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A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
What is Western art It is hard to give a precise definition.As there have been so many different styles of Western art,it is impossible to describe them all in a short text.Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
?什么是西方艺术？很难给出一个确切的定义。由于西方艺术有如此多的不同风格，在一篇简短的文章中把它们全部描述出来是不可能的。也许理解西方艺术的最好方法是看一看西方绘画在过去几个世纪中的发展.
句中as是连词，引导原因状语从句，意为“因为；由于”。
?句中It is hard to give a precise deinition.以及it is impossible to describe them all in a short text中it均为形式主语，后面的不定式短语是真正的主语。
?the way to to do... 做某事的方式/法。
to look at...为不定式短语作表语成分。
definition n.定义；释义 define vt.解释；给...下定义
definite adj.明确的；清楚的 definitely adv.确切地；肯定地
The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)
During the Middle Ages,the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity.Thus,artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two dimensional,and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance.
中世纪(5世纪至15世纪)
在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。因此，画家们对写实的绘画不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且二维化，主体人物常常被画的比其他人大得多，以显示他们的重要性。
句中to teach people about Christianity 为不定式作表语成分。
be interested in 对...感兴趣 works 作品
realistic adj. 现实的；逼真的 realism n. 逼真；现实主义；务实作风
realist n. 现实主义画家（或作家等）；现实主义者
句中to show their importance 为不定式作目的状语。
This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267－1337)．While his paintings still had religious themes，they showed real people in a real environment.In particular，his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.
这种情况在13世纪乔托·迪·邦多纳(1267－1337)时期开始改变。虽然他的绘画作品仍然有宗教主题，但它们展示的是真实环境中的真实人物。特别是他的绘画作品以其逼真的人物面孔和深刻的情感冲击力而有别于其他作品。
句中while译为“虽然”
in particular=particularly 尤其地；特别地
be particular about/over 对...挑剔/讲究
set... apart from... 把...与...区分开
His red hair sets him apart from his brother.
他的红发使他跟他的兄弟们有别。
拓展：当...时候；然而；虽然；只要；一会儿
The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)
New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages.As a result,painters concentrated less on religious themes.They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life.An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401－1428)．
文艺复兴时期(14世纪至17世纪)
新观念和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的旧观念和价值观。因此，画家较少关注宗教主题。他们开始对生活采取一种更加人文主义的态度。这一时期一个重要的突破是马萨乔(1401－1428)对透视法的运用。
as a result 因此
concentrate on 集中于 adopt 采用；采取；收养
attitude to...对于...的态度
Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452－1519)，Michelangelo (1475－1564)，and Raphael (1483－1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccio's innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.
一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多·达·芬奇(1452－1519)、米开朗琪罗(1475－1564)和拉斐尔(1483－1520)，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创作出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。
influential adj. 有很大影响力的；有支配力的 be influential to ---对---有影响influence vt.&n. 影响 have an influence on sb./ sth. 对某人/物有影响
拓展：as a result of 由于；result from 起因于
句中 that Europe had ever seen 为定语从句
Another innovation was the use of oil paints.With their deep colours and realism，some of the best oil paintings look like photographs.While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil，this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606－1669)，who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light.
?另一个创新是油画颜料的使用。由于它们的深颜色和现实主义，一些最好的油画看起来就像照片。尽管早在达·芬奇时代，一些画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗(1606－1669)使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。
本句是一个复合句，句中while引导让步状语从句译为“尽管”，who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Rembrandt，且who在从句中作主语。
hight--- height long---length wide---width deep--depth
In subject matter，the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us.Kings,nobles,and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved.Others wanted paintings( showing important historical events or stories from mythology).Finally, most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.
在题材上，重点越来越多地从宗教主题转向我们周围的人和世界。国王、贵族和地位高的人都想购买自己和所爱的人的精准照片。另一些人想要展示重要历史事件或神话故事的画作。最后，大多数客户都想要看漂亮有趣的画作。
shift from ...to... 从...转向...
句中“showing...mythology”为现在分词短语作定语，修饰名词paintings。
定语从句
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid 19th century.After that,paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like.Hence,painters had to find a new way of looking at their art.From this,Impressionism emerged in France.
印象主义(画派)(19世纪末至20世纪初)
直到19世纪中期摄影技术的发明，西方艺术的发展才开始放缓。从那以后，绘画就不再需要用来保存人和世界的样子了。因此，画家必须找到一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。从此，法国出现了印象派。
句中“what people and the world looked like”为宾语从句
a way of doing...= a way to do ...做某事的方式
The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840－1926) called Impression，Sunrise.In this work，Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene—the subjective impression the scene gave him—but not a detailed record of the scene itself .
这个新运动的名字来自克劳德·莫奈(1840－1926)的画作《印象·日出》。在这幅作品中，莫奈的目的是传达场景中的光线和运动——场景给他的主观印象——而不是对场景本身的详细描绘。
句中called Impression，Sunrise为过去分词作定语，表示被动。
句中“to convey the light and movement in the scene”为不定式作表语。
subjective adj. 主观的
objective adj. 客观的
While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life,others,such as Renoir (1841－1919)，focused on people.Unlike the cold，black and white photographs of that time period,Renoir's paintings are full of light,shadow,colour,and life.He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects,but their inner warmth and humanity as well .
尽管许多印象派画家画的是自然或日常生活的场景，而其他人，如雷诺阿(1841－1919)，关注的是人。不同于那个时代冷冰冰的黑白照片，雷诺阿的绘画充满了光、影、色彩和生命。他想展示的不仅仅是主题的外在形象，而且还有他们内心的温暖和人性。 not just...but ...= not only...but also...
focus on 专注于 seek to do sth 力求做某事 as well 也
Modern Art (from the 20th century to today)
After Impressionism,subsequent artists began to ask,“What do we do next ”Painters such as Picasso (1881－1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way,with Cubism.?
现代艺术(20世纪至今)
在印象派之后，后来的艺术家开始问：“我们接下来要做什么？”像毕加索(1881－1973)这样的画家试图用一种新的方式“立体派”来分析存在于自然界中的图形。
subsequent adj. 随后的；后来的； subsequently adv. 其后；随后；
in a...way 以...的方式
Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream like quality.Still others turned to abstract art.What they attempted to do was no longer show reality，but instead to ask the question,“What is art？”
另一些人则赋予他们的画一种现实而梦幻的质感。还有一些人转向了抽象艺术。他们试图做的不再是展示现实，而是问这样一个问题：“什么是艺术？”
turn to 转向；求助于；翻到
What they attempted to do为主语从句
attempt to do sth 企图做某事
not...but... 不是...而是...
Practice makes perfect !
That’s all .
Thank you !

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