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选修三 Unit1 Art
课文译文及知识点讲解
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
西方绘画艺术简史
What is Western art It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
什么是西方艺术？很难给出一个精确的定义。由于西方的艺术风格多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。也许了解西方艺术的最好方法就是看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
西方绘画艺术简史
What is Western art It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
1. precise : clear and accurate
准确的；精确的；明确的
precise details/instructions/measurements 确切的细节；明确的指令；精确的尺寸
Can you give a more precise definition of the word
搭配：
to be precise : 确切地说
be precise in 在---方面精确/准确
precisely adv. 准确地；精确地；的确如此
Nobody knows precisely how many people are still living in the camp.
没有人准确地知道有多少人还生活在那个营地。
The first bell rang at precisely 10:29 a. m. .
第一遍铃声在上午10:29准时响起。
That’s precisely what I meant.
那恰恰是我的意思。
单句语法填空
①(2022·全国乙卷)They could do ____________(precise) the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.
完成句子
② Can you _____________________________ of the word
你能给这个词下个更确切的定义吗？
precisely　
give a more precise definition　
牛刀小试
The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)中世纪（5世纪到15世纪）
During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.
在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。因此，艺术家对写实场景不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且二维化，主体人物通常比其他人物大得多，以显示他们的重要性。这种情况在13世纪时因乔托·迪·邦多纳（1267-1337）而开始改变。尽管他的画仍然是宗教主题，但它们展示的是真实环境中的真实人物。尤其是他的画作，因其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而从其他画作中脱颖而出。
The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)中世纪（5世纪到15世纪）
During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.
1. realistic:
①现实的；实际的；实事求是的
We have to be realistic about our chances of winning. 我们必须实事求是地估计我们获胜的可能性。
② 逼真的；栩栩如生的
a realistic drawing 逼真的绘画
realistic scenes 写实场景
realistic human faces 逼真的人脸
2.primiitive
① 原始的
primitive tribes 原始部落
② 发展水平低的；落后的
The facilities on the campsite were very primitive.
The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)中世纪（5世纪到15世纪）
During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.
3. in particular 特别；尤其
He loves science fiction inparticular.
拓展
be particular about over 讲究；挑剔
She's very particular about her clothes.
4. set apart from
使与众不同；使突出；使优于
Her elegant style sets her apart from other journalists. 她的典雅风格使她与其他记者截然不同。
set ---apart 留出；拨出
Two rooms were set apart for use as libraries. 留出两个房间作为图书室。
The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)
文艺复兴时期（14世纪到17世纪）
New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result, painters concentrated less on religious themes. They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401-1428). Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564), and Raphael (1483-1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccio’s innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.
新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。因此，画家较少关注宗教主题。他们开始持一种更人性化的生活态度。这一时期的一个重要突破是马萨乔（1401-1428）对透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多·达·芬奇（1452-1519）、米开朗琪罗（1475-1564）和拉斐尔（1483-1520），在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创造出欧洲前所未有的一些最伟大的艺术作品。
The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)
文艺复兴时期（14世纪到17世纪）
New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result, painters concentrated less on religious themes. They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401-1428). Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564), and Raphael (1483-1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccio’s innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.
1. concentrate on 集中精力于；全神贯注于
拓展 :concentrate one’s attention /efforts/thoughts on 把注意力、努力、思想集中到
focus/ fix one’s attention on 集中注意力于
2. adopt a more humanistic attitude to life 持一种更人性化的生活态度
3. influential adj 有很大影响力的；有支配力的
be influential in 对（做）某事颇有影响
have an influence on 对---有影响
This study builds on ___________ (early) work.
It’s an argument _______ (build) upon sound logic.
If you can’t make a decision, ________ (build) on other people’s suggestions.
4. Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564), and Raphael (1483-1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccio’s innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen. 一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多·达·芬奇、米开朗基罗和拉斐尔，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创作出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。
build upon 在……基础上发展；把……作为……的基础
earlier
built
build
难句分析
Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With their deep colours and realism, some of the best oil paintings look like photographs. While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606-1669), who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light.
另一个创新是油画颜料的使用。由于其深沉的色彩和现实主义风格，一些油画佳品看上去就像是照片。尽管早在达芬奇时代一些画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗使得这种技艺达到了顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。
Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With their deep colours and realism, some of the best oil paintings look like photographs. While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606-1669), who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light.
1. while conj 虽然；尽管
2. as early as 早在---时期
3. reach its height 达到顶峰
4. gain a reputation as a master of shadow and light
赢得了光影大师的雅称
earn/win a reputation
赢得名声
have a good reputation as
作为---有好的声誉
build/develop a reputation
树立名声
destroy/ruin one’s reputation
毁了某人的名誉
While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606 — 1669) , who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light.
尽管早在达·芬奇时代一些画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗（1606年 — 1669年）使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。
while 虽然；尽管 (=___________)
although
Tom is very good at science, while his brother is absolutely hopeless.
You can go swimming while I’m having lunch.
I was sleeping ______ the phone rang.
(表示对比) ……而
与……同时
when
难句分析
In subject matter, the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us. Kings, nobles, and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved. Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology. Finally, most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.
在题材上，画作重点逐渐从宗教主题转移到人和我们周围的世界。国王、贵族和上流社会人士都想购买自己和所爱之人的精准画像。其他人则想要展示重要历史事件或神话故事的画作。最后，大多数客户都想要看起来美丽有趣的画作。
In subject matter, the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us. Kings, nobles, and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved. Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology. Finally, most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.
1. rank 地位；军衔；等级
people of high rank 上流社会的人们
people of all ranks 各个阶层的人
officers of junior/senior rank
a painter of the first rank
一流的画家
拓展
rank vt vi 把---分等级；使排成行
be ranked first /second 排名第一/第二
2. purchase vt 购买；采购 n 购买；购买的东西
make a purchase 买东西
purchase sth from sb 向某人购买某物
①(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Everyone can play a part in reducing waste，whether by not _____________(purchase) more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat.
②(2021·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund _____________ (purchase)more than 5 million acres of habitat.
③As soon as the supermarket opened its door, people crowded in it and struggled for their ____________ (purchase).
④When a client purchases something _______ your store, statistics show that he is likely to shop again.
purchasing　
to purchase　
purchases　
from　
Finally, most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.
最后，大多数客户都想要看起来美丽有趣的画作。
注意：be +形容词+不定式，不定式动作to look at 的宾语是定语从句的主语，不定式要用主动形式表示被动。
(1) 他是个很难相处的人。
(2) 这个问题虽然复杂，但很容易解决。
He is difficult to deal with / get along with.
While the problem is complex, it is easy to approach.
难句分析
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
印象派时期（19世纪后期到20世纪初期）
The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century. After that, paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like. Hence, painters had to find a new way of looking at their art. From this, Impressionism emerged in France. The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840-1926) called Impression, Sunrise. In this work, Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene—the subjective impression the scene gave him—but not a detailed record of the scene itself.
直到19世纪中叶摄影术发明之前，西方艺术的发展缓慢。在那之后，不再需要绘画来保存人和世界的面貌了。因此，画家们不得不寻找一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。由此，印象派在法国应运而生。这个新运动的名字来源于克劳德·莫奈（1840-196）的一幅名为《印象·日出》的画作。在这幅作品中，莫奈想传达场景中的光线和运动——场景给他的主观印象——而不是场景本身的详细记录。
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
印象派时期（19世纪后期到20世纪初期）
The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century. After that, paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like. Hence, painters had to find a new way of looking at their art. From this, Impressionism emerged in France. The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840-1926) called Impression, Sunrise. In this work, Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene—the subjective impression the scene gave him—but not a detailed record of the scene itself.
1. photography: /U/ the art, process or job of taking photographs or filming sth 照相术；摄影
photographic adj connected with photographs or photography 摄影的；摄制的；照片的
2. emerge vi ~ (from sth) to come out of a dark, confined or hidden place （从隐蔽处或暗处）出现，浮现，露出
The swimmer emerged from the lake.
She finally emerged from her room at noon.
We emerged into bright sunlight.
。
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
印象派时期（19世纪后期到20世纪初期）
The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century. After that, paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like. Hence, painters had to find a new way of looking at their art. From this, Impressionism emerged in France. The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840-1926) called Impression, Sunrise. In this work, Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene—the subjective impression the scene gave him—but not a detailed record of the scene itself.
4. convey vt ~ sth (to sb)
to make ideas, feelings, etc. known to sb SYN communicate 表达，传递（思想、感情等）
Colours like red convey a sense of energy and strength.
红色之类的颜色可给人以充满活力与力量的感觉。
Please convey my apologies to your wife. 请向你的妻子转达我的歉意。
[ V wh-]
He tried desperately to convey how urgent the situation was.
他不顾一切地试图说明情况是多么紧急。
convey, carry，transport
convey 常指通过媒介传递、输送，表示交流、传达信息、情感等
carry 常表示移动时搬运着某物，或指随身携带
transport 往往是长距离的运动，常指交通运输
词语辨析
看图辩词
①My name is Li Hua. I’m writing to convey my sincere appreciation _____ you.
②All the injured should be conveyed _______ the spot to the hospital at once.
③Poets use many different forms of poetry ___________ (convey) certain emotions.
to　
from　
to convey　
牛刀小试
While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life, others, such as Renoir (1841-1919), focused on people. Unlike the cold, black-and-white photographs of that time period, Renoir’s paintings are full of light, shadow, colour, and life. He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects, but their inner warmth and humanity as well.
虽然许多印象派画家描绘了自然或日常生活场景，但其他画家，如雷诺阿（1841-1919年）则以人物为关注对象。雷诺阿的画作与那个时代冷淡的黑白照片不同，充满了光、影、色彩和生命。他不仅试图展示他笔下人物的外在形象，而且还展示他们内心的温暖和人性。
While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life, others, such as Renoir (1841-1919), focused on people. Unlike the cold, black-and-white photographs of that time period, Renoir’s paintings are full of light, shadow, colour, and life. He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects, but their inner warmth and humanity as well.
1. seek vt
to try to do sth 试图；设法
They quickly sought to distance themselves from the protesters.
他们迅速设法远离抗议者。
2. humanity [ U]
the state of being a person rather than a god, an animal or a machine 人性
The story was used to emphasize the humanity of Jesus.
人们用这个故事来强调耶稣人性的一面。
Modern Art (from the 20th century to today)
现代艺术（20世纪至今）
After Impressionism, subsequent artists began to ask, “What do we do next ” Painters such as Picasso (1881-1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way, with Cubism. Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality. Still others turned to abstract art. What they attempted to do was no longer show reality, but instead to ask the question, “What is art ”
在印象派之后，后来的艺术家开始问“下一步我们该做什么？”。像毕加索（1881-1973）这样的画家试图用一种新的方法，用立体主义来分析自然界中存在的各种形状。其他人则赋予他们的画一种写实但又像梦一般的品质特征。还有一些人转向抽象艺术。他们试图做的不再是展示现实，而是提出一个问题“什么是艺术？”
Modern Art (from the 20th century to today) 现代艺术（20世纪至今）
After Impressionism, subsequent artists began to ask, “What do we do next ” Painters such as Picasso (1881-1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way, with Cubism. Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality. Still others turned to abstract art. What they attempted to do was no longer show reality, but instead to ask the question, “What is art ”
1. subsequent adj ( formal ) happening or coming after sth else 随后的；后来的；之后的；接后的
subsequent generations
后代
Subsequent events confirmed our doubts.
后来发生的事证实了我们的怀疑。
following adj
next in time (时间上)接着的
2. turn to 转向
What they attempted to do was no longer show reality, but instead to ask the question, “What is art ”
他们试图做的不再是展示现实，而是提出一个问题“什么是艺术？”
前半句中的表语show reality省略了to，而后半句与之作对比的平行结构to ask the question则是完整的。这种省略to的用法常见于如下情况：
(1)两个不定式由连词but、except等连接，如果前面的不定式中有单词do，后面的不定式则省略to。
I didn't know what to do but read the letter again and again.
除了反反复复读这封信，我不知道该做什么好。
难句解析
(2)不定式作表语时，前面主语中有do时，不定式的to省略。
What I want to do is break this bad habit.
我只想戒掉这个坏习惯。
注意：
这里的do指的是实意动词，不是助动词。只要前面出现do的任何形式，包括did、does、done，都遵循这个规则。
He did nothing but call me.
如果前面没有动词do或它的其他形式，那么后面的不定式就不能省略to。
You have no choice but to tell me the truth.
Her goal was to become a great teacher.
感谢

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