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初中语法专题（一）
时态
一般现在时
一般过去时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
一般将来时
过去将来时
一般现在时
一、一般现在时：
概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
时间状语：
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc.
基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词
否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
什么情况下用？
①表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。②表示主语通常的能力、兴趣爱好、和性格特征。③表示客观的事实或真理。④表示按照时刻表或已经计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, take off, stop, be等表示开始或移动意义的词。）⑤在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时(will+动词原形)，从句中用一般现在时表将来。（主将从现）
当主语是第三人称时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式，加-s/es。除此之外都用动词原形。
动词第三人称单数形式变化规则
规则 例子
一般在词尾加-s，(清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音后读/z/；在t后读/ts/,在d后读/dz/。) Play→plays leave→leaves
swim→swims
以字母s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的词加-es，读/iz/,如果动词原形词尾已有e,则只加-s。 pass →passes fix→fixes
teach→teaches wish→wishes
do→does
以辅音字母加y结尾的词
，先变y为i, 再加-es,读/z/ study→studies carry→carries
fly→flies
1. He______(be, am, is, are) a teacher at No. 2 Middle School.
2. He______(have, has) classes in the afternoon.
3. He______(get, gets) up at half past six every morning.
4. He always _____(come, comes ) to school on time.
5. He ______(study, studies) very hard at his lesson.
6. One and two _____(be, is, are) three.
7. Blue and yellow _____(make, makes) green.
8. The earth _____(move, moves) round the sun.
9. I will go there if I ____( be, will be, am, is, are) free tomorrow.
10. I will go there when I _____(have, will have, has) time tomorrow.
11. He won’t come to the party unless he _____(be, will be, am, is, are) invited.
12. I’ll wait here until my mother ____(come, comes, will come) back.
13. Please return the book to the library as soon as you ______(finish, finishes, will finish) reading it.
14. Once you _____(see, sees, will see) him, you will never forget him.
一般过去时
概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词
否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
谓语动词使用过去式形式，加ed，分为规则和不规则变化。表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to do ”和“would +动词原形”。
构成规则 例子
一般在动词原形末尾加-ed，(在清辅音后读/t/；在浊辅音和元音后读/d/；在/t/,/d/后读/id/。 look→looked play→played
work→worked
结尾是e的动词在末尾加-d like→liked live→lived
hope→hoped
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed plan→planned stop→stopped
drop→dropped
结尾是“辅音字母＋y”的动词，先变“y”为“i”再加-ed study→studied worry→worried
cry→cried
1. He____(be, was, were, been) here a moment ago.
2. They ____(be, was, were, been) here just now.
3. The scientists _____(leave, leaves, leaved, left) for America yesterday.
4. Last week we ______(visit, visited ) the Science Museum.
5. When I was a child, I often ____(play, played) football.
6. The students ran out of the classroom as soon as the bell ____(ring, rang, rung).
现在进行时
作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语：Now, at this time, days, look. listen等时间状语做标志。
3.基本结构：主语+be +doing +其他
4.否定形式：主语+be +not +doing+其他
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
6. 用法：现在进行时表示
1)、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调“此时此刻”。
E.g. He is reading .
They are talking now.
2)、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。
E.g. They are working these days.
3)、 某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。
E.g I am coming.
现在分词的变法有
1)、一般在动词词尾加上-ing ,E.g. jump
2)、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加-ing. E.g have write
3)、.以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上-ing. E.g. sit put 其句式变换都在be上做文章。
1.I ____(write, am writing, is writing, are writing) a letter now.
2.Look, it _____(begin, is beginning, am beginning, are beginning) to rain.
3.They ____(study, is studying, am studying, are studying) medicine at the Medical Institute of Chengde these days.
4.He _____(teach, am teaching, is teaching, are teaching) an English lesson at this time.
过去进行时
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其他
4.否定形式：主语+was/were + not +doing+其他
5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写）
其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。
过去进行时常与过去某一特定时间的状语连用，如 last night, at that time, at noon yesterday, last Sunday 等。 也有时没有时间状语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时。
1.I _____(cook, cooked, was cooking, were cooking) breakfast when you arrived.
2.What ____you_____( do, did, was...doing, were…doing) at this time yesterday evening
3.We_____(have, are having, had, were having) dinner when the doorbell rang.
4.While/ When/ As we____( have, had, are having, were having) dinner, the doorbell rang.
一般将来时
构成:①will,shall+动词原形，其中shall只用于第一人称。②be going to +动词原形，表示主观打算，按计划，安排要发生的事情。 ③be to +动词原形，表示客观安排 ④ be about to +不定式，意为马上要做某事，正要做某事。⑤某些动词，可用进行时态表将来，如come, go, arrive, leave。⑥在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时(will+动词原形)，从句中用一般现在时表将来。⑦一般现在时可表示按时间表发生的将来的动作(限start, begin, arrive, end, close, leave---等表示开始或移动意义的词)
时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
否定形式：主语+am/is/are not going to do ；主语+will/shall not do+其他
一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。
e.g. She will be back in three days.
She will not be back in three days.
Will She be back in three days
They are going to clean their classroom.
They are not going to clean their classroom.
Are they going to clean their classroom
1 _____you ____a doctor when you grow up
A Will; going to be B Are; going to be
C Are; / D Will; be
2 I don’t know if his uncle _____. I think he _____ if it doesn’t rain.
A will come; comes B will come; will come
C comes; comes D comes; will come
3 He will be back _____a few minutes.
A with B for C on D in
4 What time _____we meet at the gate tomorrow
A will B shall C do D are
5 He will have a holiday as soon as he _____the work next week.
A finishes B doesn’t finish
C will finish D won’t finish
6 There _____some showers this afternoon.
A will be B will have
C is going to be D are going to have
7 It ____my brother’s birthday tomorrow. She _____a party.
A is going to be; will have B will be; is having
C will be; is going to have D will have; is going to be
8 Li Ming is 10 years old now, next year he _____11.
A is B is going to be C will be D will to be
过去将来时
构成：（would + 动词原形，或将来时的其它过去构成形式was going to do……）
表示以过去某一时间为参照，在过去看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。在宾语从句及间接引语中，时态呼应，经常会用到过去将来时。如I thought it was going to be fun.
时间状语：---soon/the next day---that-clause(名词性从句或上下文中---)
1.I told my friend that I ____ (should/ would arrive, shall/ will arrive) soon.
2.They looked at those clouds over the sky. It____(is going to rain, was going to rain).
3.They said that they ____(are to meet, were to meet) at the gate the next day.
4.We _____(are about to go, were about to go) out when it started to rain.
现在完成时
1.概念：表示发生在过去，持续到现在，可能刚刚结束也有可能继续进行下去的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来，并对现在造成一定的影响或结果。常与since+过去时（间）, for+一段时间连用。表示与现在有联系的过去的动作。
2.时间状语：yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：主语+have/has +p.p（过去分词）+其他
4.否定形式：主语+have/has + not +p.p（过去分词）+其他
5.一般疑问句：have/has+主语 +p.p（过去分词）+其他
非延续性动词和延续性动词
非延续性动词在时间上没有延续性，常见的有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, buy, find, stop, become, open, borrow, lend, appear, close, fall, finish, sell, lose, kill等，这些动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。 但是，非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续，可与for/since等时间状语连用。
有些同学错误地认为这类非延续性动词不能用于完成时态中。其实，错误的本质在于非延续性动词与时间段的错误搭配，与现在完成时态无关。
延续性语境中的非延续性动词的使用
在具体的语言环境中，往往会出现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情况。由于受汉语影响，往往错误地直译为： He has fallen asleep for an hour.
他睡了一小时了。（×） His father has died for three years.
他父亲去世三年了。（×） 当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以下解决方法：
（1）将非延续性动词转化为相应的状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态。如： He has been asleep for an hour. （fall asleep,“入睡”为短暂动作，但be asleep“睡着”则为状态动词，可延续。） His father has been dead for three years.（die为短暂动词，“死”后的状态可用“be dead”这种系表结构来描述，可延续。）
常见的这种动词的转化有以下几类： go there—be there, come back—be back, borrow—keep, buy/catch—have, arrive—be in, begin—be on, open—be open, close—be closed, die—be dead, leave—be away from, get up—be up, fall asleep—be asleep, become—be, join—be in/a member of, receive—have, catch/get a cold—have a cold, get married—be married，come → be in，finish → be over， leaver → be away
have （has）been 和have （has） gone 的区别
have been to a place意思是“到过、去过”，表示曾到过某处，但现在人不在那儿；have gone to a place表示“去了”，已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。
You have _____ a tall young man.
A grown B grown into C grown us D grown up
2. He has ____ the watch for a year.
A buy B bought C have D had
3. Has your brother _____ the dog
A kept in B fed C fed on D kept on
4. I _____this book for two weeks, I have to return it now.
A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have kept
5. Have you ever _____to the Great Wall It's very beautiful. A gone B been C went D go
6. Her brother _____the Party since 1978.
A joined B has joined C has been in D was in
7. The Greens _____many places of interest since they came to China.
A will visit B visited C have visited D visit
8 I'm sorry, I ____ your name.
A had forgotten B forgot
C have forgotten D forgotten
9 The bookshop _____ for eight years.
A has been open B has been opened
C has opened D has open
10 We have_____ all the paper so we need to buy some.
A used up B made of
C filled with D hunted for
11 The flower I ____grown up.
A planted has B planted have
C has planted D have planted
巧解现在完成时态题
技巧1:寻找现在完成时中的“段时间”。
(1) 现在完成时表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态,多和表示一段时间的状语连用:for+一段时间;since+点时间(since作连词后接从句时,该从句要用一般过去时) 。
(2) 现在完成时态也用在含有during / in/ over the last years或in recent years等的句子中。
趁热打铁
1. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower _______ tens of thousands of visitors since 1995.
attracted B. attracts
C. has attracted D. will attract
2. —How long _______ you _____ here
—For about two years so far.
have, studied B. did, live
C. do, stay D. were, swimming
3. —How is your father I __him for a long time. —He is fine, but busy.
don’t see B. hadn’t seen
C. didn’t see D. haven’t seen
4. Meimei has received several letters from her hometown since she _______ to the city.
A. came B. comes C. has come D. will come

技巧2:寻找现在完成时的副词标志或句型。
(1) 在做时态题时,注意观察句中是否有常用于现在完成时的副词:yet, already, never, lately, recently, ever, just, before, (ever) since等。
(2) 句型:It has been + 段时间+since + 过去时. 也可以表示为: It is + 段时间+since + 过去时.
趁热打铁
—What are you going to do this weekend
—I _______ yet.
haven’t decided B. won’t decide
C. have decided D. didn’t decide
2. My mother _______ the windows already, so the room looks much brighter.
has cleaned B. had cleaned
C. is cleaning D. will clean
3. It ____ ten years since we last _____ in Beijing.
was, met B. has been, met
C. was, meet D. is, meet
4. —How long has the weather been like this
—_______.
Until last night B. Ever since last night
C. Two days ago D. Two days later
技巧3:把握have been to与have gone to的区别。

have been to 曾经去过某处(现在已经不在那个地方,强调以前的经历)
have gone to去了某处(强调主语已经离开说话者所在的地方,现在还没有回来)
趁热打铁
1. —Is that Jack speaking
—Sorry, he isn’t in right now. He _______ the cinema with his aunt.
has been to B. has gone to
C. have been to D. have gone to
2. —Hello, may I speak to your father, please
—Sorry, my father _______ to Shanghai. He went there this morning.
A. goes B. has gone C. has been D. go
3. —How many times _______ you _______ to Beijing this year —Three times.
have, been B. had, been
C. have, gone D. had gone
技巧4:分清延续性动词和非延续性动词。
延续性动词是指那些动作可以持续的动词。如:have, keep, study, live, teach等。
非延续性动词是指那些动作瞬间完成的动词。如:begin, buy, borrow, lend等。
做题时,要注意句中是否有段时间,如果有则用延续性动词。
趁热打铁
1. —Oh, Mrs. King, your dress looks nice. Is it new
—No, I _______ it since two years ago.
had B. bought
C. have had D. have bought
2. Tom _______ the CD player for two weeks.
has lent B. has borrowed
C. has bought D. has had
3. —How long has the foreigner _______ here
—He has _______ here for several hours.
arrived; come B. come; got
C. stayed; been D. left; been away
4. The film _______ for half an hour.
has begun B. has been begun
C. has been on D. began
过去完成时
过去完成时
1、概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。
------|----------- |----------|-------->
那时以前　 那时　 现在　　　　　　
　　2、构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。
　　They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
　　She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning.
3、它的否定句是在had后边加not，变一般疑问句是把had提前。
E.g. I had reached the station before 9:00 o'clock. I had not reached the station before 9:00 o'clock.
Had you reached the station before 9:00 o'clock
4、它通常和before, by the end of 等引导的表示过去的时间状语连用. 另外, 复合句的主句为一般过去时, 宾语从句表达过去发生的动作时,从句也要用过去完成时. E.g. He said he had never seen such an exciting match before.
过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。
1. We ____(have read, had read) 500 stories by the end of last term.
2. He said that they _____(have arrived, had arrived) an hour before.
3. After /When he ____(has done, had done) his job, he went to bed.
4. I waited till he ____(has finished, had finished) his work.
5. When I got there, he ___(has been, had been) away for half an hour.
6. I went back to the classroom because I ____(have left, had left) my dictionary there.

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