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阅读理解说明文 -2023届上海市名校高三最新英语试题
（2022·上海华师大二附中·模拟预测）Everything we know suggests that the universe is unusual. It is flatter, smoother, larger and emptier than a “typical” universe predicted by the known laws of physics. If we reached into a hat filled with pieces of paper, each with the specifications of a possible universe written on it, it is unlikely that we would get a universe anything like ours in one pick—or even a billion.
The challenge that cosmologists face is to make sense of this specialness. One approach to this question is inflation—the hypothesis (假设) that the early universe went through a stage of fast expansion. At first, inflation seemed to do the trick. A simple version of the idea gave correct predictions for the spectrum of fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background.
But a closer look shows that we have just moved the problem further back in time. To make inflation happen at all requires us to fine-tune the initial conditions of the universe. And unless inflation is highly tuned, it leads to a runaway process of universe creation. As a result, some cosmologists (宇宙学家) suggest that there is not one universe, but an infinite number, with a huge variety of properties: the multiverse. There are an infinite number of universes in the collection that are like our universe and an infinite number that are not. But the proportion of infinity to infinity is undefined, and can be made into anything the theorist wants. Thus the multiverse theory has difficulty making any firm predictions and threatens to take us out of the area of science.
These other universes are unobservable and because chance dictates the random distribution of properties across universes, suggesting the existence of a multiverse does not let us get to anything about our universe beyond what we already know. As attractive as the idea may seem, it is basically a sleight of hand, which turns an explanatory failure into an apparent explanatory success. The success is empty because anything that might be observed about our universe could be explained as something that must, by chance, happen somewhere in the multiverse.
We started out trying to explain why the universe is so special, and we end up being asked to believe that our universe is one of an infinite number of universes with random properties. This makes me suspect that there is a basic but unexamined assumption about the laws of nature that must be overturned.
Cosmology has new questions to answer. Not just what are the laws, but why are these laws the laws How were they chosen We can’t just hypothesise what the initial conditions were at the big bang, we need to explain those initial conditions. Thus we are in the position of a computer program asked to explain its inputs. It is clear that if we are to get anywhere, we need to invent new methods, and perhaps new kinds of laws, to gain a scientific description of the universe as a whole.
1．According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of our universe
A．There are several hypotheses about its early stage.
B．There are more than one billion universes similar to ours.
C．It is expanding at a greater speed that it did at the stage of the big bang.
D．It is different from the predictions made according to the laws of physics.
2．What does the writer imply about the hypothesis of inflation
A．It hasn’t been challenged. B．It doesn’t make much sense.
C．It is by far the most reasonable approach. D．It is the simple version of a complicated idea.
3．Which word in the passage is similar in meaning to the phrase “sleight of hand” (paragraph 4)
A．process B．prediction C．trick D．infinity
4．It can be inferred from the passage that the writer________.
A．believes the idea of the multiverse will help us to understand our universe better
B．argues there is a fixed proportion of universes like ours to those unlike ours
C．holds computer programs can work better than humans in cosmology
D．thinks some laws of nature that we take for granted may be false
（2022·上海市复兴高级中学校考模拟预测）Dating in the workplace is, if not a taboo, certainly a conundrum-not only for businesses, but also for the employees who find themselves falling for a co-worker. - [1] - Should it be allowed Would it be authoritarian to ban it Should employees inform their bosses of office relationships, or should they conceal them Is requiring so-called “love contracts” to be signed by both parties before initiating a relationship even realistic
-[2]Most people spend 30 to 45 hours in the office each week-and with team-bonding activities, work celebrations and Friday drinks, it’s normal for colleagues to build a bond with one another, especially if they find that they have more things in common than just their employer.
From the company’s point of view, however, couples at work are a serious risk factor which must be mitigated. Without a proper dating policy in place, claims of sexual harassment and accusations of favoritism become a significant risk. It’s not necessary to ban office romance (though you are certainly allowed to): but you do need to have clear rules in place, to ensure you’re doing all you can to head off any potential issues. Ask, for example, that all employees who embark on a relationship have a sit-down, be it casual or formal, with HR. - [3] -
As for employees, there are two things to consider when you find yourself romantically interested in one of your colleagues: first of all, is it worth it -[4] - Regardless of how your employer feels, office romance can be quite complicated-not only because you’ll most likely be the target of gossip, but also because your work environment will be affected if the relationship does not work out. And secondly, what is your company’s dating policy If they have a zero-tolerance policy, do not risk your job or assume you will be able to keep your relationship on the down low. In the vast majority of cases, it’s simply not possible.
Attitudes towards office romance are certainly changing, with more companies reassessing zero-tolerance policies and opting for a more casual approach to how their employees connect with one another. That said, however, office romance is still a complex issue, and it should be treated with gravitas.
5．Who is this article aimed at
A．companies
B．employees considering a relationship with a colleague
C．employees who are not in a relationship with a colleague
D．all of the above
6．Which of the following do employees need to decide before starting an office romance
A．what their dating policy will be
B．whether the advantages of it outweigh the disadvantages
C．whether to inform the company
D．whether to follow the company’s dating rules
7．In paragraph 4, line 5, what does the author mean by the phrase “keep your relationship on the down low”
A．hiding your relationship B．making an example out of your relationship
C．protecting your relationship D．creating rumors about relationships
8．In which of the positions [1], [2], [3] or [4] does the following sentence best belong “It is, of course, it is not surprising that relationships do form in the workplace.”
A．[1] B．[2] C．[3] D．[4]
（2022秋·上海市进才中学校考阶段练习）How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a little bit lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation(通货膨胀).
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise(补贴)the daily commute(通勤)of a rail traveller from Surrey Equally, there is a sense that the sufferings of commuters in the South East, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.
However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators boasting about the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
The Government has promised to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, along with regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a revenge if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
9．The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares ________.
A．creates extra burden on taxpayers.
B．has kept pace with inflation.
C．is beyond the expectation of commuters
D．remains an unreasonable practice.
10．According to the passage, which of the following is right
A．Compensations are to be given to the commuters affected by the strikes.
B．A minimum service requirement will be likely to settle the railway problems.
C．In terms of service, there is a conflict between train operator’s claim and the reality.
D．Train operators have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.
11．If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face ________.
A．the loss of investment. B．the collapse of operations.
C．a reduction of revenue(收入) D．a change of ownership.
12．Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A．Who Are to Blame for the Ever-rising Fares
B．Rail Strikes Need to Be Stopped
C．Enhance Railway Service, Ease Passenger Anger
D．Ever-rising Fares Are Unreasonable
（2022秋·上海复旦附中校考阶段练习）My friend was heartbroken. Her 8-year-old son had come home from school reporting that they were weighed in gym class, and that it had led to a discussion among the boys about their weights. It was the first time her son had realized that he was significantly heavier than most of his friends, and he came home that day with a brand-new message in his head: Being heavier wasn’t a good thing.
Her story gave me flashbacks to my own gym class weigh-ins. I remember being called up one by one, how the scale was connected to a large digital readout big enough for everyone to see—and how, sadly, it felt like a competition among the girls to be the lightest.
Though it varies from state to state, many schools have a program in place to measure health and fitness in gym class. The assessment usually includes things like push-ups, flexibility tests, and a scale. Weight is then used with the child’s height to calculate their body mass index (BMI). But is BMI a valid and important market of health or a harmful practice that should be retired
“BMI measurement in school can provide some benefits, provided the measurements are done privately and sensitively, free of judgement,” says Dr. Muth. “When it’s not done with the utmost care, the downside outweighs any upside and it’s potentially harmful and stigmatizing.” Weighing students should not be done within sight or hearing distance of other students.
Still, it’s inevitable that some kids will compare numbers, and that can be potentially harmful. According to the National Eating Disorders Association, up to 60 percent of elementary school girls are worried about being too heavy. On the flip side, boys may feel shame if they’re seen as too small or scrawny. That’s why it’s important to avoid any stigmatizing language.
“We shouldn’t assume that higher weight kids are less healthy. That’s weight stigma, which can increase the risk for eating disorders,” says Rebecca Scritch-field, R. D．, author of Body Kindness. Besides, she adds, some kids naturally tend higher on the growth curve, and that’s normal for them.
Weighing students in school can be beneficial to help kids get on a healthier path, but it must be done properly. That means away from other students and without any weight stigma attached. Parents should also communicate with schools to know when and how weigh-ins are being done in order to decide whether or not their kid should participate.
13．What annoyed the author’s friend was that _________.
A．She has gained much weight after a gym class.
B．Her son has gained much weight though with exercises.
C．Her son refused to attend the gym class because of his weight.
D．Her son felt embarrassed when weighed publicly in gym class.
14．According to the passage, what can we know about BMI
A．BMI is employed to measure children’s health, which are used in all schools.
B．In order to calculate BMI, a child’s weight and height are needed.
C．BMI is such an important factor that it should be made public among kids.
D．The disadvantages of BMI measurement in school outweighs any advantages.
15．What does “scrawny” (paragraph 5) mean
A．tall B．depressed C．energetic D．skinny
16．What is the author’s attitude towards weighing students in school
A．It should be totally banned.
B．Parents should protest against it.
C．It should be held cautiously.
D．It should be posted in public.
（2022秋·上海市复兴高级中学校考期中）We are encountering real-world examples of how AI can harm human relations. As digital assistants such as Alexa or Siri become popular, we are becoming accustomed to talking to them as though they were alive; writing in these pages last year, Judith Shulevitz described how some of us are starting to treat them as friends and therapists. Shulevitz herself says she confesses things to Google Assistant that she wouldn’t tell her husband. If we grow more comfortable talking to our devices about our secrets, what happens to our human marriages and friendships Designers and programmers typically create devices whose responses make us feel better—but may not help us be self-reflective or think over painful truths. As AI goes deeper into our lives, we must face the possibility that it will prevent our emotions and deep human connects.
Besides, we will fight with some other challenges. The age of driverless cars, after all, is upon us. These vehicles promise to substantially reduce the exhaustion and distraction that put human drivers in danger, thus preventing accidents. But what other effects might they have on people Driving is a very modern kind of social interaction, requiring high levels of cooperation. I worry that driverless cars, by taking away from us an occasion to exercise this ability, could contribute to its decline.
Not only will these vehicles be programmed to take over driving duties and hence to remove from humans the power to make moral judgments (for example, about which pedestrian to hit when a crash is inevitable), they will also affect humans with whom they’ve had no direct contact. For instance, drivers who have steered awhile alongside an autonomous vehicle traveling at a steady, invariant speed might drive less attentively, thus increasing their likelihood of accidents once they’ve moved to a part of the highway occupied only by human drivers. Alternatively, experience may reveal that driving alongside autonomous vehicles travelling in perfect accordance with traffic laws actually improves human performance.
Either way, we should be careful to launch new forms of AI without first taking such social spillovers—or externalities, as they’re often called—into account. We must apply the same effort that we apply to the hardware and software that make self-driving cars possible to managing AI’s potential effects on those outside the car. After all, we install brake lights on the back of your car not just, or even primarily, for your benefit, but for the sake of the people behind you.
17．What can be inferred about human relationships from the first paragraph
A．We will feel comfortable speaking to others online.
B．AI will lead to shallow inter-personal relationships.
C．AI will enable people to communicate more with others.
D．We will be more self-reflective in interaction thanks to AI.
18．In paragraph 2, the phrase “its decline” refers to the decline in ________.
A．drivers’ interaction with the cars
B．drivers’ exhaustion and distraction
C．our ability to cooperate with others while driving
D．our ability to deal with emergencies while driving
19．According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of driverless cars
A．They may be better at making more judgments than human drivers.
B．They need to vary their speed to make contact with human drivers.
C．They may make human drivers in other cars drive more safely.
D．They need to force human drivers to concentrate in the car.
20．Which of the following is the writer most likely to agree with
A．Brake lights on the back of our car are installed mainly to warn us of danger.
B．We should figure out how new technology affects people before developing it.
C．It is hard to say why social spillovers will work in terms of self-driving cars.
D．More effort should be made to advance the hardware and software of driverless cars.
（2022秋·上海市向明中学校考阶段练习）During a judging period for a recent short story contest, I started thinking a lot about dialogue tags. Because in many submissions characters didn’t “say” a thing. They shouted, they inquired, they assumed. Some characters screamed while others murmured. But no one “said” anything. And I started wondering why.
Why do we tell beginner writers to avoid creative dialogue tags in the first place Why do we insist that characters should stick to “said,” “asked,” and the occasional “sighed ” And, if the advice is so oft-repeated, why are writers still unable to resist the siren call of weep, scream, snap, or laugh
The more I thought about it, the more I understood the temptation. We’re always encouraged to use strong, actionable verbs in our prose. Why walk when you can skip or wander Why cry when you can sob on weep Why wouldn’t we reach for exciting verbs instead of mild-boring dull-blah said Why couldn’t each verb be a tiny sparkling gem in its own right
The problem, I think, is that every jewel needs a setting to become something more than the sum of its parts. Without something to provide structure, a collection of the world’s most glorious diamonds would still only amount to a heap of rocks.
And a dialogue tag should never, ever be the diamond in any given sentence.
Dialogue is your diamond, friends. When we read your work, your dialogue should be so bright, so sparkling, so lifelike, so wonderfully realistic that our brains “hear” each line instead of merely reading it. We don’t need to be told a character is shouting - we can sense it in the way they spit out words, clench fists, or storm from the room.
A dialogue tag is a mere signpost along the narrative journey, gently indicating who said what. It’s part of a story’s experience, but it’s not part of the story itself, nor should it be treated as such. Dialogue tags are similar to lighting in a Broadway play: without it, the audience would have no idea what was going on, but it usually strives to shine without calling too much attention to itself.
What’s more, readers may not initially imagine a particular line being “sobbed.” When we reach the end of a sentence and find out our leading lady has actually sobbed instead of whispered, it pulls us right out of the story. We pause. We reread the line. We adjust our understanding and begin again. But that wonderful momentum when we’re fully immersed in the scene, holding our breath to find out what our heroine says next, is lost.
Creating a successful work of fiction is about giving the reader all the materials they need to build your fictional world in their mind and not a scrap more. Readers need believable dialogue. They need voices so compelling that they pop right off the page and into our ears. And if you’ve created dynamic characters who speak words we can really hear you will never need to tell us how something was said.
Senior Editor
21．According to the Senior Editor, the beginner writers are tempted to __________.
A．replace a dull “said” with exciting verbs
B．omit what the character said in a dialogue
C．resist the warning against strong emotions
D．overuse the word “said” in their submissions
22．The Senior Editor compares dialogue tags to __________.
A．glorious diamonds B．heaps of rocks
C．tiny, sparkling gems D．Broadway play lighting
23．What can be inferred about the dialogue in a novel
A．The dialogue tag “say” can help keep readers immersed in the plot.
B．A dialogue tag indicates a character’s way of speech is part of narration.
C．Writers should state in the dialogue whether the character sobbed or whispered.
D．Readers are advised to imagine the scene after rereading the line in a dialogue.
24．The writer most probably agrees that __________.
A．dynamic characters’ voices are quoted from people’s exact words in real life
B．creative dialogue tags play a vital role in building a realistic fictional world
C．the more materials a work fiction contains, the more successful it is
D．what was said should be prioritised over how it was said
（2022秋·高三上海市建平中学校考）The US Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) recently asked scientists, lawyers, social scientists and other experts to consider some of these ethical dimension. To give two examples: on privacy, as we let more listening devices into our homes, how do we prevent the data they collect falling into the wrong hands through hacking (黑客) or simply being sold between companies without us receiving any money Another example: mixed reality, including virtual reality, will become pervasive in the next few years. As we move from headsets to what the IEEE committee describes as “more delicate sensory enhancements” we will use technology to live in an illusory world in many aspects of our lives. How do we balance the rights of the individual, control over our virtual identity, and the need to live and interact on a face-to-face basis while being empowered to live rich lives in mixed reality
There is, of course, always a tension between innovation and regulation. But it can often seem that giant steps are taken in technology with minimal public discussion. Take the self-driving car: although it may be safer than human drivers and is likely to save more than a million lives a year worldwide, it will also take jobs from drivers, traffic police, sign-makers, car-repair companies, carmakers and more. Is this a bargain we want to make In taking that decision, have we given thought to a car that knows everywhere we go, decides routes, perhaps, based on paid advertisement from shops along the way—and listens and sees everything we do on board What will happen to that data and can it be kept safe
Additionally, while some worry about the uncommon “trolley problem” of whom the car should choose to hit in a strange accident—an old lady or a mother and baby—perhaps the more frequent issue will be how we find out what the algorithm (运算程序) was thinking at the time of an accident, because AIs (Artificial Intelligence) are self-learning and devise their own strategies.
Similar concerns are emerging over the internet of things. Robot vacuum-cleaners already plot cleaning cycles using computer-aided vision that, for some models, is relayed to their manufacturers. As more things at home become connected, they will be hackable and the data they collect saleable.
It’s time for some messy, democratic discussions about the future of AI.
25．Two examples in paragraph 1 are used to________.
A．shed some light on hacking in our modern life
B．lead the reader to think of ethical issues brought by hi-tech
C．lead in the following example concerning the self-driving car
D．list the existing problems that caught the attention of experts
26．The word “pervasive” in paragraph 1 probably means “________”.
A．intelligent B．powerful C．widespread D．skillful
27．We can infer from the passage that________.
A．innovation should be accompanied by guidelines to relieve tension
B．more giant innovative steps will lead to fewer public discussion
C．disadvantages of the self-driving car will outweigh its advantages
D．artificial intelligence fails to have a promising and bright future
28．In the passage, the author intends to ________.
A．expose some underlying problems in high-technology
B．call on professionals to enforce law and order
C．illustrate AI’s abilities in self-devising and self-learning strategies
D．display our inter-connected computer-aided life in future
（2022秋·上海格致中学月考）There’re currently 21.5 million students in America, and many will be funding their college on borrowed money. Given that there’s now over $1.3 trillion in student loans on the books, it’s pretty clear that many students are far from sensible. The average student’s debt upon graduation now approaches $40,000, and as college becomes ever more expensive, calls to make it “free” are multiplying. Even Hillary Clinton says that when it comes to college, “Costs won’t be a barrier.”
But the only way college could be free is if the faculty and staff donated their time, the buildings required no maintenance, and campuses required no utilities. As long as it’s impossible to produce something from nothing, costs are absolutely a barrier.
The actual question we debate is who should pay for people to go to college. If taxpayers are to bear the cost of forgiving student loans, shouldn’t they have a say in how their money is used
At least taxpayers should be able to decide what students will study on the public dime. If we’re going to force taxpayers to foot the bill for college degrees, students should only study those subjects that’re of greatest benefit to taxpayers. After all, students making their own choices in this respect is what caused the problem in the first place. We simply don’t need more poetry, gender studies, or sociology majors. How do we know which subjects benefit society Easy.
Average starting salaries give a clear indication of what type of training society needs its new workers to have. Certainly, there’re benefits to a college major beyond the job a student can perform. But if we’re talking about the benefits to society, the only thing that matters is what the major enables the student to produce for society. And the value of what the student can produce is reflected in the wage employers are willing to pay the student to produce it.
A low wage for elementary school teachers, however, doesn’t mean elementary education isn’t important. It simply means there’re too many elementary school teachers already.
Meanwhile, there’re few who’re willing and able to perform jobs requiring a petroleum engineering major, so the value of one more of those people is very high.
So we can have taxpayers pick up students’ tuition in exchange for dictating what those students will study. Or we can allow students both to choose their majors and pay for their education themselves. But in the end, one of two things is true:
Either a college major is worth its cost or it isn’t. If yes, taxpayer financing isn’t needed. If not, taxpayer financing isn’t desirable. Either way, taxpayers have no business paying for students’ college education.
29．In the author’s opinion, free college education is ________.
A．impractical B．unsustainable C．a goal to strive for D．a way to social equality
30．What should students do if taxpayers are to bear their college costs
A．Work even harder to repay society.
B．Choose their subjects more carefully.
C．Choose majors that will serve society’s practical needs.
D．Allow taxpayers to participate in college administration.
31．What does the author say about the value of a student’s college education
A．It is underestimated by profit-seeking employers.
B．It is to be proved by what they can do on the job.
C．It is well reflected in their average starting salary.
D．It is embodied in how they remove social barriers.
32．What message does the author want to convey in the passage
A．Students should think carefully whether to go to college.
B．Taxpayers should only finance the most gifted students.
C．The worth of a college education is open to debate.
D．College students should fund their own education.
（2022·上海复旦附中校考模拟预测）Last week came solid evidence that living in toxic Britain can seriously harm your health. Cardiologists at Queen Mary University of London found that even "safe" levels of air pollution are linked to heart abnormalities similar to those seen during the early stages of heart failure. Their study of almost 4,000 people was backed up by a major US study which showed that higher exposure to fine particles and nitrogen oxides is linked to an acceleration in the hardening of the arteries (动脉).
We have long known that air pollution leads to coughing, shortness of breath and irritation in the eyes, nose and throat. It is also clearly linked to respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis, as well as diabetes and some cancers. It is now beyond doubt that children's health is greatly affected, and links have been made between it and Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, dementia and congenital birth defects.
The statistics are alarming. In the UK, more than 2 million people suffer from cardiovascular (心血管的) diseases, and nearly one in seven men and one in 12 women will go on to die from them. Heart disease costs the UK economy nearly 30 bn a year to treat, as much as the state spends on secondary education. It is one of the greatest single drains on the public purse. Britain, however, rejects common sense, and shows little sign that it wants to seriously address pollution any time soon.
Despite the mounting evidence of air pollution's costs and health impact, Britain has had to be dragged screaming through the courts to make it comply with minimal clean air guidelines and laws. Successive governments have continually tried to evade their legal responsibilities, spending millions of pounds fighting in the courts and lobbying the EU to be allowed to continue to pollute.
The government now has a new draft clean air strategy our for consultation until 14 August and claims to be acting faster to tackle air pollution than almost every other major developed economy. It pledges to halve the number of people living in places that do not meet World Health Organization pollution guidelines, and it propose to end the sale of new diesel and petrol cars and vans by 2040.
But intending to cut the air pollution bill by around 12.5% in 12 years and waiting 20 years to be rid of the worst vehicles seems criminally weak. Meanwhile, government is knowingly forging ahead with infrastructure plans that will inevitably increase air pollution. The effect will inevitably be to massively increase air pollution and health costs for millions of Britons.
So could the car-clogged streets of Sunder-land, Birmingham and London, where I lived for many years, have contributed to my disease and those of millions of others Probably. Could the oil companies be responsible for far more than climate change Certainly. Could Britain's monstrous and mounting bill for heart disease be partly due to the highly polluting diesel cars that governments so scandalously encouraged us to drive Quite possibly.
What is certain is that air pollution is now an international scandal, and the cause of a health emergency that governments and industry have failed to address. It undoubtedly threatens life more than any war or disaster. When there are clear alternatives to burning fossil fuels then politicians who do not act to prevent it must stand accused not just of failing to act, but of condoning the mass poisoning of their people.
33．According to the study, ________ is probably unrelated to air pollution.
A．diabetes B．stomachaches C．Alzheimer D．artery hardening
34．The writer thinks Britain shows little sign to tackle air pollution because ________.
A．British government has been screaming for help in court
B．EU has dissuaded British government for help in court
C．British government has tried to have EU's permission for more pollution
D．The government firmly refused to act in accordance with the clean air guideline.
35．What is the writer's attitude toward the new draft
A．Britain will implement it faster than other major developed economies.
B．It presents a practical way to end pollution from vehicles.
C．Its goal will be achieved at the price of massive health cost.
D．It's aiming too low when more pollution is expected.
36．What can be inferred from the article
A．Government officials should feel disgraced for non-action as leaders.
B．The government should cover the bills for air pollution and related diseases.
C．Oil companies should not be held accountable for the international scandal.
D．British government is an irresponsible one for encouraging people to use vehicles.
（2022·上海交大附中·模拟预测）Gone are the days when a mother’s place was in the home: in Britain women with children are now as likely to be in paid work as their unburdened sisters. Many put their little darlings in day care long before they start school. Mindful that a poor start can spoil a person’s chances of success later in life, the state has intervened ever more closely in how babies and toddlers are looked after. Inspectors call not only at nurseries but also at homes where youngsters are minded; three-year-olds follow the national curriculum. Child care has increasingly become a profession.
For years after the government first began in 2001 to twist the arms of anyone who looked after an unrelated child to register with the schools, the numbers so doing fell. Kind but clueless neighbours stopped looking after little ones, who were instead herded into formal nurseries or handed over to one of the ever-fewer registered child-minders. The decline in the number of people taking in children now appears to have halted. According to data released by the Office for Standards in Education on October 27th, the number of registered child-minders reached its lowest point in September 2010 and has since recovered slightly.
The new lot are certainly better qualified. In 2010 fully 82% of nursery workers held diplomas notionally equivalent to A-levels, the university-entrance exams taken mostly by 18-year-olds, up from 56% seven years earlier, says Anand Shukla of the Daycare Trust, a charity. Nurseries staffed by university graduates tend to be rated highest by inspectors, increasing their appeal to the pickiest parents. As a result, more graduates are being recruited.
But professionalization has also pushed up the price of child care, defying even the economic depression. A survey by the Daycare Trust finds that a full-time nursery place in England for a child aged under two, who must be intensively supervised, costs 194 ($310) per week, on average. Prices in London and the south-east are far higher. Parents in Britain spend more on child care than anywhere else in the world, according to the OECD, a think-tank. Some 68% of a typical second earner's net income is spent on freeing her to work, compared with an OECD average of 52%.
The price of child care is not only eye-watering, but has also become a barrier to work. Soon after it took power the coalition government pledged to ensure that people are better off in work than on benefits, but a recent survey by Save the Children, a charity, found that the high cost of day care prevented a quarter of low-paid workers from returning to their jobs once they had started a family. The government pays for free part-time nursery places for three-and four-year-olds, and contributes towards day-care costs for younger children from poor areas. Alas, extending such an aid during stressful economic times would appear to be anything but child’s play.
37．Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph
A．Nursery education plays a leading role in one’s personal growth.
B．Pregnant women have to work to lighten families’ economic burden.
C．Children in nursery have to take uniform nation courses.
D．The supervision of the state makes child care professional.
38．It can be learned from Paragraph 2 and 3 that ________.
A．the registered child-minders are required to take the university-entrance exams
B．the number of registered child-minders has been declining since 2001
C．anyone who looks after children at home must register with the schools
D．the growing recognition encourages more graduates to work as child-minders
39．The high price of child care ________.
A．prevents mothers from getting employed
B．may further depress the national economy
C．makes many families live on benefits
D．is far more than parents can afford
40．Which of the following would be the subject of the text
A．The professionalization of child care has pushed up its price.
B．The high cost of child nursing makes many mothers give up their jobs.
C．The employment of more graduates makes nurseries more popular.
D．Parents in Britain pay most for child nursing throughout the world.
（2022·上海市第二中学校考模拟预测）Koko the gorilla knew over 1,000 signs based on American Sign Language, and used them to do everything from asking for food to joking around. Her trainer and long-term companion, Penny Patterson, thought Koko went further still, signing in novel ways and showing complex emotions. According to Ms Patterson, when a cat that Koko loved was killed in an accident, Koko signed: “Cat, cry, have-sorry, Koko-love.” When Koko died last month, some of her obituaries (讣告) mourned the gorilla who had “mastered American sign language.”
Then came the backlash, from linguists and experts in sign languages. Sign languages have complex grammars, equivalent to spoken tongues in expressiveness. Koko’s ability, it was pointed out, fell well short of a fluent human signer. Moreover, Ms Patterson was her interpreter, a role that invited the question of how much she was inferring what Koko “must have meant,” and explaining away random signs. It was hard to be sure: Ms Patterson preferred speaking to journalists over sharing her video and raw data about Koko with fellow researchers.
There is no doubt that animals communicate. Animals from one region can share sounds that differ from groups in another, leading researchers to talk of animal “dialects.” Then there are the remarkable achievements of Koko and her primate predecessors, including a chimp delightfully named Nim Chimpsky. Yet there is an important distinction between communication and language. Take the misleading term “body language.” It is sometimes claimed that words convey just 7% of meaning, and that body language and tone of voice do the rest. This wildly overstretches an old study which found that most emotional messaging — as opposed to the propositional kind — comes from tone and body language, especially when a neutral word such as “maybe” was used. But try conveying a fact like “It will rain on Tuesday” with your eyebrows, and the difference becomes clear. Language allows for clear statements, questions and commands.
Nim Chimpsky’s near-namesake, Noam Chomsky, has argued that people have a kind of “universal grammar”, and that all humankind’s languages are mere variations on a theme. Mr Chomsky has changed his mind repeatedly on what constitutes the core of human language, but one obvious candidate is syntax — rules, not just words, which allow the construction of a huge variety of meaningful utterances (所说的话). This capacity may even be infinite. Any statement in English, for example, can be made longer by adding “He said that …” at the beginning. This property is called recursion: a simple statement (“It’s cold”) is embedded in a more complicated one (“He said that it’s cold”). Human syntax also allows for hypotheticals (“If she hadn’t arrived …”), talking precisely about events distant from the present, and so much more.
That gorillas lack syntax should not blind humans to their magnificence. But the fact that Koko could communicate should not mislead observers into thinking she possessed language.
41．Which statement about KOKO the gorilla is true
A．Koko’s ability was similar to a fluent human signer.
B．Koko could ask for food using sign language.
C．Koko was able to show complex feelings using sign language.
D．Koko was killed in an accident.
42．The underlined word in paragraph two is closest in meaning to “______.”
A．approval B．bias C．opposition D．evidence
43．Linguists and sign language experts doubted Koko’s mastery of American sign language because ______.
A．Koko was not as expressive as a human signer
B．Koko seldom needed an interpreter
C．Koko was able to communicate with journalists
D．Koko failed to speak several animal “dialects”
44．Which of the following statements would the author probably disagree with
A．Humans can express past events using language while apes cannot.
B．Tone and body language play a dominant role in human communication.
C．Words enable humans to convey clear meanings.
D．Gorillas are still magnificent in terms of their ability to communicate.
45．Which might be the best title for the article
A．Nim Chimpsky and Noam Chomsky — Who Has the Upper Hand
B．Syntax — What Separates Humans and Apes.
C．Koko the Gorilla — A Magnificent Communicator.
D．Great Apes — Language and Communication Are Not the Same Thing.
（2022春·上海嘉定一中·高三月测）One often hears that children should arrive at school” ready to learn.” For most children, the acquisition of reading and math skills starts in the first grade. In states where kindergarten is compulsory, it begins even earlier.
Many parents, teachers, and politicians maintain that preschool is the best way to prepare children to learn. There is no real consensus, however, about how this preparation should be achieved.
For some, early childhood education relates to the development of the whole child. They think that preschool should encourage exploration and discovery. Group activities teach positive social behaviors such as sharing, kindness, and patience. Time spent alone encourages independence. Learning letters and counting is important only for children who show an interest in them. Advocates of this approach stress that each child is unique and should learn at his or her own pace.
Other people refer to research showing that children are ready to absorb basic academic concepts by age 3 or 4. They claim that early introduction to letters and numbers lays the foundation for later academic excellence. Since the 1980s, many people have stressed the value of preschool and point to the success of programs—such as Head Start—that target low-income children.
Is there proof that an academic curriculum in preschool will lead to academic success Studies have not been conclusive. In the short term, evidence suggests that middle-class children who attend preschool are ahead of their peers in maths and language skills, as well as in social skills, when they enter school. However, the same studies show that the gap narrows considerably by the time children reach age 8.
Children living in poverty are a different matter. Those enrolled in programs such as Head Start seem to do better than poverty-stricken children who do not attend a preschool. For instance, youngsters in one group enrolled in the progarm, tracked until the age of 21, earned higher scores on intelligence tests, were most likely to graduate from high school, and demonstrated more interest in higher education.
The idea of public preschool raises many issues. Providing Head Start for all children would be a financial burden on communities that already struggle to fund current school programs. Also, where would a sufficient number of teachers trained in early childhood development be found
46．Advocates of the development of the whole child believe that school readiness is________.
A．showing strong eagerness in exploration and discovery
B．Learning basic skills, such a knowing letters and counting
C．Showing great interest in basic academic concepts
D．Demonstration of intellectual, social and emotional skills
47．According to the passage, Head Start is most probably_______.
A．a preschool program that supports disabled children to learn
B．A program that helps poor children receive better education
C．an organization that aims to improve current school programs
D．a program that helps remove the academic burden in preschool
48．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A．preschool benefits middle-class children more than poor children.
B．Most children start school with similar language and social skills.
C．Providing Head Start for all children has encountered great difficulties.
D．All children are ready to absorb basic academic concepts by age 3 or 4.
49．Which of the following may best summarize the main idea of the passage
A．An academic curriculum in preschool will lead to academic success.
B．Preschool is helpful, despite the disagreement about what it should offer.
C．Children enrolled in preschool demonstrate more interest in learning.
D．Preschool education shouldn’t be a financial burden on communities.
参考答案：
1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了一些我们认为理所当然的自然法则一定是真实的吗？作者认为一些自然法则未必是真实的，一些未经检验的假设必须被推翻。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段关键句“It is flatter, smoother, larger and emptier than a “typical” universe predicted by the known laws of physics.”（它比已知的物理定律所预测的“典型”宇宙更平坦、更光滑、更大、更空洞。）可知，真实的宇宙比已知的物理定律所预测的“典型”宇宙更平坦、更光滑、更大、更空洞，由此可知，我们的宇宙与根据物理学定律所作的预测不同。故选D项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段关键句“To make inflation happen at all requires us to fine-tune the initial conditions of the universe. And unless inflation is highly tuned, it leads to a runaway process of universe creation.”（要使膨胀发生，需要我们对宇宙的初始条件进行微调。除非膨胀得到高度调整，否则它会导致宇宙创造失控。）可知，作者认为，要想宇宙膨胀的假设成立，就需要我们对宇宙的初始条件进行微调，但除非膨胀得到高度调整，否则它会导致宇宙创造失控，在这种情况下，宇宙膨胀的假设并不成立，由此可知，作者认为膨胀假设是没什么意义的。故选B项。
3．词义猜测题。根据画线短语句中“which turns an explanatory failure into an apparent explanatory success”（这将解释性失败转化为明显的解释性成功）和下文“The success is empty because anything that might be observed about our universe could be explained as something that must, by chance, happen somewhere in the multiverse.”（成功是空洞的，因为我们宇宙中可能观察到的任何东西都可以解释为在多元宇宙中偶然发生的事情。）可知，宇宙学家的这种想法将解释性失败转化为明显的解释性成功，但这种成功是空洞的，由此可知，这种想法基本上是一种巧妙的把戏，因为我们宇宙中可能观察到的任何东西都可以解释为在多元宇宙中偶然发生的事情，“trick”意为“把戏”，能够表达画线短语在句中所要表达的意思。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段关键句“It is flatter, smoother, larger and emptier than a “typical” universe predicted by the known laws of physics.”（它比已知的物理定律所预测的“典型”宇宙更平坦、更光滑、更大、更空洞。）和倒数第二段关键句“This makes me suspect that there is a basic but unexamined assumption about the laws of nature that must be overturned.”（这让我怀疑，关于自然法则，有一个基本但未经检验的假设必须被推翻。）可知，我们的宇宙比已知的物理定律所预测的“典型”宇宙更平坦、更光滑、更大、更空洞，作者认为一些自然法则未必是真实的，基本但未经检验的假设必须被推翻，由此可知，作者认为一些我们认为理所当然的自然法则可能是错误的，需要被推翻。故选D项。
5．D 6．B 7．A 8．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。作者认为办公室恋情对于企业和员工个人造成一定的负面影响，呼吁企业和个人要慎重对待办公室恋情这个复杂的难题。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Dating in the workplace is, if not a taboo, certainly a conundrum not only for businesses, but also for the employees who find themselves falling for a co-worker.”（在工作场所约会，如果不是禁忌的话，肯定也是一个难题——不仅对企业而言，对那些发现自己爱上了同事的员工也是如此。）可知，办公室恋情这个问题不仅涉及企业也涉及企业的员工，所以这篇文章是针对企业和员工的。故选D项。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段“As for employees, there are two things to consider when you find yourself romantically interested in one of your colleagues: first of all, is it worth it ”（对于员工来说，当你发现自己对同事产生了浪漫的兴趣时，有两件事需要考虑：首先，这值得吗？）及“And secondly, what is your company’s dating policy If they have a zero-tolerance policy, do not risk your job ”（第二，你们公司约会的政策是什么？如果他们有零容忍政策，不要拿你的工作冒险）可知，员工在开始办公室恋情前一定要权衡利弊，也就是要考虑这样做的结果是否利大于弊。故选B项。
7．词义猜测题。根据上文“And secondly, what is your company’s dating policy If they have a zero-tolerance policy, do not risk your job ”（第二，你们公司约会的政策是什么？如果他们有零容忍政策，不要拿你的工作冒险）推知，下文“or assume you will be able to keep your relationship on the down low”意为“或者也不要以为你可以影藏你们的关系”，由此可知，划线部分意为“隐藏关系”符合句意。故选A项。
8．推理判断题。根据第二段“Most people spend 30 to 45 hours in the office each week-and with team-bonding activities, work celebrations and Friday drinks, it’s normal for colleagues to build a bond with one another, especially if they find that they have more things in common than just their employer.”（大多数人每周在办公室的时间有30-45个小时并且通过团队活动、工作庆祝和周五的酒会，同事之间建立联系很正常，尤其是当他们发现自己的共同点不仅仅是谈论他们的雇主的时候。）可知，这具体解释了办公室恋情容易发生的原因和题目所给的句子“It is, of course, it is not surprising that relationships do form in the workplace.”(当然，在工作场合发生办公室恋情一点也不稀奇。)形成了因果关系。故选B项。
9．D 10．C 11．D 12．D
【导语】本文是议论文。文章围绕铁路乘客车费再次上涨的问题展开，说明了费用上涨的原因和产生的后果，针对花费上涨作者并不同意。
9．推理判断题。根据第一段It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual ... imposing a significant extra burden on those...由grimly(冷酷地，讨厌地)和a significant extra burden(一个巨大的额外负担)可知，作者对铁路乘客车费上涨的态度是负面的。再根据题干关键词this year’s increase定位到第一段“This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.”(今年平均2.7%的上涨，也许比去年的上涨稍微低一些，但是它仍然远远高于官方消费者物价指数衡量的通货膨胀程度)推知，作者认为车费上涨是不合理的。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段“It is all very well train operators boasting about the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel”(火车运营商宣扬他们对铁路网作出的改进无可非议，但考虑到乘客如今为出行支付的大量费用，他们理应能够期待基本水平的服务)可见，在服务方面，列车经营者的主张与实际存在着矛盾。故选C。
11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order”(国有化的威胁也许暂时可以避免，但是，如果乘客的正当愤怒不能被立即解决，这种威胁会卷土重来)可见，如果铁路公司不能让乘客镇静下来，铁路公司将会面临国有化的威胁，即所有权的变更。故选D。
12．主旨大意题。文章首段提出铁路乘客车费再次上涨的问题，即文章讨论的主题；二段简单阐述历届政府允许车费上涨的理由；三至四段聚焦于乘客所付车费和享受到的服务不对等的问题。作者认为乘客应该受到补偿，英国铁路服务标准必须得到保障，并指出如果服务得不到保障，乘客将不会无止境地支付更多车费。D项中的Ever-Rising Fares(不断上涨的车费)是文章讨论的主题，Are unreasonable(是不合理的)是作者的观点。D项完整地概括了全文内容。故选D。
13．D 14．B 15．D 16．C
【导语】这是一篇议论文，作者在文中论述了孩子们是否应该在体育课上称重。作者认为在学校称孩子体重可能有助于帮助孩子走上更健康的道路，但要正确处理。做得不好，它可能会伤害儿童。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段“My friend was heartbroken. Her 8-year-old son had come home from school reporting that they were weighed in gym class, and that it had led to a discussion among the boys about their weights. It was the first time her son had realized that he was significantly heavier than most of his friends, and he came home that day with a brand-new message in his head: Being heavier wasn’t a good thing.(我的朋友伤心欲绝。她8岁的儿子放学回家说，他们在体育课上称了体重，这引起了男孩们关于体重的讨论。这是她儿子第一次意识到自己比大多数朋友都重得多，那天他回到家，脑子里有一个全新的信息：重一点不是一件好事。)”可推知孩子们在体育课上公开称了体重，朋友的孩子因为自己比别人重很多而感到尴尬，这让朋友很生气、难过。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“Weight is then used with the child’s height to calculate their body mass index (BMI).(然后根据体重和身高来计算他们的身体质量指数(BMI))”可知计算BMI需要身高和体重。故选B。
15．词义猜测题。根据第五段的第二、三句“According to the National Eating Disorders Association, up to 60 percent of elementary school girls are worried about being too heavy. On the flip side, boys may feel shame if they’re seen as too small or scrawny. (根据美国National Eating Disorders Association的数据，高达60%的小学女生担心自己太胖。另一方面，如果男孩被认为太小或scrawny，他们可能会感到羞耻。)”中的“On the flip side(另一方面)”以及“too small or scrawny”可知scrawny与too heavy意思相反，与small意义相近，所以D选项“skinny(极瘦的，皮包骨的) ”符合词义。故选D。
16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Weighing students in school can be beneficial to help kids get on a healthier path, but it must be done properly. That means away from other students and without any weight stigma attached. Parents should also communicate with schools to know when and how weigh-ins are being done in order to decide whether or not their kid should participate.(在学校给学生称重可以帮助孩子们走上更健康的道路，但必须正确地进行。这意味着远离其他学生，没有任何体重耻辱。家长还应该与学校沟通，了解何时以及如何进行称重，以便决定他们的孩子是否应该参加称重。)”可知作者认为在学校给学生称重可以帮助孩子们走上更健康的道路，但必须正确地进行，谨慎对待，以免对学生造成伤害。故选C。
17．B 18．C 19．C 20．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者通过日常生活中Alexa和Siri的例子，提出自己的论点——人工智能会组织人们之间更深层次的交流。接着开始提出自己对于无人驾驶汽车的看法和担忧，并提出需要进一步提升无人驾驶汽车的软件和硬件，让它们更好、更安全地服务于人们。
17．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“As AI goes deeper into our lives, we must face the possibility that it will prevent our emotions and deep human connects. (随着人工智能深入我们的生活，我们必须面对这样一种可能性，即它将阻止我们的情感和深层次的人际联系。)”可知，作者认为人工智能会阻止我们和身边的人进行更深层次的联系。也就是说，人工智能会导致人与人之间的联系变得越来越肤浅、浅显。故选B项。
18．词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“I worry that driverless cars, by taking away from us an occasion to exercise this ability, could contribute to its decline.(我担心，无人驾驶汽车夺走了我们锻炼这种能力的机会，可能会导致这种它的衰落。)”可知，“its decline”指的是前文“this ability”的衰弱和下降。再根据前文“But what other effects might they have on people Driving is a very modern kind of social interaction, requiring high levels of cooperation.(但它们还会对人类产生什么影响呢 开车是一种非常现代的社会互动，需要高度的合作。)”可知，“this ability”指的是“high levels of cooperation”，即开车时的合作能力。故选C项。
19．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“For instance, drivers who have steered awhile alongside an autonomous vehicle traveling at a steady, invariant speed might drive less attentively, thus increasing their likelihood of accidents once they’ve moved to a part of the highway occupied only by human drivers. Alternatively, experience may reveal that driving alongside autonomous vehicles travelling in perfect accordance with traffic laws actually improves human performance.( 例如，在一辆以稳定不变速度行驶的自动驾驶汽车旁边驾驶了一段时间的司机可能会不太注意驾驶，因此，一旦他们行驶到只有人类司机占据的高速公路路段，发生事故的可能性就会增加。经验表明，与完全遵守交通法规行驶的自动驾驶汽车并排行驶实际上会提高人的表现。)”可知，无人驾驶汽车能降低其他车辆中的司机出现交通事故的概率，也就是说它们能使人类驾驶员在其他车辆中更安全。故选C项。
20．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“We must apply the same effort that we apply to the hardware and software that make self-driving cars possible to managing AI’s potential effects on those outside the car. After all, we install brake lights on the back of your car not just, or even primarily, for your benefit, but for the sake of the people behind you.(我们必须付出使自动驾驶汽车成为可能的硬件和软件所付出的同样努力，来管理人工智能对车外人员的潜在影响。毕竟，我们在你的车后面安装刹车灯不仅仅是，甚至主要是为了你的利益，而是为了你后面的人。)”可知，作者认为对于自动驾驶汽车，我们应该努力提高它的硬件和软件，让它更加安全。故选D项。
21．A 22．D 23．A 24．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者认为在文学作品中对话方式并不应做过多的描述，而是应该注重对话的内容描写。
21．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“We’re always encouraged to use strong, actionable verbs in our prose.”(我们总是被鼓励在散文中使用有力的、可操作的动词。)和倒第二句“Why wouldn’t we reach for exciting verbs instead of mild-boring dull-blah said ”(为什么我们不能用激动人心的动词代替温和乏味的“说”呢？)可知，初学写作的人很容易用激动人心的动词来代替枯燥的“说”。故选A。
22．细节理解题。根据第七段最后一句中的“Dialogue tags are similar to lighting in a Broadway play”(对话标签类似于百老汇戏剧中的灯光)可知，这位高级编辑将对话标签与百老汇戏剧灯光进行比较。故选D。
23．推理判断题。根据第七段前两句“A dialogue tag is a mere signpost along the narrative journey, gently indicating who said what. It’s part of a story’s experience, but it’s not part of the story itself, nor should it be treated as such.”(对话标签仅仅是叙述过程中的路标，轻轻地表明谁说了什么。这是故事经历的一部分，但它不是故事本身的一部分。)和第九段前两句“Creating a successful work of fiction is about giving the reader all the materials they need to build your fictional world in their mind and not a scrap more. Readers need believable dialogue.”(创作一部成功的小说，就是给读者提供他们在脑海中构建虚构世界所需的所有材料，而不是一堆废品。读者需要可信的对话。)可知，对话标签“说”可以帮助读者沉浸在故事情节中。故选A。
24．推理判断题。根据第五段“And a dialogue tag should never, ever be the diamond in any given sentence.”(对话标签永远不应该是任何句子中的钻石。)和第六段“Dialogue is your diamond, friends. When we read your work, your dialogue should be so bright, so sparkling, so lifelike, so wonderfully realistic that our brains “hear” each line instead of merely reading it. We don’t need to be told a character is shouting - we can sense it in the way they spit out words, clench fists, or storm from the room.”(朋友们，对话是你的钻石。当我们阅读你的作品时，你的对话应该是如此明亮，如此闪亮，如此逼真，如此真实，以至于我们的大脑“听到”每一行，而不仅仅是阅读它。我们不需要被告知一个角色在大喊大叫——我们可以从他们吐出话语的方式、握紧的拳头或来自房间的风暴中感受到。)可知，作者最有可能认同“说话的内容应该优先于说话的方式”的观点。故选D。
25．B 26．C 27．A 28．A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章以自动驾驶车辆以及机器人吸尘器可能带来的问题为例，揭露高科技的潜在问题，呼吁人们考虑高科技带来的一些伦理问题。
25．推理判断题。根据第一段的“The US Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) recently asked scientists, lawyers, social scientists and other experts to consider some of these ethical dimension. (美国电气与电子工程师协会（IEEE）最近要求科学家、律师、社会科学家和其他专家考虑其中一些道德层面)”推知，第一段的两个例子是为了引导读者思考高科技带来的伦理问题。故选B。
26．词句猜测题。结合常识和第一段“in the next few years(未来几年)”可知，随着时间的发展，新兴事物之后会变得普遍，划线词所在句子意为“混合现实，包括虚拟现实，将在未来几年变得普遍”，即pervasive意为“普遍的”，与widespread同义。故选C。
27．推理判断题。根据第二段的“There is, of course, always a tension between innovation and regulation. But it can often seem that giant steps are taken in technology with minimal public discussion. (当然，创新和监管之间总是存在矛盾。但在科技领域取得巨大进展时，公众的讨论往往很少)”和最后一段“It’s time for some messy, democratic discussions about the future of AI.(是时候对人工智能的未来进行一些混乱、民主的讨论了)”可知，科技发展，公众需要进行一些相关讨论去明确方向，可得出创新应伴随着缓解紧张局势的指导方针。故选A。
28．推理判断题。根据第一段的“To give two examples: on privacy, as we let more listening devices into our homes, how do we prevent the data they collect falling into the wrong hands through hacking(黑客)or simply being sold between companies without us receiving any money Another example: mixed reality, including virtual reality, will become pervasive in the next few years. As we move from headsets to what the IEEE committee describes as “more delicate sensory enhancements” we will use technology to live in an illusory world in many aspects of our lives. How do we balance the rights of the individual, control over our virtual identity, and the need to live and interact on a face-to-face basis while being empowered to live rich lives in mixed reality (举两个例子：关于隐私，当我们让更多的监听设备进入我们的家庭时，我们如何防止它们收集的数据通过黑客攻击落入坏人手中，或者仅仅在公司之间出售而我们没有收到任何钱？另一个例子：混合现实，包括虚拟现实，将在未来几年变得普遍。随着我们从耳机转向IEEE委员会所描述的“更精细的感官增强”，我们将在生活的许多方面使用技术生活在一个虚幻的世界中。我们如何平衡个人的权利、对虚拟身份的控制，以及在面对面的基础上生活和互动的需要，同时有权在混合现实中过上丰富的生活？)”以及下文提到的自动驾驶车辆以及机器人吸尘器可能带来的问题推知，作者写作本文的目的是暴露一些高科技的潜在问题。故选A。
29．A 30．C 31．C 32．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了纳税人不能为学生的大学教育买单，大学生应该自己自费上大学。
29．推理判断题。根据第二段中“But the only way college could be free is if the faculty and staff donated their time, the buildings required no maintenance, and campuses required no utilities. As long as it’s impossible to produce something from nothing, costs are absolutely a barrier.（但唯一能让大学免费的方法是，教职员工贡献他们的时间，建筑不需要维护，校园不需要水电设施。只要不可能从无到有，成本绝对是一个障碍）”可推知，在作者看来，免费的大学教育是不切实际的。故选A项。
30．细节理解题。由第三段中的“If taxpayers are to bear the cost of forgiving student loans, shouldn’t they have a say in how their money is used (如果纳税人要承担免除学生贷款的成本，他们难道不应该对他们的钱是如何使用的有发言权吗 )”和第四段中的“At least taxpayers should be able to decide what students will study on the public dime. If we're going to force taxpayers to foot the bill for college degrees, students should only study those subjects that are of greatest benefit to taxpayers.(至少纳税人应该能够决定学生花公众的金钱上学所学习的内容。如果我们要强迫纳税人为大学学位买单，学生们应该只学习那些对纳税人最有利的科目）”根据第五段“But if we’re talking about the benefits to society，the only thing that matters is what the major enables the student to produce for society.（但如果我们说的是对社会的好处，唯一重要的是这个专业能让学生为社会做出什么贡献）”。可知，如果纳税人要承担他们的大学费用，学生应该选择符合社会实际需要的专业学习。故选C项。
31．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Average starting salaries give a clear indication of what type of training society needs its new workers to have. Certainly, there’re benefits to a college major beyond the job a student can perform. But if we’re talking about the benefits to society, the only thing that matters is what the major enables the student to produce for society. And the value of what the student can produce is reflected in the wage employers are willing to pay the student to produce it.（平均起薪清楚地表明，社会需要新员工接受什么样的培训。当然，大学专业的好处不仅仅是学生能胜任的工作。但如果我们谈论的是对社会的好处，唯一重要的是这个专业能让学生为社会创造什么。学生所能创造的价值反映在雇主愿意支付给学生的工资上）”可知，关于学生的大学教育的价值，作者说这很好地反映在他们的平均起薪上。故选C项。
32．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Either a college major is worth its cost or it isn’t. If yes, taxpayer financing isn’t needed. If not, taxpayer financing isn’t desirable. Either way, taxpayers

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