资源简介

自然拼读元音字母字母组合发音表
spelling example observations
/i:/
ea sea, tea, peace, teach, lead, read, peak, deal, reveal, scream, team, clean, leap, please, release, beat, beneath, breathe, creature, leave. One-off spellings: people, key, quay, geyser
ee see, free, agree, knee, feel, feed, proceed, succeed, keen, seek, seem, screen, deep, greet, sleeve.
e me, be, he, she, we; Pete, eve, these, theme, scene, complete, precede.
ei seize, receive, receipt, deceive, conceive, perceive, ceiling, Leigh.
ie piece, field, achieve, believe, relief, brief, chief, fiend, siege, shriek, priest .
i police, gasoline, machine, magazine, marine, routine, vaccine, prestige, regime, elite, naive, ski, fatigue, intrigue, antique, technique, unique.
oe Oedipus, foetus, phoenix
ae aegis, Caesar, antennae
is debris, precis
/ /
i it, sit, miss, tip, pick, pin, bring, list, fill, film, trim, dinner, finger, river, consist . One-off spellings: women
e English, pretty, ecology, enough, eleven, electric.
y symbol, lyrics, hymn, pyramid, sympathy, synchronize, crystal, system, typical, tyranny, mystery, myth, rhythm, antonym, synonym, lady, family, Daddy, duty, whisky, carry, hurry, funny,
u busy, business, lettuce
ui build, circuit
a village, orange
ie sieve, mischief, Annie, Katie, auntie.
ei, ey forfeit, surfeit, honey, hockey, journey, money, monkey, Sydney, Casey.
/e/
e wet, help, bet, set, well, guest, seldom, empty, every, berry, regular, accept, connect, inspector, impress, address, project, enter, entrance, entire. One-off spellings: friend, says, Reynolds
ea Learn them by heart: bread, dead, head, header, lead, read, spread, thread, dread, tread, instead; already, ready, steady, meadow; sweat, sweater, threat, threaten; breath, death, health, stealth, wealth; weather, leather, feather; measure, pleasure, treasure, treasury, pleasant, peasant, pheasant; dealt, meant, cleanse, jealous, realm; heaven, heavy, endeavor, deaf; breakfast, breast, treachery, weapon.
a any, many, ate, Thames
ei leisure, Leicester, heifer
eo leopard, jeopardise, Leonard
u bury, burial
ai said, again
/ /
a black, mat, ankle, hat, man, sat, exam, have, apple, stand, rat, cat, flat, back . This vowel is spelt only in a few words of French origin.
ai plaid, plait
i meringue, lingerie, timbre
The letter pronounced /e / changes to / / in some derivatives: nature /ei/ – natural / /; nation /ei/ – national / /; sane /ei/ – sanity / /; vain – vanity.
/a:/
a father, last, path,
ar arm, art, car, card, yard, part, charge, large, margin, argue, guard, regard, garden, pardon, market.
al half, calf, calm, palm, balm, alms, psalm. (The in these words is silent.) One-off spellings: bazaar, Afrikaans
au laugh, aunt, draught
er clerk, derby, sergeant
ear heart, hearth
oi memoir, repertoire, reservoir, patois This vowel is spelt only in French loanwords ( and in very few of those)
/ /
u Cup, bus, blush, up, rush, hungry, nut, cut, unfair, hut, blunt, hum, nun, sun One-off spellings: does
o Son, month, none, ton, one, love, dove, come, mother, brother, done, some, something, oven, glove
ou enough, young, couple, rough
oo blood, flood, bloody
wo twopence, twopenny
/ /
(w)a want, watch, wash, what, swamp, swallow, swan, wander, quality, qualify, quantity, quarrel, quarantine. One-off spellings: knowledge, bureaucracy, yacht
o got, hot, not, stop, rob, odd, off, clock, coffee, gone, bomb, bond, soft, often, body, hobby, dollar, doctor, document, occupy, college, model, monitor, option, promise, prompt, follow, borrow, sorrow, tomorrow, sorry, orange.
ou cough, trough
au because, cauliflower
/ :/
all, al all, ball, call, fall, hall, wall, appall, alter, always, already, walk, talk, chalk, false, salt, halt. One-off spellings: drawer (a sliding container), drawer (a person who draws), awe, Sean
au cause, pause, applause, sauce, audio, audience, fraud, August, auto, author, Paul, fault, haunt, launch, laundry
aw law, draw, drawer, saw, thaw, crawl, shawl, hawk, dawn, lawn, awful, awkward.
our, oar, oor course, court, four, mourn, pour, source, your; board, hoarse, hoard, roar, soar, broad; door, floor.
or, ore cord, Ford, form, born, corn, torn, short, sport, torch, porch, orange, order, orient, normal, mortal, storm, story, glory, forum, forty, morning; bore, more, before, shore, sore, store, tore, explore, ignore.
ought bought, brought, fought, ought, sought, thought
ure sure
augh caught, taught, daughter, slaughter, haughty, naughty.
war, wa war, warm, ward, warden, warn, warning, award, reward; water.
quar quart, quarter, headquarters, quartz.
/ /
u put, push, pull, bush, bull, bullet, full, pudding, sugar, cushion, butcher.
o wolf, woman, bosom
oo book, cook, look, hook, shook, took, good, stood, wood, hood, childhood, foot, wool, broom, rookie.
ou could, should, would.
or Worcester, worsted
/u:/
u rude, crude, rule, rumour, brutal, prune; Lucy, Luke, lumen, flute; June, junior, Julia, judo; chute, parachute, crucial, flu. One-off spellings: two
oo food, mood, room, broom, moon, cartoon, cool, pool, school, scoop, tooth, boots, poodle, ooze, choose, soothe, shoot, too, zoo, bamboo, taboo, kangaroo, shampoo, tattoo. The words room, broom and groom have two alternative pronunciations, one with /u:/ and one with / /.
ou group, soup, loupe, cougar, coupon, mousse, route, routine, wound, souvenir, through, rouge.
o do, who, whom, whose, lose, move, prove, improve, tomb, womb.
ew jewel, Jew, flew, blew, chew, crew, screw.
oe shoe, canoe, manoeuvre
ue true, blue, clue, glue.
ui juice, fruit, bruise, cruise, recruit, sluice.
eu Rheumatism, lieu, Reuben
/ :/
ear learn, heard, search, early, earn, earth, pearl, yearn, rehearse. One-off spellings: were, colonel
er, err herb, serve, verb, verse, certain, person, concern, emergency, percent, prefer, herd, err. This vowel is spelt and in French loanwords and proper names: entrepreneur, voyeur, connoiseur, cordon bleu, Richelieu
Ir, irr sir, fir, girl, bird, stir, shirt, skirt, third, whirl, circle, circus, dirty, thirsty, whirr.
our courtesy, journey, journal, journalist, scourge.
or word, work, worm, world, worry, worse, worth; attorney
ur. urr urge, fur, burn, turn, curse, purse, purr, hurry, current, occur, curtain, furnish, turkey, purpose, pursue, disturb, urn, blur, nurse.
yr, yrr myrtle, myrrh
eur raconteur, masseur
eu milieu
/ /
a banana, policeman This vowel, usually called ‘schwa’, only occurs in unstressed syllables and can be represented by any vowel letter, digraph or combination of vowel plus
e seven, postmen
i edible, possible
o second, correct
u until, August
y sibyl, analysis
ai chieftain
ia parliament
io question
oi tortoise, porpoise
ie ancient
ea vengeance
ar custard, bursar
er father, other
or mirror, forget
ur surpass, murmur
re centre, litre
ou vociferous, famous
our parlour, rancour
ure nature, vulture
Vowel Sounds 2: Diphthongs
/a /
i I, kite, rabbi One-off spellings: eye, aye, guise, maestro.
y cry, by
ie die, lie
ye dye, bye
ei either, neither, Geiger
ai aisle
igh high, sight
eigh height, sleight
uy buy, guy
Letter is usually pronounced /a / in the following cases: (1) when followed by a single consonant + , as in time, line and kite. (2) when followed by another vowel letter, as in biology, dioxide, diurnal. When is followed by or , the result is /a / + / /. Examples are diagnose, science and diet. (3) when followed by the letters , as in find, grind and behind. But note the homographs wind /w nd/ and wind /wa nd/. (4) when it occurs in Latin plurals. Some examples are nuclei, foci, termini, alumni, gladioli, radii, cacti. But note the singular alibi and the combining form quasi- /’kwe za / or /’kwa:z /.
/e /
a cable, chaos, plane One-off spellings: Gaelic, gauge, gaol
ai saint, explain, jail
ay pay, day
ey they
ea break, steak, great, Reagan, Yeats
eigh eight, weight, sleigh
Letter is typically pronounced /e / when followed by a single consonant + , as in plane, mate, fame.
French loanwords
e/é debut, cafe, regime
e/ê fete, crepe, suede
ee/ée toupee, soiree, matinee
et ballet, chalet, bouquet
er dossier, foyer, atelier
There are a number of words ending in -ate whose grammatical function depends on whether the suffix is pronounced with /e / or / , /. The diphthong is typically used in the pronunciation of verb forms, while the weak vowel is used in adjectives and nouns; advocate, alternate, approximate, duplicate, elaborate, estimate, graduate, intimate, moderate, separate.
/ /
oi boil, point, tabloid One-off spellings: buoy
oy oyster, boym Lloyd This diphthong is spelt in a few Gherman names and borrowings: Freud, Kreutzer, Plattdeutsch.
/a /
ou sound, house, loud One-off spellings: MacLeod
ow cow, down, renown
ough plough, bough, drought
au Audi, Saudi Arabia
/ /
o go, roll, photo, home One-off spellings: sew, brooch, pharaoh
ow own, show
ou although, shoulder
oe toe, doe, woe
oa boat, road, load
Letter is typically pronounced / / when followed by a single consonant + e, as in home, phone, dole. This diphthong also occurs in a number of French loanwords, where it is represented by the spellings and less commonly, .
au mauve, au pair, chauffeur
eau beau, bureau, ch teau
ot argot, haricot, tarot
/ /
ear hear, dear year
eer deer, peer, queer The letters and are sometimes pronounced / / when they are followed by + a vowel letter or the letter , as in Vera, Algeria, query, lira, Algeciras.
ere here, sphere, mere
eir weird, weir
ier pier, fierce, chandelier
ir fakir, emir, nadir
ea idea, real, theatre
/e /
air hair, pair, hairy, dairy One-off spellings: mayor, prayer, scarce, ne’er, Verdi
are care, fare, scare
ear pear, bear, wear
ere there, where, père
eir heir, their
(1) Letter is sometimes pronounced /e / when it is followed by + a vowel letter or the letter , as in parent, canary, aquarium, vary, wary, Mary, Sarah. (2) The only items in which is pronounced /e / are pear, bear, wear, swear, tear (ad words derived from them). All other words are pronounced with / /. (3) In present day RP this diphthong is often realised as a long open ([ :]).
/ /
oor moor, boor, spoor
our tour, dour. gourd
ure sure, lure, cure Currently, many speakers use / :/ rather than / / in words like cure, tour, moor, sure, and even you’re.
ur euro, during, curious This diphthong is often preceded by /j/ represented by in such words as Europe, euro.
辅音
/p/
p put, super, lip One-off spellings: shepherd, hiccough/hiccup
pp happy, apple, supper
Silent

: This letter is silent when it occurs before in several words of Greek origin: pneumonia, psychology, pterodactyl. This letter is also silent in these words: corps, coup, receipt, cupboard, raspberry.
/b/
b boy, table, pub
bb hobby, abbey, ebb
/b/Silent : it occurs after and before : climb, comb, crumb, numb, plumb, thumb, tomb, plumber, debt, doubt, subtle. But tumble, crumble, rumble, humble, stumble!!!
/t/
t ten, petrol, cat
tt letter, battle, butt
th Thyme, Thames, Thomas, Theresa, Thailand, Thomson, Chatham, discotheque, Anthony, Esther. Pronunciation hints: generally speaking, is pronounced /θ/ or / /. The pronunciation of as /t/ is found only in a very small number of words, most of which are indicated left. The names Anthony and Esther are also pronounced with /θ/.
-ed washed, stopped, laughed
Silent : it is silent in Christmas and soften, as well as in words ending in -stle and -sten: thistle, whistle, jostle, rustle, castle, forecastle, nestle, listen, glisten, hasten, christen, moisten, fasten, chasten . But often can be pronounced either with or without . It is also silent in several words of French origin, especially those words ending in -et and -ot: ballet, beret, bidet, buffet, cabaret, gourmet, parquet, duvet, debut, nougat, rapport, argot, depot, haricot, tarot, penchant.
/d/
d day, medal, glad
dd ladder, middle, caddie
-ed played, travelled, banned
Silent : it is silent in handkerchief, and usually also in sandwich, handsome, and Wednesday.
/k/
k key, baker, lake, park One-off spelling: Akkadian.
c cow, scale, picnic
ck clock, hacker, ticking
cc account, occasion, tobacco
qu quay, quiche, clique, cheque
ch Chemist, masochism, monarch
kh gymkhana, khaki, Tutankhamen
Pronunciation hints: The digraph is pronounced /kw/ in words like quite, quirk, square, banquet and liquid. It is commonly pronounced /k/ in medial position, especially in words of French origin: bouquet, etiquette, piquancy, liquor. Note that conquer with /k/ but conquest with /kw/. is pronounced /k/ in lacquer, racquet, but acquire, acquaint, acquit /kw/. The words Celt and Celtic are pronounced /kelt, ‘kelt k/, but in Scotland the usual pronunciation is /selt, ‘selt k/. The bames of the Glasgow football team and the Boston basketball team are both pronounced with /s/.
Silent : letter is silent in the initial cluster kn- : know, knight, knife, knuckle. Likewise, is silent in the cluster -sc-: muscle, sceptre, corpuscle. It is also silent in the words indict, indictment, victuals and Connecticut. Note the silent -ck- in blackguard and Cockburn.
/g/
g girl, tiger, finger, flag
gu guest, guess, guard, guarantee
gue dialogue, catalogue
gg trigger, foggy, aggression
gh ghoul, ghastly, ghost
Silent : It’s silent in the initial and final cluster and in the final cluster -gm: gnarled, gnome, gnostic, gnaw, align, feign, foreign, assign, benign, campaign, champagne, malign, reign, consign, resign, sign, design; diaphragm, paradigm, phlegm. But it is pronounced in the words paradigmatic, phlegmatic, signal, assignation, resignation. Note the derived word phlegmy, with no /g/, and physiognomy, both ways.
/f/
f few, cafe, scarf
ff suffer, off, stuff
ph phone, nephew, triumph
gh laugh, rough, tough, enough, laughter, tougher, roughly
Eye-opener: the pronunciation of nephew as /‘nefju:/ has gained considerable ground over the more traditional /‘nevju:/.
/v/
v van, cover, give One-off spelling: of.
vv navvy, savvy, skivvy
ph Stephen, nephew
/θ/
th thin, think, through, cathedral, author, north, worth, path
/ /
th the, this, that, these, those, than, though, thy, then, although, weather, worthy, with, smooth, northern, southern
Pronunciation hints: 1) In initial position, is pronounced / / in determiners, pronouns, conjunctions and adverbs (e.g., this, than, then, there, theirs, thus). An exception is the word through /θru:/. Most other words beginning are pronounced with /θ/. 2) In medial position, is pronounced / / when followed by -er or -ing (e.g., other, bother, brother, together, either, dither, gather, clothing, bathing, loathing). There are three exceptions, panther, ether and thing (and its compounds anything, nothing, plaything, etc.) 3) In final position, is usually pronounced /θ/. Two exceptions are with and smooth (with / /). Note also booth and bequeath, which are pronounced either / / or /θ/.
The /θ/ - / / alternation: There are several cognates in which the contrast /θ/ - / / serves to mark nouns and adjectives. Some examples are: north, south, worth (/θ/)/northern, southern, worthy (/ /). But note frothy and pithy (/θ/). This alternation is signalled orthographically in noun and verb cognates ending in -th and -the respectively. Examples are: Nouns: bath, breath, sheath, sooth, teeth, wreath (/θ/). Verbs: bathe, breathe, sheathe, soothe, teethe, wreathe (/ /).
/s/
s soup, this, expensive
ss boss, missile, passive
c ceiling, accent, peace
sc scene, science, abscess
z blitz, quartz, waltz
x (/ks/) expect, exhibition, box
Pronunciation hints: 1) The final sequence -ce is pronounced /s/, never /z/: advice, once, rice, race, mace. 2) However, the final sequence -se may be pronounced /s/ or /z/: else /els/; cease /si:s/; rise /ra z/; raise /re z/.
/z/
s cousin, desert, these
z zoo, freeze, dozen
zz puzzle, muzzy, jazz
ss dessert, scissors, possess
x xylophone, xerox, xenophobia
Also x (/gz/) example, exactly, Alexander
Pronunciation hints: 1) The final sequence -ze is always pronounced /z/, never /s/: maze, daze, seize, organize. 2) The adjective and noun suffix -ese is always pronounced /-i:z/: Chinese, Portuguese, Siamese, Sudanese, Pekinese. 3) The noun suffix -ism is always pronounced /- z m, -zm/: athleticism, capitalism, Marxism, racism, relativism. 4) The only words in which is pronounced /z/ are dessert, scissors, possess, dissolve and hussar.
The /s/ - /z/ alternation: There are a number of words which are pronounced with final /z/ when used as verbs and final /s/ when used as nouns or adjectives. This alternation is signalled orthographically in the pairs advise / d va z/ – advice / d va s/, devise /d va z/ – device /d va s/, but there are other words in which the contrast is orthographically invisible: abuse, close, diffuse, excuse, house, use. Nevertheless, one must not be misled by the spelling, for there are quite a few words in which the /z/ – /s/ alternation does not operate. For instance, the words decrease, increase, promise and release are always pronounced with final /s/ regardless of their function. Similarly, fuse and surprise are pronounced with final /z/ whether they are used as nouns or verbs. To add further confusion, in British English the spelling of the verbs license and practise serves to distinguish them from the nouns licence and practice, yet both verbs and nouns have the same pronunciation, i.e., la sns, pr kt s/.
/ /
sh ship, cushion, bash
s extension, pension
ss passion, pressure
t mention, motion, function
c special, ocean, musician
sc conscience, fascist, luscious
ch chic, champagne, chaperon, Chicago, machine, brochure, machete, Michigan, moustache, niche, gauche, crèche
sch schedule, Schweppes, schnapps, schmuck, schmaltz
/ /
s vision, fusion, lesion
g genre, regime, beige
j bijou, déjà vu, je ne sais quoi
z seizure, azure
Eye-opener: Despite its spelling, the word equation is normally pronounced / kwe n/. The variant / kwe n/ is not common in RP.
/h/
h house. hotel, Bahamas
wh who, whose, whole
Silent : It is always silent in final position: cheetah, doh, hurrah, oh, pharaoh, shah, verandah. There are also a good many words in which non-final is silent: heir, honest, honour, hour, annihilate, vehement, vehicle, diarrhoea, shepherd. To these may be added many proper names ending in -ham: Chatham, Graham, Nottingham, Durham.
Notice that historian, historic, historical and historically are sometimes pronounced without /h/ when they are preceded by an. Thus, a historical re- enactment / h s t r kl ri: n ktm nt/ or an historical re-enactment / n s t r kl ri: n ktm nt/, but a crisis of historical proportions / kra s s v h s t r kl pr p : nz/. The word hotel is most commonly pronounced /h tel/, but the old aitchless pronunciation / tel/ can still be heard.
/ /
ch chair, leech One-off spellings: Czech / ek/, putsch /p /.
tch match, watch, pitch
t picture, digestion
c cello, concerto
Pronunciation hints: 1) Letter is pronounced / / in the final sequences -ture and -stion: picture, feature, creature, question, exhaustion, suggestion. 2) This letter is also usually pronounced / / in righteous /ra s/.
Silent : the digraph is silent in these words: fuchsia / fju: /, yacht /j t/.
/ /
j jack, major, raj
g gin, logic, danger, strange
dg hedge, ridge, lodge
dj adjust, adjective
gg suggest, exaggerate, loggia, veggie
ch sandwich, spinach, Greenwich, Norwich (UK)
/m/
m more, ram
mm accommodate, dilemma
mb climb, dumb, lamb, plumber
mn autumn, column, damn
/n/
n now, dance, pin
nn annoy, penny, tennis
gn gnaw, sign, reign
kn knee, knob, acknowledge
pn pneumatic, pneumonia
Silent : this letter is silent at the end of a word when it follows the letter : autumn, column, damn, condemn, hymn, solemn. But note that the in these words corresponds to /n/ when it is followed by a suffix beginning with a vowel: autumnal, columnist, condemnation, damnation, hymnal, solemnity.
/ /
ng hanger, banging, sing, wrong
n finger, anxious, uncle, bank
Pronunciation hints: 1) The spelling usually corresponds to the pronunciation / / at a morpheme boundary, whether or not it is a word boundary: sing, hang, slang, long, Reading, singing, hanger, slangy, longed, Birmingham. But the morpheme-final -ng is pronounced / g/ in the comparatives and superlatives of the adjectives long, strong and young, and in words derived from monophthong, diphthong and triphthong: longer, longest, stronger, strongest, younger, youngest, triphthongal, monophthongise, diphthongisation. Note that also represents / / in the words amongst, gangster, youngster, length and strength. 2) The spelling usually represents / / ins stressed syllables when followed by /k/ or /g/: anchor, distinguish.
/l/
l long, child, oil
ll cellar, village, dull
Silent : It is silent before in these words: could, should, would; half, calf; talk, walk, chalk, caulk, stalk, folk, yolk, Norfolk, Suffolk; almond, alms, balm, calm, palm, psalm, qualm, salmon, Malcolm, Holmes, Stockholm. Note also baulk /b :k/ or /b :lk/. Other words in which is silent are: Lincoln, Renault, Versailles.
/r/
r read, around, three
rr arrive, currant, arrow
rh rhino, rhubarb, rhythm
rrh cirrhosis, diarrhoea, haemorrhage
wr wrist, wrong, wry
/j/
y year, yolk, beyond
i million, onion, senior
e few, new, euro, beauty
u (!) cute, muscular, tube
u+r+vowel (!) mural, cure, pure, mature
Spelling and pronunciation hints: Yod is commonly spelled in word-initial position and when it occurs medially. Because of its gliding nature, however, it is much easier to predict when it should be used looking at the wowels and diphthongs that follow: a) In stressed syllables, /j/ occurs before /u:/ and / / if they are spelled and are not preceded by the letters , or by a : tube, duty, music, fuel, due, cue, Tuesday, feud, neutral, Eucharist, ewe, few, new; Urals, mural, euro, pure, mature. Examples without /j/: Jew, June, juice, chew, chute, rude, crew, prune, blue, plural, sluice. b) In unstressed syllables, /j/ occurs before /u:, , , u , /: menu, argue, regular, uvular, pedicure, annual, manual, million, onion, senior. c) In unstressed syllables, the two-syllable sequence / / is often compressed into a single syllable, so becoming /j /. This gives rise to a number of alternative pronunciations: audience, idiot, immediate, India. d) Other alternative pronunciations result from the weakening of unstressed /j , ju/ to /j /: communist, manufacture, document. e) There are many words in which /j/ may or may not be dropped, especially but not exclusively in stressed syllables after /θ, s, z, l/: suit, sewage, lute, absolute, revolution, salute, enthusiasm.
Minority spelling: in some French loanwords the sequence /nj/ is represented by : cognac, poignant, vignette, lorgnette.
/w/
w well, win, reward
wh what, where, whine
u quick, antiquity, squad, anguish, language
o (!) one, once
oi (!) choir
Silent : it is silent in the following cases: a) Before as in write, wrist, wrestle and wrong. b) In many proper names ending in -wich or -wick: Greenwich, Norwich, Chiswick, Warwick. c) In the words who, whom, whose, whole, whore. Some speakers pronounce many words beginning with → /hw/ (what, which, why, whisky, wheat), but this pronunciation is now considered old-fashioned in RP. d) In the words answer and sword.
Eye-openers: 1) Note that the is pronounced /w/ in the sequence and also sometimes in the unstressed sequence . Thus, /w/ occurs in anguish because the second syllable, containing -gu-, is unstressed. But letter is silent in words like guard, guest and guide, since the sequence -gu- is stressed. Exceptions are numerous: iguana, McGuire, guerrilla, guarantee. 2) The two-syllable sequence /u / is often compressed into a single syllable, so becoming /w /. This gives rise to a good number of pronunciation variants in words like usual, innocuous, obituary.