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高中阅读理解转折法解题
高考真题研究专题
转折有哪些呢？
真正转折 （ 指的是表示但是 ， 然而，相反等词汇）
but 但是
however， 然而
yet / Yet + 句子 然而
instead， 相反
rather， 相反
even worse 更糟糕的是，
on the contrary 相反
by contrast = in contrast 相反
unfortunately， 不幸的是
fortunately 幸运的是，
句子， while+句子 然而 （ 表示前后两个句子的句意相反）
隐含转折： 主要指的是让步状语从句的主句表示转折
翻译时要在主句前加“ 但是”
让步状语从句： “ 尽管，虽然”
1. Although + 句子， 句子.
虽然…………………, (但是） ……..
Although he is a child , he knows a lot.
尽管他是一个孩子，（ 但是） 他知道很多。
2. Though + 句子， 句子.
虽然…………………, (但是） ……..
Though he is a child , he knows a lot.
尽管他是一个孩子，（ 但是）他知道很多。
3. while+ 句子， 句子.
虽然…………, (但是） ……..
While he is a child , he knows a lot.
尽管他是一个孩子，（ 但是）他知道很多。
4. as 引导让步状语从句 （分6种）
第一种： 名词+ as + 主语+ be 动词， 句子.
( 注意名词前省略冠词）
虽然………………………………, (但是） ……..
Child as he is , he knows a lot .
尽管他是一个孩子， （但是）他知道很多。
第二种：
Much + as +主语+谓语+宾语， 句子.
Much as he likes the bicycle , he won’t buy it. ( 副词much 提到句首）
尽管他非常喜欢骑自行车， （但是）他不会买。
第三种： 形容词+as+主语+系动词， 句子.
Young as he is, he is equal to the task.
尽管他年轻，（但是）却能胜任这份工作。。
第四种情况：
现在分词+as+主语+系动词， 句子。
Raining hard as it is, he is going out for a walk.
虽然正在下着大雨， （但是）他还是要出去散步。
第五种：
过去分词+ as+ 主语+系动词， 句子.
Crowded as the restaurant was , they tried to find a table.
尽管饭店挤满了人， （但是）他们还是试着去找座位。
第五种：
状语+as+主语+谓语动词， 句子.
Hard as he studied, he did not get good marks in the exam.
尽管他学习很努力， （但是）在考试中还是没取得好成绩。
Fast as you read , you can’t finish the book in two days .
尽管你读得很快， （但是）他也不可能在两天看完这本书。
第六种：
动词原词+as+主语+情态动词， 句子.
若从句中有情态动词 may , might , will , would, can , could 等， 直接把动词原形提到句首。
Try as he might， he couldn’t solve the problem.
尽管他想方设法， （但是）未解决这个问题。
练习题 一
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
We pay little attention to food waste.
B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
We waste more vegetables than meat.
We have good reasons for wasting food.
答案： B
分析：But I ended up working late. （下班晚）Then friends called with a dinner invitation. （朋友邀请）I stuck the chicken in the freezer.（放冰箱） But as days passed, the arugula went bad. （芝麻菜变质）Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.（买多了，扔掉的够做6道菜了）
所以： 属于无意间浪费了。 选B
重点词汇拓展：
like : v 喜欢 prep: 像， 类似
invite： v 邀请 invite sb to do sth
变名词： invitation n 邀请
go bad 变质
throw out 扔掉 （ throw-threw-thrown）
练习二
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A. By following instructions.
B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around.
D. By removing the lid.
答案： B
分析：Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.
让步状语从句的主句表示隐含转折是答案出处。
重点词汇拓展：
（1） show ( show –showed- shown)
v ： 展览， 展示， 表明， 说明，出现
n : 展览，展会
常见考点：
1. a TV / radio show 电视/ 广播节目
2. on show 在展出
3. show sb. sth = show sth to sb. 给某人展示某物
4. show sb. around 带某人参观
5. show up 出现， 露面
6. show off 炫耀
近义词：
n exhibition 展览， 展出
v display 展示， 显示
（2）similar : 相似的
常见考点：
similar view 相似的观点
similar interest 相似的兴趣
be similar to 与…相似
派生词：
similarity n 类似， 相似点
similarly adv 同样地， 类似于
3. recent 最近的
常见考点：
recently adv 最近地
in recent years 近年来， 与have / has done 连用
recent discovery 近期发生
recent event 近期事件
4. follow v 跟随，遵循，听从，理解
常见考点：
follow sb’s advice 听从某人的建议
follow the example of sb 效法某人
follow in sb’s footsteps 效仿某人
following adj 下面的，其次的，接着的
5. instruction n 指令， 说明，命令
常见考点：
give instruction 给予指导
instruction book 说明书
under instructions to do sth 奉命行事
近义词：
guidance n 指导，引导，领导
direction n 指导，方向
派生词：
instructor： n 指导书，指导者
instruct： v 指导，教导
6. remove v 移开，拿开，去掉，转移
常见考点： remove A from B 把..从…移开
近义词： dismiss v 消除
eliminate v 消除
反义词： remain v 遗留
stay v 保持
7. insert v 插入
常见考点：
insert sth in / into / between sth 插入
近义词： embed v 插入
反义词： withdraw v 收回，撤回
派生词： insertion n 插入，嵌入
练习三：
If you think a high-factor sunscreen(防晒霜) keeps you safe from harmful rays ，you may be wrong. Research in this week’s Nature shows that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas (黑瘤) and delay their occurrence，it can’t prevent them. Melanomas are the most aggressive skin cancers. You have a higher risk if you have red or blond hair, fair skin, blue or green eyes, or sunburn easily ,or if a close relative has had one. Melanomas are more common if you have periodic intense exposure to the sun, Other skin cancers are increasingly likely with long-term exposure.
What does the research in Nature say about a high-factor sunscreen
A) It is ineffective in preventing melanomas.
B) It is ineffective in case of intense sunlight.
C) It is ineffective with long-term exposure.
D) It is ineffective for people with fair skin.
答案： A
分析：Research in this week’s Nature shows that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas (黑瘤) and delay their occurrence，it can’t prevent them.
本周《自然》杂志的研究表明： 尽管防晒指数50的防晒霜可以减少黑瘤的数量，并且延缓黑瘤的发生， （但是）防晒霜不能阻止黑瘤的产生。
重点词汇拓展：
1. reduce： v 减少
常见考点：
reduce weight 减重
reduce day by day 日渐减少
reduce waste / pollution 降低浪费/ 污染
近义词：
lessen v 减轻，变小，变少
decrease v 减少，减小，降低
反义词：
increase v 增加，增长
grow v 增加，增强，扩大
enlarge v 扩大，增强
派生词：
reduction n 减少，下降，缩小
reduced adj 减少的，简化的，缩减的
reductive adj 还原的，减少的
2. delay n/ vt 延误， 延迟
常见考点：
without delay 立即，毫不延迟地
a two-hour delay 两个小时的延误
delay doing sth 延误做某事
3. occur vi 发生，出现
常见考点：
occur to 发生= take place = happen
sth occurred to sb 某人突然想起某事
occurrence n 发生， 出现
4. prevent vt 预防，防止
常见考点：
prevent sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
近义词： avoid v 避免
prohibit v 阻止，禁止
forbid v 禁止，不准，不允许
5. effective adj 有效的
常见考点：
effective method 有效方法
effective treatment 有效的治疗
effective use 有效的使用
take effective measure 采取有效措施
近义词 ：
efficient adj 有效率的，生效的
反义词：
ineffective adj 无效的，失效的
派生词：
effect n 影响，效果，作用
effectively adv 有效地， 生效地，实际上
6. intense adj 强烈的，激烈的
常见考点：
intense cold / heat / hatred 严寒/ 酷热/ 痛恨
an intense flavor / color 浓烈的味道/ 浓重的颜色
an intense pain 一阵剧痛
intense competition 激烈的竞争
派生词:
1. intensity n 强度，烈度
2. intensely adv 强烈地， 紧张地
3. intensive adj 密集的，彻底的
十分细致的
7. fair n 集市
adj 公平的，合理的，恰当的
常见考点：
fair deal 公平的交易
fair wage 合理的工资
to be fair 说句公道话
be fair to sb 平等对待某人
派生词：
fairness n 公平
fairly adv 相当（地）
fairly tall 相当高
fairly certain 相当有把握
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six , girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart. Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
答案：D
分析： 转折法解题 （ even worse ）
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." 《科学》杂志最近发表的一项研究发现，在6岁时，女孩比男孩更不可能说出自己性别的成员，更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们的行为都是基于这样的信念：在六岁左右，她们开始避免从事那些所谓 "非常聪明" 的孩子们的活动)。据此可推知女孩有可能被社会错误信念所影响，故选D项。
重点词汇讲解：
1. look up to尊敬
2. look up 仰望， 尊敬，拜访，查阅
3. A study recently published by Science
《科学》杂志最近发表的一项研究
n+ done sth ( done sth作n的后置定语）
4. likely : adj 可能的 = probable = possible
most likely 最有可能的，最可能的
less likely 最不可能的
be likely to do sth 有可能作某事
be more/ less likely to do sth
有较大/ 小的可能做某事
it is likely that +句子 有可能做某事
派生词：
like : v 喜欢， prep : 像， 类似
like most of us 像我们绝大多数人一样
likelihood n 可能性
unlikely 不大可能发生的
alike 相像的，相似的
look alike 长相相似
dress alike 穿着相似
likewise adv 也， 同样地， 类似地
5. infer： v 推断，推论
infer - inferred - inferred - inferring
It 's possible to infer sth from sth .
可以从…..推断出….
It' s hard / difficult to infer sth from sth
很难从….推断出
infer ……from 从….推断出
谢谢观看

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