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2023高考英语二轮复习：阅读理解专题
说明文
说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁。它通过对实体事物进行科学的解说，对客观事物作出说明或对抽象事理进行阐释，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等有科学的认识，从而获得有关知识。
考情分析
说明文所选材料题材丰富多样，涉及社会、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生态、安全等方面。在高考英语阅读理解中，说明文所占比重尤为突出。它既要求考生能熟练运用词汇和语法知识、理解文章语句、把握语篇整体结构，还要求学生有大量的阅读积淀和知识储备，熟悉不同的话题和不同的题目考查方式。即便是细节理解题，大多数情况下考生也无法从文章中直接找到与选项表述完全一致的信息，而是需要在理解文章细节信息后作出归纳和判断。通常一套卷中主旨大意、词义猜测、写作意图/观点态度类高难度试题的考查数量为2道左右，说明文考查此类题目的频率较高，且命题点呈多样化。
二、文体特点与阅读策略
1. 语言特点：
阅读理解主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文因其生僻词汇多、句式复杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。
结构特点：
说明文的特点是客观、简练，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。说明文通常采用以下结构形式：
（1）总分式。事物说明文常用“总－分”式、“总－分－总”式和“分－总”式结构，完整的“总－分－总”式说明文先总体概括，再分说，最后再总结。
（2）递进式。事理说明文常用这种结构形式，通常由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，一层一层地剖析事理。
（3）并列式。文章各部分的内容没有主次轻重之分。
（4）对照式。通过两个事物的比较和对照说明其异同。
不管采用何种方式行文，说明文基本上都会遵循“首段引入所要说明的话题，其他部分采用并列式段落或递进式段落对其进行说明”这一规律。
3. 备考误区
（1）阅读方法错误。比如用手指划着读或者边读边译都会减慢应有的阅读速度。此外，遇到新词马上停下去查词典，这不利于培养独立思考和解决问题的能力，也不利于提高利用构词法知识和根据上下文语境猜测词义的能力。
（2）基础知识不牢固。词汇量不足和缺乏语法、句法知识致使考生理解长句和难句的能力不强，比如对于新课标中的生僻词汇、一词多义、熟词生义以及派生词、合成词等不了解，导致无法理解文意。针对这个问题，考生平时要有目的地积累和总结。答完题后重读文章，找出做题过程中经常影响阅读的单词，将其积累到笔记本中，利用零碎时间加强记忆。
4. 阅读策略
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，这就需要考生有方法有技巧地去阅读。一般我们采用的方法有三个：细读、略读和跳读。
（1）细读重点。重点，就原文而言，就是文章的基本结构、内容和态度；就答题而言，就
是问题所对应的题源句。以这个标准来衡量，需要重点阅读的原文词句就不会很多。
宏观方面：文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。
微观方面：有转折处；重要标点；句子主干。
（2）有选择地略读或跳读。在快速浏览了题干，初步把握了文章大意及结构的基础上，可大胆进行略读或跳读，这样不但可以加快阅读速度，还更容易总体把握全文。在阅读中可略读或跳读的内容包括：
① 繁琐的例证。为了说明问题，作者可能会借用形象的例子，有时候会比较繁琐，虽能说明问题，但需要读者花很多时间去阅读。如果例子所说明的问题不明了，可通过略读来理解；若例子所说明的问题比较明了，则例子部分可一带而过。
② 并列多项列举。有时许多功能相同的项目并列列举，那么只读其中一两项即可，无需
全读。
③ 无关大局的生僻词汇。阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。
④ 较长的人名、地名。有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。
在略读过程中，要特别注意对解题有重要意义的词、句、段等，并将其储存在大脑里，以免回头再查看费时费力。
三、实战演练
【原创试题（一）】
For any astronaut hoping to survive on the surface of the moon, growing crops will be essential. Now, scientists have taken “one small step” towards growing plants on the lunar surface, after showing it’s possible to grow thale cress, a small flowering plant, in lunar soil.
The findings raise hopes that plants could be grown on the moon during future space missions, and even enable mankind to set up a lunar settlement. “For future, longer space missions, we may use the moon as a launching platform,” explained Professor Rob Ferl. “It makes sense that we would want to use the soil that’s already there to grow plants.”
While previous studies have dusted plants with lunar soil to test for organisms, until now, scientists have not grown plants in the soil. “So, what happens when you grow plants in lunar soil What would plants do in a lunar greenhouse Could we have lunar farmers ” Professor Ferl questioned.
To answer these questions, researchers from Florida set out to plant thale cress seeds in lunar soil, add water, nutrients, and light, and see what happened. The researchers chose to use thale cress because its genetic code has already been fully mapped.
For comparison, the researchers also planted seeds in a range of soils, including those that simulate Martian soils. To their delight, the researchers found that nearly all of the seeds grew. However, they did observe differences between the plants grown in the lunar soil and those grown in the control soils. Some of the plants grown in the lunar soils were smaller, while others grew more slowly or were more varied in size.
Growing plants in lunar soils may also change the moon itself, according to Dr Stephen Elardo. “The moon is a very, very dry place,” he said. “How will minerals in the lunar soil respond to having a plant grown in them, with the added water and nutrients Will adding water make the minerals friendlier to plants ” The researchers hope to answer these questions in follow-up studies.
1. What does Ferl think of the findings
A. They benefit the next generation of lunar explorers.
B. They turn the moon into a perfect launching platform.
C. They are a good starting point to explore space.
D. They bring hope for the future agriculture.
2. Why did researchers use thale cress in the experiment
A. Its genes are suitable for lunar soil.
B. It has a long evolutionary history.
C. It has been dusted with lunar soil before.
D. People have a good knowledge of its genes.
3. What did researchers find about the plants grown in lunar soil
A. They absorbed few nutrients. B. They grew slowly in the dark.
C. They didn’t grow well enough. D. They needed more water to grow bigger.
4. What is the best title for the text
A. Scientists Hope to Collect More Lunar Soil
B. Scientists Conduct a Study on Lunar Soil
C. Scientists Prepare for Farming on the Moon
D. Scientists Grow Plants in Lunar Soil Successfully
【原创试题（二）】
Handing power tools over to young students could result in some disastrous situations. But if those tools are combined with effective management and teaching, the students can learn valuable new skills and might even find a new career path.
Margery Goldberg had long dreamed of creating a mobile woodshop to assist students. That dream finally came true in 2020, when the city gave her a large grant for the program. It includes a woodshop, completely housed inside a truck, that acts as a kind of “classroom on wheels”.
The program is currently based at Ballou STAY Opportunity Academy in Washington, D.C. Students at Ballou can learn the same skills as a beginning carpenter would. These include cutting, marking, measuring, nailing and how to use different tools. The class textbook provides step-by-step instructions on how to make things from simple wooden birdhouses to more complex wooden containers and objects. The truck is equipped with all the instructional materials and tools necessary to operate as a complete mobile classroom. Mobile workstations are also available so students can work on projects outside the truck.
Ryan is a student at the mobile woodshop. Before entering the class, he had some experience of working with wood and tools. “That’s why I started in the class, because I like working with my hands and I already knew how to work with electrical tools,” Ryan said. “I wanted to give myself a chance to get better at it. I can also sell some of this stuff and make some money.”
One study from the Home Builders Institute found that 2.2 million jobs will be needed by 2024 to keep up with building demand. And, the U.S. Bureau for Labor Statistics estimates that more than 89,000 openings for carpenters will be created each year in the U.S. over the next 10 years.
Goldberg believes woodshop programs can help prepare the next generation of woodworkers. She said the class at Ballou seeks “to help some people who wouldn’t have the chance to even get into the apprenticeship program, and give them a leg up.” That, she added, can “hopefully help them with a better future”.
1. What do we know about the woodshop at Ballou
A. Its truck is suitable for any school project.
B. Its textbooks have detailed math knowledge.
C. Students learn basic woodworking skills there.
D. Learners there are taught to be beginning carpenters.
2. Why did Ryan enter the class at Ballou
A. To experience working with wood.
B. To learn how to use electrical tools.
C. To make a living from woodworking.
D. To improve his skills of woodworking.
3. What can we infer from the fifth paragraph
A. More building workers will lose their jobs.
B. Building-related jobs are in high demand.
C. There will be 2.2 million woodworkers by 2024.
D. Carpenters will be the best job in the next 10 years.
4. What does the underlined phrase “give them a leg up” in the last paragraph mean
A. Learn all by themselves.
B. Build up their confidence.
C. Help them stand up.
D. Improve their situation.
【真题链接：2022新高考I卷】
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds
A. It is key to effective communication.
B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system.
D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【真题链接：2022新高考II卷】
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted (分心) driving was “only increasing, unfortunately.”
“Big change requires big ideas,” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.
“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”
28. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’ texting in the US
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary. C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
29. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
30. What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
31. What is a suitable title for the text
A. To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer
【真题链接：2022新高考II卷】
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise — balance training and weight training — three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a year-long exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band
A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.
33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design
A. Diet plan. B. Professional background.
C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.
34. What does Levine’s research find
A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest
A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.
【真题链接：2022全国甲卷】
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A. How far they are able to see.
B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【真题链接：2022全国乙卷】
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones
A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
参考答案：
【原创试题（一）】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们使用月球土壤成功地种出植物的事情。
1. A 推理判断题。根据第二段“The findings raise hopes that plants could be grown on the moon during future space missions ... that’s already there to grow plants.”可知，在未来的太空任务中，人们有望在月球上种植物，甚至建立月球定居点，而且月球还可能被作为发射平台。由此可知，这些会使未来的月球探索者获益。故选A。
2. D 细节理解题。根据第四段的“The researchers chose to use thale cress because its genetic code has already been fully mapped.”可知，研究人员使用拟南芥的原因是他们已经全面地了解了它的基因。map在这里是熟词生义，意为“了解信息”。故选D。
3. C 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“Some of the plants grown in the lunar soils were smaller, while others grew more slowly or were more varied in size.”可知，这些在月球土壤中种植的植物生长得并不是很好。故选C。
4. D 主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了科学家们使用月球土壤成功地种出了植物的事情。故
选D。
【原创试题（二）】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个移动木工车间成了“轮子上的教室”。这个项目可以帮助学生们学习有价值的新技能，甚至可能找到一条新的职业道路。
1. C 细节理解题。根据第二段的“a mobile woodshop to assist students”和第三段的“Students at Ballou can learn the same skills as a beginning carpenter would.”可知，在这里，学生们可以学习与初级木匠相同的技能。故选C。
2. D 细节理解题。根据第四段的“I wanted to give myself a chance to get better at it.”可知，Ryan参加这个项目的目的是提高自己的技能。故选D。
3. B 推理判断题。根据第五段“One study from the Home Builders Institute found that ... will be created each year in the U.S. over the next 10 years.”可知，到2024年，将需要220万个工作岗位以满足建筑需求，在未来10年里，美国每年将为木匠创造超过89000个职位。这些都说明与建筑相关的工作人员需求量很大。故选B。
4. D 词义猜测题。根据画线部分前面的“help some people who wouldn’t have the chance to even get into the apprenticeship program”和后面的“hopefully help them with a better future”可知，这种移动木工车间可以给学生们提供帮助，帮助他们拥有一个更美好的未来。结合选项可知，只有D项符合语境。故选D。
【真题链接：2022新高考I卷】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人类语音的发展与农业发展所带来的饮食结构的变化有着密不可分的关系。
32. D 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的“diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds”和第二段最后一句中的“how and why this trend arose.”可知Damián Blasi的研究与人类语音的发展有关。故选D。
33. C 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth ... by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.”可知，要发出唇齿音，上牙需要触碰到下嘴唇，而古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，这种下颌骨结构让他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C。
34. A 段落大意题。上文提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关，且根据第五段第一句“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that ... after the Neolithic age”可知，一项语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，由此可推知第五段主要是为上文的研究结果提供证据。本段第一句中的“also confirmed”是关键词。故选A。
35. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable ... is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution”可知，人类的语音并不是一成不变的，而是一个包含生物进化和文化演变等复杂的、相互作用的系统。故选C。
【真题链接：2022新高考II卷】
本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机“分神”，从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
28. A 推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机开车时发短信，很多公益活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。再根据第二段的“Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse.（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）”可知，美国对司机发短信的禁令是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”。故选A。
29. B 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.（这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约关于司机开车用手机法律所不允许的其他事情。）”可知，Textalyzer可以确定司机是否使用了手机。故选B。
30. D 词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior.（我们需要一些能改变人们行为的东西。）”可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。再根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, ‘people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.’（他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，‘人们会更害怕拿起手机。’）”可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。由此可推知，只有受到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。
31. B 标题判断题。纵观全文可知，纽约大多数州虽然尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机，可是问题却越来越严重。为了解决该问题，纽约立法者提出了利用Textalyzer技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。相关人士也呼吁让该项技术成为法律，这样才能真正改变开车使用手机的行为。故B选项“Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer（开车发短信？留意短信监控器）”最适合作为文章的标题。故选B。
【真题链接：2022新高考II卷】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。
32. D 推理判断题。根据第二段的“‘Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,’ says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.（‘想想橡皮筋，一开始它是有弹性的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，’德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。）”可知，莱文想通过橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程。故选D。
33. C 细节理解题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise — balance training and weight training — three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. （第一组每周参加三次无氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行四天或更多的高强度有氧运动。）”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同。故选C。
34. A 细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.（第二组在教练的指导下每周进行四天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。）”和第四段的“‘We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,’ says Levine.（莱文说：‘我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回到了30岁或35岁。’）”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻。故选A。
35. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.（但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。）”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。
【真题链接：2022全国甲卷】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了澳大拉西亚地区戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉具有相当于两岁人类幼儿的形状识别能力。
24. B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的第二句“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.”以及该段最后两句“... the birds were given five differently shaped ‘keys’ to choose from. Inserting the correct ‘key’ would let out the nut.”可知，凤头鹦鹉在笼子里使用工具很熟练，它们有形状不同的“钥匙”以供选择，插入正确的“钥匙”就能把盒子里的坚果取出来，所以鹦鹉是通过使用工具将盒子里的坚果取出来的。故选B。
25. C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的第一句“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age ...”可知，对于人类来说，一岁左右的幼儿最有可能完成的任务是把圆形放进圆孔里。故选C。
26. D 细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，研究人员下一步将尝试确定凤头鹦鹉是否完全依赖视觉线索，或是在选择形状时也使用触觉。故选D。
27. D 标题判断题。文章第一句即为主旨句。再根据文章中的关键信息“shape-recognition abilities、the birds have proved skillful at tool use、the birds were given five differently shaped ‘keys’ to choose from、Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool、making their shape selections”等，可知，本文主要介绍了戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉拥有熟练的形状识别能力。因此，D选项“凤头鹦鹉：熟练的形状分类员”最符合文意，作为本文标题最佳。故选D。
【真题链接：2022全国乙卷】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了无人机在铁路交通中应用的发展前景。
28. A 细节理解题。根据第二段第一二句可知，无人机已经应用于检查高压电线，它们在检查铁路线路和其他关键的铁路基础设施方面完全可以做同样的事情。由此可推知，使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机在铁路线路上的应用成为可能。故选A。
29. C 词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句中的“spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff ... to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”可知maintenance是“维护，保养”的意思，C项Inspection and repair与句中的inspect and repair对应。故选C。
30. A 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的“detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems”以及最后一句“With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.”可知，无人机在铁路出现任何安全问题之前可以检测其故障，提前预警，以便高速行驶的火车能及时做出反应。故选A。
31. D 标题判断题。通读文章可知，本文介绍了无人机在铁路交通中的应用，讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，包括使铁路变得更安全、更可靠、更省钱等。故选D。

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