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第八章 介词
一、概述
介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词，在句子中不能单独使用。只能与名词、代词等构成介词短语，在句中作状语、后置定语、表语和补语等。介词的作用则是表明它后面的名词或代词（或相当于名词的其它词类、短语或从句）与其它句子成分的关系。单音节词一般不重读，具有两个或两个以上音节的介词有一个音节要重读。
-What do you want with those old boxes --你留着那些箱子干什么用？（作状语）
-To put things in when I move to the new flat. --搬家时放东西用。
I sat down on one of those modern chairs with holes in it and waited.我坐在一把有网眼的新式椅子上等候着。（作chairs的定语）
She is among my most welcome visitors.她是我最欢迎的来访者之一。（作表语）
I found myself in hospital when I came to myself.我醒来时发现自己躺在医院里。（作宾补）
二、介词的位置
1、介词通常位于名词或代词前
The sunlight came in through the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.阳光从天窗穿射入，照亮了整个房间。
This work is beyond my grasp.这件工作非我力所能及。
Shall we rest in the shade beneath these trees 我们在树下阴凉处休息一下好吗？
2、在某些结构中介词可以放在句尾
（1）在特殊疑问句中
在特殊疑问句中，介词可以放在句尾，和宾语分开，但依然存在着介宾关系。
Who (m) were you speaking to just now 你刚才在和谁说话？
Which desk did you put the book on 你把书放在那个桌子上了？
Who is she talking with 她在和谁说话？
注意：介词也可放在句首疑问词之前连同疑问词一起引起疑问句。
With whom did you go to the cinema 你和谁一起去看电影的？
Since when have you lived here 从什么时候你住在这里？
（2）在定语从句中
在定语从句中，位于关系代词之前的介词，可以放在句尾，这种情况下关系代词可以省略；也可以放在关系代词前引导定语从句，介词不可放在that之前。
The room I live in is quite damp.我住的房子很潮湿。（关系代词which/that省略）
= The room in which I live is quite damp. (但不能用in that)
He is the man whom you can turn to for help.
He is the man to whom you can turn for help.他是你可以求助的人。
（3）某些wh-词引导的名词性从句中，关系代词为介词宾语位于句首时，介词后置
Money is what he is badly in need of at present.目前，钱是他最需要的。
I don't know what he looks like.我不知道他长什么样？
（4）动词不定式作状语，需要介词同句中的主语构成动宾关系时，介词后置
The room is comfortable to live in.这间房子住起来和舒服。
The lake is safe to swim in.在这个湖里游泳很安全。
The man is hard to deal with.这个人很难对付。
（5）动词不定式作定语，需要介词同不定式所修饰的名词构成动宾关系时，介词后置
It's a nice restaurant to eat at.在这家饭馆吃饭真好。
In those days he even had no money to buy food with.那时，他甚至连买饭的钱都没有。
3、在某些“（不及物）动词+介词”结构中介词紧跟动词后面
The thief broke into the room.小偷闯入了哪个房间。
He had to look after his sister.他要照看他妹妹。
三、介词短语在句中的作用
1、介词的宾语（prepositional phrase）
介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫做介词宾语，介词宾语不仅是名词和代词，还可以是其他词类或句子
（1）名词
The word "write" has the same pronunciation as the word "right". “write”这个单词与“right”这个词发音一样。
I have lived in Beijing since 1996.自1996年以来我就居住在北京。
The mayor intended to get to the bottom of the matter.市长打算将此事寻根究底。
（2）代词
Give the book to him. 把这本书给他。
Wherever he went, he carried the camera with him.不论他到哪里，他都带着相机。
（3）形容词
In short, I have done my best. 简而言之，我已经尽力了。
His pronunciation is far from perfect.他的发音远不是完美的。
（4）副词
It's far away from here.离这很远。
Since then, he has developed another bad habit.自那以后,它养成了另一种坏习惯。
（5）动词的-ing形式
I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.我盼望今年暑假见到你。
I insist on your being there. 我坚持要你在那里。
（6）不定式
He had no other choice but to sleep. 除了睡觉他没有别的选择。
I've done everything you wanted except make the bed.你要我干的是我全干了，只是没铺床。
（7）介词短语
He lived from across the street.他从街对过住。
She pull him out from under the table.她从桌下把他拖出来。
He read till into the night.他一直读到深夜。
（8）数词
In nine out of ten he won't come.十之八九他不来。
The students are walking in the garden in twos or threes.学生三三两两的在公园里散步。
It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour.它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。
He left on Monday and returned after three days.他星期一走的，三天后回来的。
（9）疑问词+不定式
That depends on which method to take.这取决于采用那种方法。
I have informed her of when to start.出发的时间，我已通知他了。
（10）wh-词引导的从句
I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers.除了在报上读到的以外,我对这件事一无所知。
I have no interest in what he said.我对他的话不感兴趣。
He has done everything except what I asked him to do.他什么都做了，就是没做我让他做的。
That depends on whether he has his persistence.那要取决于他是否能坚持到底。
（11）that引导的从句
that引导的从句，除了in that, except that, save that, but that, notwithstanding that外，作其他介词宾语时，必须在介词和that之间架上先行词一般式it。
His report is correct except that some details are omitted.除了有些细节未提到之外,他的报导是正确的。
Man differs from other animals in that man can think and speak.任何其他动物的区别在于人能思维能讲话。
比较：
We may depend on that they will do as they have promised. (误)
We may depend on it that they will do as they have promised.（正）我们可以相信他们按他们所许诺的那样去做。
2、介词短语的功能
（1）作主语
From my home to the school is two hours' walk.从我家到学校要走两个小时。
On purpose or not on purpose is of great difference.故意的和无意的迥然不同。
（2）作表语
Mr. Smith is from America.史密斯先生是美国人。
The stamp is of great value.这枚邮票很珍贵。
He looks like his father.他像他爸爸。
（3）作宾语
I'll give you until tomorrow.我给你限期到明天。
A pretty girl appeared from behind the curtain.从帘子后面走出一位美女。
She pulled him out from under the bed.她把他从床底下拉出来。
（4）定语
A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真知。
The man with glasses on there is Mr. John.那边戴眼镜的男人是约翰。
（5）状语
Because of the warm and sunny weather oranges grow very well here.由于天气暖和，日光充足，这里的桔子生长良好。
She sat in the shade under a tree. 她坐在树阴下。
（6）补语
We regard him as our friend.我们把他看作朋友。
They found themselves in a dark wood.他们不觉走入一座黑暗的树林。
四、介词的分类
1、从构成上分
单介词（simple preposition）
in, at, from, on, since等，单一介词。
复合介词（compound preposition）
as for至于, as to关于，至于onto到…上面去，within在…之内，nearby在…附近等，由两个介词组成。
二重介词（double preposition）
from behind从…的后面until after直到…之后from among从…当中，等由两个介词搭配而成，但没有符合借此那样固定。
短语介词（phrase preposition）
owing to 由于，instead of 代替，而不in spite of，不顾、尽管，in favor of赞成by means of依靠in front of 在……之前，according to按照、依靠in addition to加之于…上，除…外，等由短语构成。
分词介词（participle preposition）。
considering考虑到，regarding关于，including包括，等由动词的-ing形式转化而来。
2、从词义上分
（1）表示位置、地点、地方、距离等的介词。
aboard, about, across, after, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, between, beyond, by, down, for ,from, in, inside, near, of, off, out of, through, under, up, with, without, within等。
（2）表示钟点、日期、时间、时期等的介词。
about, after, around, as, at, before, behind, between, by, during, for, from, in, into, of, over, past, since, through, throughout, till, until, towards, within等。
（3）表示状态、形势、情况、境遇、形式、形状的介词。
about, above, after, against, as, at, before, behind, below, beside, between, by, for, from, in, of, outside等。
（4）表示方向、倾向、方法、途径、目的、对象等的介词。
after, against, along, at, for, in, over, out of, to, up, with等。
表示原因、理由、条件、影响、结果的介词。
after, at, behind, between, by, for, from, into, of, through, to, towards, with, without等。
表示方式、方法、手段、工具的介词。
after, against, among, at, between, by, for, in, on, over, through, to, under, with等
表示程度、水平、标准、等级、次序、选择、比较的介词。
above, after, against, at, before, behind, below, beside, beyond, in, from等
表示数量、量度、单位、价值、比率的介词。
above, around, at, below, by, for, over, to, under等。
表示归属、所有、含有等的介词。
between, of, to, under, with等。
表示规律、法则、合约、命令、习惯的介词。
against, by, within等。
表示根源、出处等的介词。
among, from, in, of, out of等。
表示分离、区分、排除、让步的介词。
after, besides, between, beyond, but, except, from, off, outside等。
表示转化、变化、代替的介词。
for, from, into, of, to等。
表示相互之间关系的介词。
about, after, between, by, considering, for, in, of, on, regarding, to, with等。
表示手段的介词。
by, for, to, with等。
五、使用介词注意的几点
1、介词可兼作副词和连词
介词“支配”着宾语，所以它总是与名词、名词短语、代词或动名词有关；而副词不“支配”宾语，因此它与动词的关系较为密切。
（1）可以兼作副词的介词
这样的词后面有宾语时，起介词作用。词后没有宾语时，它们则起副词的作用（甚至暗含有宾语时亦如此）。副词与介词不同，它在讲话中重读。最常见的可兼作副词的介词有：about, above, across, after, along, around, before, behind, below, beyond, by, down, in, inside, near, off, on, opposite, outside, over, past, round, through, under, up等。
We drove round the city.我们开车在城里四处转。
We drove round.我们开车兜风。
A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.一个青年男子和一个青年女子坐在我的后面。
A young man and a young woman were sitting behind.一个青年男子和一个青年女子坐在后面。
（2）只能作介词的词
against, beside, except, for, from, into, of, onto, to, per, till, until, towards, upon等，它们需要带宾语。
We sailed against the wind. 我们逆风行船。
She walked towards the door. 她向门口走去。
（3）用作副词而不作介词的词
away, back, backward(s), downward(s), forward(s), upward(s)以及out。
As she walked away, I followed her out of the fair.我跟着她走出了集市。
He put his tongue out. 他伸出舌头。
（4）用作连词的介词有after, as, before, since, till, until等。
He has been here since 2001 .自从2001年他就来到了这里。（since为介词）
We haven't seen each other since he left here.自从他离开这里，我们再未见面。（since为连词）
I've done everything you wanted except(but) make the beds.除了铺床外，你让我做的事我都做了。
2、英语中的许多介词，往往要译成汉语中的动词
英语中的许多介词在汉语中意思几乎相同，也就是说，汉语中的一个词或短语在英语中往往有多种表达。英语的表达更侧重事物内在的关系。汉语中“在…上”，在英语中可为on, in, above，across, over等。
He came back for his book.他回来取他的书。
There is a hole in the wall.墙上有一个洞。
They are building a bridge across the river.他们正在河上建一座桥。
3、表示动态或静态的介词
（1）一个介词可根据句中不同的动词而表动态（如pass，under）或表静态（如sit under）。有些介词既能与“动作动词”连用（如bring, fly, drive, go, come, move, rush, push, run, walk），又能与“位置动词”连用（如be, live ,keep, meet, stay, stop, work）。
We live between two high buildings.我们住在两座高楼之间。
He runs between his home and his company.他奔波于家与公司之间。
（2）有些介词，如into,onto,out of, to等，一般都与“动作动词”连用。
A cat rushed into my bedroom last night.昨天晚上一只猫窜到了我的卧室。
I drove out of the car park.我把车开出停车场。
（3）有些介词，at, in, on等，一般与“位置动词”连用。
I waited in the hotel.我在旅馆等你。
（4）那些表“有目的的动作”的动词，如lay, place, sit, stand等，不能与into, onto一类介词连用。
He laid the box on the desk.他将盒子放在桌子上。
六、常用介词的用法
1、aboard
（1）在…（船舶、飞机、火车、公共汽车等）上
（2）上（船舶、飞机、火车、公共汽车等）
I have never been aboard an airplane.我从来没坐过飞机。
The passengers went aboard the ship.乘客们上了船。
2、about
（1）在…周围；在…附近
They planted trees about the house.他们植树于房屋四周。
There is a tall tree about the house.房子旁边有一棵大树。
（2）在各处
Such posters are put up about the city.城市到处都贴了这种海报。
（3）在…身边；手头
Have you got some money about you 你身上有钱吗？
注意：about用作“在周围、在四周”时，可以与round或around互相换用。
（4）大约
It is about eight o'clock.大约八点了。
The apple is about the size of one's fist.那苹果差不多和拳头一样大。
The price is about 100 Yuan.价格约为一百元。
（5）从事于…
What are you about 你在干什么？
He is going about his work.他正在工作。
（6）即将
She is about to be married.她就要结婚了。
（7）关于
I have heard a lot about you from my friends.我从朋友里听到很多有关你的事。
What are you talking about 你在说些什么？
3、above
（1）在…上方
A beautiful lamp hangs above the table.桌子上方挂着一盏漂亮的灯。
The kite is far up above the tree.风筝高高飘在树上方。
注意：above可以表示在正上方，也可以表示不是正上方，与它对应的是below。over表示正上方，与它对应的是under。
（2）超过
The meeting lasted above three hours会议开了三个多小时。
Above all, we love truth.我们爱真理胜过一切。
This problem is above my understanding.这个问题我不懂。
I'm above him by two grades in the school.我在学校里比他高两级。
4、across
（1）在…另一边，在对过
His shop is just across the street.他的商店就在街对面。
（2）和…交叉
The two roads run across each other in the field.那两条路在田野里交叉通过。
（3）横跨、横过
The villagers built a bridge across the river.村民在河上架起了一座桥。
The plane flew across the desert.那架收音机飞越了沙漠。
5、after
（1）（地点、位置）在…后面
Please close the door after you.请随手关门。
Summer comes after spring.春天过后是夏天。
注意：after指时间次序的“在后”。指“位置”的“在后”应该用behind，但是在表示含有次序在后意思的位置时，也可以after。如上例。
（2）（时间）在…之后
He arrived there after three days.他三天之后到达那里。
I shall go there after four o'clock.四点以后我要去那里。
注意：after用于指过去的某时间以后，一般不用于将来。但如指具体的某时刻、日期等以后，则可用于将来时。
（3）依照、适合、仿照
The house was built after the Chinese style.那房子是仿中国式样盖的。
He was named after his uncle.他以叔叔之名为名。
（4）追求，追寻
Whom are you after 你在找谁？
The police were running after the thief.警察在追小偷。
（5）因为
He ought to succeed after such hard work.他如此努力应该成功。
（6）关于
She required after your health.她问起你的健康。
6、against
（1）反对、逆
I'm against your plan.我反对你的计划。
Luck is against him.他运气不好。
He is swimming against the river.他逆水游泳。
He has sold his car against his will.他违背本意出售了自己的车。
We must fight against pollution.我们必须同污染作斗争。
（2）衬托，对照；以…为背影
The ship appeared against the sky.船出现在天际。
against a dark black ground以暗黑色为背景
（3）靠、依、接触
He leaned against the wall.他依墙而立。
Please hang this picture against the wall there.请将这幅画挂在墙上。
（4）碰（撞）在…
The rain is beating against the window.雨敲打着窗子。
The ship struck against the rock.船触礁了。
（5）以防、以备
Ants store food against the winter.蚂蚁贮存食物以备过冬。
Protect the grain against rain.护好粮食以防雨淋。
7、along沿着、顺着
She looked out sadly at a gray cat walking along a gray fence in a gray backyard.她满面愁容地呆瞅着灰蒙蒙的后院里正沿着一道灰色的篱笆走着的一只灰色的猫。
8、among
（1）在…当中
This is a common mistake among students.这是在学生当中一个普遍的错误。
That book is the best among modern novels.在近代小说中，那本书是最好的。
（2）在…所围绕之中
They built a house among the trees.他们于树林之中建一屋。
The town lies among the mountains.此镇位在群山环抱之中。
注意：among与between 的区别：among.表示三者或三者以上的中间，between表两者之间或者三者以上的两者之间。
There is a railway between the two cities.两城之间有一条铁路。
There are so many desks in the classroom that there is hardly any room to move between them.教室里课桌是如此之多，以致桌与桌之间几乎没有走动的空间了。
9、around
（1）环绕，在...的周围
She is going to travel around the world.她将作环球旅行。
Trees lie around the house.房子的四周都是树木。
The students sat around their teacher.学生坐在老师的周围。
（2）在那一边，在转过…的地方
The company is just around the corner.拐弯过去就是那家公司。
注意：around和round常可互换，英国英语中常用round和about,美国英语中常用around。round词性较多，可用作形容词、副词、介词等。around只作介词和副词。另外，表示“在附近”、“各处”等常用around，表示“圆周运动”、“测量”时用round。
（3）大约
The fighting began around eight o'clock.战斗大约在八点开始。
The trip cost me around 50 dollars.这次旅行花了我约五十美元。
10、as充当，担任，作为
Who will act as our maths teacher 谁将做我们的教学老师？
As a teacher, I must try my best.作为老师，我当尽力。
11、at
（1）在（小地方或地理上的一个点）
I'll wait for you at the school gate.我在校门口等你。
（2）在（时间上的点，常用于几点几分）
We came here at half past nine.我们九点半到达这里。
（3）在…的旁边
They were sitting at the desk.他们正坐在桌子边。
（4）向、对准
Don't laugh at me.别嘲笑我。
The boy threw a stone at the dog.那男孩朝狗扔石块。
（5）对（一般用于表示感情的动词之后）
We are surprised at the news.听到这个消息，我们很惊讶。
The father was angry at the boy's laziness.父亲因那孩子的懒惰而生气。
（6）正在，正处在（在名词前表状态）
He is at school(work)now.现在他正在上学（工作）。
（7）表示比率、速度、价格
The car can go at 100 km an hour.这车速度可达每小时一百公里。
I bought the picture at a high price.我花大价钱买下了那幅画。
（8）依据，按照（请求、提议、吩咐、号召）
At your request, I finished the job on time.接你的要求，我及时完成了工作。
They went to Hangzhou at my suggestion.依我的建议，他们到杭州去了。
（9）处于、达到（极点、顶点）
They shouted at the top of his voice.他大声喊叫
The coat doesn't fit me at all.这衣服我穿着一点也不合适。
I suppose he is 25 at most.我以为他最多二十五岁。
12、before
（1）（位置）在前，在…面前，当…的面
She sat before me in the classroom.在教室里她坐在我前面。
They fought before the judge.当着法官的面，他们打了起来。
注意：表示位置在前面时，before是正式用词，一般情况下可用in front of替代，与之对应的词是behind；表示建筑物的前面，用in front of不用before.
（2）（时间、次序）在…以前，先于
Please come here before six o'clock.请在六点以前到这里来。
You should do thinking before act.你该三思而后行。
His name comes before yours on the list.在名单上他的名字列在你的名字前面。
13、behind
（1）（位置）在后、在背后
The boy hid behind the door.那男孩躲在门后。
The village is behind the hill.村庄在山后面。
（2）（遗、留）在…身后
He left his hat behind him in a hurry.仓促之间他把帽子丢下了。
Martin Luther King left behind him a great thought for us .马丁·路德·金给我们留下了伟大的思想。
注意：表示建筑物的后面用at the back of,但是和表示在建筑物前面不能用before不同，说在建筑物后面却可以用behind。
（3）支持，作…后盾
Because you are behind us ,we are not afraid .有你支持，我们不害怕。
（4）落后于…，不如…
I'm behind Xiao Liu in English.我英语不如小刘学得好。
We are still behind some advanced countries in some fields.在一些领域里我们仍落后于一些发达国家。
14、below
（1）在…下面、低于（等级、职务、程度、水平）
He went below the deck.他到甲板下面去了。
The temperature drops to below zero.气温降到零度以下。
He is very kind to those below his rank.他对下级很和善。
I'm below him in English.我英语不如他。
（2）不足…（数量、价值等）
The number of students in our class is below sixty.我们班学生不足六十人。
They will not sell it below the price of 100 dollars.价格低于一百元他们不卖。
15、beside
（1）在…的旁边
Come and sit beside me.过来坐在我身边
（2）离开（范围），与…无关
The discussion is beside the question.讨论离题了。
They agreed beside the point.他们议论得不贴题。
（3）与…相比
Beside his efforts ours seem small.与他们的努力相比，我们的努力微不足道。
16、besides除…之外
Besides English, he would like to study German and Japanese.除了英语他还想学德语和日语。
Besides giving the patients medical treatment, the doctor also made scientific.医生除了给病人治病以外还从事科学研究。
注意：besides与except同可译为“除…以外”。Besides有“包括在内”之意，而except则无。
17、between
（1）在两者之间（时间、距离、情感等）
Do you know the differences between American English and British English 你知道美国英语和英国美语的不同吗？
We have our breakfast between seven and half past seven.我们在七点到七点半之间吃早饭。
between five and six km五、六公里之间
（2）在（两人）之间
A look passed between them.他们彼此递了个眼色。
the relation between teachers and students师生关系
18、beyond
（1）越过，在…之较远的一边
He lives three doors beyond this place.他住在过此三家之处。
They live beyond the river .他们住在河那边。
（2）为…所不能及，出乎…之外
What you did is beyond my imagination.你的行为出乎我的想象。
The dying boy is beyond help.这个将夭折的孩子无法挽救。
This book is beyond me.这本书我看不懂。
（3）高于，超出
He is far beyond me in maths.他的数学比我强多了。
He asked a price beyond what I can pay.他所要的价，我付不起。
（4）除…之外
I'll pay nothing beyond this.我只付这些。
（5）较…更远
His home is beyond the station.他的家比到车站还远。
19、but
（1）除…之外（=except）
He works everyday but Sunday.除星期天外，他每天都工作。
Who but a fool do such a thing 除了傻瓜谁还去做这种事呢？
20、by
（1）被，由，为…
The fish was eaten by the cat.鱼让猫吃了。
Have you read Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare 你读过莎士比亚的《威尼斯商人》吗？
（2）在…旁，在…手头
The village lies by the river.村子在小河旁。
I have no money by me.我手头上没有钱。
注意：by表示位置在旁边、靠近的意思时和beside互用；作“在…手头”讲时，与about互用。
（3）（时间）到…以前，不迟于…
Please go to his office by two o'clock.请在二点以前到他的办公室去。
We work by day and sleep by night.我们白天工作，夜里睡觉。
（4）支持
Don't worry .We are standing by you.不用担心，我们支持你。
（5）从…旁经过
I saw him run by the house.我见他从房子旁边跑过。
（6）由于
I took his pen by mistake.我错拿了他的笔。
（7）依照，按照
What time is it by your watch 你的表几点了？
Never judge a person by his appearance.不要以貌取人。
They are paid by the hour.他们的报酬以小时计算。
Do you know the person by the name of Smith 你认识名叫史密斯的那个人吗？
（8）以，用，靠，借…（方式，方法，手段）
They took the enemy by surprise.他们突然袭击了敌人。
We traveled by land.我们由陆路旅行。
I caught him by the arm.我抓住了他的胳膊。
We express our feeling by words.我们通过语言表达感情。
He succeeded by working hard.他由于努力工作而获得成功。
（9）逐个，一个一个地
The students entered the classroom one by one.学生们一个一个地进入教室。
Progress is made step by step.成绩是一步步取得的。
（10）相差
The price of medicine was reduced by 15%.药品价格降低了15%。
He is older than me by three years.他比我大三岁。
21、down
（1）在…下方
Shanghai lies down the Changjiang River.上海位于长江的下游。
My home is far down the street.我的家在这条街的尽头。
（2）向...而下,沿着
He was coming down the stairs when I came in.我进去的时候,他正在下楼。
（3）沿…而下，沿着
Tears poured down her face.她泪如雨下。
Go down the street and soon you will see the post office.沿着街向前走，很快你就会看到邮局。
（4）（从住宅区或郊区）向…（城内繁华区）
I'll go down town to do some shopping.我要去城里买东西。
22、during在…期间，当…之际
He came to call on me during my absence.我不在的时候他来看我。
They worked during the day.他们白天工作。
What was the most important event during the last century 上个世纪最重要的事件是什么？
23、except除…外
We all went there except Tom.除汤姆之外，我们都去了。
The letter is good except for the spelling.该信很通顺，只是拼写有误。
The hat is very satisfactory, except that it doesn't fit me.这项帽子很不错，只可惜不适合我。
24、for
（1）对…而言
The job is easy for me to do.我做这工作很容易。
（2）为
It's time for rest.到了休息的时候了。
It is for you to decide.该由你决定。
I wanted two seats for Madame Curie for Friday night, so I rang the cinema to see if I could book two tickets.我想要两个星期五晚上《居里夫人》的位子，因此我给电影院打电话看看能否订两张票。
（3）向、朝
We are leaving for Shanghai.我们要去上海。
He headed for the riverside.他朝河边走去。
（4）由于
He was punished for stealing.他因偷窃而受惩罚。
He was rewarded for saving the girl's life.他因为救了那女孩的命而奖赏。
（5）给予、适于
This is a letter for you.这是给你的信。
These are books for children.这些书适合儿童看。
He is the right man for the job.他正是适合干这工作的人。
（6）交换，代表
He sold the horse for 20 dollars.他把马卖了二十美元。
P.E stands for P.E代表体育。
We should change the desk for a new one.我们该把桌子换成新的。
His father gave him a check for 100 dollars.他爸爸给了他一张一百元的支票。
（7）赞成（与against相反）
Are you against or for the plan 你是支持还是反对这个计划？
（8）当作
They trained the young men for players.他们训练这些年轻人当运动员。
（9）经历…之久（指时间或距离）
He has been waiting for two hours .他已等了二个小时。
They walked for 20 miles before they saw a village.他们走了二十里路才看到一个村子。
（10）希望，渴望，贪求
We hope for rains.我们盼下雨。
All nations are anxious for peace.各民族都盼望和平。
We long for home.我们想回家。
（11）虽然，尽管（in spite of）
For all his wealth, he was unhappy.虽然他很有钱，但他并不幸福。
For all his shortcomings, I like him still.虽然他有缺点，我仍喜欢他。
25、from
（1）从，自，由（表来源、起点）
Where does he come from 他是哪里人？
I have received a letter from a friend.我接到朋友的一封信。
You should work hard from start to finish.你应该自始至终地努力工作。
（2）为（尤指疾病）
I suffered from a clod.我患感冒。
（3）以免，防止
Mother prevents me from watching TV.妈妈不让我看电视。
You should protect the child from cold.你该照顾好孩子别让他感冒了。
（4）与（表比较、区别等）
He can't tell right from wrong.他是非不分。
This differs from that.这个与那个不同。
（5）依据
Judging from what he said ,you did wrong.依他的话判断，你做错了。
to speak from experience根据经验说话
（6）又（表示动作反复）
The news passed from mouth to mouth.消息从一个传到另一人.
He travelled from place to place.他旅行一地又一地.
26、in
（1）在…内，在…中（表场所或方向）
There are dozens of people in the room.屋子里有许多人。
He saw a man in the distance.他看到远处有一人。
In which direction did he go 他朝哪个方向去了？
（2）进入（into）
Throw it in the fire.把它抛入火中。
（3）在（环境）下，在（情况）下
Don't sit in the sun.别坐在太阳下。
He went out in the rain.他冒雨外出。
（4）用
to write in ink用墨水写字
to speak in English用英语讲话
（5）在…方向
He has made great progress in English.他英语有很大的进步。
They believe in God.他们信仰上帝。
He is weak in physics.他物理不好。
（6）在一段时间内，在…之后（未来时间）
It is hot in summer.夏天很热。
in the morning在清晨
He will return in two days.两天后他将回来。
（7）身着
The girl is dressed in red.那女孩穿着红色的衣服。
（8）表状态
Don't go in such a hurry.别走得这么快。
He is in good health.他身体健康。
We are in need of time and money.我们需要时间和钱。
Sorry, my dictionary is in use.对不起，我的字典正用着。
27、inside在…的里面（与outside相反）
Inside the box is a present.盒子里面有一件礼物。
He was standing inside the door.他站在门里边。
28、into（与out of相反）
（1）进入…之内；深入…之中
The boys went into the house.孩子们进入屋内。
Our teachers worked far into the night.我们的教师一直工作到深夜。
You should put your heart into study.你要专心于学习。
（2）成为
The novel has been translated into English.这本小说已被译成英语。
The rain later turned into snow.雨后来变成了雪。
The apple is divided into two parts.苹果被分成两半。
29、like像，似，如
He looks like his father.他长得像他爸爸。
He climbed the tree like a monkey.他像猴子一样爬树。
30、near近,接近,几乎
Don't sand so near the train.不要站得离火车这么近。
I came very near being caught by him.我几乎被他抓住了。
The bridge is near completion.大桥即将竣工了。
31、of
（1）属于（表所有关系）
He is a friend of mine.他是我的一个朋友。
（2）由…制成，由…组成
The house is made of bricks.房子是由砖砌的。
a dress of silk一件丝绸衣服
（3）关于
What do you think of the picture 你以为这幅画如何？
I have never heard of such things.我从来听说过这种事。
（4）由于
You need not be ashamed of your poverty.你不必以贫穷为耻。
In the old days many people died of hunger.那时有许多人死于饥饿。
（5）从（out of）
She came of a noble family.她出身于贵族门第。
（6）表部分关系
a cup of tea一杯茶
a piece of paper一张纸
a pound of sugar一磅糖
（7）同位关系
the city of Rome 罗马城
the fact of my having seen him我看见他这个事实
the fool of a man那个傻瓜
（8）描写关系
a girl of ten years 一位十岁的女孩
a look of pity令人哀怜的神色
a story of adventure冒险故事
（9）承受关系
The writing of this letter troubled me a lot .写这封信让我很为难。
Do you know the creation of man 你知道人是如何创造的吗？
I hate the telling of lies.我痛恨说谎。
32、off
（1）距、离…
Keep off the grass.勿踏草地。
The house stands miles off the main road.这房子离大路有好几英里。
There is a small island ten miles off the land.离海岸十英里处有一小岛。
（2）离开
The cover has come off my book.书的封面脱落了。
He fell off his horse.他从马上掉下来。
（3）解脱，免除
His words took off my mind.他的话让我如释重担。
I'm glad you are off smoking.我很高兴你戒烟了。
33、on
（1）在…上
There is a book on the desk.桌子上有一本书。
Columbus sailed on the Atlantic Ocean and discovered America in 1492.1492年哥伦布出航大西洋并发现了美洲。
Have you got any cigarettes on you 你身上带烟了吗？
（2）邻近，濒临
Qingdao is a beautiful city on the coast of the sea.青岛是一座邻海的美丽城市。
Hebei lies on the north of Shandong.河北在山东的北面。
（3）（指时间）在（某时或某日的各时段或特指的时段）；就在…（时），刚…
We have no class on Sunday.星期天我们不上课。
The People's Republic of china was founded on Oct.1st ,1949.中华人民共和国是在1949年10月1日建立的。
They escaped from the prison on a rainy night.他们在一个雨夜从监狱逃走。
On hearing the news, we jumped with joy.听到这个消息，我们高兴地跳了起来。
（4）在…（状态、情况、场合）中
These new TV sets will be on sale in the market.这些新电视机将推向市场。
The building has been on fire for hours.这座大楼已烧了几个小时。
They are in Shenzhen on business.他们在深圳做生意。
Who is on duty today 今天谁值日？
（5）作用于，影响于
The medicine doesn't work on him.那药对他不起作用。
The storm had no effect on the crops.这场暴风雨对庄稼没有影响。
（6）依赖
He lives on his wages.他靠他的工资生活。
Whether we'll go there depends on the weather.我们是否去那里要看天气了。
（7）以…方式，用…方式
They came here on foot.他们步行而来。
How shall we go there On bikes or by train 我们怎么去那里？骑自行车还是坐火车？
He went into the room on tiptoe.他蹑手蹑脚地进了屋子。
（8）用…工具/媒介
We study English on the radio.我们借助于收音机学英语。
You are wanted on the phone.有人给你打电话。
（9）论述，关于
This is a book on how to make wine.这是一本关于如何酿酒的书。
34、outside（与inside相反）在…外，除外
He was standing just outside the door.他正站在门外边。
Outside the house there was a notice saying ‘For Sale’. 这座房子外面有一招贴写着“吉屋待售”。
Modern abstract art is outside my province.我对现代抽象艺术是外行。
No one knows outside two or three persons.除两三人外, 没有人知道。
35、over
（1）在…之上（与under相反，不接触）；在…之上（相接触，等于on或upon）
The sky is over our heads.天空在我们头上。
She spread a blanket over the bed.她把毛毯铺在床上。
（2）遍于
The news soon spread all over the country.消息很快传遍了全国。
（3）横过，越过
There is a bridge over the river.河上有一座桥。
（4）俯临
At that very moment the lion bent over the baby.就在那一时刻，狮子俯身看着孩子。
（5）在…的时间内（during）
Rubbish such as glass, iron and plastic rots away over a long period of time.像玻璃、铁和塑料这样的垃圾要好长时间才会烂掉。
They had a pleasant chat over a cup of coffee. 我们在喝咖啡时聊的很投机。
（6）超过，高于（more than）
It costs us over 100 dollars.这东西花了我们一百多元。
（7）关于
They are quarreling over the matter.他们正在为此事争吵。
（8）从头到尾
He is going over his lessons in preparation for the examinations.为了迎接考试，他正温习功课。
（9）支配，统治
Who ruled over the country 谁统治这个国家？
（10）以、用（电话、收音机等）
I heard the news over the radio.我在收音机广播中听到这个消息。
36、past（经过）
He went past the gate.他从门前过去。
It is past my power.非我力之所及。
at a quarter past one在一点一刻
37、round
（1）环绕（多表示在某物周围的动作，around则多表示在某物周围的静物，）在各处，在周围
He told the children the earth goes round the sun.他告诉孩子们地球围绕着太阳旋转。
They built a fence round the house.他们在房子四周建一篱笆。
（2）大约
We get up round 7 o'clock every morning.每天早上我们七点左右起床。
They arrived round about 7 o'clock. 他们约在七时抵达。
（3）围在
to sit round the table 围坐在桌旁
The children stood round the teacher. 孩子们围着老师站着。
（4）到处
Have a look round the shop. 到店里各处看看。
（5）转弯；绕过
He disappeared round the corner. 他转过拐角处就不见了。
Cheer up! Victory is just round the corner.加油!胜利就在眼前。
38、since有…以来，自从
I have eaten nothing since yesterday.从昨天我一点东西也未吃。
I have been there many times since the war.战后我多次去那里。
39、through
（1）经过，通过
The thief came in through the window.小偷从窗户进来。
The Thames flows through London.泰晤士河流经伦敦。
We went through the forest.我们穿过森林。
（2）遍及
The old man has travelled through the country.这位老人游遍了全国。
（3）、由于，因为
It happened through the fault of mine.这件事的发生是因为我的缘故。
The woman refused others' help through pride.那女人因为自尊而拒绝别人的帮助。
（4）借助
He became rich through hard work.他凭借艰苦的努力而致富。
I got the job through a friend.我通过一位朋友得到这份工作。
（5）结束，完成
I've read through the novel.我已读完这部小说。
We are through school at 5 o'clock.我们五点上完课。
（6）从头到尾
The rain lasted through the night.雨下了一夜。
He was poor through his life.他一生贫穷。
比较：throughout从头到尾（指时间，相当于through，语气较强）还有“遍及（all over）”之意。
He's been busy throughout the day.他整日忙碌。
throughout the world遍及全球
41、till, until直到…为止
The ticket is good till the end of the month.票有效期到月底。
I had known nothing about it until then.直到那时我才知道这件事。
注意：在句首或not之后用until,而不用till。
42、to
（1）到
to go to school上学
from beginning to end 自始至终
They fought to the end.他们战斗到底。
（2）朝某一方向
The road leads to London.这条路通伦敦。
He pointed to the blackboard as he spoke.他一边讲着一边指着黑板。
（3）给
I'm writing a letter to my girl friend.我正在给我的女朋友写信。
（4）致使成某种状态、情况
She tore the letter to pieces.她将信撕成碎片。
（5）比，比较
The score was 9 to 5.得分是九比五。
I prefer tea to coffee.我喜欢茶而不是咖啡。
The picture is true to life.那幅画栩栩如生。
（6）适合，按照，配合
Life in the city is not to his taste.他不喜欢城市生活。
We dance to music.我们随着音乐跳舞。
（7）对于
Smoking is harmful to health.吸烟有害健康。
She is good to her students.她对她的学生好。
Water is to fish as air is to man.水之于鱼如空气之于人。
（8）由于
He owes his achievement to his mother's help.他将他的成就归功于他妈妈的帮助。
（9）差
at a quarter to ten十点差一刻
43、toward(s)
（1）朝，向
The bird flies towards the sun.鸟儿朝太阳飞去。
The house faces towards the south.房子面向南。
（2）关于，对于
What is his attitude towards war 他对战争持何种态度？
He is friendly towards all of us.他对我们所有的人都友好。
（3）将近
It is towards seven o'clock.快七点了。
44、under
（1）在…的下面（与over相反）
They were resting under a tree.他们正在树下休息。
Frogs go deep under the mud in winter.在冬季青蛙躲到泥下边去。
（2）在…过程中
A railway is under construction.正在修一条铁路。
The car is under repairs.汽车正在修理中。
The question under discussion is about education.正在讨论的问题是有关教育的。
（3）在…（领导、指挥、监督、保护、治疗…）之下
George works under a famous scientist.乔治在一位著名科学家的指导下工作。
Under the leadership of our head teacher, we have made great progress.在班主任的带领下，我们取得了很大的进步。
The patient is still under treatment.病人仍在治疗中。
（4）在…（名义掩饰）下
The book is published under his pen name.那本书是以他的笔名出版的。
He refused to see me under the excuses of illness.他托词有病拒绝见我。
（5）低于，不足…（数量，价值）
We can't sell it under the price of 50 Yuan.低于五十元我们不卖。
He is under 40kg.他体重不足四十公斤。
（6）依照
The boys played the game strictly under the rule.男孩子们严格按规则比赛。
You must deal with this under the law.你必须依法处理此事。
45、up
（1）在…高处
Birds rest up the tree.鸟儿在树上筑巢。
（2）在…上游
The town is far up the river.城在河的最上游。
（3）向上，向高处
Smoke goes up the chimney.烟从烟囱升起。
They climbed up the mountain.他们爬上了山。
46、upon
（1）在…的上面
He climbed upon the horse and rode off.他爬上马走了。
（2）迫近，接触
The enemy is upon us.敌人迫近我们。
The Christmas holiday will soon be upon us.圣诞节马上就要到了。
（3）紧接着
Upon my arrival, I’ll give you an interview. 我一到便去采访你。
注意：upon与on意义相近，用法亦无任何区别，不过upon在俗语和口语中用得较少。
47、with（与without相反）
（1）和…一起，和，同
She came along with some friends.她和几个朋友一起来的。
Leave the child with his aunt.把孩子留给他的姑姑照顾。
（2）附着，带有
a man with white hair白发之人
She married a man with a lot of money.她嫁给了一位有钱人。
He went out with no umbrella.他没带伞就出去了。
（3）用…工具，以
We see things with our eyes.我们用眼看东西。
I have no pen to write with.我没有笔写字。
（4）对于
We are satisfied with the house.我们对房子满意。
He is angry with me.他生我的气。
（5）由于
She was dying with hunger.她饿得要死。
He was shaking with fear.他害怕得哆嗦。
（6）随着
With the development of agriculture and industry more and more waste is produced.随着工农业的发展，产生了越来越多的垃圾。
A man grows wise with age.人的智慧随着年龄而增长。
（7）对
The English fought with Germans.英国人对德作战。
48、within
（1）在…之内
By the X ray, doctor can see within the body.借助X光线，医生可以观察人体内部。
（2）在…（时间，范围）内
I'll be back within two hours.我将在两个小时内回来。
This job is within his ability.这工作他干得了。
The place is within five miles of the station.这个地方距火车站不出五英里。
49、without(not with)
表示“没有”的概念
He rushed to school without eating anything .他什么没吃就朝学校跑去。
Without air we can not live even for a while.
七、常用介词短语的用法
1、according to按照，依据
According to the papers, our export increases every year.据报纸所载，我们的出口年年增加。
2、ahead of在…前面
We finished our job ahead of time.我们提前完成任务。
3.along with伴随着，和…一起
The body must be developed along with the mind.身心必须相应地发展。
They came along with their friends.他们和朋友们一起来的。
4、apart from离开；除…以外
She live far apart from me.她住得离我很远。
Apart from his cleverness, he is very diligent.他不仅聪明，而且勤奋。
5、as a result of由于
Hundreds of people died as a result of the flood.数以百计的人死于洪水。
6、as for至于
Can you make some suggestions as for what I should do 你能就我该做些什么提些建议吗？
I know nothing as for your thought.我对你的思想一无所知。
7、at the back of在…的后面
There is a tall tree at the back of the house.房子后面有一棵大树。
8、at the bottom of在…底部，为…的根源
This kind of fish lives at the bottom of the sea.这种鱼生活在海底。
She is at the bottom of all the troubles.她是一切纠纷的根源。
9、at the cost of以…为牺牲，以…为代价
He rescued the boy from drowning at the cost of his own life.他救这孩子免于淹死，却牺牲了自己的生命。
10、at the end of在…的终了
The bell rang just at the end of his lecture.正好在他讲完时铃声响了。
At the end of six months, we had finished the job.六个月后我们完成了这项目作。
11、at the mercy of听命于，在…的掌握之中
His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke.他的生命握在公爵的手中。
12、at the point of就要，即将
He was at the point of success when something unexpected happened.眼看他就要成功了，就在这时发生了意想不到的事。
13、at the price of以…为代价
We won the battle at the price of seven soldiers.我们付出了伤亡七位战士的代价取得了这次胜利。
14、at the request of应…的请求
At the request of the teachers the professor will give us a lecture.应老师们的请求，教授将给我们举办一次讲座。
15、at the side of在…旁
There are many old people practising Taiji boxing at the side of the river.河边有许多老年人在练太极拳。
16、at the sight of一看到
He fell in love at the sight of her.他对也一见钟情。
17、at the thought of一想到…念及…
I'm frightened at the thought of that experience.一想到那次经历我就害怕。
18、at the top of在…顶上，在…顶点
Don't stand at the top of the wall.别站在墙顶上。
He spoke at the top of his voice. 他大声喊叫。
19、because of因为
We have to put off the meeting because of the absence of the chairman. 由于大会主席未到，我们不得不推迟会议。
20、by/under (the) name of名叫
Do you know the teacher by name of George 你认识那位名字叫乔治的老师吗？
21、by way of取道…，通过…（方法、途径）
We went to Beijing by way of Tianjin.我们取道天津去北京。
Only by way of constant efforts can we succeed. 只有通过不断的努力我们才可成功。
22、due to由于
The accident was due to careless driving. 这一事故是因为粗心驾驶。
23、for fear of因为害怕
She tiptoed into the room for fear of being found. 因为害怕被人发现，她蹑手蹑脚地进入屋内。
24、for lack of因缺少
The crops died for lack of water. 由于缺水,庄稼死了。
25、for the good/benefit of为了…的利益
What the teacher says is for the good of the students. 老师说的话是为了学生好。
26、for the purpose of为…目的
A large number of students are sent to America for the purpose of studying advanced science and technology. 许多学生被派到美国去学习先进的科学技术。
27、hand in hand with和…携手，和…相并
Prejudice goes hand in hand with ignorance. 偏见和无知是紧密相连的。
28、in addition to除…以外
In addition to pop songs ,he loves classical music.除了流行歌曲，他还喜欢古典音乐。
29、in a state of在…状态中
We are in a state of tension before the entrance examination.入学考试前我们都很紧张。
30、in case of倘若，万一
You must go to see a doctor in case of illness.倘使生病了，你必须去看医生。
31、in charge of负责，in the charge of由…负责
He is in charge of the company.他负责这家公司。
The company is in the charge of him.这家公司由他负责。
32、in course of正在…过程中
The bridge is in course of construction.大桥正在建设中。
33、in favor of支持，赞成，对…有利
I'm in favor of your action.我支持你的行为。
The score was 4 to 3 in favor of our team.我队以四比三获胜。
34、in honour of为向表示敬意，为了纪念…
A library is built in honour of the scientist.建一座图书馆以纪念这位科学家。
35、in need of需要
China is in need of modern technology and equipment.中国需要现代化的技术和设备。
36、in (the)hope of/in hopes of怀着…希望
We came here in hope of learning English.为学习英语我们来到这里。
37、in place of代替
We use chopsticks in place of knives and forks.我们筷子代替刀叉。
38、in reply to为答复
I wrote a letter in reply to his questions.我写了封信答复他的疑问。
39、in return for为报答
I paid a visit to him yesterday in return for his help.为答谢他的帮助我昨天去拜访了他。
40、in search of寻找
They were in search of mushrooms in the woods.他们在树林中找蘑菇。
41、in sight,in sight of看得见
The ship is still in sight.船还能看得见。
We are still in sight of the ship.我们仍能看得见那船。
42、in spite of尽管，不顾…
We set out in spite of heavy rain.虽下着大雨我们还是出发了。
43、in stead of代替
I'll go home instead of staying at school.我要回家，而不愿呆在学校里。
I'll give you a lesson instead of Mr. Wang.我将代王老师给你们上课。
44、in the course of在…期间
In the course of the past ten years, great changes have taken place.在过去的十年里发生了巨大的变化。
45、in（the）face of面对，不顾
He showed great courage in face of difficulty.面对困难他表现出了巨大的勇气。
She stuck to her plan in face of people's objection.她不顾人们的反对坚持自己的计划。
46、in the form of以…形式
Their diet contains a lot of fat in the form of potato crisps, butter and chocolate.他们的食物有炸土豆片、黄油及巧克力，这些都含有大量的脂肪。
47、in front of (外部),in the front of(内部)在…前面
The teacher stood in the front of the classroom.老师站在教室前面。
There is a car in front of the building.楼前有一辆车。
48、in the middle of在当中，在中途
We got there in the middle of night.我们半夜到了那里。
They were in the middle of dinner when I called.我去拜访他们时，他们正在吃晚饭。
49、in the name of以…的名义，代表
I promise you another chance in the name of God.我以上帝的名义向你发誓再给你一次机会。
I have the honour to speak in the name of Mr.Li.我很荣幸代表李先生向你们讲话。
50、next to相邻，次于，几乎
The shop is next to the post office.商店在邮局的隔壁。
Next to music ,I love playing football.除了音乐，我还喜欢足球。
It is next to impossible.这几乎不可能。
51、on account of因为，由于(=because of )
He can't go to school today on account of his illness.由于生病了，他今天不能去上学。
52、on board在船（飞机、火车等）上
They will go on board the plane at 8 o'clock.他们八点登机。
53、on the point of正要…
I was on the point of going out when he came in .我正要外出他来了。
54、opposite to在…对面，和…对立
His home is opposite to the river.他的家在河那边。
His opinion is opposite to mine.他的意见和我的相反。
55、owing to因为，由于
Owing to the bad weather, we had to stay indoors.由于天气恶劣，我们不得不呆在室内。
56、short of短缺
We are short of time and energy.我们缺乏时间和精力。
57、side by side with和…并肩
I saw him walking side by side with John in the street.我看见他和约翰肩并肩走在街上。
58、suitable for对…合适
He is suitable for the job.他适合这工作。
59、together with和…一起
The trainer together with his players will try their best.教练和运动员将全力以赴。
60、up and down来来回回，上上下下
He walked up and down the room.他在屋内来回走动。
61、with the help of在…的帮助下
With the help of our teachers, I've made great progress in studies.在老师们的帮助下，我的学习有很大进步。
八、时间、地点、原因、方式等介词（短语）用法要点
1、表时间的介词
（1）表示时间先后的before，after和in。
before和after表示某一时刻之前和之后。in一般表示“从现在或说话时刻算起某一段时间之后”，用于将来时；after则表示以过去为起点的某一段时间之后，用于过去时。另外，“in+时间段”也可作“在……之内”解。
Your new suit will be ready in two days. 你的新衣服连天后做好。
The doctor will be free in 10 minutes.医生十分钟以后有时间。
Come and see me tomorrow any time before eleven.你可以在明天上午十一点以前的任何时候来看我。
You may play football after school. 放学之后你们可以踢足球。
He will be back after two o'clock.两点之后他将回来。
It's difficult to draw a horse well in half an hour.半小时之内画好一匹马是困难的。
（2）表示“时间延续”的for, from...to
for表示动作或状态延续的时间长度，谓语动词必须是延续性的。而from...to...表示“从……到……”。
We have studied English for three years.我们学英语已三年了。
My family lived in Beijing from 1996 to 1999. 我家从1996年到1999年住在北京。
（3）表示“时限”的介词since, from, by, until(till)
since表示动作的起始点，其意是 “从……以来 “，常与完成时态连用。
-How long has this bookshop been in business 这家书店开业多长时间了？
- Since 1982. 自1982年。
I have been there many times since the war. 自那次战争以来，我曾去该地多次。
from表示时间的起始点，其意是“从”，常和一般过去时连用。
From then on I began to learn English.从那时起我就开始学英语了。
until(prep. & conj.)意为“直到……为止”。用在肯定句中，主要动词一般是延续性的，表示这个动词的动作一直延续到till(until)所表示的时间为止。英汉互译时，语序基本一致；用在否定句中，主要动词一般是终止性的，表示这个动词的动作直到 till(until)所表示的时间才发生。译为“(直)到时……才”。till(prep.& conj)和until的用法基本一样，可 以互换。放在句首一般用until不用till。在口语中，英国用till，美国多用until。
Let's wait until the rain stops.让我们等到雨停。
He didn't go home until he had finished his homework.他直到完成他的家庭作业才回家。
They travel until they come to a wild part of the forest.他们在森林中行进，遇到一块荒地就停下来。
注意：not until用在句子开头时主谓要倒装(在主句中进行倒装)，强调句型为:It is/was not until...that...
Not until noon did it stop raining.直到中午雨才停。
It was not until 10 o’clock that he went to bed.直到十点他才去睡觉。
You'd better stay in bed till tomorrow.你最好呆在床上直到明天为止。
by (Prep.) 表示“到……为止”、“不迟于……”的意思。与be动词连用时多用于一般式;与行为动词连用时，多用于完成式。侧重于某动作将在将来或将来某一刻之前发生。
The train leaves at 6;00p. m. So I have to be at the station by 5:40 p. m. at the latest. 火车六点发车。因此，我必须在五点四十之前到车站。
Your son will be all right by supper time.你儿子到晚饭前就会好的。
We had studied one thousand new words by the end of last term. 到上学期期末为止，我们已经学了1000个新单词。
（4）表示“时间”的介词at，in和on。
at多用于钟点时刻前，所表时间大多比较短暂。at还可用于习惯表达法。如at breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner等。
They'll have a meeting at nine in the morning.他们将在上午九点钟开会
The meeting started at ten o'clock会议十点钟开始。
in常用于上午、下午、晚上及表示季节、月份、年份等名词前，所指时间可长可短的时间段。
He often go out for a walk in the afternoon.他下午经常出去散步。
He was born in 1965.他出生于1965年。
on用于特殊的日期或某日的上午、下午或晚上等。
It happened to be very cold on the morning of our sports meet.运动会的那天早晨碰巧很冷。
He suddenly returned on a rainy night. 在一个雨夜，他突然回来了。
They had a party on Christmas Eve. 他们在圣诞节前夕举行了一个聚会。
（5）during和for
①during 概指一段不大确定的时间；for则表示一段具体的时间，指某一动作持续多久，常同几小时、几周、几个月、几年等数字连用
He wrote for one night.他写了整整一夜。（整整一夜）
He wrote during the night.他夜间写作。（但不一定是整夜）
I worked during the holidays.我假期打工。（不一定全部时间）
I worked for 3 weeks.我上了三个月的班。（连续工作）
②表示某一状态或动作在某一具体的时间内连续不断，就必须用for,而不用during
He stayed for a week. 他待了一周。
We’ve known each other for five years.我们认识五年了。（不能用during）
2、表地点的介词
about, at, in, on, over, through, across, along, around, before, between, beyond, by, down, to, toward, under, up, within, near等。
（1）表示地点的介词 at，on和in
①at一般是指比较小的地点(小村庄，小城镇)和某种活动场所，或把一个地方看作一个点(不涉及大小)，at the school gate, at the second crossing, at the bus stop, at the top of the paper, at the cinema, at 103 Wall Street, at the traffic lights等。
in表示较大的地方（大城市，大的空间）in a country/city/town/village/garden/park/zoo, in the room/house/building/box, in the sky, in the sea, in the sun, in the middle of the day等。
on表示某东西在一个平面上(包括竖着的平面)，on the floor/ground/table/chair, on the wall, on the moon, on my head, on page seven。某东西接触或接近一条线或类似一条线的东西(如河流、道路、边界等)on a small river, on the road, on my way to school等。
Let's walk over to the shop on the other side of the street.我们走到街对面的商店去。
At what time did you arrive at the station 你是几点钟到火车站的
He lives in London.他住在伦敦。
He stood on the cliff top looking out to the sea. 他站在悬崖顶上眺望大海。
There is a list of our lessons on the wall.墙上有我们的课程表。
②门牌号前用at, road前用on, street前用in或on。
Alice lives at 103 Wall Street.爱丽丝住在华尔街103号。
The accident happened in the street, not on the road.是故事发生在大街上，不是在公路上。
③at可以表示“有意、有目的”的行为。
He sat at the table.他坐在桌旁。（可能写字、读书）（有目的）
He is at college now.他在大学读书。
（2）表示“上下”的介词above，over和on。
on和over都表示在某一物体上。但前者强调两物相接触，而后者强调覆盖这一物体。
The children are drawing some pictures on the blackboard.孩子们正在黑板上画一些画。
The naughty boy sat on the edge of the fence dangling his legs.那个淘气的小男孩坐在栏杆边上,两腿悬空。
He lay there, with a newspaper over one's face.他躺在那里，用一张报纸盖着脸。
over表示在某人或某物的正上方，反义词是under。above表示位置高于某人或某物，但不一定是正上方，反义词 below。below和above都可用来表示高于(higher than)。如果要表示覆盖或越过时，则用over。
A wide and busy road which was built like a bridge over another road fell onto the one below.一座立交桥上部宽阔而车辆川流不息的马路坍塌至桥下的路上。
The water came up above our knees. 水已涨至我们膝盖之上。
We were flying above the clouds.我们在云层上飞行。
注意：指数量时，我们一般用over(=more than)表示超过；但如果指上下垂直的度量及海拔高度时，要用above。
The temperature will stay above zero in the day-time.白天温度将保持在零度以上。
These buildings were over 50 years old, so they were not strong enough.这些建设物的寿命已超过五十年了，所以它们都不够结实。
（3）表示“里外”的介词in/ out of，inside/outside。
①表示静止的位置:in和out of相对应；表示动态时，into和out of相对应。
He is in the classroom.他在教室里。
He is out of the classroom.他在教室外。
They walked into the garden.他们走进花园 。
They walked out of the garden.他们走出花园 。
②inside，outside可以表示静止的位置，意为“在里/外面”，也可表示”到里/外面”。
He was standing outside/inside the door.他正站在门的外面/里面。
The students went inside/outside the classroom.学生们走到教室里/外面去。
（4）表示“在……旁边”的介词by，beside。
by和beside同义，但by比beside常用。
One day a little monkey was playing in a tall tree by the river.一天，一只小猴子在河边的一棵大树上玩。
Is there a big tree beside the house 在房子旁有棵大树吗
He sat down just by the door.他正坐在门的旁边。
The town lies by the west of the lake.那座城坐落在湖的西岸。
（5）表示“在……中间”的介词词组in the centre of和in the middle of。
in the centre of表示“中心、中央”的意思，指某种有确定边缘或形状的东西的中心点。除可指圆、球体或方形的中心外，还可以用于借喻，表示重要活动或事物的中心。
In the centre of London there is a tall white building with the name “Bush House”.在伦敦市中心有一座白色的高层建筑物，名叫“布什大厦”。
There was a terrible big fire last year in the centre of the city.去年，市中心发生了一场可怕的大火。
in the middle of在表示“中间”的意思时，指跟两边或各边，两端或各端等距离的部分，还可以指时间方面的“中间”或表示程度的“中间”。
I am in the middle of the great forest in South America.我现在是在南美洲这个大森林的中部。
She telephoned me in the middle of (the) night.她在半夜打电话给我。
（6）表示“沿着”的介词up，down，along。
表示动作时up表示“由下而上”“沿着而上”；down表示“沿着而下”， along表示“沿着”，即从一端到另一端。
The boy jumped quickly up the tree.男孩很快地爬上了树。
We went down the hill before sunset.我们在日落之前下了山。
We walked along the river.我们沿着河走。
进城、从南方到北方、从沿海到内陆、从市区到宅区用up；出城、从北方向南方、从内陆到沿海用down。
He went up north for summer.他到北方避暑。
She went down south for winter.她到南方过冬。
另外，他们还有如下区别:
up有“欢乐”的意味，指情绪的高涨；down有忧伤的意思，指情绪低落。
up表示速度的“快、高”；down表示速度的“慢、低”。
up 表示情况的好转、上升；down表示情况“差、劣、下降”。
up表示“扩大、增强”；down表示“缩小，减少”。
（7）表示“前、后”的介词before，in front of，in the front of。
①在现代英语中，我们一般不用before这个介词来表示地点，而用in front of。before在谈到次序的排列(如名单等)；表示“在(某重要人物)面前”； 用于right my eyes，before my very eyes(在我面前公开地)等词组中也可用来指地点。
There is a car parked right in front of our gate, and we can't get out!一辆小汽车正好停在我丫山门口，我们都出不去了。
Your name comes before mine.你的名字在我前头。
I came up before the magistrates for dangerous driving last week.上星期我因开车冒险而被法院传坏，
②in front of表示“在(某一物体)前面”，而in the front of表示”在……范围内的前部”。
He likes sitting in the front of the car.他坐车总喜欢坐在前面。
The teacher is standing in the front of our classroom, speaking.老师正站在教室前面讲话。
（8）表示“方位”的介词in，to，on。
in表示在某一地域之内的某方位(属于该范围)；to表示在某一地域地区之外的某方位(不属于该范围)；on表示与某地相邻的关系。这三个词表达位置关系恰似数学中圆的”包含(in)、相离(to)，相切(on)关系。注意：比较指的是行政单位。
Taiwan is in the southeast of China.台湾位于申国东南部。
England lies to the west of France.英国位于法国的西面。
Hunan is on the east of Guizhou.湖南在贵州的东面。
巧记表示方位的介词
in，on，to表示方位时容易用混淆。下面的图示能帮你辨别其用法。
北
西 东
南
B is in the east of A
C is on the east of A
D is to the east of A
3、表手段、方法或工具的介词
（1）by; in; with
三者均可表示“用、以”的意思，但用法不同。
①by
by 相当于by means of或by dint of意为“凭、靠、以”后常接通讯工具（无冠词）；交通工具（无冠词）；其他名词（无冠词）；动名词，表示以某种方法、方式做某事。
She earned money by writing. 她靠写作挣钱。
We went by air. 我们乘飞机走。
Then, one of the five fighters sent a message back to the town by radio.然后，其中一个战士用无线电给城里发回一条信息。
by构成的短语：
by way of 取道（通过，以……方式），by surprise出其不意，by right按理，by heart书籍，by leaps and bounds飞快地，by no means决不，by trade(profession) 职业是，by rote死板地，by word of mouth口头，by hook or by crook不择手段，by force凭武力，by halves不完全（半途而废），by any means总之，by all means一定，by fair means or foul不择手段，by rule of thumb凭经验
②in
a.后接单数名词无冠词表示书写方式in pen(pencil, ink)；用with时，两个或两个以上的名词并列市场不用冠词
Please write your name in ink, not in pencil.请用墨水些，勿用铅笔写。
He was told to write with a pencil.有人告诉他用铅笔写。
It's impolite to write a letter in red. 用红笔写信是不礼貌的。
b.表示行为方式，意为“以……，按照……”也用于表示表达方法，一般多与一些抽象化了的名词搭配，表示用某种方式、语言、风格等
You shouldn't have treated the matter in the wrong way.你不该用错误的方式来对待这件事。
An English teacher should try to teach in English. 英语教师应尽量用英语教学。
③with和by的区别
a. with表示所使用的具体工具或手段，by表示方法、方式。在被动语态中，用by表示行为者，用with表示工具。
We hear with our ears.我们用耳朵听。
These woolen socks were knitted by hand.这双袜子是手工针织的。
b. with表示有形的器皿、工具的内容；by表示无形的手段，后接动名词表示某种方式。
True friendship can not be bought with money. 真正的友谊是无法用金钱买到的。
Learn to swim by swimming.在游泳中学习游泳。
The street was lighted with electric lights.（有形的）
The street was lighted by electricity.（无形的）
c. with可以引出抽象的行为者，如感性、意见、思考、状态、疾病等，而by则不可。
You must do the work with more care.你工作要再细心些。
Bob behaved towards Kate with too great familiarity.鲍勃对凯特过分亲昵。
4、表示价格、比率、标准、对比或速度的介词
（1）at
at 可以用来表示价值、价格、比率或速度。
It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。
The apples were sold at a high price.那些苹果以高价卖出了。
（2）by
用来表示度量单位，意为“以……计，按……计算”。这些名词往往是单数，名词前加the；数词时可以用复数，这时不加the。by retail（零售），by auction（拍卖），by wholesale(批发)等中的名词前不加the。还可以表示数量、空间、时间的相差。
They sold apples by weight.他们按重量卖苹果。
Eggs are sold by dozen.鸡蛋按打出售。
He missed the target by an inch.他一寸之差未射中目标。
（3）表比较的介词as, like, over, above等。
以表示“像……”as作连词，引导比较状语从句;从句中的动词或整个谓语部分往往可以省略。
She would like to have a dress like the one you are wearing.他想买一件像你身上穿的一样的连衣裙。
Do you think that art is as interesting as music 你认为艺术和音乐一样有趣吗
注意： as和like都可作介词，译为“像……一样”，但有区别:as侧重同一性，强调属同一类或完全相似;like侧重于比较，是比喻，并不意味着同一类或完全相似。
Then I made faces jumped like a monkey.接着我做鬼脸，并像猴子一样跳来跳去。
She spoke of me as her dearest friend.她谈起我就像我是她最亲密的朋友似的。
（4）to
to表示比较常用再senior, junior, interior, superior, prior, anterior, posterior后；还可以表示“碧、对比，增加到，减少至，配给”等；以及prefer结构中。
She is senior to everyone else in the company.她在公司里的地位比其他人都高。
She prefers tea to coffee.与咖啡相比，他更喜欢喝茶。
5、表示进行意义的介词
借此in, at, on, under等可与一些名词（多为动作名词）搭配，表示正在进行的意义，或表示处于的某种状态、活动之中，大多都相当于进行时态所表示的动作。
（1）at+名词
at table在吃饭，at issue在讨论，at press早排印，at work在工作，at play在玩耍，at war在交战，at grass在吃草，at food在吃饭
（2）in + (the)+名词+of
in dispute在争议中，in bloom在开花，in play在转动，in motion在运动，in use 在使用，in the act of, in practice在实践中
（3）on+（the）+名词
on service在服役，on holiday在度假，on fire在着火，on strike在罢工，on show在展出，on sale 在出售，on trial在受审，on duty值班，on call待命，on the air在播送，on the fly在飞行
(4)under+名词
under test在检测中, under development发展中, under construction建设中, under repair修理中, under consideration在考虑, under way(在进行)，under arms在备战
6、表除去的介词
but, except, except for, besides等。
（1）besides
作“除了……以外，还有……”解，它强调部分包括在整体之内。
Besides his wife, his daughter also went to see him.出了他的妻子外，他的女儿也去看过他。
Do you know any other foreign language besides English 除了英语外，你还懂会的语言吗？
Does John know any other foreign language besides French 除了法语外，约翰还会别的语言吗？
Everybody else laughed besides John. (John包括everybody之内)除了约翰外，其它每个人都笑了。
（2）but(prep.)
作“除了……外”解，相当于except，but常与否定词next，last及部分形容词最高级连用后接名词、代词和不定式。
I did nothing but write a letter this morning.今天早晨除写了一封信外，我什么都没有做。
He wanted nothing but to have a chance to try it. 除了有机会试一试外，他别无所求。
注意:but后接不定式时，何时带to要依据前面动词是否有do而定。即有do不带to，无do要带忙。(看上述例如)
（3）except
作”除……以外”解，强调从整体中除去一部分，后可接名词、代词或从句。多指对同类事物的排除。
Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao.除了林涛外，大家都到齐了。
The suit fitted him well except that the color was a little brighter.出了颜色有点艳外，这件衣服他穿着很合适。
I would buy the suit, except that it costs too much.如果不是它售价太高的话，我本想买下那件衣服。
（4）except for
作”除了……外，只……”解。它强调从整体中排除一部分，是对主语的内容起到修正的作用，指对非同类事物的。
Your composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. (composition与mistakes不同类)你的作文写得很好 ，除了几处拼写错误。
He can answer all the questions except for the last one.他除最后一道题之外的所有问题都会回答。
7、表示“通过、经过”的介词across, through和over。
这三个介词across; over和through都可作“通过、穿过”解，但侧重点不同。across的含义与on有关，表示动作是在某一物体的表面进行的；through的含义与in有关，表示动作是在某一物体的空间里进行；over表示动作在某物体的上方进行，译为“越过”。
It took them six weeks to walk across the great desert.他们花了六周时间才走过那个大沙漠。
The students walked through the gates with Uncle Wang.学生们和王大叔一起穿过大门。
We can't travel through the forest by road.我们不能从陆路穿过森林。
Then we took off over a part of forest.随后我们的飞机起飞了，飞过部分森林上空。
8、表示行为对象的at和to。
一般来讲，at同某些动词连用，常表示攻击的目标，含有某种程度的恶意;to若只表示方向，并无恶意可言。
I threw the ball to him and he threw it at the dog.我把球扔给他，他用球向狗砸去。
The new soldier shot at the target, but missed it again.新兵瞄准靶子射击,但又没有射中。
9、between和among表示”在……之间”。
在标准英语中，一般用between表示”两者之间”，用among表示”三者或三者以上之间”。
This is a secret. Keep it between the two of us.这是秘密，只限你我。
She is standing among a crowd of students.她站在一群学生中间。
What's the difference between the two words 这两个词有什么不同
注意：在现代英语中，between有时也可用于三个以上的事物，特别是这些事物有清楚确切的位置时；在divide，share后的状语是几个并列的单数名词时，用between；若后面的状语是复数名词时，可用between，也可用among;谈到事物之间 的差别时 ，用 between。说到三者以上每两者之间的关系时，用between。
Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间 。
He divided the apples between his son, his daughter, and his niece.他把苹果分给了儿子、女儿和侄女。
He divided the apples between (among) his four children.他把苹果分给了四个孩子。
What's the difference between them 他们有什么区别
Understanding between nations is very important.相互理解在国际间很重要。
10、case 构成的介词短语
in case, in that case, in any case, in no case, in case of sth., in the case of
（1）in case
表示“因为可能发生某事、以防万一”的意思，是介词短语，在句中作状语，常放在句尾；也可用作连词后跟that从句，表示条件或目的，从句谓语习惯于用 “should+动词原形或陈述语气”。
It may rain. you'd better take an umbrella(just) in case (it does).可能会下雨，你 最好带把雨伞以防万一。
He doesn't dare to leave the house in case (that) he should be recognized.他不敢离开那栋房子，是怕被人认出。
I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some in case.我认为我不需要钱，但带点以防万一。
John may phone tonight. I don't want to go out in case he phone.约翰可能打电话。我不想出去了以防万一。
（2）in that case 表示“既然那样讲、若是那样的话” 用来承接上文。
In that case, you wouldn't have a pan on fire. You'd have a house on fire! 要是那样，你就不只是使锅着火，你还会把房子烧起来。
（3）in any case表示“无论如何、总之”的意思。
In any case, it is rather unfair of him to do that.不管怎样他那样做是不恰当的 。
（4）in no case表示“在任何情形下决不、无论如何都不”的意思，用于句首，句子要进行部分倒装。
In no case shall I forget the expression on her face.我决不会忘记她脸上的表情。
（5）in case of sth.表示“若发生某事 ;如果，假如”的意思，是短语介词，后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语；in the case of表示 “至于，就 …… 来说”的意思 ，是短语介词。
In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 遇上火警时立刻按警铃。
In case of his being absent, we'll put off the meeting till next week.如果他不来 ，我们就把会议推迟到下一周。
In the case of your debt, I'll pay it off for you.至于你的欠款，我会替你还清的。
11、with的复合结构
（1）with+名词/代词+介词短语，在句中常作状语或定语。
And then I saw a lovely diamond necklace with a big blue stone in the centre. 后来，我看中了一条美丽的中间镶嵌着一颗很

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