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2023高考英语二轮复习：阅读理解专题
议论文
议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。文章通常由论点、论据、论证三部分构成，作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来论证某种观点正确与否，肯定或否定某种主张。
一、考情分析
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解和推理判断为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
二、文体特点与阅读策略
1. 语言与结构特点
议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。议论文通常采用三段论式的结构，即“提出问题（引论）—分析问题（本论）—解决问题（结论）”。由此可见，要理解议论文有两个关键点：一是要弄清文章的论点是什么、采用了哪些论据、如何论证；二是要理清其基本结构——三段论式结构。
2. 答题误区
议论文阅读理解题易错点往往在于事实与观点的区分以及观点本身。解题时，一要弄清哪些是引述的事实，哪些是作者的观点以及引述的不同人物的观点；二要弄清作者真正的观点是什么，既要考虑全文，又要重视结论部分，谨防将文章中引述的他人的观点和作者的观点混为一谈。
3. 阅读策略
在阅读解题时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读全文，再区分事实和观点。通常来说，议论文会采用三段论式结构。首段会通过一个故事或对某种现象的描述来引入话题，明确论点；接下来是文章的主体部分，会用两个或两个以上的段落引用事实和理论论据进行论证，常用的论证方法有举例、引用和对比，这一部分要注意作者选用的论据，它们往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应，同时还要留意论证的方法；文章的最后一段是结论部分，要弄清作者最后得出了什么结论。在通读全文并了解文章的结构和内容后再阅读试题，到文章中去找相对应的信息，比如事实、观点、作者真正的意图和结论等。
三、实战演练
【原创试题（一）】
For some school children, PE is the best lesson of the week — a chance to leave the desk behind, get outside, and enjoy a run around with friends. For others, it is a frequently miserable experience — a time when they feel embarrassed, and may even experience physical pain.
The idea of competitive sport was a clear source of argument. Those who were good at it did not want those less able to “get in the way”, while those less skilled felt annoyed for being made to compete. They also felt less “liked” by their PE teachers and their more sporty classmates.
Research demonstrates that a change in emphasis away from competitive sport and a move away to prioritizing participation over excellence can dramatically increase the confidence and participation rates of those less skilled — because it really is the taking part that matters. If schools value taking part above winning against other schools, the nature of PE changes.
As one pupil commented: “I have actually joined the football team now because all the violence has gone. Before it was, ‘You made us lose the game ... it’s all your fault.’ With the new approach, it is more like we are all in there just trying to get better. No one is to blame. Now it is worth doing.”
To those who argue we need competitive sport to “build character”, I would point out that there is quite simply no evidence to support this view. But what we can build when we allow young people to work together in a spirit of support and cooperation is leadership and mutual understanding.
If we need competitive sport to build our national teams, this should happen out of school. PE is about the participation of all — not the excellence of a few.
At home, the most important thing a parent can do for a child who struggles with PE is to take their concerns seriously. Being physically active is extremely important for children and young people, so how, when, and at what level they do it should be primarily their choice.
1. What does the author consider the most important in PE lessons
A. The rules of teachers.
B. The available sports activities.
C. The spirit of winning over others.
D. The participation of students.
2. Why does the author mention the comment of one pupil
A. To support his argument.
B. To praise the boy’s behavior.
C. To explain the new approach.
D. To prove the violence of football.
3. What does the author think competitive sports fail to build
A. Leadership.
B. Character.
C. Cooperation.
D. Mutual understanding.
4. How should parents help children who struggle with PE
A. By making a schedule for them.
B. By giving them psychological counseling.
C. By letting them choose what to do.
D. By encouraging them to be the most excellent.
【原创试题（二）】
I once biked to my workplace. Having enjoyed a relatively uneventful seven miles or so on a car-free greenway, I was forced to finish my journey on busy, six-lane roads with rarely a bike lane, let alone a protected bike lane, in sight. I locked my bike to the always-empty bike rack (架子) outside and grabbed my morning coffee, already nervous about the afternoon journey home.
I think about this experience a lot, especially when I come across pro-bike or anti-car dialogue on my social media channels. On the one hand, I see activists and advocates rightly pointing out the terrible and too often deadly state of our roads. Whether it’s a lack of protective bike lanes or poorly designed bike parking, car-centric road layouts, or inconsistent enforcement of speed limits, we are not short of dangers that need to be dealt with. After all, these are structural challenges that ensure that biking remains a minority pastime for the brave-at-heart. No argument here.
Yet I also see bike advocates criticizing those around them for not biking or walking, or for choosing to drive instead. Sometimes it’s simply a remark like, “You aren’t stuck in traffic; you are traffic. But sometimes it’s a more barbed (挖苦的) attack on “lazy” parents in the school drop-off line or “greedy” car drivers who choose an SUV. I’ve even seen one tweet suggesting it should be illegal to drive your kids to school. Here’s the thing, though: If we’re going to point out the dangerous state of our roads, and the government’s lack of will to invest in alternatives, then we might want to recognize that it’s not exactly illogical for some of us to choose to drive.
And sure, once you do have a city where biking is easy, safe, and accessible, there might be some room for shaming those who refuse to give up their tanks, even though they could. Until that day, however, I wish that all of us would get better at thinking cleverly about where we spend our time and energy.
1. How did the author feel after riding to work
A. Regretful. B. Happy.
C. Energetic. D. Angry.
2. About which do most people agree with each other
A. The bike-centric road design.
B. The dangerous state of the roads.
C. The reasonable speed limits.
D. The pleasure for the majority of bike lovers.
3. What is implied in the third paragraph
A. Biking or walking is safer than driving.
B. Some kids are driven to school illegally.
C. Car drivers are often blamed for driving.
D. An SUV can provide better crash protection.
4. What’s the author’s attitude towards shaming car drivers
A. Objective. B. Tolerant.
C. Approving. D. Negative.
【真题链接：2022新高考I卷】
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it’s more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat.” Curtin says.
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the text
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
26. What does Curtin’s company do
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
27. What does Curtin suggest people do
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
【真题链接：2022全国甲卷】
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went out separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean ” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
34. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.
35. Which statement will the author probably agree with
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
参考答案：
【原创试题（一）】
本文是一篇议论文。文章主要阐述了体育课的竞技性质使得一些技能差的学生感到压力。因此，作者主张体育课应该注重参与，而不是输赢。
1. D 细节理解题。根据第三段的“because it really is the taking part that matters. If schools value taking part above winning against other schools, the nature of PE changes.”可知，作者认为体育课重要的是参与。故选D。
2. A 推理判断题。作者在第三段中提出了自己的观点——“参与最重要”。然后作者在第四段引用一位学生的评论，这个学生通过自己参加足球队，足球队不再强调输赢，也没有人受到责备，说明了体育课应重在参与，这支持了作者的观点。故选A。
3. B 细节理解题。根据第五段的“To those who argue we need competitive sport to ‘build character’, I would point out that there is quite simply no evidence to support this view.”可知，作者认为没有证据支持“我们需要竞技体育来‘塑造性格’”这一观点。故选B。
4. C 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Being physically active is extremely important for children and young people, so how, when, and at what level they do it should be primarily their choice.”可知，作者认为父母们需要让孩子们自己做出选择。故选C。
【原创试题（二）】
本文是一篇议论文。作者主要通过一次骑自行车去上班的经历，说明了有的时候，不能抱怨人们开车，因为一些城市基础设施差，没有自行车道，骑自行车非常不安全。
1. A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“I was forced to finish my journey on busy, six-lane roads with rarely a bike lane, let alone a protected bike lane, in sight.”和“nervous about the afternoon journey home”可知，作者骑行上班的路况不好，他同时也为下班回家的行程感到焦虑。这些信息说明作者后悔骑自行车去上班。故选A。
2. B 推理判断题。根据第二段的“the terrible and too often deadly state of our roads ... a minority pastime for the brave-at-heart”提到的无论是自行车道路设计还是现实的恶劣状态，以及最后一句“No argument here.”可知，在这一点上，没有争论，说明这是大多数人认可的观点。故选B。
3. C 推理判断题。根据第三段的“Sometimes it’s simply a remark like ... But sometimes it’s a more barbed (挖苦的) attack ... drive your kids to school.”可知，这里暗示开车的人经常会受到指责。故选C。
4. D 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句中“it’s not exactly illogical for some of us to choose to drive”和最后一段的“once you do have a city ... even though they could”可知，作者认为目前的路况不适合骑自行车，因此不应该责备开车的人。故选D。
【真题链接：2022新高考I卷】
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章呼吁人们节约粮食，减少浪费，珍惜劳动成果，保护自然资源。
24. B 推理判断题。根据第一段“I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.”以及“But I ended up working late ... unthinkingly bought way too much.”可知，作者有心避免浪费食物，但却因加班、与朋友聚餐以及买得太多而使得芝麻菜腐坏，由此推断我们有时会在无意中浪费食物。B选项中的unintentionally与文中的unthinkingly意思相近。故选B。
25. B 细节理解题。根据第三段前两句“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water...an environmental problem.”可知，食物浪费会引发环境问题。故选B。
26. D 细节理解题。根据第四段，尤其第三句“Curtin is CEO of ... recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.”可知，Curtin所在的公司旨在将人们不想要的食品转化为健康的食物。故选D。
27. A 细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary ... not include the side dish you won’t eat.”可知，Curtin建议人们通过仅购买所需食品，以及让餐馆不用提供自己不吃的配菜来减少食物浪费。故选A。
【真题链接：2022全国甲卷】
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了悉尼在传统与现代的碰撞中发展及不同身份的人的观点态度。
32. C 段落大意题。第一段主要讲述了在20世纪60年代，悉尼意识到了港口的重要作用，紧接着是公园、海滩等资源，这使其发生了翻天覆地的变化。最后一句“But it is the harbor that makes the city.”点明了港口在其发展过程中的关键作用。故选C。
33. D 细节理解题。根据第三段“I’ll miss these old boats …”和第五段“… they’re replacing them with catamarans ... but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot.”可知，Andrew Reynolds对那些旧的渡船非常留恋不舍。故选D。
34. A 观点态度题。根据倒数第三段第二句Shirley Fitzgerald所说“… Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings.”可知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为在奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼摒弃了许多自己过去的东西，包括那些精美的建筑物。A项losing its traditions与swept aside much of its past同义异构。故选A。
35. A 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的第一句“… being young and old at the same time has its attractions.”可知，作者认为一个城市新旧并存是非常有魅力的。根据下文中Anthony的观点“… a foundation built on ancient cultures with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”和最后一段“He is right ...”可知，Anthony认为澳大利亚是一个建立在古老文化基础上并同时充满活力的年轻国家，这是一种很难击败的组合，而作者认同其观点。故选A。

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