他充满激情。Aubrey被这种激情所震撼到，于是送给了他一个新的篮球框。这给Elijah的家庭带来了困难时期的温暖。
【21题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“It was crazy to me how happy he was with the broken hoop. Every time I saw him, he was so joyful playing basketball. Seeing him so happy stuck with me”（我简直不敢相信他对那个坏了的篮框那么开心。每次我看到他，他打篮球是那么快乐。看到他这么开心，我就受不了了）可知，Aubrey给Elijah买了一个新的篮球框，因为她对Elijah对篮球的热爱印象深刻。故选C。
【22题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段第一句“I read the note, and the moment I realized who it was from, I started to cry”（我看了纸条，一意识到是谁写的，我就开始哭了）和第二句第三句“When Elijah came home and I showed it to him, he got really emotional. He got teary-eyed but he's an 11-year-old boy, so he really didn't want to admit he was crying”（Elijah回家后，我给他看的时候，他很激动。他哭了，但他是一个11岁的男孩，所以他真的不想承认自己哭了）可知，这个家庭看到新篮框时感到很感动。故选A。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒第三段第三句和第四句“It's just been a hard year. We're so humbled and grateful she would do this for us.”（这是艰难的一年。她愿意为我们做这件事，我们感到既谦卑又感激。）可知，Aubrey的礼物给了这个家庭在困难时期的温暖。故选C。
【答案】24. A 25. D 26. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个“行走的水”的实验的材料、步骤和注意事项。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“We used test tubes for three sets of primary colors.”（我们用试管测出三组原色。），第四句“First, add red, yellow, and blue food coloring (one color per test tube) in order.”（首先，依次加入红色、黄色和蓝色食用色素(每个试管一种颜色)。）和第七句“Cut thin strips of white paper towel to fit in the test tubes.”（切出薄薄的白纸巾条以适应试管。）可知，实验需要的材料有试管、食用色素和纸巾。故选A。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段第五句“Give each test tube a little stir (搅拌)to evenly distribute the color.”（把每个试管稍微搅拌一下，使颜色均匀分布。）可知，在实验中你应该搅拌每个试管使颜色均匀。故选D。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段第五句“As the paper towels absorb the colored water, the water travels up the towel strip.”（由于纸巾吸收了有颜色的水，水沿着纸巾条向上流动。）可知，试管中的水可以行走，因为毛巾纤维吸收水分并允许其流动。故选B。
【答案】27. D 28. A 29. A 30. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了，从理论上讲，粮食系统的专业化降低了生产成本，但新冠肺炎疫情的爆发暴露了这种方法的问题，文章通过对实例的讨论表明建立多样化的地方食品体系势在必行。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Producers and processors within countries specialize, too, as a way to minimize costs.”（各国的生产商和加工者也进行专业化，以尽量降低成本。）可知，从理论上讲，粮食系统的专业化降低了生产成本。故选D项。
【28题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第五段第二句“For example, just three meatpacking plants process over 95 percent of Canada’s beef and nearly all of its beef exports. ”（例如，仅三家肉类加工厂就加工了加拿大95%以上的牛肉和几乎所有的牛肉出口。），第三句“Now, those meat processing plants have had to temporarily shut down because of outbreaks of COVID-19 among workers.”（现在，由于工人中爆发了COVID-19病毒，这些肉类加工厂不得不暂时关闭。）和第六段第二句“We need to rejuvenate（使恢复活力）local and regional food systems to reduce the vulnerabilities that come with being too reliant on imported and corporate-dominated foods.”（我们需要振兴地方和区域食品体系，以减少过于依赖进口和企业主导的食品带来的脆弱性。）可知，此处是指由少数几家公司主导的集中市场加剧了食品体系的脆弱性。所以fragility意为“脆弱”。故选A项。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“The prices of these grains have soared not only because of rising demand for these grains during the crisis, but also because a few countries — including Russia and Vietnam — imposed export restrictions out of fear that sending food abroad would lead to higher prices at home.”（这些粮食的价格飙升，不仅是因为危机期间对这些粮食的需求不断上升，还因为包括俄罗斯和越南在内的一些国家，由于担心把粮食出口到国外会导致国内价格上涨，实施了出口限制。）可知，少数国家限制粮食出口以稳定当地食品价格。故选A项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“One place to start is for governments to shift their support from the large-scale, specialized and export-oriented food system to building infrastructure for more diverse local food systems.”（首先，政府将其支持从大规模、专门化和出口导向的粮食系统转向为更多样化的地方粮食系统建设基础设施。）和最后一句“As governments around the world pass stimulus packages to address the crisis, building more diverse and localized food systems should be an obvious inclusion.”（随着世界各国政府通过刺激方案来应对危机，建立更加多样化和地方化的食品体系显然应该包括在内。）可知，文章的主要目的是倡导建立多样化的地方食品体系。故选B项。
【答案】31. B 32. C 33. C 34. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的医学技术。在这项技术中，医生可以对虚拟病人进行治疗测试，从而使得治疗手段更加安全有效。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“These are some of the benefits of “in silico medicine”, or the testing of drugs and treatments on virtual organs or body systems to predict how a real person will respond to the therapies.（这些是“电子医学”的一些好处，也就是在虚拟器官或身体系统上测试药物和治疗方法，以预测一个真实的人对治疗的反应。）”可知:“in silico medicine”指的是在虚拟器官或身体系统上测试药物和治疗，以预测一个真实的人对治疗的反应。结合常识可推知，有效的药物和治疗测试能够帮助加快新药的开发。故选B项。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The Heart Flow system uses these images to construct a fluid dynamic model of the blood running through the coronary blood vessels, thereby identifying abnormal conditions and their severity. Without this technology, doctors would need to perform an invasive operation to decide whether and how to intervene.（心脏血流系统利用这些图像来构建流经冠状动脉血管的血液的流体动力学模型，从而识别异常情况及其严重程度。如果没有这项技术，医生将需要进行侵入性手术来决定是否以及如何进行干预。）”可知，心脏血流分析系统减少了侵入性手术的几率。故选C项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第五段“The predictive power and reliability of this technology must be confirmed, and that will require several advances.（这项技术的预测能力和可靠性必须得到确认，这需要进一步的研究。）”可知，为了进一步的应用，这项技术的预测能力和可靠性必须得到确认。“effectiveness”与 “predictive power”是同义替换；“dependability”与“reliability”是同义替换。故选C项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一项新的医学技术。在这项技术中，医生可以对虚拟病人进行治疗测试，从而使得治疗手段更加安全有效。D选项“虚拟病人可以革新医学”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D项。
北京市海淀区2020届高三二模英语试卷
【答案】31. A 32. C 33. B
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。这篇文章将强调子弹日记的用途，以及为什么它对那些希望更有条理的人很有用。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据What is a bullet journal 中A bullet journal is a planner system which allows you to plan for the future, track the past and keep your life organized with lists separated by bullet points. It is a place for you to create clear, yet simple to-do lists and a place to keep a note of your life goals and aspirations.“项目日志是一种计划系统，它可以让你计划未来，跟踪过去，让你的生活井然有序。这是一个让你创建清晰而简单的任务清单的地方，也是一个记录你的生活目标和愿望的地方。”由此可知，Bullet日记是为那些希望生活有秩序的人准备的。故选A。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据Why is it important 中的A bullet journal is important because we all feel better when our life is organized. Organization can reduce stress and make you happier.“一个Bullet日记很重要，因为当我们的生活井然有序时，我们都会感觉更好。井井有条可以减少压力，让你更快乐。”由此可知，坚持写Bullet日记可以帮助人们建立一个更好的心情。故选C。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据Step 5. Life Goals中Keep a life goals section. This can include different collections of goals, such as career, relationships, places you wish to visit and so on.“保留生活目标部分。这可以包括不同的目标集合，比如职业、人际关系、你想去的地方等等。”由此可知，与牙医的约会最有可能包含在Bullet日记里。故选B。
【答案】34. D 35. A 36. A 37. D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述作者花了30多年克服了口吃的毛病，并成为一名巡回演出的作家和喜剧演员。作者认为克服口吃最重要的是，改变对口吃的态度并接受自己的不完美。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“it's because the neural(神经的）pathway that transforms words in my head into sounds in my mouth is wired differently.(这是因为将我大脑中的文字转换成嘴里的声音的神经通路是不同的。)”可知，因为她的神经系统有问题，所以作者说一个字要花更长的时间。故选D。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“But when your voice causes adults and peers to snicker （窃笑）or roll their eyes, it's pretty discouraging. (但是，当你的声音会导致成人和同伴偷笑窃或不以为然，这很令人沮丧。)”可推断出，她口吃最让作者恼火的是别人不友好的反应。故选A。
【36题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段和特别是第四段“Instead of wasting all my time and energy trying to meet unattainable standards, I learned that it's OK to stutter.( 我并没有浪费时间和精力去达到无法达到的标准，我意识到了口吃是没关系的。)”可推断出，作者从尽量避免说话到克服了口吃的毛病，是因为作者通过调整自己的态度克服了口吃。故选A。
【37题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第五段首句“There's a popular saying in comedy: "Your weakness is your strength." (在喜剧中有一句流行的谚语：“你的弱点就是你的长处。”)”和后文作者举自己向一位喜剧演员介绍自己的事例可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会接受自己的不完美。故选D。
【点睛】推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感彩的词句，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。如小题2根据文章第二段“But when your voice causes adults and peers to snicker （窃笑）or roll their eyes, it's pretty discouraging. (但是，当你的声音会导致成人和同伴偷笑窃或不以为然，这很令人沮丧。)”中带有感彩的词句“it's pretty discouraging”可推断出，她口吃最让作者恼火的是别人不友好的反应，从而推断出答案。
【答案】38. B 39. C 40. D 41. A
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了一项研究表明，生活在乡村里的人相较于城市居民有着更好的识别方向和道路的能力。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段最后“But the benefit of rural living was strong enough to offset some of that. Data showed that a 70-year-old who grew up in the countryside had the navigational abilities of an average 60-year-old across the dataset.”可知，在乡下生活的会促进、提高人的方向感。故选B项。
【39题详解】
词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句“But the benefit of rural living was strong enough to offset some of that. Data showed that a 70-year-old who grew up in the countryside had the navigational abilities of an average 60-year-old across the dataset.”可知，前文指出识路能力与年龄相关，这里用转折则要表示“但生活在乡下足以改变、抵消这种情况”，而后在下文举出了70岁的乡下老人却有着平均60岁的识路水平，即是为了佐证这一点。C选项reduce意为“减少”，最符合文意。故选C项。
【40题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“However, neuro-scientists announce that, in fact, it is city living that can dull the wits.”并结合全文内容可知，本文就是通过用一项研究的结果向读者揭示，居住环境对于大脑识路、辨别位置的能力的影响。故选D项。
【41题详解】
主旨大意题。文章围绕一项研究，说明了居住在城市和乡下在识路、辨别方位的能力上会出现差别，选择标题时需要与这一主题有明显关联。B选项“大脑在城市里会变弱”所指显然太过宽泛；C选项“航行去乡下”与文章主题无关；D选项“城市生活不好的方面”也不能正确对应文章内容；只有A选项“迷失在城市中”侧面将城市居民识路能力相对较弱这层意思表达了出来，切合主题，适合作为标题。故选A项。
【答案】42. D 43. B 44. C 45. B
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了面部识别技术造成的数据泄露。谈及了数据泄露造成的危害。最后提出了应该立法规范而不是完全限制面部识别技术。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据第2段 It might be data about our income, ethnicity, lifestyle, profession and interests. There is an entire industry of data brokers who make a living by selling our data without our consent可知，它可能是关于我们的收入、种族、生活方式、职业和兴趣的数据。面部识别出来的数据会在未经我们同意的情况下被关联或卖掉。所以根据第2段，通过面部识别，一个人的个人信息会被泄露。故选D项。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第3段The whole purpose of this process is for companies to treat individuals differently. We are shown different ads on the Internet and receive different offers for credit cards可知，公司可以根据我们在互联网上留下的数据对我们区别对待，我们可以在互联网上看到不同的广告，收到不同的信用卡优惠。故选B项。
【44题详解】
词义猜测题。根据最后一段“We need to have a serious conversation about all the technologies of identification, correlation and discrimination, and decide how much we want to be spied on and what sorts of influence we want them to have over our lives”即我们需要严肃的讨论，决定我们希望被监视的程度以及他带给我们什么样子的影响。所以我们现在正在对面部识别技术进行科技限制。但在这一个过程中我们忽略了对大规模监控的适当监管。所以划线词的意思是“对大规模监控的适当监管”。故选C项。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段Communities across the world are starting to ban facial recognition technologies. The efforts are well intentioned, but banning facial recognition is the wrong way to fight against modem surveillance可知，禁止面部识别技术愿望是很好的,但禁止面部识别是错误的方式来对抗现代监控。另外通过第5和第6段中的“Regulating this system means addressing all three steps of the process”和“Similarly, we need rules about how our data can be combined with other data”可知，我们需要规则来规范。通过倒数第2段 “Finally, we need better rules about when and how it is permissible for companies to discriminate”可知，我们需要更好的规则来指导。故作者写这篇文章的目的是倡导迫切需要修改相关法律。故选B项。

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