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人教版八年级下册英语第10单元课本知识重点和语法聚焦重点
Unit 10 I have had this bike for three years. 现在完成时（三）
1.现在完成时的未完成用法：表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，一直延续至今，还可能继续下去，这种用法称为“未完成用法”。
表示未完成的结构：
现在完成时+for+一段时间 We have known each other for twenty years.我们认识有二十年了。
现在完成时+since+表示过去的时间点 He has worked here since 1999.自1999年以来，他就在这里工作。
现在完成时+since+从句 She has learned about 5000 English words since he went to college.自上大学以来她学了大约5000个单词。
2.延续性动词与非延续性动词
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。 延续性动词常与for/how long/since等引导的表示一段时间短语（时间状语）或句子（状语从句）连用。表示时间段的短语有:for+ 时间,for 2 years; since从句,since he came here; since+时间点名词,since last year, since 5 days ago等。 如:I have lived here for 23 years. 我已经在这里住了23年。
非延续性动词也称终止性动词/瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：die/borrow/begin/buy/join/reach/come/go/open/close/become/leave等。 可用于现在完成时态,但由于动作是瞬时间完成的所以不能与for或since引出的时间状语连用。非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 o'clock; He died 5 years ago.
非延续性动词在否定句中可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。如：I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.
辨析：how long /how soon /how often /how far
How long 多久, 多长(时间)。对时间段提问, 如: for+时间段；since+过去的时间点。如：
—How long have you worked in Beijing —For five years.
How soon多久以后。对“in+时间段提问, 常用于一般将来时”, 其答语常用“in+时间段”。如：
—How soon will Mr. Li be back —In a week.
How often 多久一次, 对频率提问, 其答语为: once (twice/…)+时间段, always, usually 等。如：
—How often do you exercise —Once a day.
How far 多远，对距离提问，其答语是表距离的内容。如：
—How far is it from here to your school —Three kilometers.
辨析：for/since
for其后只能接表示“一段时间”的名词性短语，可用于多种时态，表示动作或状态持续时间段长短。如：
I have lived in this city for five years. He usually sleeps for twelve hours every day.
since其后接表示“时间点”的短语或从句（过去时），也可以接“一段时间+ago”，常用于完成时态；还用于句型：“It is +时间
段+since+一般过去时的句子”, 表示过去某个时间发生并持续到说话时的动作或状态。如：It is two years since I came to China.
She has worked here for five years.=She has worked here since five years ago.她在这儿工作5年了。
1.Amy thinks it’s hard to sell her old things. It’s +adj. (+for sb.) to do sth.意为“（对某人来说）做某事是…的”，
it是形式主语，真正主语是后面的动词不定式。 如：It’s important for us to learn English well.
2.The stories inside may be a bit old, but they’re still interesting.
a bit 意为“一点儿, 稍微”, 修饰形容词或副词, ==a little; a bit of +不可数名词, a little直接加不可数名词。
not a bit =not at all 意为“一点也不” not a little =very意为“非常” 如：She is not a bit happy. He is not a little tired.=He is very tired.
3.Nowadays, millions of Chinese leave the countryside to search for work in the cities.
（1）nowadays副词，意为“现在；目前，现今”，相当于these days.如：They still remember that old saying nowadays.
（2）search 作动词，意为“搜查”，其后可直接跟宾语。如：They searched the forest.他们搜查了森林。
4.Many people like Zhong Wei regard with great interest how their hometowns have changed.
regard做动词，意为“将......视为”。如：How will the teachers regard us 老师们会怎样看待我们？
随堂练:单项选择
1.Both his parents look sad.Maybe they ____what's happened to him . A.knew B.have known C.must know D.will know
2.He has ____ been to Shanghai , has he A.already B.never C.ever D.still
3.The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years. A.is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written
4.--Our country _____ a lot so far.--Yes. I hope it will be even ______ .
A.has changed ; well B.changed ; good C. has changed ; better D.changed ; better
5.Lucy ___already ____in this school for two years . A.was ; studying B.will ; study C. has ; studied D. are ; studying
6.We ____Linda since she was a little girl. A. know B.had known C.have known D.knew
7.Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_____ it twice. A.will see B.have seen C.saw D.see
8.–These farmers have been to the United States. –Really When _____there
　　 A.will they go B.did they go C.do they go D.have they gone
9.— _____ you ___ your homework yet —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished C.Have ; done ; have finished D.will ; do ; finish
10.His father ______the Party since 1978 . A. joined B.has joined C.was in D.has been in
11.—Do you know him well —Sure .We ____ friends since ten years ago . A.were B.have been C.have become D.have made
12.—How long have you ___ here — About two months . A.been B.gone C.come D.arrived
13.Hurry up! The play _____ for ten minutes. A.has begun B.had begun C.has been on D.began
14.It _____ ten years since he left the army . 　A. is B.has C.will D.was
15.Miss Green isn't in the office . She _____ to the library .A.has gone B.went C.will go D. has been
16.The students have cleaned the classroom, _____ A. so they B. don't they C. have they D. haven't they
17.____has Mr. White been a member of Greener China since he _____to China
A.How soon, comes B.How often, got C.How long, came D.How far, arrived
18.His uncle ___ for more than 9 years. A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university
19.—Why do you like Jack —Because he is ____ honest boy. A. a B.an C.the D. /
20.His grade in the exam put him _____ the top students in his class. A. between B.among C. for D. at
21.Mike_____ in this factory since 1990. A. works B.worked C. has worked D. have worked
22.--Mike, I haven't seen your father recently.--He ___ Xi’an for two months. A. have been to B. has gone to C.has been in D. went to
23.I ____ this magazine for three months. A. Have bought B. have had C.have borrowed D. have lent
24.—Sam seems to love all sports.—Right, _____ swimming. A. certainly B. suddenly C. secondly D. especially
25.—Driving less, walking more is good for our health.—So I'd rather _____ an hour's walk to work than consider _____ a car.
A. take;drive B. take; to drive C. take;driving D. taking; driving
26.The lady has lived with her parents ______ she moved here. A. since B.because C. although D. so that
27.Lisa didn't realize her mistakes _____ her mother told her about it. A. until B.if C.as soon as D. as long as
28.--We all ____ her as a poor woman.--Actually, she's very rich. A. think B. regard C.own D. record
29.The hotel provides a shoe cleaning service ____ guests. A. for B. from C. on D. with
30. ___ she went into the room, she knew there was something wrong. A. As long as B. Since C. As soon as D. Although
31.I don’t mind ______ if you can’t find anyone else. A. help B. helping C. to help D. to helping
32.For kids, I think two hours of playing computer games _____ too long. A. is B. are C. was D. were
33.There’s no need for you _____ late! I can finish the rest of the work by myself. A. to stay B. stay C. staying D. stayed
34.I know it’s not my job ____ you how to run your life, but I do think you’ve made a mistake. A. tell B. to tell C. ask D. to ask
35.I was seriously ______ that day and decided to stay at home and have a good rest. A. relaxed B. lazy C. ill D. lonely
36.Could you please ______ the window It’s cold outside. A. open B. not open C. opening D. not opening
37. Bring as much food as you can —______. A. the much, the good B. the more, the better C. more, better D. the most, the best
38.I don’t like summer because there is____rain. A. much too B. too many C. too much D. many too
39.Anna speaks quietly, so____students in our class hear her. A. few B. many C. all D.most
40.My little brother went to school____it rained heavily. A. but B. although C.if D. because
41.Thank you very much____me the good idea. A. to tell B. for tell C.for telling D. your telling
42.Lin Tao and Li Ming____good at schoolwork.. A. is both B. all are C. are all D. are both
43.--____ does your father do morning exercises —Hardly ever. A. How B. How often C. When D. What time
44._____is important for us ______sports every day A. It; do B. That; to do C. This; to do D. It; to do.

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