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(共58张PPT)
八年级下 Unit 4 A good read
Grammar-Task 精讲课件
一、定义
由两部分构成∶疑问词和动词不定式（wh-+to do）。疑问词部分包括疑问代词who， whom， what， which和whose以及疑问副词when， where和how。此外，连接词“whether”也适用。
它主要具有以下几种功能∶
①当主语
例如∶ When to hold the meeting has not been decided.
Where to camp is a problem.
疑问词+动词不定式
②当宾语
常接在forget，find out，discuss， decide，tell， teach，know，learn， wonder，remember等动词之后作宾语
例如∶ We must know what to take notes at a meeting.
He could not tell whom to talk.
Do you know how to use the camera
③当表语
例如∶ The problem is where to find the pet dog
The question is who to help.
④当名词同位语
例如∶ Tom had no idea which book to choose at the bookstore.
The question whether to study abroad troubled the girl.
⑤用于宾语补足语，双重宾语。
某些动词后可接"sb.+ 疑问词 + 不定式"构成的双重宾语，这类动词常用的有advise， ask， show， teach，tell等
例如∶ I can tell you where to get this kind of flower.
I ask her how to improve spoken English.
He will advise you what to do for the competition.
Will you show me how to drive the new car
作介词宾语
某些介词后面可接"疑问词＋不定式"作宾语，这类介词常用的有 about，as， from， in， of， on， with等。
例如∶ He has no idea of how to answer this question.
Dick had only 20 yuan with which to buy his mother a present. （which是关系代词）
You have a number of topics from which to choose. 你有很多题目可以选择。（which是关系代词）
二、用法∶
特殊疑问词十动词不定式"这种结构可以把复合句转为简单句。
例如∶I don't know what I’ll do next.=I don't know what to do next.
The doctor told him when he should take the medicine. = The doctor told him when to take the medicine.
同样，因为"特殊疑问词十动词不定式"这种结构相当于一个名词性从句，所以可用同等成分的从句代替，从而把简单句转换为复合句。改写时只需在疑问词后加上适当的主语，并把不定式改为适当的形式的谓语即可。
例如：Which to choose is important.= Which we should choose is important.
The question is where to go.=The question is where we should go.
三、按照英语语法的习惯，疑问副词why 后不直接跟动词不定式
误∶I don't know why to choose that bag.
正∶ I don't know why you must choose that bag.
但它可以接不带to的动词不定式，即动词原形，构成why do sth./ why not do sth.
肯定形式是表示某动作是不必要的或没有意义的，而否定形式是表示向某人提建议和表达看法，相当于祈使句。
例如∶Today is Sunday. Why not go boating
Why take a taxi We can get there in five mintues.
1.-This physics problem is too difficult. Can you show me________Wang Lin - Sure.
A. what to work it out B. what to work out it C. how to work it out D. how to work out it
【分析】--这道物理题太难了，你能给我演示一下怎么解出它来吗，王林？--好的。
【解答】答案：Ｃ 根据四个选项都是不定式，四个选项都给出了一个动词短语是work out，意思是“解出，算出”，如果有代词作宾语的时候，可以把代词放在work和out之间。还有两个词是what和how，what意思是“什么“经常用来做主语或宾语，how意思是“如何“经常对方式进行提问，因为有it来做宾语了，所以就不能用what来作宾语，这时候我们就要选择使用how，因此可知这句话的意思是“这道物理题太难了，你能给我演示一下怎么解出它来吗，王林？“综上所述，故选Ｃ。
【点评】首先要掌握这个句子的意思，然后结合具体的题目，就确定正确答案。
【典例示范】
2. --Excuse me.Could you please tell me________ my car
--Sure.Park it right here.I’Il help you.
A. how to stop B.where to park C. where to stop D. when to stop
【分析】--打扰一下，你能告诉我在哪里停车？--当然可以，停在这里，我帮你。
【解答】答案：B。tell后加“疑问词＋动词不定式”结构做宾语，结合Sure.Park it right here.故用where在哪里，故答案是Ｂ。
【点评】我们可以用“疑问词＋动词不定式“结构做动词的宾语。疑问词包括疑问代词what，which，who和疑问副词how，when，where等。但所有疑问词中，只有why不可以和动词不定式连用。
3.-Excuse me. Could you tell me __________ get to the nearest post office ”
-Sorry, I am new here.
A.how can I B.how I could C. how to D. what I can
【分析】--打扰了，请你告诉我怎样去最近的邮局？--对不起，我是新来这儿的。
【解答】答案：Ｃ根据Could you tell me 可知，它后面可以宾语从句或特殊疑问词＋不定式做宾语，宾语从句中一般为陈述语序，选项Ａ是疑问语序：又因为Sorry，I am new here.可知，问句应该是“如何到达某处，而不是能做什么”排除Ｄ；又因为句子不是叙述过去的动作，所以又排除Ｂ：故选Ｃ。
【点评】本题考查特殊结构做宾语，注意上下文的联系子的时态问题。
4. Do you know_____ to do with this problem
A. what B.how C. who D. where
【分析】你知道如何解决这个问题吗
【解答】答案∶A。what意思是"什么"疑问代词; how意思是"如何"疑问副词; who意思是"谁"疑问代词;where意思是"在哪里"疑问副词。根据"do with"，do _____with 意思是"处理，对付"需要跟宾语，又根据空格前面的词语是know，所以要用what来作do的宾语，how是副词，如果用how 的话，就需要用不及物动词短语deal with。因此可知这句话的意思是"你知道如何解决这个问题吗 " 故选A。
【点评】首先要掌握这几个代词的意思，然后结合具体的题目，就可以确定正确答案。
5.I'm going on a field trip butIhaven't decided ___________.
A. what to do B.to do what C. where to go D. to go where
【分析】我要去郊游，但还没决定去哪儿。
【解答】答案∶C。考查宾语从句。疑问词+不定式。是简单句形式。通常做宾语。what to do做什么。where to go去哪儿。结合语境"我要去郊游，但还没决定 。"。可知，应该是"去哪儿"。选C。
【点评】宾语从句中一般为陈述语序，关于引导词的区分需结合引导词的基本含义及其在句子中所承担的句子成分进行具体分析。宾语从句的时态和主句没有必然的联系，需结合语境具体分析。注意简单句形式。
完成下列句子。
1.I don't know what to say at the meeting（在会上说什么）.
2.Can you tell me where to buy this book（在哪里能买到这本书）
3.When and where to hold the meeting（在何时何地召开这会议）hasn't been decided yet.
用how， which，what， when， where填空。
1.When I go into the bakery, I always can't decide which one to buy.
2.My grandmother doesn't know how to use a computer.
3.--Will you please show me how to sort the garbage
-- Yes, of course. Now let me tell you what to do first.
4.I will tell you when and where to meet later.
一、must与 have to 的区别
情态动词must和have to都有"必须"的含义，它们的用法如下∶
（一）must"必须"、"应该"的用法∶
1. must 表示"必须"、"应该"。 表示的是说话人的主观看法
例如∶ We must protect our environment.
Everyone must follow the rules in the library.
2. must的否定形式must not表示“不应该”、“禁止”、“不准”。语气比较强烈。
例如：You mustn't play with fire.
You mustn't be late for school.
must与have to
（二）have to表示“必须”、“不得不”, 表示的是客观需要。
例如∶He has to stay at home for 3 or 4 days.
We will have to get up early tomorrow.
3. 在回答must的问句时，肯定形式用must来回答，但否定形式用needn't 或don't have to来回答。而不用mustn't来回答。
例如∶--Must I finish my homework before 8 o'clock
--No, you needn't./No, you don't have to.
--Yes, you must.
(三) must一般只有现在时，而have to有更多的形式。
例如∶I must go now.
He must stay at home.
His mother is ill, so he has to look after her.
It was late. The girl had to go home.
The family________stay at the hotel because it was raining hard.
A. have to B.had to C.need to D. want to
【分析】因为雨下得很大，家人必须待在旅馆。
【解答】答案∶B 分析句子，结合选项，推测意思是因为雨下得很大，家人必须待在旅馆。即这里表示客观上必须待在旅馆，后面时态是一般过去时，故选B必须。A必须，一般现在时，C需要，D想要。
【点评】解答这类试题时，务必充分理解上下文的语境和前后文的逻辑关系，找到解题的依据，同时正确区分选项的细微差别，准确作答。
A British writer
Date of birth (1) _____________
As a child often wrote (2)______ and read
them to her sister
In 1990 got the idea for the first Harry
Potter story on a (3)______ trip to London
In (4) ____ finished the first Harry Potter book
In 2007 finished the (5) ____________
book of the series
J. K. Rowling
31 July 1965
stories
train
1995
seventh/last
有了关于....想法
A2
at first all the British publishing houses
refused to publish it
a year later a small publishing house in
(6) ________ accepted it
so far a great success
has been translated into about
(7) ____ languages
Sales over (8) ______ million copies in
over (9) _____ countries and areas
Harry Potter series
London
70
450
200
出版社
目前
一个巨大的成功
把...翻译成...
1. J. K. Rowling is a Canadian writer. _______
2. Rowling's birthday is on 30 July. _____
3. When she was a child, Rowling often
shared toys with her sister. ______
British
31
A3
Millie made some notes of the Harry Potter series. However, she has made some mistakes. Listen to Suzy again. Help Millie underline the mistake in each sentence and write the correct words in the blanks.
stories
4. The eighth Harry Potter book is the last
one of the series. _______
5. The first Harry Potter book was a great
success in the very beginning. ________
6. The Harry Potter series is popular only in
Britain. ________________________
________________________
seventh
was not
in over 200 countries and areas all over the world
How many books can Daniel borrow at a time
2. How long can he keep the books
3. How can he renew the books
Answer the questions according to the conversation between Daniel and Mrs Li.
He can borrow one Chinese book and one English book.
He can keep the books for two weeks.
He can renew them online.
Daniel: Excuse me, I want some history books, but I don't know where to find them.
Mrs Li: Don't worry. You can search for information on the computer here.
Daniel: Thank you. How many books can I borrow at a time
Daniel is talking to Mrs Li, the school librarian. Work in pairs and take t to borrow books from a library. Use the conversation below as a model.
B
Speak up: I want some history books
Mrs Li: You can borrow one Chinese book and
one English book.
Daniel: I see. How long can I keep the books
Mrs Li: For two weeks. You must return them on time.
Daniel: Could you tell me how to renew them
Mrs Li: You don't have to come to our desk every time.
Just renew them online. It's easy.
Daniel: OK. Thanks for your help.
Mrs Li: You're welcome.
1.refuse 拒绝，回绝
refuse to do sth 拒绝做某事
没有 refuse sb to do sth
2.so far =up to now=until now 到目前为止
若so far强调动作从过去一直持续到现在，用现在完成时。
So far there has been no bad news.
若so far不强调动作从过去持续到现在，侧重于描述客观现象，用一般现在时。
So far,it is only talk.
3. a great success
success此处用作可数名词，意为"成功的人或事"，success也可作不可数名词，意为"成功"，其反义词为failure"失败" 例如∶ The meeting is a success.
①succeed用作不及物动词，意为"成功"，后常跟in doing sth. 例如∶ He succeeded as a doctor. ②successful形容词，意为"成功的" 例如∶ My uncle is a successful businessman.
③successfully副词，意为"成功地" 例如∶ If you work hard，you will get it successfully.
4.translate 动词，翻译
translate ...into...把...翻译成...
n. translator 译者，翻译家
n. translation 翻译，译文
5.copy 名词：一本，副本
复数：copies 同一种书的许多册 ，常跟of 搭配
He was reading a copy of the daily newspaper.
他正在读一份日报。
动词：抄写，模仿，复制
copy the letter 抄写信
6.at a time 每次，依次
常用“数词+at a time” 一次几个
at one time 过去某一时期，一度 ，曾经=once
常用过去式
At one time I liked her,but not any more now.
1.Her mother asked her to go shopping with her, but she _________(拒绝)to go.
2.I have been to the Forbidden City many times ___.What about you
A:as usual B:at first
C:after all D:so far
3. We all know that hard work is the key to ________(成功)
4.Tom isn’t able to ________(翻译) this novel.
refused
success
translate
Practice
5.The boxes are too heavy.I can only carry two ________.
A:at a time B:in fact
C:first of all D:all together
Complete the sentences with proper transitional words or phrases.
1. He checked the weather report ______ he went out.
2. Most girls like reading novels _____ most of boys like
reading science fictions．
3. She has worked for seven hours. __________, she was
tired out.
4. Too many cars have caused a lot of problems. _________,
people cannot find enough parking spaces．
5. A lot of people here don’t like tea. ____________, Mr
Smith would rather have coffee.
before
while
As a result
For example
Moreover
Study skills
1、I can tell her anything because she can keep a secret.
①tell此处用作及物动词，意为"告诉"，tell sb.sth.意为"告诉某人某事"
例如∶ Please tell me your QQ number again.
tell sb.to do sth.表示"告诉某人做某事"，其否定形式为tell sb.not to do sth. 表示"告诉某人不要做某事"
例如∶ Tell him not to be careless again.
②because用作连词，意为"因为"
例如∶ He didn't come because he was sick.
Language points
辨析∶because，as与since
because 意为"因为" 引导的从句表示直接的原因或理由，常用于回答why引导的问句
as 意为"由于，鉴于" 引导的从句表示十分明显的原因
since 意为"既然" 表示稍加分析可得出来的双方都知道的原因
例如∶ I was late because I was stuck on the road.
As you were busy, I’ll finish the housework by myself.
Since everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.
③keep a secret保密
例如∶ I don't want to let more people know it. Please keep a secret.
2、His story gave me a lot of confidence.
confidence 不可数名词，意为“信心”。
have confidence in 意为“对......有信心”。
例如∶Don't be nervous. You should have confidence in yourself.
confident形容词，意为“自信的，有信心的”常用作定语或表语。
be confident of 意为“对......充满信心”
例如∶We’re confident of the game.
3、I also want to travel and have exciting experiences in the future.
①experience在此作可数名词，意为"经历"
例如∶ He has a lot of travelling experiences.
A、experience在此用作不可数名词，意为"经验"。表示做某事的经验时，其后常接in/of doing sth.
例如∶ Our English teacher has so much experience in teaching.
B、experience还可作及物动词，意为"体验，经历"
例如∶ The girl has never experienced a natural disaster.
C、experienced形容词，意为"有经验的"
例如∶ My father is an experienced doctor.
②in the future意为"将来" 例如∶ I will be pilot in the future.
4.I spend over seven hours a week reading different types of books.
我一个星期花费七个多小时的时间来阅读不同种类的书。
over意为“超过、多于”，相当于more than。
e.g. There are over five thousand audience at the concert. 音乐会上有五千多名观众。
different types of 意为“不同种类的”。
e.g. There are many different types of books in the library. 图书馆里有许多不同种类的书。
5.They also open up a whole new world to me.
而且他们给我开辟了一个全新的世界。
open up 打开;开发;开辟
e.g. This new museum will pen up a whole new world to me. 这座新博物馆将为我开辟一个全新的世界。
【即学即练】
一、单项选择
1. Students in our school_______ know shouting is not allowed in the library.
A.can B.may C.must D.need
2. He will have to _______ his diet because of his serious stomach problem.
A. watching B. watched C. watches D. watch
3. Remember________off the lights when you leave the room,please.
A.to turn B.turning C. turn D.to turning
4. Our teacher often tells us _________ in the river. It's dangerous.
A.don't swim B.not swim C.not to swim D. not swimming.
答案∶CDAC
二、翻译句子
1.她想知道和谁去谈论这本书。
_______________________________________________________________________
2.我们已经给她看接下来要做什么。
_______________________________________________________________________
3.他们正在讨论要带多少钱。
_______________________________________________________________________
4.无论如何，你应该知道在写读书报告前要看一些相关的评论。
_______________________________________________________________________
5.我们必须在图书馆里保持安静。
_______________________________________________________________________
1. She wonders who to talk about the book.
2.We have already showed her what to do next.
3.They are discussing how much money to take.
4.Anyway, you should read some reviews before writing the book report.
5.We must keep quiet in the library.
advice / d'va s/ n. 建议，劝告
2. librarian /la 'bre ri n/ n.图书管理员
3. habit /'h b t/ n.习惯
4. classical /'kl s kl/ adj.古典的
5. opposite /' p z t/ /' p s t/
prep. 在… …对面；与… …相反
6. open up 开启，开创
Let’s read the words
1. 阅读习惯
2. 花费时间/金钱做某事
3. 不同种类的书
4. 在工作日
5. 对… …感兴趣
6. 中国四大古典小说
7. 在我家对面
8. 给我许多书籍方面的建议
9.讨论读什么
10.帮助我在忙碌的一天后放松
11.为我开启一个全新的世界
reading habits
spend time/money doing sth.
different types of books
on weekdays
be interested in
the four great classical Chinese novels
opposite my home
give me lots of advice on books
discuss what to read
help me relax after a busy day
open up a whole new world to me
Vocabulary
1.Who do you usually ask for advice on books 你通常向谁征求读书的建议？
advice 不可数名词，意为“建议，忠告，劝告” 。
ask sb. for advice 向某人征求意见
give sb. some advice on sth. 给某人一些关于……的建议
I asked the teacher for her advice. 我征求了老师的意见
Could you give me some advice on my plan 你能就我的计划给点儿建议吗？
He gave me a piece of advice on how to learn Maths well. 他就如何学好数学给我提了一条建议。
【拓展】advise 动词，意为“建议”
advise sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事
Language points
2. My reading habits 我的阅读习惯
habit可数名词，意为“习惯”。
a good/bad habit一个好/坏习惯
have a /the habit of doing something有……的习惯
3. …it is just opposite my home. ……它就在我家对面。
opposite
①介词，意为“在……对面, 与……相反”。
The post office is opposite the bank. 邮局在银行对面。
②名词，对立的人(或物)
Australian seasons are the opposite of ours. 澳大利亚的季节与我们的相反。
③形容词，意为“对面的，相反的”。
The shop is on the opposite side of the street.商店在街道的对面。
Write down the answers.
Put the answers into the right order.
(use full sentences)
(different answers in different paragraphs)
Ask yourself some questions.
(six questions)
How to write a report
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 1
（介绍阅读习惯）
（进一步介绍）
（结尾）
（清晰的文章结构）
how much time
when
what
(favourite type)
how
who
why
My reading habits
Paragraph 1
I love reading. I spend over seven hours a week reading different types of books. On weekdays,
I usually read for about half an hour before going to bed. I read a lot at the weekend. I am interested in history books, but I like novels best. The four great classical Chinese novels are my favourite.
topic sentence
（主题句）
supporting sentences
（支撑句）
How to write a good report
I love reading.
I like reading very much.
I enjoy reading.
I am crazy about reading books.
I am interested in reading.
I am fond of reading.
...
topic sentence
How to write a good report
I spend over seven hours a week reading different types of books.
It takes me ______ ______ seven hours
a week ______ ______ different types of books.
use different expressions
（使用多种表达方式）
How to write a good report
Paragraph 3
Reading is always a wonderful time. Good books are good friends.
They help me relax after a busy day. They also open up a whole new world
to me.
concluding sentences
（结尾句）
figurative expression
（比喻）
How to write a good report
If life is a hamburger, reading is the fresh vegetables in it.
2. Reading for us is like climbing a mountain. The higher you climb, the better view you will enjoy.
learn to use
figurative expressions
（比喻句）
How to write a good report
I am interested in history books, but I like novels best.
I am interested in history books. However, I like novels best.
use some transitional words
How to write a good report
My reading habits
I love reading. I spend about five hours a week to enjoy different books. I like novel best, because they are not difficult. I am interest in history books. They can improve my knowledge and help me collect information for a report.
I borrow books from the school library, the books in the library are free. I like to buy books online too. I spend lots of time chooseing books. I usually ask my teachers for advices on books. I often meet my friends and discuss what to read together.
Reading is a fantastic time. Good books are good friends. It is a good way to relax after a hard day work. Books also open up a whole new world to me.
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My reading habits
I love reading books. It usually takes me more than five hours a week to enjoy different types of books. Among them, I like novels best, because they are easy to understand. I am interested in history books too. They can not only improve my knowledge but also help me collect information for a report.
I get most books from the school library, the books there are all free. I also like to buy books online. Sometimes I have to spend lots of time choosing good books. So I will ask my teachers for advice on books. My friends and I often meet together and discuss what to read.
In a word, reading is a fantastic time. We should learn to make friends with good books. It is an amazing way to relax after a hard day’ s work. Books also open up a whole new world to me.
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