牛津译林版英语九年级上册 Unit 4 -Unit 8 语法归纳

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牛津译林版英语九年级上册 Unit 4 -Unit 8 语法归纳

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一、限制性定语从句
修饰或限制名词或代词的部分叫定语,当修饰名词或代词的部分为句子时,这个句子就叫定语从句。
被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词,定语从句通常出现在先行词后面,由关系词引出。
定语从句通常由关系代词或关系副词引导,它们在定语从句中充当一定的成分。
常见的引导定语从句的关系代词有who,which,that等,他们所代替的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
The lady who/that stood under the tree was our new English teacher.
( 引导定语从句,修饰前面的先行词 ,在从句中充当 成分)
He wants to buy a new mobile phone which/that is made in Korea.
( 引导定语从句,修饰前面的先行词 ,在从句中充当 成分)
The girl who/that he is waiting for is his cousin.
( 引导定语从句,修饰前面的先行词 ,在从句中充当 成分)
(1) 当先行词指人时,关系代词用who/that,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
He looks like the suspect who/that is wanted by the police on the Internet.
Who is the man that you talked with in the office just now
(2) 当先行词为物时,关系代词用which/that,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
This is the book that/which I have been looking for recently.
The car that/which hit a tree just now was completely broken.
【使用关系代词时应注意以下几点】
1.如果先行词是all, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词时,关系代词一般只用that,不用which。
All that are present burst into tears.
2.如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which。
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3.which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思与and this相似。
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
4.先行词中既有人又有物时,关系代词应该用that。
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
5.“介词+关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。此结构中的介词可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to, at, of, without等,关系代词常常只可用whom或which,不可用that。
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.
像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不将介词与动词分开。
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
二、状语从句
(一)让步状语从句
although/though用作连词,意为“尽管,虽然”,常用于引导让步状语从句。让步状语从句表示即使出现在从句中的情况,主句动作仍然会发生,有“退一步说”的意思。
即使我可能失败,我也要试一下。
尽管他没有钱,但是他很快乐。
although和though 可用于句首或句中,但不能与连词but或however 同时使用,不过可与yet,still连用。
Although/Though you are a little younger than me, yet you are much taller.
注意:although和though在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though较常使用,although 比though更正式一些。
(二)结果状语从句
such...that意为“如此...以至于...”,连接结果状语从句。(结果状语从句是用来补充说明主句动作发生所带来的结果。)和so... that 意思相同,但是用法不同。
so是副词,后面可加形容词和副词:so+ adj./adv.+ that clause,当后面的名词前由many, much, few,little等词所修饰的话,则不用such而用so。
so many apples so much water so few students so little juice
The day is so nice that we can go out for a picnic.
而such是限定词,后面要加名词或名词词组,名词前面可以带形容词,也可以不带: such +noun/noun phrases + that clause
It is such a nice day that we can go out for a picnic.
注意:当such后面接的是单数可数名词时,它可以跟so进行转换。
He told me such an interesting story.=He told me so interesting a story.
→so+形容词+a(n)+名词=such a(n)+形容词+名词
(三)目的状语从句
so that 引导目的状语从句,(目的状语从句用以说明主句动作发生的目的。)其从句中的谓语动词通常和情态动词can, may, will, might, would, could, should等情态动词连用,而且主句和从句之间不使用逗号。
so that意为“以便,为了,使能够”,可以与in order that相替换。
They got up early so that they could catch the early bus.
=They got up early they could catch the early bus.
我起的很早,为了能赶上首班公交车。
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三、条件状语从句
(一) if 引导的条件状语从句
If引导的句子在复合句中表示主句动作发生的条件,做主句的条件状语,因此称为条件状语从句。if意为“如果,假如”,表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll have a picnic.
【if引导的条件状语从句与主句的时态】
在复合句中,从句中的动词时态在一定程度上受到主句中动词时态的制约。
① 在含有if引导的条件状语从句的复合句中,如果主句是一般将来时,从句则用一般现在时表示将来。
I’ll go with you if you don’t want to go alone.
② 如果主句含有must, may, can 等情态动词,从句也用一般现在时。
If you drive too fast, you may have an accident.
③ 如果主句是祈使句,从句也要用一般现在时。
Be careful with your homework if you don’t want to make mistakes.
(二)unless引导的条件状语从句
unless意为“除非,如果不”,用来引导条件状语从句,相当于if...not。
You will miss the early bus unless you get up early.
=You will miss the early bus if you don’t get up early.
【注意】当某种条件所引起的结果是一种情绪或想法时,不能使用unless,只能用if...not。
I will be angry unless I am invited to the party. ( )

当我们描述将来发生的事情时,主句通常用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。
We won’t go to the cinema tomorrow unless my mother does.
同if引导的条件状语从句一样,在unless引导的条件状语从句中,如果主句是祈使句或含有情态动词,从句要用一般现在时。
没有老师的允许,不要出教室。
他不戴眼镜就看不清。
四、原因状语从句
(一) because 引导的原因状语从句
原因状语从句是指在复合句中表示主句动作发生的的原因的句子。
I did not go to school yesterday because I was ill.
Because it was raining, we had to stay at home.
because意为“因为”,表示动作发生的直接原因,语气很强,常用来回答why引导的疑问句。
---Why doesn’t he go with us
---Because he’s too tired today.
【注意】汉语习惯说“因为…所以…”,但使用英语时不能将so和because连用。
Because my bike was broken, so I went to school by bus yesterday. ( )

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(二) since和as引导的原因状语从句
我们也可以用since和as引导原因状语从句。
since意为“既然,由于,因为”,表示已知的、显然的理由,较为正式,常放在句首。
Since it is late, I shall go home right now.
as和since的用法大体相同,表示附带说明“双方已知的原因”。
As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi.
【注意】由since和as引导的原因状语从句通常位于句首。
五、时间状语从句
(一)before,after,when和while引导的时间状语从句
(1) before意为“比…早一点,在…之前”,表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前。
You should knock at the door before you come in.
(2) after意为“比…晚一点,在…之后”,表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。
She went shopping with her mother in the supermarket after she finished her homework.
【拓展】after与in的区别
① after表示以过去为起点的一段时间,用于过去时。
After two days, they reached London.
② in表示以此时此刻为起点的将来的一段时间之后,常用于将来时。
My father will be back in three day.
(3) when意为“当…的时候”,表示主句动作发生的特定时间。
The days get longer when spring comes.
when可以表示一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行。
The students were having an English class when the visitors came in.
when也可以表示正在进行某动作时,另一个动作发生了。
When I was cleaning the classroom, my keys dropped on the door.
(4) while意为“当…的时候”,强调主句动作和从句动作是同时发生的。
While the girl was shopping, he went out.
【注意】while引导的从句谓语动词必须是延续性的。
(二)since,till和until引导的时间状语从句
(1) since意为“自从,自…以来”,一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句谓语动词用现在完成时。
It has been ten years since I saw him last time.
【注意】since引导的从句谓语动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是短暂性动词。
(2) till和until意为“直到…”。until和till通常可以互换使用,但要注意till一般只用于句中,而until既可以放在句首,也可以放在句中,until比till更正式。
He lived with his parents until/till he graduated from college.
【注意】当主句的谓语为非延续性动词时,要用not...until...结构时,不能用till替换until
The noise of the street didn’t stop until midnight. 街上的噪声直到半夜才停止。
(三)as soon as和whenever引导的时间状语从句
(1) as soon as意为“一…就…”。
We began to work as soon as we got there.
【注意】当主句是一般将来时或祈使句,表示将来的意义时,从句一般现在时,简称“主将从现”。
I will go to school as soon as I finish eating.
(2) whenever意为“每当,任何时候”,可与every time替换。
He likes listening to music whenever he has time.
只要你需要可以随时求助。
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